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Tutorial 1

This document introduces probability concepts through a series of tutorial questions. It covers sample spaces, probability calculations, unions and intersections of events, and conditional probabilities. The questions progress from defining sample spaces to calculating probabilities of compound events using Venn diagrams to solving a word problem involving conditional probabilities. The goal is to help students learn the fundamental concepts and techniques of probability.

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Bach Tran Huu
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34 views

Tutorial 1

This document introduces probability concepts through a series of tutorial questions. It covers sample spaces, probability calculations, unions and intersections of events, and conditional probabilities. The questions progress from defining sample spaces to calculating probabilities of compound events using Venn diagrams to solving a word problem involving conditional probabilities. The goal is to help students learn the fundamental concepts and techniques of probability.

Uploaded by

Bach Tran Huu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Probability

Tutorial 1

1. (a) What is the sample space when a coin is tossed 3 times?


(b) What is the sample space for counting the number of females in a group of n people?
(c) What is the sample space for the number of aces in a hand of 13 playing cards?
(d) What is the sample space for a person's birthday?
(e) A car repair is performed either on time or late and either satisfactorily or unsatisfactorily.
What is the sample space for a car repair?
(f) A bag contains balls that are either red or blue and either dull or shiny. What is the sample
space when a ball is chosen from the bag?

2. (a) An experiment has 5 outcomes: I, II, III, IV and V. If P (I) = 0.13, P (II) = 0.24, P (III) = 0.07
and P (IV) = 0.38, what is P (V)?
(b) An experiment has 5 outcomes: I, II, III, IV and V. If P (I) = 0.08, P (II) = 0.2, P (III) = 0.33,
what are the possible values for the probability of outcome V?
If outcomes IV and V are equally likely, what are their probabilities values?

3. An experiment has 3 outcomes: I, II and III. If outcome I is twice likely as outcome II and outcome
II is 3 times as likely as outcome III, what are the probability values of the 3 outcomes?

4. A company's advertising expenditure is either low with probability 0.28, average with probability
0.55, or high with probability p. What is p?

5. (a) Consider the sample space given below with outcomes a, b, c, d and e.

Calculate P (b), P (A) and P (A′ ).

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6. Two fair dice are thrown, one red and one blue. What is the probability that the red die has a score
that is strictly greater than the score of the blue die? Why is this probability less than 0.5? What
is the complement of this event?

7. If a card is chosen at random from a pack of cards, what is the probability that the card is from one
of the 2 black suits?

8. A fair coin is tossed 3 times. What is the probability that 2 heads will be obtained in succession ?

9. Consider the sample space S = {0, 1, 2} and the event A = {0}. Explain why A ̸= ∅.

10. Consider the sample space and events given by the gure

Calculate the probabilities of the events:


(a) B (b) B ∩ C (c) A∪C (d) A∩B∩C
(e) A∪B∪C (f) A′ ∩ B (g) ′
B ∪C (h) A ∪ (B ∩ C)
(i) (A ∪ B) ∩ C (j) (A′ ∪ C)′

11. Use Venn diagrams to illustrate the equations:


(a) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
(b) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
(c) (A ∩ B ∩ C)′ = A′ ∪ B ′ ∪ C ′

12. In a study of patients arriving at a hospital emergency room, the gender of the patients is considered,
together with whether the patients are younger or older than 30 years of age, and whether or not
the patients are admitted to the hospital. It is found that 45% of the patients are male, 30% of the
patients are younger than 30 years of age, 15% of the patients are females older than 30 years of age
who are admitted to the hospital and 21% of the patients are females younger than 30 years of age.
What proportion of the patients are females older than 30 years of age who are not admitted to the
hospital?

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