ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a pleasure to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. A. J. Ghosh, Senior Section Engineer, Eastern Railway, Howrah, who directed and guided me with his timely advice and constant inspiration, throughput the entire period of my training at the signal workshop, Eastern Railway, Howrah , which thereby eased the task of completing this technical report. I wish to reciprocate in full measure, the kindness shown by all the technicians and controllers who guided us through the various intricacies of the railway system, and encourage and inspired me in successfully completing this Technical Report. I am also thankful to my college authority for having allowed me to undergo this training. Finally, I must say that no height is ever achieved without some sacrifice made at some end and it is here I own my special debt to my parents and finally members for showing their love and patience throughout this entire period of time.

STM:
STM is Synchronous Transport Module. STM is an electronic device which can convert optical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. The system also gives us many numbers of 2mbps frequency. Such as: STM1=63 no s of 2mbps. STM4=252 no s 2mbps. STM16=1008 no s 2mbps. STM1 is operated in -48V DC and it has different cards. 1) SYNCHRONOUS CARD: this card have many functions such as to measure Tx, Rx power of fives for both sides and 63 no s of E1(2mbps) always communicate with the NMS (Network Manage System) and in case of power loss of fiber or fault of 2mbps is the system or transmission path, it gives us different alarms through front panel LED. 2) TEXT CARD: In case of any station for STM1,utilization of 2mbps is more than 21no.s, then we have to use Text Card for other 42 no s of E1, physical connectivity in back panel provided by the help of Text Card. 3) ADM: ADM is Add Drop Multiplication Card. Main function of the card is optical signal is converted into electrical signal and vice versa. It also gives 63 no s of 2mbps for utilization of electrical path. 4) PSU: Power Supply Unit Card. It works in -48V DC and convert it into +5,-5V separately. Inner portion is protected for short circuit and overload. The card works on -43V DC to 60V DC. It has two no s of LED in front panel, one is green, another is red. 5) OLI: OLI is Optical Line Interface Card. In case of tri-junction fibre station. OLI card gives us two no s of post, one for Rx another for Tx and then by the help of NMS we can connect the fiber through line fiber. In normal condition,STM1 gives us 21no.s of 2mbps electrical path for the connecting of multiplication system and rest of E1(42) are looped from A path to B for nearest SPM station transmit. 6) Pig Tail: pig tail is one type of connection which has two legs, one leg is connected with a connector and one leg is open. Open leg is spliced by the help of splitzer machine for permanent OFC joint. 7) Patch Card: patch card is one type of connector which has two legs and both are Molded with a connector and length of the Card is 5meter above with the help of Patch Card. We connect the ADM Cards port (A&B) with a 0dbm metal connected to Pig Tail.

8) DDF: DDF is 2mb distribution box. In front panel we connect 21 no s of E1(2mbps) number wise. Left side Rx of E1 is right side Tx of E1. Similarly if it is maintained up to 21 no s in every E1, have two no s of v link connector (Rx, Tx) for E1 testing in STM side and Multiplexing side.

MULTIPLEXER UNIT: Multiplexer is an electronic device which can convert 2mbps

into 32 time slots and each time slot gives us one channel for utilization of subscriber end such as telephone, computer, exchange etc. the Multiplexer unit has an input of 48V DC with respect to a charger and 400AH battery backup for beakless communication, in case of any type of power failure. Different types of cards used in Multiplexer Unit are described below:1) PSU: PSU is Power Supply Unit Card. It is a DC-DC converter. It has four different output voltages, such as +5V, +10V, -10V, +80V and ground. The card has to heavy tolerance of -43V DC to-60v DC voltage. Protection for over current and voltage are given to the card. 2) NIM: NIM is Network Interface Module. We can operate this NIM card in four different ways. Using this we can set dual address. Master and slave mode can be selected using dip switch, with the help of NMS we programme the all 30 no s of channels for multiplexer utilization of such station and we download the programme to NIM Card permanent operation of that station. LEDs in the front panel indicates us the health of both sides E1. The Card also gives us local failure alarm and remote failure alarm. 3) Tributery Card: This card converts 2mbps to time slots and vice versa using multiplexing and demultiplexing. This card can be operated in D.I. mode as on End Terminal(ET) mode by dip switch. Tributery card also generate two E1 is its internal work and we can bypass digital or loop by the NMS. PSU,NIM and TRIB are called Primary Cards. The multiplexer gives us 32 no s of time slots of 2mbps frequency. Among these 0 no. time slot is used for synchronization, 16 no. time slots is used for signaling command for all time slots and other time slots are used in subscriber end. 4) Voice Card: we can operate the Voice Card in 2w mode & 4w mode by the help of setting of jumper in module card. 2w mode has 4no s of conductors. Two of conductors are used for signaling. For signaling mode E &M lead is used, E lead for Ear and M lead for Mouth. For 4w mode, two conductors are used for Rx and two conductors are used for Tx AND signaling mode is operated by voice frequency(DTMF).

5) Exchange: for connectivity of local exchanges the card is provided for local communication by exchange. 6) Hot Line: Hot Line is to communicate end to end without dialing arrangement. Both side telephone is operated by the help of off hook and on hook. The Hot Line is mainly for VVIP . It is more safe than other dialing phones. 7) Data: Two type of Data Cards are used pair which are low speed data and high speed Data Card. Low speed Data Card has a speed of 12kbps and high speed Data Card has a speed of 64kbps. It works for computer data and PRS( Passenger Reservation System), and data larger for UTS(Un-reserve Ticket System).