7/14/2019 Logic Project.

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EXERCISE 1

A. Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank provided before each number.

 _ c _1. Definition of logic

 
b.  art
a. andfor
search science of true
meaning wisdom
in life c. scienced.and art of correct
philosophy of truethinking
knowledge

 _ a _2. The product of simple apprehension

a.  concept c. judgment
b.  reasoning d. statement

 _ a _3. Etymological definition of philosophy

a.  love of wisdom c. love of knowledge
b.  friend of knowledge d. epistemology

 _ a _4. A branch of philosophy that deals with a being in its most general form
a.  metaphysics c. cosmology
b.  entomology d. epistemology

 _ d _5. Philosophical study of values

a.  aesthetics c. ethics
b.  logic d. axiology

B. Answer TRUE or FALSE as deemed appropriate in each blank.

TRUE 1. Reasoning is usually in conformity with the laws and principles of logic.
TRUE 2. No truth is easy to attain. It needs to undergo a process of investigation.
FALSE 3. The study of logic is only for professionals.

TRUE 5. Reasoning is formally valid if it conforms to the rules.

TRUE 4. All mental processes are considered thinking.
TRUE 6. Logic helps detect fallacies.
TRUE 7. Logic’s first concern is validity. 
FALSE 8. Mental acts are called thinking or reasoning.
TRUE 9. Philosophy begins with facts as basis.
FALSE 10. Philo and Sophia mean “love of work”. 

C. Show your ability to reason out by answering the following questions.

1.   When do you say that an argument is definitely correct? Cite examples.

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   An argument is correct when you have supporting ideas about something you are trying to express
to someone. For example, you are trying to convince your classmate to follow a certain rule then you
should give the consequences if he does not follow the rule. Definitely, the argument will become
correct.

2.  Do you think logic is an important subject? Why?



  Logic is a very important subject because it guides us how to reason out and think correctly in a
certain problem. It shows us how to solve problems in any aspect of life.

3.   What does one do when he is thinking?

   When one is thinking, he is definitely drawing conclusions in a certain problem. He uses his mind to
think ideas he will later say or do to solve a certain problem.

4.  Differentiate reasoning from argument.

  Reasoning is the process by which you reach a conclusion after thinking about all the facts while an
argument is a statement or set of statements that you use in order to try to convince people that
 your opinion is correct.

5.   Justify “Man is a natural born logician.” 

   We
 all know that man is the highest form of animal that he can think and can reason out. Of course,
he can solve problems by his own, he knows what is wrong and what is right.

EXERCISE 2

lassify the underlined terms as univocal, equivocal or analogous.

nivocal 1. Carabaos, cows, goats and camels are ruminants.

equivocal 2. The rural bank is near the river bank.
equivocal 3. Emelyn who is a chief nurse is always patient with her patient.
4. The members of the BOR tabled the resolution as they met with the chairman at the
equivocal
table.

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equivocal 5. My daughter sends me a letter printed in bold letter.

univocal 6. My mother sees to it that she closes the doors before she closes her eyes at night.
equivocal 7. A good teacher records her grades in the class records.
analogous 8. My foot ached as I reached the foot of Mt. Pinatubo.
equivocal 9. Archbishop Salgado celebrated Holy Mass to a mass of people in Quirino Stadium.
equivocal 10. Luzette is a teller in the bank, but she is never a teller of tales.
equivocal 11. Judy Ann Santos has many fans and she gives them free fans.
equivocal 12. The light is bright while the cotton is light.
univocal 13. Catholics and Protestants are all Christians.
equivocal 14. Nora deposits her money in a bank located by the river bank.
analogous 15. Logic is a tool for reasoning; a hoe is a tool for gardening.

EXERCISE 3

A. Determine whether the italicized term is a comprehension or an extension. Write COM if it is comprehension
and EXIT if it is an extension.

EXIT 1. UNP -school COM 9. Female -mother

EXIT 2. Rock -music EXIT 10. Logic -subject
EXIT 3. Dinner -meal COM 11. Liquid -water
EXIT 4. Magnolia -ice cream EXIT 12. Woman -wife
COM 5. Country -continent EXIT 13. Season -winter
COM 6. Nation -state COM 14. Chicken -hen
COM 7. Society -family COM 15. Money -dollar
COM 8. Substance -body

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B. With the pair of terms below on the blank, determine which word in every number has the lesser extension,
lesser comprehension or greater comprehension (depending on what is being asked).

Trining 1. (LE) Trining -storm

figure 2. (GE) polygon - figure

buy and
3. (LE) business - buy and sell
sell
actor 4. (GE) Mr. Cruz – actor
extra large 5. (LE) size – extra large
mineral 6. (LC) substance – mineral
dollar 7. (LE) money – dollar
automobile 8. (GC) automobile – Isuzu
van 9. (LC) van – vehicle
mammal 10. (GE) mammal – whale
game 11. (GE) game –basketball
Nintendo 12. (LC) Nintendo – machine
shoes 13. (GC) Ballet – shoes
society 14. (GC) family – society

C. Determine the pattern used for each set of terms. Write DE if it is Decreasing Extension, DC if it is Decreasing
Comprehension and DO if it follows a distorted order.

DC 1. bungalow-house-shelter DC 6. whale-mammal-animal
DO 2. spirit-seraphin-substance DE 7. foods-sweets-candy
DO 3. person-hero-shelter DO 8. body-solid-sphere
DO 4. cattle-animal-bull DO 9. beverage-Nescafe-coffee
DC 5. king-leader-man DE 10. man-girl-Sonia

D. Arrange the following terms by making them with the members from 1 to 5 according to:

Increasing Decreasing Decreasing

Comprehension Comprehension Extension
_5_animal _1_animal _4_ vertebrate
_1_Peter _5_mother _1_Greek
_2_European _3_man _2_European
_4_mammal _2_mammal _5_animal
_3_ white race _4_female _3_ white race

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EXERCISE 4

A. Determine whether the following terms express a singular, universal or particular idea.

singular 1. my father
particular 2. a mushroom

singular 3. University of Northern Philippines (UNP)

universal 4. all universities
particular 5. some vegetables
universal 6. every man
particular 7. many politicians
singular 8. this desk
singular 9. Jose Rizal
particular 10. one hundred balloons

B. For each of the following propositions below, identify the simple subject and its quantity.

Simple Subject Quantity 

1. A flock of birds is migrating. A flock of birds particular
2. All players are tall. All players universal
3. A hero is an honorable man. A hero universal
4. Everything that exists is a being. Everything that exists universal
5. Someone did not bring lunch. Someone particular
6. The blue sea is surely deep. The blue sea singular/universal
7. Not all vehicles are cars. Not all vehicles particular
8. Many athletes are winners. Many athletes particular

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9. Elephants are four-legged. Elephants universal

10. Four hundred men are soldiers. Four hundred men particular
11. Most foreigners are afraid to come. Most foreigners particular
12. I am a Filipino. I singular
13. The teacher is absent. The teacher singular/universal
14. Fish can swim. Fish singular/universal
15. Few students failed the quiz. Few students particular
16. A flock of birds is migrating. A flock of birds particular
17. Mr. Reyes is visiting us today. Mr. Reyes singular
18. A dozen of eggs fell on the floor. A dozen of eggs particular
19. This subject is cool. This subject singular
20. A snake is an amphibian. A snake universal

EXERCISE 5

A. Classify the underlined terms as “material” or “formal” according to supposition. 

formal 1. Sister Ma. Celine is a member of the Benedictine Nuns of the Eucharistic King.

formal 2. Three and four is seven.

material 3. Lakas is the name of Gilbert Teodoro’s political party. 
formal 4. Reporma is the Tagalog word for change.
formal 5. Bibingka is a native rice cake.
material 6. You are the apple of my eyes
formal 7. Philosophy comes from the Greek words philo and sophia .
formal 8. Rice is the basic staple food of the Filipinos.
material 9. Rice is a four letter word.
material 10. Seven is my lucky number.
formal 11. Charity is a virtue.
formal 12. Tan is a Chinese name.
formal 13. The shade of her makeup is tan.
material 14. Bibingka is a three syllable word.
formal 15. An apple is a fruit.

B. Determine what kind of supposition is illustrated by the underlined term in each proposition below. Justify
your answer.

formal 1. I’d like to drink an ice-cold soft drink. 

formal 2. Some men would like to marry Rose.
material 3. Van is boldly written on the wall.
formal 4. Her daughter does not stop from crying.
formal 5. All gifts must be valued regardless of the price.

C. For every term given below, give a definition by example, by synonym, by etymology and by description.

1. Union
2. Intelligent

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3. Fraternity
4. Electronics
5. Administrator

EXERCISE 6

Classify or divide the following terms sticking to a single basis.

Ilocanos, Tagalog, Pampangeño, Pangasinense, Waray, Bikolano, Cebuano, Ilonggo, Boholano,

1. Filipinos – 
Igorot

2. Students – morning students, afternoon students, evening students

3. Subjects – English, Filipino, Mathematics, Science, T.L.E, Values Education, A.P, MAPEH

4. Cities – Vigan City, Candon City

5. UNP – CBAA, CTE, CAS, CCIT, CE, CA, CFA, CCJESW, CHS, CN, CMedicine, Claw, CTech

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EXERCISE 7

SET A

Which among the following are logical propositions? Put a check in your choices.

 ⁄   1. Roses are red. Violets are blue. And I love you.
2. Goodbye!
3. What is your name?
 ⁄   4. Filipinos are hospitable.
5. Don’t come to the office tomorrow. 
6. Where will you go after our lunch?
7. Who is the second timer?
8. Oh! How beautiful is Baguio.
 ⁄   9. Very nicely and done.
 ⁄   10. The Americans left their language as a legacy to the Filipinos.
 ⁄   11. Truth is veracity in speech and act.
 ⁄   12. The school physician is troubled by the outbreak of influenza.
 ⁄   13. The tendency to be indolent is certainly a trait of this community.
 ⁄   14. Most Filipinos are naturally fatalistic.
15. Good night.

SET B

Write Yes before the sentences that are logical propositions. If the sentences are not logical propositions, write
No.

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No 1. Tell the students to be quiet.

Yes 2. Love is a many splendored thing.
No 3. What kind of student are you?
No 4. Stay alive.
No 5. Stop it!
No 6. Ooops, I did it again.
No 7. Hail, Caesar!
Yes 8. Franklin is telling a lie.
No 9. Thou shall not cheat during examinations.
No 10. Go to the hotel.
Yes 11. Professor Otley Beyer theorized that the present Filipino has a Malayan culture.
No 12. What is your address?
Yes 13. The Muslim, is among the Filipinos, the fiercest lover for freedom.
Yes 14. Some of the ancient Filipino customs survived the invasion of Western invasion.
Yes 15. No Ilocano is ashamed of his way of life.

EXERCISE 8

A. Reduce the following propositions to their logical form.

1. Mothers generally love their children.

Mothers are parents who generally love their children.
2. No fear.

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Rey is my student who said that there is no fear.

3. Some women are making beautiful clothes.
Some women are the people who make beautiful clothes.
4. Jose Rizal convinced the people to advocate a nonviolent revolution.

 Jose Rizal is our national hero who convinced the people to advocate a nonviolent revolution.
5. The youth believes in the wisdom of the old.
The youth is the sector who believes in the wisdom of the old.
6. People are making money through selling old newspapers.
People are creatures making money through selling old newspapers.
7. Ducks swim.
Ducks are animals that swim.
8. Pedro loves Apolonia.
Pedro is the man who loves Apolonia.

9. American films do not teach Filipino values.

American films are foreign entertainment which do not teach Filipino values.
10. I go to the movie houses frequently.
I am a person who goes to the movie houses frequently.

B. Reduce the following propositions into their logical form.

1. That boy surely runs very fast.

That boy is an athlete who surely runs very fast.
2. Dogs like to eat bones.

Dogs are the animals that like to eat bones.

3. Love will never end.
Love is a strong feeling that will never end.
4. Many trees do not bear fruits.
Many trees are creatures of God that do not bear fruits.
5. Bats fly.

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Bats are animals that fly.

6. No fear.
He is the one who said that there is no fear.
7. Ducks swim.

Ducks are animals that swim.

8. Emidio loves Norma.
Emidio is our instructor who loves Norma.
9. Fathers generally love their children.
Fathers are parents who generally love their children.
10. I write the textbook in Logic.
I am the teacher who wrote the textbook in Logic.

EXERCISE 9

Identify the type of hypothetical propositions given below. Write CD for conditional, CJ for conjunctive, BD for
broad disjunctive and SD for strict disjunctive.

SET A

CJ 1. Dr. Manuel Frando cannot be the psychologist and the client at the same time.
BD 2. My late father is a teacher and a fisherman.
CD 3. Live with dignity and you will be honored.
CJ 4. We cannot be saints and devils at the same time.
CD 5. SARS is a virus and it is very dangerous.
SD
CD 6. Either you are a mother or a father.
7. Only a few men will be saved if God has not been very good.
SD 8. My parents were either strict or tolerant.
SD 9. You can either love me or hate me.
CD 10. If your love is great, Then mine would be even greater.

SET B

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CD 1. I could have died if he was not around to save me.

CD 2. Unless the students would be serious in class, they would not pass.
CD 3. Unless the students would be serious in class, they would not pass.
SD 4. Many Americans are black and many are white.
CD 5. On condition that you have money, you cannot come to Baguio.
SD 6. Children would either become obedient or disobedient.
CD 7. I am the master of my soul if I can control my whole self.
SD 8. I would like to become a nationalist or anti-government.
CJ 9. Lovers cannot be fools and crazy at the same time.
CD 10. I can pass the quiz if I have good study habits.

EXERCISE 10

Underline the simple subject once, the copula twice and enclose the simple predicate in brackets.

1. All that shines is not [gold].

2. A square is not [an eggplant].
3. All roses are [flowers].
4. Baguio City is [the summer capital of the Philippines].
5. Bohol is [the tenth largest island in the Philippines].
6. Franklin is [the Coordinator of Energy Research].
7. Man is [a rational being].
8. Many Igorots are [excellent woodcarvers].
9. Most cultures are [deeply religious].
10. One of the most beautiful places in the Philippines is [Pagudpud Beach].
11. President Elpidio Quirino is [the famous son of Caoayan, Ilocos Sur].

12. Some dogs are not [black].

13. Several philosophers are [existentialists].
14. Nuestra Sra. Caridad is [the patron saint of the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia].
15. The Ilonggas are [beautiful]

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EXERCISE 11

SET A

Determine the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions by classifying them as A, E, I, O.

A 1. All laws must be beneficial to all.

A 2. All the candidates are politically ambitious.
E 3. Democracy is not dead.
A 4. Every Filipino owes loyalty to his country.
E 5. Lying is never honorable.
I 6. Many political candidates are guilty of vote buying.
I 7. Most of the nontraditional politicians are popular.
I 8. Some entertainment personalities are senatorial candidates.
O 9. Some voters are not wise in their selection of candidates.
I 10. Public officials can be corrupt.

SET B

Determine the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions by classifying them as A, E, I, O.

A 1. A woman is female.
A 2. All men are rational beings.
I 3. Flowers smell fragrant and sweet.
I 4. Many good men are poor.
I 5. Most strong typhoons that visited the country created havoc.
E 6. My classmate is not feeling well.
I 7. Not all political candidates are sincere.

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I 8. Several candidates are movie stars.

E 9. No snake is a mammal.
A 10. Communism is dead.

EXERCISE 12

Give the quantity and quality of the propositions below. Write A for affirmative, N for negative, S for singular, P
for particular and U for universal.

Quality Quantity
1. A dozen of flowers is a gift of love. A P
2. All tourists are millionaires. A U
3. Armando is not a lawyer. N S
4. He who is not a college graduate is ineligible. A S,P,U
5. Love is a many splendored thing. A U
6. St. Lorenzo Ruiz is our patron saint. A S
7. Most students of UNP are from Ilocos Sur and Abra. A P
8. No other place in the Philippines is colder than Baguio. N P
9. November 2 is All Soul's Day. A S,U
10. Not all nuns are canonized saints. A P
11. No man is an island. A U
12. Some animals are mammals. A P
13. Some students are activists. A P
14. Cesar Brillantes is a lawyer. A S
15. Ilocos Sur is famous for bagnet and langgoniza. A S

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EXERCISE 13

For every proposition below, determine the quantity of the proposition, the quality of the proposition and the
quantity of the predicate.
Quantity of
Quantity of the Quality of the
Propositions the
Proposition Proposition
Predicate
Particular affirmative particular
1. Anyone who is not present will be granted a permit.
Universal affirmative particular
2. An angel is a spiritual being.
Particular affirmative particular
3. A dozen of roses is an expression of love.
Singular affirmative particular
4. UNP is a university for the poor.
Universal negative universal
5. Dogs are not amphibians.
singular/universal   affirmative particular
6. He who is not a patriot is a senseless person.
Universal affirmative particular
7. Ilocanos are thrifty people.
Particular negative universal
8. Most dogs are not ferocious.
Particular affirmative particular
9. Not every Filipino can be a member of our club.
Particular affirmative particular
10. Not all men are afraid of ghosts.
Universal negative universal
11. Politicians are not honorable man.
Universal affirmative particular
12. Snakes are poisonous.
Particular affirmative particular
13. Six Indians were caught by the police.
Particular affirmative particular
14. Several newsmen were allowed to join the press club.
Particular affirmative particular
15. Students who did not study are absent.
Singular affirmative Singular
16. This exercise is the easiest one.
Singular affirmative Singular
17. The tallest person on earth is a Chinese.
Universal affirmative particular
18. Triangles are three-sided polygon.
Particular affirmative particular
19. Many victims of SARS are Chinese.

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Universal affirmative particular

 
20. Justice delayed is justice denied.

EXERCISE 14
A. Categorize the following opposition of propositions. Encircle “A” if it is contradictory , “B” if contrary, “C” if
sub-contrary, and “D” if sub-altern.

A B C D 1. Some Protestants are fanatics.

No Protestant is a fanatic.

A B C D 2. All Filipinos are lovers of freedom.

No Filipino is a lover of freedom.

A B C D 3. All women are patient.

No woman is patient.

A B C D 4. Some students are irresponsible.

No student is irreponsible.

A B C D 5. Every subject is easy.

Not all subjects are easy.

A B C D 6. Few students passed the bar examination of 2010.

Some students did not pass the bar examination of 2010.

A B C D 7. Not all rebels are Muslims.

All rebels are Muslims.

A B C D 8. All friends are faithful.

Every friend is faithful.

A B C D 9. Every Filipino is a true patriot.

No Filipino is a true patriot.

A B C D 10. Every leaf is green.

Some leaves are not green.

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B. Identify the truth value of the propositions below. Write “T” if it is true, “F” if it is false. 

1. It is true that every wife is submissive to her husband, then

a.No wife is submissive to her husband is F
b.Some wives are submissive to their husbands is T
c.Some wives are not submissive to their husbands is F

2. If it is false that some Indians failed the exams; then

a.Every Indian failed the exam is T
b.Some Indians did not fail the exam is T
c.Every Indian did not fail the exam is T

3.If it is true that all mangoes are sweet; then

a.All mangoes are not sweet is F
b.Some mangoes are sweet is T
c.No mango is sweet is F

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