Model - Wave Propagation Using Physical Mathematical Model

Aim/Objective: To explore concepts of
waves and use them in real life

Waves are organized disturbances in a medium. The disturbances are propagated from one place to another. They are
mainly classified into 2 parts: Mechanical and Non-mechanical waves.
WAVES
Mechanical Waves Non-mechanical Waves
Requires medium to propagate Requires no medium to propagate

Example: Sound Waves Example: Electromagnetic Waves
Properties of Waves:
1. Wavelength: distance between two identical points
2. Amplitude: The maximum displacement of the wave from the mean position
3. Frequency: The number of vibrations passing a fixed point in a given amount of time is called
frequency. The unit of frequency is Hertz.
4. Time Period: The time taken by a complete wave to pass through a particular point
5. Speed: speed is the distance traveled by a particular point on the wave in the given interval of time.
Energy and Momentum

All waves carry energy, and electromagnetic waves are no exception. We often characterize thev energy carried
by a wave in terms of its intensity, which is the power per unit area.
Electromagnetic waves bring energy into a system by virtue of their electric and magnetic fields. These fields
can exert forces and move charges in the system and, thus, do work on them.
P= E/v or P=Iavg/v , where v is velocity of wave
It has been proposed that spacecraft use momentum for propulsion. The idea is that
the craft would unfurl a low-mass large-area reflective sail, and sunlight r1eflecting from the sailwould provide
a force to accelerate the spacecraft. Such a spacecraft is known as a solar sailboat. With solar sails, a spacecraft
can continue accelerating as long as there is light pushing on it. Within a solar system, sunlight can
continuously push on the sail, accelerating the spacecraft throughout its entire voyage. This means that solar
sail-propelled spacecraft can reach speeds that would be practically impossible for chemical rockets to achieve.
Uses of Reflected waves
1. We use ultrasonic waves for the purpose of sonography which is used for medical imaging techniques. These
waves use high-frequency sound waves and their echoes.
2. In RADAR we use waves to identify the distance between two objects. It is used in Air Crafts, Defence Vehicles to locate
runways and other aviational vehicles.
3. SONAR is used to find the depth of water.
Uses of Transmission waves
1. Microwaves are used in ovens and other devices for cooking purposes.
2. Communication is done through transmission waves only.
3. We establish contact with satellite using Radio waves
How do we use waves for communication purposes and how do we deal with the
requirements and calculations?
As we communicate by voice, modulating the mechanical waves emitted by our vocal cords, great physicists
such as Hertz, Tesla, and Marconi understood that it was possible to use electromagnetic waves to convey
information through the air.
At the end of the 19th century, an understanding of electromagnetism led to the mastery of electricity, which
has populated our daily lives with artificial electromagnetic field sources (or EMF).
While many different types of EMF are used to convey information over distance, the most common are radio
waves
The radio-frequencies gave birth to multiple inventions. Invention of TV transmitters, Satellite, WiFi and Radio
stations.
Calculations for radio waves:

For the calculation of Radio waves we produce a wave with a particular frequency considering the medium and speed of
the wave. Johann Balmer (Mathematician) gave the formula of Wavelength as λ = v/f.
Where λ = Wavelength, v = velocity of wave and f= frequency of wave
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)

An electromagnetic pulse (EMP), also a transient electromagnetic disturbance (TED), is a brief burst of
electromagnetic energy. The electromagnetic interference caused by an EMP disrupts communications and
damages electronic equipment; at higher levels of energy such as the electric grid.
EMP weapons are designed to deliver the damaging effects of a high-energy EMP that will disrupt unprotected
infrastructure in the country, thus the employment of an EMP weapon against a country is the scenario of war
most likely to collapse the functionality of the electrical network of the country.
5G
5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together
including machines, objects, and devices.
5G is a method of modulating a digital signal across several different channels to reduce interference. 5G will
be a Mission-Critical platform and will be used at multiple research and industries for enabling IoT, also termed
as Massive machine to machine communications.
Requirement of 5G over 4G
5G will use antennas that have very large numbers of antenna elements or connections to send and receive more
data simultaneously. The benefit to users is that more people can simultaneously connect to the network and
maintain high throughput.
1.We have fixed metal bolts, onto each of the 15 pendulums each with a fixed length.
2.The length of the longest pendulum has been set in a way that it executes 51 oscillations in a time
period of 60 seconds.
3.The length of each successive shorter pendulum is carefully adjusted so that it executes one
additional oscillation in this period.
4.When all 15 pendulums are started together, they quickly fall out of sync,—their time periods of
single oscillations in continuously changing.
5.However, after 60 seconds they will all have executed an integral number of oscillations and be back
in sync again at that instant, ready to repeat the dance.

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Model - Wave Propagation Using Physical Mathematical Model

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Aim/Objective: To explore concepts of

waves and use them in real life

Mechanical Waves Non-mechanical Waves

Requires medium to propagate Requires no medium to propagate

Energy and Momentum

P= E/v or P=Iavg/v , where v is velocity of wave

Uses of Transmission waves

Calculations for radio waves:

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)

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