3c. Muscle 22893

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Muscle and Muscle Tissues Page |1

Unit 3(c)Muscle & Muscle tissue


Muscle Tissue:
• Highly specialized to contract (shorten), to produce movement

Muscle:
• Muscle – a Latin word for “little mouse”
• Muscle is the primary tissue in the
o Heart (cardiac MT)
o Walls of hollow organs (Smooth MT)
• Skeletal muscle
Makes up nearly half the body’s mass

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE


• SKELETAL
• CARDIAC
• SMOOTH

Classification of Muscle Cells


• Striated vs. Nonstriated
striated have a banded appearance (stripes)
• Single nucleus or multinucleated cells
• Muscle cells can be controlled voluntarily (consciously) or
involuntarily (automatically)

Muscle Classification: Functional Groups

 Prime movers – provide the major force for producing a specific movement
 Antagonists – oppose or reverse a particular movement

 Synergists
- Add force to a movement
- Reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement
 Fixators – synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin
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MARTINI
PG 133
Muscle Similarities
• Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and are called muscle fibers
• Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments – actin and myosin
• Muscle terminology is similar
o Sarcolemma – muscle plasma membrane
o Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm of a muscle cell
o Prefixes – myo, mys, and sarco all refer to muscle
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Functional Characteristics of Muscle Tissue:


 Excitability, or irritability – the ability to receive and respond to stimuli
 Contractility – the ability to shorten forcibly
 Extensibility – the ability to be stretched or extended
 Elasticity – the ability to recoil and resume the original resting length

Muscle Function
 Skeletal muscles are responsible for all locomotion
 Cardiac muscle is responsible for coursing the blood through the body
 Smooth muscle helps maintain blood pressure, and squeezes or propels substances (i.e., food, feces)
through organs
 Muscles also maintain posture, stabilize joints, and generate heat

Skeletal Muscle
• Voluntarily controlled (consciously)
• Form the flesh of the body
• When the skeletal muscles contract, they pull on bones or skin

Basic Features of a Skeletal Muscle:

• Connective tissue and fascicles


o Connective tissue sheaths bind a skeletal muscle and its fibers together
• Epimysium – dense regular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
• Perimysium – surrounds each fascicle
(group of muscle fibers)
• Endomysium – a fine sheath of connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell
• Connective tissue sheaths are continuous with tendons
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Naming Skeletal Muscles:

 Location of muscle – bone or body region associated with the muscle


 Shape of muscle – e.g., the deltoid muscle (deltoid = triangle)
 Relative size – e.g., maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long)
 Direction of fibers – e.g., rectus (fibers run straight), transversus, and oblique (fibers run at angles to
an imaginary defined axis)
 Number of origins – e.g., biceps (two origins) and triceps (three origins)
 Location of attachments – named according to point of origin or insertion
 Action – e.g., flexor or extensor, as in the names of muscles that flex or extend, respectively
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Major Skeletal Muscles: Anterior View


The 40 superficial muscles here are divided into 10 regional areas of the body:
1. Facial 2. Neck
3. Thorax 4. Shoulder
5. Arm 6. Forearm
7. Abdomen 8. Pelvis
9. Thigh 10. Leg
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Major Skeletal Muscles: Posterior View


The 27 superficial muscles here are divided into seven regional areas of the body:
1. Neck 2. Shoulder
3. Arm 4. Forearm
5. Hip 6.Thigh
7. Leg
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Microscopic and Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue


• The skeletal muscle fiber
o Fibers are long and cylindrical
• Are huge cells – diameter is 10–100µm
• Length – several centimeters to dozens of centimeters
o Each cell formed by fusion of embryonic cells
o Cells are multinucleate
o Nuclei are peripherally located

Diagram of Part of a Muscle Fiber


Myofibrils and Sarcomeres:
• Striations result from internal structure of myofibrils
• Myofibrils
o Long rods within cytoplasm
o Make up 80% of the cytoplasm
o Are a specialized contractile organelle found in muscle tissue
o A long row of repeating segments called sarcomeres (functional unit of Skeletal MT)
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Sarcomere Structure:
• A bands – full length of the thick filament
o Includes inner end of thin filaments
• I band – region with only thin filaments
Lies within two adjacent sarcomeres
• H zone – center part of A band where no thin filaments occur
• M line – in center of H zone
o Contains tiny rods that hold thick filaments together

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T Tubules


• Sarcoplasmic reticulum
o A specialized smooth ER
o Interconnecting tubules surround each myofibril
• Some tubules form cross-channels called terminal cisternae
• Cisternae occur in pairs on either side of a
t-tubule
o Contains calcium ions – released when muscle is stimulated to contract
o Calcium ions diffuse through cytoplasm

• Trigger the sliding filament mechanism

Sarcomere and Myofibrils


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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T Tubules in the Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Mechanism of Contraction:
• Sliding filament theory
o Myosin heads attach to actin in the thin filaments
o Then pivot to pull thin filaments inward toward the center of the sarcomere

Sliding Filament Mechanism


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Changes in Striation During Contraction

Cardiac Muscle

• Found only in the heart.


• As it contracts, the heart acts as a pump and
propels blood through the blood vessels

• Under involuntary control


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Cardiac Muscle:
Cardiac muscle has striations, but are uninucleate, relatively short, branching cells that fit
tightly together at intercalated junctions.

Cardiac Muscle Cells:


o are called “cardiocytes” and found in heart walls
o branching cells connect at intercalated disks which allow contractions to occur faster
o are regulated by pacemaker cells which control contraction of the heart muscles
o striated, involuntary, and single nucleus
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Smooth Muscle Cells:


o are small and pointed at their ends
o can divide and regenerate new cells
o non-striated, involuntary, and single nucleus
o found in hollow organs like the intestine, bladder, lungs, and blood vessels
o move substances through hollow opening by contracting slowly; they squeeze things through
like a tube of toothpaste
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Disorders of Muscle Tissue


• Muscular dystrophy
o A group of inherited muscle destroying disease
• Affected muscles enlarge with fat and connective tissue
• Muscles degenerate
• Types of muscular dystrophy
o Duchenne muscular dystrophy
o Myotonic dystrophy
• Myofascial pain syndrome
o Pain is caused by tightened bands of muscle fibers
• Fibromyalgia
o A mysterious chronic-pain syndrome
o Affects mostly women
o Symptoms – fatigue, sleep abnormalities, severe musculoskeletal pain, and headache
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Muscle Tissue Throughout Life


• Muscle tissue develops from myoblasts
o Myoblasts fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers
o Skeletal muscles contract by the seventh week of development
• Cardiac muscle
o Pumps blood three weeks after fertilization
• Satellite cells
o Surround skeletal muscle fibers
o Resemble undifferentiated myoblasts
o Fuse into existing muscle fibers to help them grow
• With increased age
o Amount of connective tissue increases in muscles
o Number of muscle fibers decreases
• Loss of muscle mass with aging
o Decrease in muscular strength by 50% by age 80
o Sarcopenia – muscle wasting

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