OBJECTIVES

i. To construct and operate a two-inputs AND, OR and INVERTER gates.

ii. To construct and operate a two-inputs NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates.
iii. To identify the output of a two-inputs basic logic gates and other logic gates.

USE OF EQUIPMENT
No. Component Quantity

1 +5V power supply 1

2 LED 1

3 Logic Probe 1

4 Resistor (150 ) 1

 7408 IC (AND gate)

 7432 IC (OR gate)
 7404 IC (NOT gate)
 7402 IC (NOR gate) 1 (each)
 7400 IC (NAND gate)
 7486 IC (XOR gate)

6 Breadboard 1
PROCEDURE

 AND, OR and NOT GATE

1. IC 7408 is inserted into the project board and the circuit shown in figure 1 is built to
implement and the AND gate function of input 2.
2. Power is connected to 7408 IC: the red wire for +5V (Vcc) and the black wire for GND.
3. Input switches A and B are moved to each input combination in the truth table in Table
1.
4. The light emitted from the LED indicating the ON or OFF state is observed. The results in
binary digits in Table 1 are recorded. If light is emitted (ON), the binary digit is 1, while if
no light is emitted (OFF) the binary digit is 0.
5. Procedures 3 and 4 are repeated for all possible combinations of AND gate inputs in IC
7408. IC 7408 contains four AND gates in a single observed package.
6. Procedure 1 to 5 is repeated by replacing IC 7408 (AND gate) with IC 7432 (OR gate) as
shown in figure 1. The light emitted from the LED is observed to indicate whether the
state is ON or OFF.
7. The results in Table 2 for the output of the OR gate are noted.
8. Procedure 1 to 5 is repeated by replacing the 7432 IC (OR gate) with a 7404 IC (NOT
gate) as shown Figure 1. The light emitted from the LED is observed to indicate either
the ON or OFF state.
9. The results in Table 3 are noted for the NOT gate output.

 NAND and NOR GATES

1. The 7400 IC was inserted into the breadboard and the circuit shown in figure 2 was built
to implement the 2-input NAND gate function.
2. Power is connected to 7400 IC: the red wire for +5V (Vcc) and the black wire for GND.
3. Input switches A and B are moved to each input combination in the truth table in Table
4.
4. The light from the LED has observed whether it is ON or OFF. The results in table 4 were
noted for the output of the NAND gate. If the light is ON, the binary digit is 1, while
when the light is OFF the binary digit is 0.
5. Procedures 3 and 4 were repeated to operate all NAND gates in IC 7400. IC 7400 was
observed to contain four NAND gates in one package
6. Procedure 1 to 5 is repeated by replacing IC 7400 (NAND gate) to IC 7402 (NOR gate) as
shown in Figure 2. The light from the LED is observed to be either ON or OFF.
7. The results in Table 5 were noted for the output of the NOR gate.
 XOR and XNOR GATE

1. The 7486 IC was inserted into the breadboard and the circuit shown in Figure 3 was built
to implement the 2-input XOR gate function.
2. Power is connected to IC 7486: red wire for +5V (Vcc) and black wire for GND.
3. Input switches A and B have been moved to each input combination in the truth table in
Table 6.
4. The light from the LED was observed to be either ON or OFF. The results in Table 6 were
recorded for the output of the XNOR gate. If the light is ON, the binary digit is 1, while
when the light is OFF the binary digit is 0.
5. Procedure 3 and 4 were repeated to operate all XOR gates in IC 7486. IC 7486 was
observed to contain four XOR gates in one package.
6. Procedure 1 to 5 was repeated by adding IC 7486 with IC 7404 as shown in Figure 4. The
light from the LED was observed either ON or OFF.
7. The results in Table 7 were recorded for the output of the XNOR gate.
RESULTS

Table 1: Truth table for AND gate

INPUTS OUTPUTS

A B AND gate 1 AND gate 2 AND gate 3 AND gate 4

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

Table 2: Truth table for OR gate

INPUTS OUTPUTS

A B OR gate 1 OR gate 2 OR gate 3 OR gate 4

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

Table 3: Truth table for NOT gate

INPUTS OUTPUTS

A 𝑨̅𝟏 𝑨̅𝟐 𝑨̅𝟑 𝑨̅𝟒 𝑨̅𝟓 𝑨̅𝟔

0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 4: Truth table for NAND gate

INPUTS OUTPUTS

A B NAND gate NAND gate NAND gate NAND gate

1 2 3 4
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0

Table 5: Truth table for NOR gate

 INPUTS OUTPUTS

A B NOR gate 1 NOR gate 2 NOR gate 3 NOR gate 4

0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0

Table 6: Truth table for XOR gate

INPUTS OUTPUTS

A B XOR gate 1 XOR gate 2 XOR gate 3 XOR gate 4

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0

Table 7: Truth table for XNOR gate

INPUTS OUTPUTS

A B XNOR gate 1 XNOR gate 2 XNOR gate 3 XNOR gate 4

0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

DISCUSSION
 1. Based on the result obtained in Table 1 and 2, discuss the output for AND gate
compare to OR gate.
2. Based on the result obtained in Table 1 and 4, discuss the output for AND gate
compare to NAND gate.
3. Based on the result obtained in Table 2 and 5, discuss the output for OR gate
compare to NOR gate.
4. Based on the result obtained in Table 6 and 7, discuss the output for XOR gate
compare to XNOR gate.

Answer:

1. The AND gate is denoted by A.B, whereas the OR gate is denoted by A+B. In the AND gate, a
logic high output is achieved only when both applied inputs are high, but in the OR gate, a
logic high output is achieved if either or both inputs are high.
2. AND gate and NAND gate perform the identical action, but the output of the NAND gate is
the inverse of that of the AND gate. The NAND gate is a combination of AND gates. 1 and 1
in an AND gate equals 1, but 1 and 1 in a NAND gate equals zero.
3. A NOR gate is a mixture of a NOT gate and an OR gate. The complement of the sum of the
inputs is the output NOR gate. A bubbling OR gate is another name for a NOR gate. When
using an OR gate, a logic high is reached if either or both of the inputs are high.
4. When an odd number of inputs are asserted, the XOR output is asserted, and when an even
number of inputs are asserted, the XNOR output is asserted. XOR is an odd detector, and
XNOR is an even detector.

CONCLUSION
( Answer the experiment’s objectives)
 In this lab, I explore the functionality of basic logic gates. I learned how to implement it on a
breadboard with an integrated circuit. I tested the output voltage of the breadboard circuit using a
multimeter, and made sure the results matched the logic gate truth table tested.

An AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction (∧)
mathematical logic where the AND gate behaves according to the truth table above. While the OR
gate is a logical addition commonly known as the OR function. The two gates that are the AND gate
and the OR gate will get a HIGH (1) output produced only if all the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH
(1). If not all inputs to the AND gate are HIGH, the output result is LOW. Also, The NOT gate has a
logic of inverter and an inverted logic of input appears at the output. A logic NOT gate results in a
logic "LOW" when input logic is "HIGH" and in a logic "HIGH" when input logic is "LOW". The NOT
Gate is also called an Inverter Buffer or simply Inverter.

A NAND gate is an inverted AND gate, and a NOR gate is an inverted OR gate. The output of
two input NOR gates is low, when one or both inputs are "High". In comparison, the output of two
input NAND gates is high, when one or both inputs are "LOW". Additionally, an XOR gate (sometimes
called EOR, EXOR, and referred to as Exclusive OR) is a digital logic gate that produces a true output
(either 1 or HIGH) when the number of true inputs is an odd count. An XOR gate performs an
exclusive OR, that is, the output is true if one, and only one, of the gate's inputs is true. An XNOR
Gate is a type of digital logic gate that accepts two inputs and produces one output. Both inputs are
treated with the same logic, responding the same to similar inputs. Sometimes referred to as an
"Equivalence Gate," the output gate requires that both inputs be equal in order to produce a high
output.

There are seven logic gates. AND, OR, NOT are the basic logic gates. NAND, NOR, XOR and
XNOR are the additional logic gates. Also, I identify the output of the two inputs of the basic logic
gate and another logic gate by specifying the input and output of the logic gate. For example, in a
circuit, a logic gate makes judgments depending on the combination of digital signals from its inputs.
Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. Logic gates are constructed using Boolean algebra.
Each terminal is either false or true at any time. False represents 0 and true represents 1. The binary
output will vary depending on the type of logic gate used and the input mix. A logic gate can be
compared to a light switch because the output is off (0,) in one position and on in the other (1). Logic
gates are widely used in integrated circuits (ICs).
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & AUTOMATION

DIGITAL SYSTEM
(BET 2023 / BMT 2023)

LAB 01 LOGIC GATES

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