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Class PPT 5

This document discusses qualitative data analysis methods. It describes 4 steps: 1) transcribing interviews and notes, 2) coding to identify key themes, 3) categorizing codes into larger themes, and 4) identifying relationships between themes. The document contrasts inductive and deductive analysis approaches. Inductive analysis uses open, axial, and selective coding to build a theory from the ground up. Deductive analysis uses pattern matching to test a theoretical proposition against the data.

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Vithya Arthur Say
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89 views22 pages

Class PPT 5

This document discusses qualitative data analysis methods. It describes 4 steps: 1) transcribing interviews and notes, 2) coding to identify key themes, 3) categorizing codes into larger themes, and 4) identifying relationships between themes. The document contrasts inductive and deductive analysis approaches. Inductive analysis uses open, axial, and selective coding to build a theory from the ground up. Deductive analysis uses pattern matching to test a theoretical proposition against the data.

Uploaded by

Vithya Arthur Say
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5. Data Analysis
Innovation Research Methodology

Bl-623

IKl-SEA
Bangkok University
BANGKOK
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- ----- --- -·,
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

o Process that 1) seeks to reduce and 2) make sense


of vast amounts of information, often from different
sources

o Focuses on identifying key issues, themes, or


solutions that come to light in your interviews
Analytic Strategy

1. Develop a case story


o A groundwork for case analysis
o It becomes a basis of ‘Descriptive case study’
(‘Development – Challenges – Responses’)

2. Identify ‘issues’ or ‘theoretical propositions’

Ex.1) ‘Role of body in team coordination’ (Seergeva et al., 2022)

Ex.2) “Federal funds create org. changes at the local level” (Yin, 1980)

3. Find out the rival explanations


Data Analysis (4 steps)

Transcribing Coding

Categorizing
(Themes)
1 2
3
Identifying
relationship
4
4
[1] Transcription
○ Interview transcript
○ Field notes
○ Document analysis
○ Audio-visual data analysis

5
BEGIN WITH RECORDING BACKGROUND
INFORMATION

When, where, & who

Background
Info.

6
[2] CODING

o A code - A word or a
short phrase that
descriptively captures
the essence of data

o Coding is the process of


assigning a name tag to
'a unit of meaning‘
7
Descriptive vs. In Vivo coding

8
[3 / 4] CATEGORIZATION & IDENTIFYING
RELATIONSHIP

1. Generated codes are grouped into bigger categories


or ‘themes’ (Categorization)

2. Then, they are compared constantly to identify


possible associations (Comparison)

3. Finally, patterns or associations are emerging as a


basis of ‘a new theory’ (Identifying relationship)
9
Inductive vs. Deductive Analysis

○ Inductive: Grounded theory Approach

○ Deductive: Pattern matching Approach

Inductive
Theoretical
Data Proposition

Deductive
10
Inductive Strategy: 3 Stage-coding

For a theory building purpose,

1. Open Coding

2. Axial Coding

3. Selective Coding

11
[1] Open coding

○ To develop code names describing or classifying


the phenomenon under study
– 1) Text is read reflectively to identify relevant categories
– 2) Segment data into meaningful expressions
– 2) Describe them in a single or short sequence of words
– 3) Relevant annotations are attached to the expressions
○ It is called 'open', because the code name is not
decided in advance
○ Result is a list of codes and categories attached
to the text, supported by code notes which
explain content of each code
12
[2] Axial Coding

o A process of relating categories & codes to each other

o Examine what metaphors, ideas, theories can explain


the patterns

o A combination of deductive & inductive thinking

o A theoretical framework is developed from axial coding

13
[3] Selective coding

○ The process of choosing one category as a core


category of the study, and relating all the other
categories to that one

○ A core category is “a central theme”, which ties all other


categories / themes / codes together into one coherent
story

○ An advice for building theory parallels a way to write


a story; thus, selective coding is regarded as finding
the driver that impels the story forward
14
Coding Example (Open coding)

 “PAIN”  Phenomenon
 “Arthritis”  Cause of pain
 Taking drugs  Take action
 “Sometimes, … you don’t feel like doing anything (intensity
of pain)”  The worst case
 “Temporary & partial pain relief”  Limited effects of
treatment

15
Coding Example (Axial coding)

Intensity
of Pain

Pain relief
(Temporary &
Arthritis Pain Taking drugs partial)

Element Code
Phenomenon Pain
Causal conditions Arthritis
Context Intensity of pain
Action strategies Taking drugs
Consequences Pain relief (Temporary & partial)

16
Axial Coding (Frames)
Element Description
Phenomenon What can be called subject. It is the concept that holds the bits together

Causal The events or variables that lead to the occurrence or development of


conditions the phenomenon. It is a set of causes and their properties

Context A set of conditions influencing the action/strategy. It’s background


variables and has more to do with what the researcher finds less
interesting than causes

Intervening Similar to context. However, while context is identified with moderating


conditions variables, intervening conditions are with mediating variables.

Action The purposeful goal-oriented activities that agents perform in response


strategies to the phenomenon and intervening conditions

Consequences The products of the action strategies, intended and unintended

17
Coding Example (Selective coding)

“ Difficulties of managing pain ”

18
Deductive Strategy: Pattern matching

Predicted Pattern

Match? Conclusion

Empirical Pattern

19
Pattern Matching Example

“The effects of a newly decentralized office CS"


- Major proposition
: “NDCS leads to organizational changes & stresses”

- Sub propositions
1) Employees will create new applications of the system
2) Traditional control will be threatened
3) Organizational conflicts will increase
4) At the same time, productivity will be increased

- Examines a major proposition with 4 subs to see


whether the results prove those propositions
20
Check against the Literature

○ Emergent concepts are then compared with


relevant theories and research findings
○ A key is to consider a broad range of literature

– Literature with similar findings helps tie together


underlying similarities
– Literature with conflicting results provides a frame-
breaking thinking to the emergent theory

21
THE END

22

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