DAYANANDA SAGAR

UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DAYANANDA SAGAR UNIVERSITY
KUDLU GATE
BANGALORE - 560068

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

“Disease-Prediction Using Naive Bayes”

SUBMITTED TO THE V th SEMESTER

MINOR PROJECT (19CS3505)-2021

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Submitted by

MOHAMMED TAHEER - (ENG19CS0186)

P SAI KIREETI - (ENG19CS0215)
PRARTHAN P - (ENG19CS0228)
N SHAIK SAFI - (ENG19CS0195)

Under the supervision of

Dr. BONDU VENKATESWARLU

 DAYANANDA SAGAR UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering, Kudlu Gate, Bangalore-560068

This is to certify that MOHAMMED TAHEER - (ENG19CS0186), P SAI KIREETI -

(ENG19CS0215), PRARTHAN P - (ENG19CS0228), N SHAIK SAFI - (ENG19CS0195)
has satisfactorily completed his/her Mini Project Report as prescribed by the University for the 5 TH
semester B.Tech. program in Computer Science & MINOR PROJECT course during the year
2021-22 at the School of Engineering, Dayananda Sagar University., Bangalore.

Date:
Signature of the faculty in-charge

Max Marks Marks Obtained

Signature of Chairman
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
From the very core of our hearts, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Bondu
Venkateswarlu for her invaluable guidance, support, motivation, and patience during the course
of this mini-project work. We are always indebted to her for her kind support and constant
encouragement.

It requires lots of effort in terms of cooperation and support to fulfill various tasks
involved during the project. We are always grateful to our peers and friends who have always
encouraged us and guided us whenever we needed assistance.

MOHAMMED TAHEER - (ENG19CS0186)

P SAI KIREETI - (ENG19CS0215)
PRARTHAN P - (ENG19CS0228)
N SHAIK SAFI - (ENG19CS0195)

2
 ABSTRACT

Disease Prediction using Machine Learning is a system which predicts the disease based on
the information or the symptoms he/she enters into the system and provides the accurate
results based on that information. If the patient is not very serious and the user just wants to
know the type of disease, he/she has been through. It is a system which provides the user the
tips and tricks to maintain the health system of the user and it provides a way to find out the
disease using this prediction. Now a day’s health industry plays major role in curing the
diseases of the patients so this is also some kind of help for the health industry to tell the user
and also it is useful for the user in case he/she doesn’t want to go to the hospital or any other
clinics, so just by entering the symptoms and all other useful information the user can get to
know the disease he/she is suffering from and the health industry can also get benefit from
this system by just asking the symptoms from the user and entering in the system and in just
few seconds they can tell the exact and up to some extent the accurate diseases. This Disease
Prediction Using Machine Learning is completely done with the help of Machine Learning
and Python Programming language with Tkinter Interface for it and also using the dataset
that is available previously by the hospitals using that we will predict the disease

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 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
ABSTRACT III

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. DISEASE PREDICTION 1
1.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION 2
1.3. PROJECT PURPOSE 3
1.4. PROJECT FEATURES 3

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1. MACHINE LEARNING 5
2.1.1. FEATURES OF MACHINE LEARNING 6
2.2. EXISTING SYSTEM 8
2.3. PROPOSED SYSTEM 9
2.4. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 10
2.4.1. PYTHON 10
2.4.2. BENEFITS OF PYTHON 10
2.4.3. TKINTER INTERFACE 11

3. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
3.1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 12
3.2. NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 13
3.3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 15
3.4. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 15

4. DESIGN
4.1. DESIGN GOALS 16
4.2. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 17
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 4.3. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM 18
4.4. CLASS DIAGRAM 19
4.5. SEQUENCE DIAGRAM 20
4.6. USE CASE DIAGRAMS 21
4.7. ACTIVITY DIAGRAM 22
4.8. COMPONENT DIAGRAM 23
4.9. STATE CHART DIAGRAM 24
4.10. COLLABORATION DIAGRAM 25
4.11. DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM 26
4.12. INTERFACE AND FRAMEWORK DIAGRAM 27

5. IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 OVERVIEW 29
5.2 NAÏVE BAYES ALGORITHM 31

6. TESTING
6.1 UNIT TESTING 33
6.2 INTEGRATION TESTING 33
6.3 VALIDATION TESTING 33
6.4 SYSTEM TESTING 34
6.5 TESTING OF INITIALIZATION AND UI COMPONENTS 35

7. SNAPSHOTS 38

8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

8.1 CONCLUSION 43
8.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 43

REFERENCES 44

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 DISEASE PREDICTION

Disease Prediction using Machine Learning is a system which predicts the disease based on
the information provided by the user. It also predicts the disease of the patient or the user
based on the information or the symptoms he/she enters into the system and provides the
accurate results based on that information. If the patient is not very serious and the user just
wants to know the type of disease, he/she has been through. It provides a way to find out the
disease using this prediction. Now a day’s health industry plays major role in curing the
diseases of the patients so this is also some kind of help for the health industry to tell the user
and also it is useful for the user in case he/she doesn’t want to go to the hospital or any other
clinics, so just by entering the symptoms and all other useful information the user can get to
know the disease he/she is suffering from and the health industry can also get benefit from
this system by just asking the symptoms from the user and entering in the system and in just
few seconds they can tell the exact and up to some extent the accurate diseases. This Disease
Prediction Using Machine Learning is completely done with the help of Machine Learning
and Python Programming language with Tkinter Interface for it and also using the dataset
that is available previously by the hospitals using that we will predict the disease. Nowadays
doctors are adopting many scientific technologies and methodology for both identification
and diagnosing not only common diseases, but also many fatal diseases. The successful
treatment is always attributed to the right and accurate diagnosis. Doctors may sometimes
fail to make accurate decisions while diagnosing the disease of a patient, therefore disease
prediction systems which use machine learning algorithms assist in such cases to get accurate

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results. The project disease prediction using machine learning is developed to overcome
general disease in earlier stages as we all know in the competitive environment of economic
development mankind has been involved so much that he/she is not concerned about health.
According to research there are 40% of people who ignore general disease which leads to
harmful disease later. The main reason for ignorance is laziness to consult a doctor and time
concerns. The people have involved themselves so much that they have no time to take an
appointment and consult the doctor which later results in fatal disease. According to research
there are 70% peoples in India suffers from general disease and 25%of peoples face death
due to early ignorance the main motive to develop this project is that a user can sit at their
convenient place and have a check-up of their health the UI is designed in such a simple way
that everyone can easily operate on it and can have a check-up.

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

Now a day’s in Health Industry there are various problems related to machines or devices
which will give wrong or unaccepted results, so to avoid those results and get the correct and
desired results we are building a program or project which will give the accurate predictions
based on information provided by the user and also based on the datasets that are available in
that machine. The health industry is information yet and knowledge poor and this industry is
a very vast industry which has a lot of work to be done. So, with the help of Naive Bayes
algorithm we have done this project which will help the people who are in need. So the
problem here is that many people goes to hospitals or clinic to know how is their health and
how much they are improving in the given days, but they have to travel to get to know there
answers and sometimes the patients may or may not get the results based on various factors
such as doctor might be on leave or some whether problem so he might not have come to the
hospital and many more reasons will be there so to avoid all those reasons and confusion we
are making a project which will help all those person’s and all the patients who are in need to
know the condition of their health, and at sometimes if the person has been observing few
symptoms and he/she is not sure about the disease he/she is encountered with so this will
lead to various diseases in future. So, to avoid that and get to know the disease in early stages
of the symptoms, this disease prediction will help a lot to the various people ranging from
children to teenagers to adults and also the senior citizens.
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1.3 PROJECT PURPOSE
The purpose of making this project called “Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning” is
to predict the accurate disease of the patient using all their general information and also the
symptoms. Using this information, there we will compare with our previous datasets of the
patients and predict the disease of the patient he/she has been through. If this Prediction is
done at the early stages of the disease with the help of this project and all other necessary
measures the disease can be cured and in general this prediction system can also be very
useful in the health industry. If the health industry adopts this project then the work of the
doctors can be reduced and they can easily predict the disease of the patient. The general
purpose of this Disease prediction is to provide predictions for the various and generally
occurring diseases that when unchecked and sometimes ignored can turn into fatal disease
and cause a lot of problems to the patient and as well as their family members. This system
will predict the most possible disease based on the symptoms. The health industry is
information yet and knowledge poor and this industry is a very vast industry which has a lot
of work to be done. So, with the help of Naive Bayes algorithm we have done this project
which will help the people who are in need.

1.4 PROJECT FEATURES

The features of Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning are as follows.

● This Project will predict the diseases of the patients based on the symptoms and other
general information using the datasets.

● This is done based on the previous datasets of the hospitals so after comparing it can
provide up to 80% of accurate results, and the project is still developing further to
get the 100% accurate results.

● With the help of Disease prediction, it can predict the disease of the patient and can
solve various problems and prevent various aspects.

● It provides security for the system so that no one can break into that and no one can

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 make any changes in the system.

● The disease is predicted using the algorithm and the user has to enter the symptoms
from the given drop-down menu, in order to get correct accuracy, the user has to
enter all the symptoms.

● Here we can easily prepare the data and transform that data into algorithms, which
will reduce the overall work of the project.

● To make users more application friendly rather than discussing with others about
their disease.

● Here the user has to register first, in order to use the prediction and then login to the
system using the credentials such as username and password.

● Once a user opens the system to login, the user needs to register by clicking on the
register/signup button.

● After which the user needs to provide some basic details of signup and then the
details of the user are saved in the system.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 MACHINE LEARNING

Tom Mitchell states machine learning as “A computer program is said to learn from
experience and from some tasks and some performance on, as measured by, improves with
experience”. Machine Learning is a combination of correlations and relationships, most
machine learning algorithms in existence are concerned with finding and/or exploiting
relationships between datasets. Once Machine Learning Algorithms can pinpoint on certain
correlations, the model can either use these relationships to predict future observations or
generalize the data to reveal interesting patterns. In Machine Learning there are various types
of algorithms such as Regression, Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes
Classifier, Bayes theorem, KNN (K-Nearest Neighbor Classifier), Decision Trees, Entropy,
ID3, SVM (Support Vector Machines), K-means Algorithm, Random Forest and etc.,
The name machine learning was coined in 1959 by Arthur Samuel. Machine learning
explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions
on data. Machine learning is closely related to (and often overlaps with) computational
statistics, which also focuses on prediction-making through the use of computers. It has
strong ties to mathematical optimization, which delivers methods, theory and application
domains to the field. Machine learning is sometimes conflated with data mining, where the
latter subfield focuses more on exploratory data analysis and is known as unsupervised
learning.

Within the field of data analytics, machine learning is a method used to devise complex
models and algorithms that lend themselves to prediction; in commercial use, this is known
as predictive analytics. These analytical models allow researchers, data scientists, engineers,
and analysts to "produce reliable, repeatable decisions and results" and uncover "hidden
insights" through learning from historical relationships and trends in the data.

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Machine learning tasks Machine learning tasks are typically classified into several broad
categories:

Supervised learning: The computer is presented with example inputs and their desired
outputs, given by a "teacher", and the goal is to learn a general rule that maps inputs to
outputs. As special cases, the input signal can be only partially available, or restricted to
special feedback.

Semi-supervised learning: The computer is given only an incomplete training signal: a

training set with some (often many) of the target outputs missing.

Active learning: The computer can only obtain training labels for a limited set of instances
(based on a budget), and also has to optimize its choice of objects to acquire labels for. When
used interactively, these can be presented to the user for labeling.

Unsupervised learning: No labels are given to the learning algorithm, leaving it on its own
to find structure in its input. Unsupervised learning can be a goal in itself (discovering hidden
patterns in data) or a means towards an end (feature learning).

Reinforcement learning: Data (in form of rewards and punishments) are given only as
feedback to the program's actions in a dynamic environment, such as driving a vehicle or
playing a game against an opponent.

2.1.1 FEATURES OF MACHINE LEARNING

• It is nothing but Automation.

• Getting computers to program themselves.

• Writing Software is a bottleneck.

• Machine learning models involve machines learning from data without the help
of humans or any kind of human intervention.

• Machine Learning is the science of making computers learn and act like humans
by feeding data and information without being explicitly programmed.

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• Machine Learning is totally different from traditional programming, here data and
output is given to the computer and in return it gives us the program which
provides solutions to the various problems. Below is the figure.

Fig 2.1.1 Traditional Programming vs Machine Learning

• Machine Learning is a combination of Algorithms, Datasets, and Programs.

• There are Many Algorithms in Machine Learning through which we will provide
us the exact solution in predicting the disease of the patients.

• How Does Machine Learning Works?

• Solution to the above question is Machine learning works by taking in data,

finding relationships within that data and then giving the output.

Fig 2.1.2 Machine Learning Model

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 • There are various applications in which machine learning is implemented such as
Web search, computing biology, finance, e-commerce, space exploration, robotics,
social networks, debugging and much more.
• There are 3 types of machine learning: supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement.

2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

Prediction using traditional methods and models involves various risk factors and it consists
of various measures of algorithms such as datasets, programs and much more to add on.
High-risk and Low-risk patient classification is done on the basis of the tests that are done in
groups. But these models are only valuable in clinical situations and not in big industry
sectors. So, to include the disease predictions in various health related industries, we have
used the concepts of machine learning and supervised learning methods to build the
predictions system.
After doing the research and comparison of all the algorithms and theorems of machine
learning we have come to conclusion that Naïve Bayes Algorithm is important in building a
disease prediction system which predicts the disease of the patients from which he/she is
suffering from and to do this we have used some performance measures like ROC, KAPPA
Statistics, RMSE, MEA and various other tools. After using various techniques such as
neural networks to make predictions of the diseases and after doing that we come to the
conclusion that it can predict up to 90% accuracy rate after doing the experimentation and
verifying the results. The information of patient statistics, results, and disease history is
recorded in EHR, which enables us to identify the potential data centric solution, which
reduces the cost of medical case studies. Existing system can predict the disease but not the
subtype of the disease and it fails to predict the condition of the people, the predictions of
disease have been indefinite and non-specific.

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2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed system of disease prediction using machine learning is that we have used many
techniques and algorithms and all other various tools to build a system which predicts the
disease of the patient using the symptoms and by taking those symptoms we are comparing
with the system’s dataset that is previously available. By taking those datasets and comparing
with the patient’s disease we will predict the accurate percentage disease of the patient. The
dataset and symptoms go to the prediction model of the system where the data is
pre-processed for the future references and then the feature selection is done by the user
where he will enter the various symptoms. Then the classification of those data is done with
the help of an algorithm by Naïve Bayes. Then the data goes in the recommendation model,
there it shows the risk analysis that is involved in the system and it also provides the
probability estimation of the system such that it shows the various probability like how the
system behaves when there are n number of predictions are done and it also does the
recommendations for the patients from their final result and also from their symptoms like it
can show what to use and what not to use from the given datasets and the final results. Here
we have combined the overall structure and unstructured form of data for the overall risk
analysis that is required for doing the prediction of the disease. Using structured analysis, we
can identify the chronic types of disease in a particular region and particular community. In
unstructured analysis we select the features automatically with the help of algorithms and
techniques.

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2.4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

2.4.1 PYTHON

Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented programming and

structured programming are fully supported, and many of its features support functional
programming and aspect-oriented programming (including by metaprogramming and
metaobjects. Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by
contract and logic programming. Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference
counting and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory management. It also features
dynamic name resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable names during
program execution.
Python's developers strive to avoid premature optimization, and reject patches to non- critical
parts of CPython that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity. When
speed is important, a Python programmer can move time-critical functions to extension
modules written in languages such as C, or use PyPy, a just-in-time compiler. Cython is also
available, which translates a Python script into C and makes direct C-level API calls into the
Python interpreter. An important goal of Python's developers is keeping it fun to use.
Python's design offers some support for functional programming in the Lisp tradition. It has
filter, map, and reduce functions, list comprehensions, dictionaries, sets, and generator
expressions. The standard library has two modules (itertools and functools) that implement
functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML.

2.4.2 BENEFITS OF PYTHON

● Presence of Third-Party Modules

● Extensive Support Libraries

● Open Source and Community Development

● Learning Ease and Support Available

● User-friendly Data Structures

● Productivity and Speed

● Highly Extensible and Easily Readable Language.

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2.4.3 TKINTER INTERFACE
Tkinter is a Python binding to the Tk GUI toolkit. It is the standard Python interface to the
Tk GUI toolkit and is Python's de facto standard GUI. Tkinter is included with standard
Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X installs of Python. The name Tkinter comes from
the Tk interface. Tkinter was written by Fredrik Lundh. Tkinter is free software released
under a Python license.

As with most other modern Tk bindings, Tkinter is implemented as a Python wrapper around
a complete Tool Command Language (TCL) interpreter embedded in the Python interpreter.
Tkinter calls are translated into Tcl commands which are fed to this embedded interpreter,
thus making it possible to mix Python and TCL in a single application. In Tkinter, the Frame
widget is the basic unit of organization for complex layouts. A frame is a rectangular area
that can contain other widgets. When any widget is created, a parent- child relationship is
created. For example, if you place a text label inside a frame, the frame is the parent of the
label.

Python offers multiple options for developing GUI (Graphical User Interface). Out of all the
GUI methods, tkinter is the most commonly used method. It is a standard Python interface to
the Tk GUI toolkit shipped with Python. Python with tkinter outputs the fastest and easiest
way to create the GUI applications.

To create a tkinter:

Importing the module – tkinter Create

the main window (container)

Add any number of widgets to the main window

Apply the event Trigger on the widgets.

Importing tkinter is the same as importing any other module in the python code. Note that The
name of the module in Python 2.x is ‘Tkinter’ and in Python 3.x is ‘tkinter’ .

11
CHAPTER 3

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

3.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

A Functional requirement defines a function of a system or its component. A function is

described as a set of inputs, the behavior, and outputs. Functional requirements may be
calculations, technical details, data manipulation and processing and other specific
functionality that define what a system is supposed to accomplish. Behavioral requirements
describing all cases where the system uses the functional requirements are captured in use
cases. Functional requirements are supported by non-functional requirements (also known
as quality requirements), which impose constraints on the design or implementation (such as
performance requirements, security, or reliability).

As defined in requirements engineering, functional requirements specify particular results of

a system. This should be contrasted with non-functional requirements which specify overall
characteristics such as cost and reliability. Functional requirements drive the application
architecture of a system, while non-functional requirements drive the technical architecture
of a system.

● Functional Requirements concerns the specific functions delivered by the system.

So, Functional requirements are statements of the services that the system must provide.

● The functional requirements of the system should be both complete and consistent

● Completeness means that all the services required by the user should be defined.

● Consistency means that requirements should not have any contradictory definitions.

● The requirements are usually described in a fairly abstract way. However, functional
system requirements describe the system function in detail, its inputs and outputs,
exceptions and so on.

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● Take user id and password match it with corresponding file entries. If a match is found
then continue else raise an error message.

3.2 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

● Non-functional Requirements refer to the constraints or restrictions on the system. They

may relate to emergent system properties such as reliability, response time and store
occupancy or the selection of language, platform, implementation techniques and tools.
● The non-functional requirements can be built on the basis of needs of the user, budget
constraints, organization policies, etc.

1. Performance requirement: All data entered shall be up to mark and no flaws

shall be there for the performance to be 100%.
2. Platform constraints: The main target is to generate an intelligent system to
predict the adult height.
3. Accuracy and Precision: Requirements are accuracy and precision of the data
4. Modifiability: Requirements about the effort required to make changes in the
software. Often, the measurement is personnel effort (person- months).
5. Portability: Since a mobile phone is handy it is portable and can be carried

6. and used whenever required.

7. Reliability: Requirements about how often the software fails. The definition of a
failure must be clear. Also, don't confuse reliability with availability which is
quite a different kind of requirement. Be sure to specify the consequences of
software failure, how to protect from failure, a strategy for error Prediction, and a
strategy for correction.
8. Security: One or more requirements about protection of your system and its data.
9. Usability: Requirements about how difficult it will be to learn and operate the
system. The requirements are often expressed in learning time or similar metrics.

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ACCESSIBILITY:
Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product, device,
service, or environment is accessible by as many people as possible. In our project people
who have registered with the cloud can access the cloud to store and retrieve their data with
the help of a secret key sent to their email ids. User interface is simple and efficient and easy
to use.
MAINTAINABILITY:
In software engineering, maintainability is the ease with which a software product can be
modified in order to include new functionalities that can be added in the project based on the
user requirements just by adding the appropriate files to existing projects using .net and
programming languages. Since the programming is very simple, it is easier to find and
correct the defects and to make the changes in the project.

SCALABILITY:
System is capable of handling increased total throughput under an increased load when
resources (typically hardware) are added. System can work normally under situations such as
low bandwidth and large number of users.

PORTABILITY:
Portability is one of the key concepts of high-level programming. Portability is the software
code base feature to be able to reuse the existing code instead of creating new code when
moving software from an environment to another. Project can be executed under different
operation conditions provided it meets its minimum configurations. Only system files and
dependent assemblies would have to be configured in such a case.

VALIDATION:

It is the process of checking that a software system meets specifications and that it fulfills its
intended purpose. It may also be referred to as software quality control. It is normally the
responsibility of software testers as part of the software development lifecycle. Software
validation checks that the software product satisfies or fits the intended use (high-level
checking), i.e The software meets the user requirements, not as specification artifacts or as
needs of those who will operate the software only; but, as the needs of all the stakeholders.

14
3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
❖ System : Pentium 4, Intel Core i3, i5, i7 and 2 GHz Minimum
❖ RAM : 2GB or above
❖ Hard Disk : 10 GB or above

3.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

❖ Operating System : Windows 7, 10 or Higher Versions
❖ Platform : Jupyter Notebook
❖ Front End : Python Tkinter
❖ Back End : Python and Files
❖ Programming Language : Python

15
CHAPTER 4

DESIGN

4.1 DESIGN GOALS

The Design goals consist of various designs which we have implemented in our system
disease prediction using machine learning. This system is built with various designs such as
data flow diagram, sequence diagram, class diagram, use case diagram, component diagram,
activity diagram, state chart diagram, deployment diagram. After doing these various
diagrams and based on these diagrams we have done our project.
We have designed our system in such a way that whenever a user logs in into the system, the
user has to register to the system, and new users cannot use the system without registering in
the system. After that for registration the user requires basic credentials such as username,
age, email, phone, password. Then the user has to login to the system using the same
username and password. Here are the things that this system can perform.
a. Entering Symptoms
b. Disease Prediction
Entering Symptoms: Once a user successfully logs in to the system then he/she has to select
the symptoms from the given drop-down menu.
Disease prediction: The predictive model predicts the disease of a person he might have,
based on the user entered symptoms.

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4.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Disease prediction using machine learning predicts the presence of the disease for the user
based on various symptoms and the information the user gives such as sugar level,
hemoglobin level and many more such general information through the symptoms. The
architecture of the system disease prediction using machine learning consist of various
datasets through which we will compare the symptoms of the user and predicts it, then the
datasets are transformed into the smaller sets and from there it gets classified based on the
classification algorithms later on the classified data is then processed into the machine
learning technologies through which the data gets processed and goes in to the disease
prediction model using all the inputs from the user that is mentioned above. Then after the
user enters the above information and overall processed data combines and compares in the
prediction model of the system and finally predicts the disease. An architecture diagram is a
graphical representation of a set of concepts that are part of an architecture, including their
principles, elements and components. The diagram explains about the system software in
perception of overview of the system.

Fig 4.2 System Architecture

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4.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

The data flow diagram of the project disease prediction using machine learning consists of all
the various aspects a normal flow diagram requires. This data flow diagram shows how from
starting the model flows from one step to another, like he enter into the system then enters all
the information’s and all other general information along with the symptoms that goes into
the system, compares with the prediction model and if true is predicts the appropriate results
otherwise it shows the details where the user if gone wrong while entering the information.

Fig 4.3 Data Flow Diagram

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4.4 CLASS DIAGRAM

Disease prediction using machine learning consists of a class diagram that all the other
applications that consist of the basic class diagram, here the class diagram is the basic entity
that is required in order to carry on with the project. Class diagram consist information about
all the classes that is used and all the related datasets, and all the other necessary attributes
and their relationships with other entities, all these information is necessary in order to use
the concept of the prediction, where the user will enter all necessary information such as user
name, email, phone number, and many more attributes that is required in order to login into
the system and using the files concept we will store the information of the users who are
registering into the system and retrieves those information later while logging into the
system.

Fig 4.4 Class Diagram

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4.5 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

The Sequence diagram of the project disease prediction using machine learning consists of
all the various aspects a normal sequence diagram requires. This sequence diagram shows
how from starting the model flows from one step to another, like he enter into the system
then enters all the information’s and all other general information along with the symptoms
that goes into the system, compares with the prediction model and if true is predicts the
appropriate results otherwise it shows the details where the user if gone wrong while entering
the information’s and it also shows the appropriate precautionary measure for the user to
follow. Here the sequence of all the entities are linked to each other where the user gets
started with the system.

Fig 4.5 Sequence Diagram

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4.6 USE CASE DIAGRAM

The Use Case diagram of the project disease prediction using machine learning consists of all
the various aspects a normal use case diagram requires. This use case diagram shows how
from starting the model flows from one step to another, like he enter into the system then
enters all the information’s and all other general information along with the symptoms that
goes into the system, compares with the prediction model and if true is predicts the
appropriate results otherwise it shows the details where the user if gone wrong while entering
the information’s and it also shows the appropriate precautionary measure for the user to
follow. Here the use case diagram of all the entities are linked to each other where the user
gets started with the system.

Fig 4.6 Use Case Diagram

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4.7 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
Activity diagram is another important diagram in UML to describe the dynamic aspects of
the system. Activity diagram is basically a flowchart to represent the flow from one activity
to another activity. The activity can be described as an operation of the system. The control
flow is drawn from one operation to another. Here in this diagram the activity starts from the
user where the user registers into the system then login using the credentials and then the
credentials are matched in the system and if it's true, then the user proceeds to the prediction
phase where the prediction happens. Then finally after processing the data from datasets the
analysis will happen then the correct result will be displayed that is nothing but the Output.

Fig 4.7 Activity Diagram

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4.8 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

A component diagram, also known as a UML component diagram, describes the organization
and wiring of the physical components in a system. Component diagrams are often drawn to
help model implementation details and double-check that every aspect of the system's
required function is covered by planned development. Here the component diagram consists
of all major components that are used to build a system. So, Design, Algorithm, File System
and Datasets all are linked to one another. Datasets are used to compare the results and an
algorithm is used to process those results and give a correct accuracy and design UI is used
to show the result in an appropriate way in the system and file system is used to store the
user data. So, like this all components are interlinked to each other.

Fig 4.8 Component Diagram

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4.9 STATE CHART DIAGRAM

A State chart diagram describes the behavior of a single object in response to a series of
events in a system. Sometimes it's also known as a Harel state chart or a state machine
diagram. This UML diagram models the dynamic flow of control from state to state of a
particular object within a system. It is similar to activity diagram but here there are only few
rules like how it starts and how it end all are denoted with the help of the symbol given
below, the system starts with the registration and then login comes, if the login is successful
then it will go to the next step and if login is incorrect then comes back to same page stating
incorrect details. After the successful login the user needs to enter the symptoms and then
press the prediction button, at the same time the backend process will do their work and the
correct result is predicted.

Fig 4.9 State Chart Diagram

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4.10 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM

A collaboration diagram, also known as a communication diagram, is an illustration of the

relationships and interactions among software objects in the Unified Modeling Language
(UML). These diagrams can be used to portray the dynamic behavior of a particular use case
and define the role of each object. Here this diagram shows how all the models are connected
to show the correct result starting from user, where he opens the system then using the
system he does registration and that registration data is saved into file system and the using
those data user logs in to the system and then he provides all the necessary information in
order to get the accurate result, then system evaluates the user entered information and
finally gives the correct result.

Fig 4.10 Collaboration Diagram

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4.11 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM

A deployment diagram shows the configuration of run time processing nodes and the
components that live on them. Deployment diagrams is a kind of structure diagram used in
modeling the physical aspects of an object-oriented system. Here the deployment diagram
shows the final stage of the project and it also shows how the model looks after doing all the
processes and deploying in the machine. Starting from the system, how it processes the user
entered information and then comparing that information with the help of datasets, then
training and testing that data using the algorithms such as decision tree, naïve Bayes, random
forest. Then finally processing all that data and information the system gives the desired
result in the interface.

Fig 4.11 Deployment Diagram

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4.12 INTERFACE AND FRAMEWORK DIAGRAM

● Below is the structure which we will use in our project Disease Prediction using
Machine learning.
● The User Interface of this system consists of Python’s library interface called
tkinter.
● Then it goes into the framework model where all the actions and services are
combined and then the result is processed.
● It also consists of a file system where all the user related information is stored
such as username, password, age, phone, email.
● Below is the structure of the User Interface along with necessary implementations.

Fig 4.12 Interface and Framework Diagram

● After the User Interface it consists of the framework in which the system works
accordingly using all the technologies, algorithms and various tools in which the
project works accordingly.
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● The framework consists of all the modules starting from the data preparation, data
building and assessment stage.
● All these three factors are then going into the data collection phase, where the data is
classified accordingly using the appropriate models and algorithms such as decision
tree, naïve bayes, random forest.
● Then all those algorithms use the datasets and it forms the sets where all the previous
data is stored, then using that data it compares with the new data and the result is
generated.
● Then pre-processing work will happen to reduce and analyze the data that is present
in the system.
● Then with the help of UI the data is transferred into the main screen.
● Then later all those data are analyzed and validated then the final result is generated.
● Finally after the user enters the symptoms, all backend mechanisms work and the
predicted result is displayed in the User Interface.

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CHAPTER 5

IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 OVERVIEW

The Project Disease Prediction using Machine Learning is developed to overcome general
disease in earlier stages as we all know in the competitive environment of economic
development mankind has been involved so much that he/she is not concerned about health.
According to research there are 40% of people who ignore general disease which leads to
harmful disease later. The Project “Disease Prediction using Machine Learning” is
implemented using python completely. Even the interface of this project is done using
python’s library interface called Tkinter. Here first the user needs to register into the system
in order to use the prediction, user needs to register with username, email-id, phone, age and
password. All these values are stored into the file system respectively, then the user has the
option to move forward or leave, then the user needs to login to the system using the
username and password which he/she provided during the time of registration. If he/she
enters incorrect username and correct password then the error message will prompt stating
incorrect username and if he/she enters incorrect password and correct username then the
error message will prompt stating incorrect password, so both username and password is
necessary in order to login to the system. After logging in the user needs the name and needs
to select the symptoms from the given drop-down menu, for more accurate results the user
needs to enter all the given symptoms, then the system will provide the accurate result. This
prediction is basically done with the help of 3 algorithms of machine learning such as
Decision Tree, Random Forest and Naïve Bayes. When user enter all the symptoms then he
needs to press the buttons of respective algorithm, for example there are 3 buttons for 3
algorithms, if user enters all symptoms and presses only Random forest’s button then the
result will be provided only calculating using that algorithm, like this we have used 3
algorithms to provide more clear picture of the results and user needs to be satisfied with his
predicted result.

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The project is designed user friendly and also secure to use ever user requires a
authentication to enter into the system after which it provides the result based on the user
input let me explain the complete implementation and working of project step wise below:
● Once user open the system to login user needs to register by clicking on
register/signup button
● After which user needs to provide some basic details of signup and then the
details of user are saved in system
● Then user needs to login to have a checkup of his/her health
● When user tries to login if he provides wrong user name the system will provide a
prompt message stating that the user is not found
● And if user tries to enter the wrong password the system will prompt stating that
password is incorrect hence the user needs to enter the correct user id and password to
get in to the system
● After user enters the system user has to provide the symptoms which he/she is going
through based on which we have several algorithms which predict the disease and also
displays the percentage of accuracy
● The user needs to enter all the columns of symptoms to get the accurate result.
● Data collection and dataset preparation This will involve collection of medical
information from various sources like hospitals, then pre-processing is applied on
dataset which will remove all the unnecessary data and extract important features from
data.
● Developing a probabilistic model and deep learning approach (RNN) for Disease
Prediction in this step probabilistic model and deep learning approach based on RNN
is to be developed it will run effectively on extensive databases of healthcare. And
generating a decision tree also can deal with a huge number of information variables
without variable deletion.
● Training and experimentation on datasets The Disease Prediction model will be
trained on the dataset of diseases to do the prediction accurately and produce
Confusion matrix. In this project Naïve Bayes Algorithms were used.

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 ● Deployment and analysis on real life scenarios the trained and tested prediction
model will be deployed in a real-life scenario made by the human experts & will be
leveraged for further improvement in the methodology.

5.2 NAÏVE BAYES ALGORITHM

● It is used to predict the categorical class labels.

● It classifies the class data based on the training set and the values in a classifying
attribute and uses it in classifying new data.
● It is a two-step process Model Construction and Model Usage.

● This Bayes theorem is named after Thomas Bayes and it is a statistical method for
classification and supervised learning method.
● It can solve both categorical and continuous values attributes.

● Bayes theorem finds the probability of an event occurring given the probability of
another event that has already occurred. Bayes theorem is stated mathematically as the
following equation:
P(A/B) = P(B|A) P(A)/P(B)

● Below is the pseudo code of the Naive Bayes Algorithm:

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 Fig 5.2.1 Naïve Bayes Algorithm Pseudo code

● The given dataset is divided into two parts namely feature matrix and response vector.

● Feature matrix contains all the vectors, which means rows of the dataset in which each
vector consists of the values of dependent features. In the above dataset features are
outlook, temperature, humidity and windy.
● Response vectors consist of values of class variables for each row of the feature matrix.
In the above dataset the class variable name is play golf.
● The fundamental naïve based assumption is that each feature makes an independent and
equal contribution to the outcome.

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CHAPTER 6

TESTING

TYPES OF TESTS
6.1 UNIT TESTING
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic is
functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision branches
and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the
application. It is done after the completion of an individual unit before integration. This is a
structural testing that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests
perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business process, application,
and/or system configuration.

6.2 INTEGRATION TESTING

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if they
actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the basic
outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components
were individually satisfactory, as shown by successfully unit testing, the combination of
components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the
problems that arise from the combination of components.

6.3 VALIDATION TESTING

An engineering validation test (EVT) is performed on first engineering prototypes, to ensure
that the basic unit performs to design goals and specifications. It is important in identifying
design problems, and solving them as early in the design cycle as possible, is the key to
keeping projects on time and within budget. Too often, product design and performance
problems are not detected until late in the product development cycle — when the product is
ready to be shipped. The old adage holds true: It costs a penny to make a change in
engineering, a dime in production and a dollar after a product is in the field.

33
Verification is a Quality control process that is used to evaluate whether or not a product,
service, or system complies with regulations, specifications, or conditions imposed at the
start of a development phase. Verification can be in development, scale-up, or production.
This is often an internal process.

Validation is a Quality assurance process of establishing evidence that provides a high degree
of assurance that a product, service, or system accomplishes its intended requirements. This
often involves acceptance of fitness for purpose with end users and other product
stakeholders.

The testing process overview is as follows:

Fig 6.1 The Testing Process

6.4 SYSTEM TESTING

System testing of software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete, integrated system

to evaluate the system's compliance with its specified requirements. System testing falls
within the scope of black box testing, and as such, should require no knowledge of the inner
design of the code or logic.

As a rule, system testing takes, as its input, all of the "integrated" software components that
have successfully passed integration testing and also the software system itself integrated
with any applicable hardware system. System testing is a more limited type of testing; it
seeks to detect defects both within the "inter-assemblages" and also within the system as a
whole. System testing is performed on the entire system in the context of a Functional
Requirement Specification (FRS) or System Requirement Specification (SRS).
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6.5 TESTING OF INITIALIZATION AND UI COMPONENTS

Serial Number of Test Case TC 01

Module Under Test User Registration

Description A user enters their details for registering

themselves to the System

Input Details of Users such as username, email,

phone, age, password.

Output If the user’s details are correct, the user is

registered. If the user’s details are
incorrect, Displays an error message. If
the user is already registered, Displays an
error message.

Remarks Test Successful.

Table 6.5.1 Test Case for User Registration

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Serial Number of Test Case TC 02

Module Under Test User Login

Description When the user tries to log in, details of

user are verified in the system

Input Username and Password.

Output If the login details are correct, the user is

logged in and the user page is displayed. If
the login details are incorrect, Displays an
error message.

Remarks Test Successful.

Table 6.5.2 Test Case for User Login

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Serial Number of Test Case TC 03

Module Under Test Prediction Result

Description User needs to enter the name and

symptoms to get the prediction result.

Input Name and Symptoms

Output If the user enters all 5 correct symptoms

then the accuracy will be high. If a user
enters only a few symptoms then accuracy
will be low.

Remarks Test Successful.

Table 6.5.3 Test Case for Prediction Result

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CHAPTER 7

SNAPSHOTS

Fig 7.1 Login Page

Fig 7.2 Signup Page

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 Fig 7.3 Menu Pag

Fig 7.4 User Details Page

Fig 7.5 Patient Details Page

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 Fig 7.6 Testing Data

Fig 7.7 Bar Plot chart of Testing Data

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Fig 7.8 Training Data

Fig 7.9 Bar Plot chart

Training Data

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Fig 7.10 Prediction Page

Fig 7.11 Symptoms and Disease table

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

8.1 CONCLUSION

So, Finally I conclude by saying that, this project Disease prediction using machine learning
is very much useful in everyone’s day to day life and it is mainly more important for the
healthcare sector, because they are the one that daily uses these systems to predict the
diseases of the patients based on their general information and there symptoms that they are
been through. Now a day’s health industry plays major role in curing the diseases of the
patients so this is also some kind of help for the health industry to tell the user and also it is
useful for the user in case he/she doesn’t want to go to the hospital or any other clinics, so
just by entering the symptoms and all other useful information the user can get to know the
disease he/she is suffering from and the health industry can also get benefit from this system
by just asking the symptoms from the user and entering in the system and in just few seconds
they can tell the exact and up to some extent the accurate diseases. If the health industry
adopts this project then the work of the doctors can be reduced and they can easily predict
the disease of the patient. The Disease prediction is to provide predictions for the various and
generally occurring diseases that when unchecked and sometimes ignored can turn into fatal
disease and cause a lot of problems to the patient and as well as their family members.

8.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

• Facility for modifying user detail.
• More interactive user interface.
• Facilities for Backup creation.
• Can be done as a Web page.
• Can be done as a Mobile Application.
• More Details and Latest Diseases.

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