OPERATING SYSTEM

LECTURE 2
STUDY HOURS
TODAY'S TOPIC
LEC - 2 HR

SELF STUDY - 1 HR Timeshared OS

Multi Processor OS

DOUBTS Distributed OS

TASK LIST

Program Execution
IMP TERMS
Prepare examples

Real time OS diagram

Diff client server &

Peer - to - peer AAJ KA GYAAN

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 INTRODUCTION TO
T im e S h ar ed O S

Explain Timeshared OS .

Multitasking or Time-Sharing Systems is a logical extension of

multiprogramming. Processor’s time is shared among multiple users
simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.

The main difference between Time-Sharing Systems and Multiprogrammed

Batch Systems is that in case of Multiprogrammed batch systems, the
objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the
objective is to minimize response time.
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Time shared OS
Imp Points

The CPU executes multiple jobs by switching between them, but the switches
occur so frequently. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response.
The operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide
each user with a small amount of time.

FEATURES
Each user grabs dedicated time for all
operations.
Multiple online users can use the same
computer at the same time.
End-users feel that they monopolize the
computer system.
Better interaction between users and
computers.
User requests can make in small-time
responses.
It does not need longer have to wait for
the last task to end to get processor.
It can make quick processing with a lot of
tasks.

IMP Question
Difference between multi programming and
time sharing operating system.
 Advantages &

D is ad va n ta g es

Advantages of Timeshared OS

It provides a quick response

Reduces CPU idle time
All the tasks are given a specific time
Less probability of duplication of software
Improves response time
Easy to use and user friendly

Disadvantages of Timeshared OS

It consumes many resources

Requires high specification of hardware
It has a problem of reliability
An issue with the security and integrity of user programs and data
Probability of data communication problem
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Multi Processor
OS

Multiple CPUs are interconnected so that a job can be divided among them
for faster execution. When a job finishes, results from all CPUs are collected
and compiled to give the final output. Jobs needed to share main memory
and they may also share other system resources among themselves. Multiple
CPUs can also be used to run multiple jobs simultaneously.

The main objective of using a multiprocessor is to boost the system’s

execution speed, with other objectives being fault tolerance and application
matching.

For Example: UNIX Operating system is one of the most widely used
multiprocessing systems.
 Advantages &

D is ad va n ta g es

Advantages of Multi processor OS

Due to the multiprocessing system, processing tasks can be distributed

among several processors. This increases reliability as if one processor
fails; the task can be given to another processor for completion.
As several processors increase, more work can be done in less
As multiprocessors systems share peripherals, secondary storage devices,
and power supplies, they are relatively cheaper than single-processor
systems.

Disadvantages of Multi processor OS

Operating system of multiprocessing is more complex and sophisticated

as it takes care of multiple CPUs at the same time.

Applications of Multi processor OS

As a uniprocessor, such as single instruction, single data stream (SISD).

As a multiprocessor, such as single instruction, multiple data stream
(SIMD), which is usually used for vector processing.
Multiple series of instructions in a single perspective, such as multiple
instruction, single data stream (MISD), which is used for describing hyper-
threading or pipelined processors.
Inside a single system for executing multiple, individual series of
instructions in multiple perspectives, such as multiple instruction,
multiple data stream (MIMD).
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Distributed

Operating Sys
A distributed operating system (DOS) is an essential type of operating system.
Distributed systems use many central processors to serve multiple real-time
applications and users. As a result, data processing jobs are distributed between
the processors.
It connects multiple computers via a single communication channel. Furthermore,
each of these systems has its own processor and memory. Additionally, these CPUs
communicate via high-speed buses or telephone lines. Individual systems that
communicate via a single channel are regarded as a single entity.

They're also known as loosely coupled systems.

Features of
Distributed OS

Openness Scalability Flexibility

Resource Sharing

Transparency
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Openness
It means that the system's services are freely displayed through interfaces.
Furthermore, these interfaces only give the service syntax. For example, the type of
function, its return type, parameters, and so on. Interface Definition Languages are
used to create these interfaces (IDL).

Scalability
It refers to the fact that the system's efficiency should not vary as new nodes are
added to the system. Furthermore, the performance of a system with 100 nodes
should be the same as that of a system with 1000 nodes.

Resource Sharing

Its most essential feature is that it allows users to share resources. They can also
share resources in a secure and controlled manner. Printers, files, data, storage,
web pages, etc., are examples of shared resources.

Flexibility

A DOS's flexibility is enhanced by modular qualities and delivers a more advanced

range of high-level services. The kernel/ microkernel's quality and completeness
simplify the implementation of such services.

Transparency

It is the most important feature of the distributed operating system. The primary
purpose of a distributed operating system is to hide the fact that resources are
shared.
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Types of

Distributed
Client Server

Peer-to-peer

This type of system requires the client to request a resource, after which the
server gives the requested resource. When a client connects to a server, the
server may serve multiple clients at the same time.

Client-Server Systems are also referred to as "Tightly Coupled Operating

Systems". This system is primarily intended for multiprocessors and
homogenous multicomputer. Client-Server Systems function as a centralized
server since they approve all requests issued by client systems.
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Server systems can be divided into two parts:

1. Computer Server System
This system allows the interface, and the client then sends its own requests
to be executed as an action. After completing the activity, it sends a back
response and transfers the result to the client.
2. File Server System
It provides a file system interface for clients, allowing them to execute
actions like file creation, updating, deletion, and more.

Peer-to-peer
The nodes play an important role in this system. The task is evenly distributed
among the nodes. Additionally, these nodes can share data and resources as
needed. Once again, they require a network to connect.

The Peer-to-Peer System is known as

a "Loosely Couple System". This
concept is used in computer network
applications since they contain a
large number of processors that do
not share memory or clocks. Each
processor has its own local memory,
and they interact with one another
via a variety of communication
methods like telephone lines or high-
speed buses.
 TM

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