PAA10304 CHEMISTRY I

CHAPTER 3:
STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

ENERGY LEVEL& BOHR MODEL

QUANTUM NUMBERS & SHAPE OF

ATO M I C O R B I TA L

DR. NURUL NAJIDAH MOHAMED

LEARNING OUTCOMES
01

Define & describe the electronic energy

levels, Bohr model of hydrogen atom

02

Describe quantum numbers and shape of

atomic orbital
ELECTROMAGENTIC WAVES

Increasing frequency

Increasing wavelength
 Wavelength and Frequency

 Electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of

different types of electromagnetic radiations in the
order of increasing wavelengths (or decreasing
frequencies).
 All electromagnetic waves have the same speed.
 Each type of radiation differ from one another in their
wavelengths (length) & in frequency.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwfJPc-rSXw
WAVES
 Wavelength = the distance from one point on a wave to
the corresponding point on the next wave.
 unit of wavelength is the nanometer (nm).
FREQUENCY
 Frequency : The number of waves created per second.
 As the waves propagate away from the source, the
frequency also represents the number of waves that will
pass a point per second.
 Unit of frequency is one divided by time (1/seconds) and
name as hertz (Hz).
SPEED
• Speed of all types of electromagnetic waves is the
same : Speed of light = 3 x 108 m/s
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP
 Exercise
You sit in the backyard on a warm summer evening watching the red sky
( =625nm) at sunset and listening to music from your CD player. The
laser in the latter has frequency 3.84 x 1014s-1.
a) What is the frequency of the radiation from the red sky?
b) What is the wavelength of the laser in nm?
 must be
expressed in
meter (m)
Answer:
a) f = v = (3.00 x 108 m/s) = 4.80 x 1014 s-1 = 4.80 x 1014 Hz
 6.25 x 10-7 m

b)  =v = (3.00 x 108 m/s) x 109 nm = 781 nm

f 3.84 x 1014s-1 1m
BOHR THEORY OF
THE HYDROGEN
ATOM
• Bohr developed a Hydrogen Atom model explaining how the
structure of the atom changes when it undergoes energy
transitions.
• Bohr’s major idea is the energy of the atom was quantized,
and amount of energy in the atom was related to its
electron’s position.
• Bohr suggested that the electrons could only orbit the
nucleus in specific orbits or shells with a fixed radius.
Planetary model

*quantized - atom could only have very specific amounts of energy

11
THE BOHR MODEL OF HYDROGEN ATOM (POSTULATE)

• The single electron in H atom moves around the nucleus in

orbits (energy levels).
• The orbits are pictured as concentric circles around the
nucleus possessing certain energy levels (stationary
states). 12

• The higher the energy level, the further the orbit from the
nucleus.
• When the H electron is in the first orbit, the atom is in its
lowest energy state (ground state).
• The energy levels are specified by the quantum number ‘n’
(n = 1, 2, 3 etc.)
 ELECTRON TRANSITION

Atoms in their ground Absorbing energy resulted So the electron returns to

state have electrons in an electron jumping to a the ground state, emitting
in low energy levels higher energy level. energy of a photon
(generally as close to This excited state is corresponding to the
the nucleus as unstable. energy gap between the
possible). excited and ground states.
 The Bohr Model of Hydrogen
When excited, the Emission: The atom Upon emission,
electron is in a higher gives off energy—as the electron drops
energy level. a photon. to a lower energy
level.
Excitation: The atom
absorbs energy that is
exactly equal to the
difference between two
energy levels.

Each circle represents an

allowed energy level for the
electron. The electron may be
thought of as orbiting at a fixed
distance from the nucleus.
 BOHR’S MODEL
O Main postulates of Bohr’s atomic theory are:
CONSTANT ENERGY CONCEPT
O Energy of an electron is constant in one of its allowed
orbits. As long as an electron remains in its orbit, it neither
absorbs nor radiates energy.
CONCEPT OF ENERGY LEVELS
O Electrons revolve around the nucleus of atom in circular
orbits in which energy of electrons is constant. These
circular paths are known as "energy levels" or "stationary
states".
RADIATION OF ENERGY
O If an electron jumps form higher energy level to a lower
energy level, it radiates a definite amount of energy.
ABSORPTION OF ENERGY
O If an electron jumps from lower energy level to a higher
energy level, it absorbs a definite amount of energy.
 AMOUNT OF ENERGY

O Energy released or absorbed by an electron is

equal to the difference of energy of two energy
levels.

O Let an electron jumps from a higher energy level

E2 to a lower energy level E1. The energy is
emitted in the form of light. Amount of energy
released is given by:
E = E2 -E1
 Generalized Equation
O The energy absorbed or emitted from the process of an
electron transition can be calculated by the equation:

O RH is a Rydberg constant in energy units:

2.18 X 10-18 J.
O n1 and n2 are the initial and final energy levels of the
electron.
 Example
O Calculate the wavelength of light corresponding by an electron
transition from n = 4 to n = 2

-ve sign indicates that this energy associated with an emmission. To

calculate the , omit the –ve sign because the wavelength must be
+ve.
 ACTIVITY
O Calculate the energy of the photon when the electron drops
from the fifth orbit to the second orbit. Calculate also the
frequency and the wavelength of the photon in nm.
❑ The value of n1 and n2 for each series are given in
the table below:

Series Region n1 n2
Lyman Ultraviolet 1 2,3,4,5…….
Balmer Visible 2 3,4,5,6……
Paschen Infrared 3 4,5,6,7…..
Bracket Infrared 4 5,6,7,8…..
Emission of radiation occurs from atoms when electrons in
the atom goes into an excited state and then returns to a
lower energy state.
Exercise:

For the transition from n=4 to n=2 in Balmer series, calculate:

a) the wavelength.
b) the frequency Answer:

a) 1 = 1.097 x 107 [1/22 - 1/42] = 2.057 x 106 m-1


so  = 4.86 x 10-7 m = 486 nm

b) f= c = 3.00 x 108 m/s = ?

 4.86 x 10-7 m
The Weakness in Bohr’s Atomic Model;

• Could only explain the spectrum of hydrogen or any ions

that contain only one electron such as He+ or Li2+.
• Could not predict the energy levels & spectra of most
atoms/ions having more than one electron.
• The modern quantum mechanics retains Bohr’s concept of
discrete energy states and energy involved during the
transition of electron but totally reject the circular orbits
23

he introduced.
CHECKPOINT 1

QUESTION 1
State the postulate of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom.

Answer
1. The electron of H atom moves in a circular orbit around the nucleus.
2. The energy of a H electron is quantized.
3. An electron in a H atom has the lowest possible energy and occupies
the lowest possible level (n=1), called the ground state.
4. An electron at its excited state is unstable. It falls back to a lower
energy level and releases a specific amount of energy.
QUANTUM
NUMBERS
• Schrödinger equation generates a wavefunction that describes how the
electrons are distributed in space.

• A one-electron wavefunction is called an orbital.

• An orbital is a region in space outside the nucleus where there is a high
probability (>90%) of finding an electron.
• Electrons in an atom are NOT all located at the same distance from nucleus.
• The electrons have a certain specified space from nucleus which each is
characterised with a set of quantum numbers (n, l, m, s).

27
 QUANTUM MECHANICS OF AN
ATOMIC MODEL
 Quantum Mechanics:
A theory explaining the electron motions in an atom

 Why must we study about the electron?

Electron determine the chemical properties of a
substance

 Orbital : region of space around the nucleus which has

the greatest probability of finding an electron. Each
orbital has a definite shape and energy.
O From the atomic model explanation,
O Electrons surrounding the nucleus are distributed in
shells or specific energy levels with discrete
amounts of energy.

O Electrons are free to move between these shells.

O Shells are divided into subshells or energy level,

within these subshells, electrons is grouped into
orbital.
O The quantum mechanics model identifies 4 quantum
numbers.
O n
O l to describe the electron orbital.
O m
O s explains the spin direction of electron in
the orbital.
Quantum Numbers
 Required to describe the distribution of
electrons in hydrogen and other atom.

Angular
Principal
Momentum
Quantum Quantum
Number, n Number, l

Magnetic Electron Spin

Quantum Quantum
Number, m Number, s
Principal Quantum Numbers (n)

The principal quantum number, n, describes the

energy level on which the orbital resides.
 The values of n are integers ≥ 1.

Relates the distance of the nucleus from the

nucleus.
 Larger n, greater distance : higher energy
Principal quantum Name of principal
number, n shell
1 K
2 L
3 M
4 N
O The energy level n = 1 is the nearest to the nucleus. Thus, an
electron residing in n = 1 is most strongly held by the nucleus.
O The maximum number of electron that can occupy a given shell
depends on the shell number.

Maximum e = 2n2
n = shell number
O Each shell can hold a maximum of 2n2 electrons, n = 1,2,3,4…
The different of n
Angular Momentum Quantum Numbers (l)

 Shapes of orbitals.
 Subshells.
 Values of l
 Integers ranging from 0 to n-1.

 Depends on the value of n.

 The possible values of l is from 0 to (n-1)

 Example: n =1 l= 0
n=2 l = 0,1
n = 3 l = 0, 1, 2
Angular Momentum Quantum Numbers (l)

 Value of l generally designated by letters as

follows:
O Same value of n, energy increase as l increase.

O This means electron occupying a 3d subshell (l = 2) has higher energy

than an electrons occupying a 3p (l = 1) or 3s subshell (l = 0)

O Energy of electrons, s < p < d < f .

2.2.2 QUANTIZATION & QUANTUM NUMBER
Angular Momentum Quantum Number, l
l = 0 (s orbitals)

orbital shape
Magnetic Quantum Number, ml
1 orbital diagram

0
Angular Momentum Quantum Number, l
l = 1 (p orbitals)

orbital shape

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

3 orbital diagram

-1 0 +1
Angular Momentum Quantum Number, l
l = 2 (d orbitals)

orbital shape

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

5 orbital diagram

-2 -1 0 +1 +2
Relation between n and l
Quantum Number (n) l
1 0
2 0,1
3 0,1,2
4 0,1,2,3
Energy sublevels (orbital) notation by l values.
l (n-1) Energy sublevel (orbital)

0 s
1 p
2 d
3 f
4 g
O Suborbital notation (energy sublevels)

n l Suborbital notation
1 0 1s
2 0 2s
1 2p
0 3s
3
1 3p
2 3d
0 4s
1 4p
4
2 4d
3 4f
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)

 Describe the orientation of the orbital in space.

 Orbital
 Can have integral values between –l and l
including 0.
 Therefore, on any given energy level, there can
be up to 1 s orbital, 3 p orbitals, 5 d orbitals, 7 f
orbitals. (2l + 1)
 Orbitals with the same value of n form a shell.
O Describe the orientation of the orbital in space.

O Function: determine:
- direction of orbital ( x, y, z axis)
- determine number of orbital

O for a given value of l

ml = -l, …., 0, …. +l
if l = 0 (s orbital), ml = 0
if l = 1 (p orbital), ml = -1, 0, or 1
if l = 2 (d orbital), ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2

orientation of the orbital in space

3) Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
Table : Relation between n, l, and m
Shell n l m Orbita Number of
l orbital
K 1 0 0 1s 1
L 2 0 0 2s 1
1 -1, 0, +1 2p 3
M 3 0 0 3s 1
1 -1, 0, +1 3p 3
2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 3d 5
N 4 0 0 4s 1
1 -1, 0, +1 4p 3
2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 4d 5
3 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, 4f 7
+3
ml determine number of orbital
O l =0, ml = 0
O l =0, s orbital.
O There are 1 type of s orbital.
Atomic Orbitals (s orbital)
 The value of l for s orbitals is 0.
 Shape: Sphere
 The radius of the sphere increases with the
value of n.
ml determine number of orbital
O l =1, ml = -1, 0, +1
O l =1, p orbital.
O There are 3 type of p orbital.
O Px, Py and Pz
Atomic Orbitals (p orbital)
 The value of l for p orbitals is 1.
 They have two lobes with a node between
them.
ml determine number of orbital

O l =2, ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2

O l =2, d orbital.
O There are 5 type of d orbital.
 The Hierarchy of Quantum Numbers for Atomic Orbitals
Name, Symbol
(Property) Allowed Values Quantum Numbers

Principal, n Positive integer

1 2 3
(size, energy) (1, 2, 3, ...)

Angular
momentum, l 0 to n-1 0 0 1 0 1 2
(shape)

0 0 0
Magnetic, ml -1 0 +1
-l,…,0,…,+l -1 0 +1
(orientation)

-2 -1 0 +1 +2
Energy of the Orbital
 Energy only depends on principal quantum
number n

Hydrogen atom orbital energy level

Energy of orbitals in a multi-electron atom

n=3 l = 2

n=3 l = 1
n=3 l = 0

n=2 l = 1
n=2 l = 0

n=1 l = 0
 2.3 ATOMIC ORBITALS
2.3.1 SHAPE OF ORBITALS

• The quantum number that determines the shape of an orbital is the l (angular).
• Each value of l is called by a particular letter that designates the shape of the
orbital
➢s orbitals - spherical
➢p orbitals - like two balloons tied at the knots
➢d orbitals - mainly like four balloons tied at the knot
 l = 0, the s orbital

• Each principal energy level has one s orbital

• Lowest energy orbital in a principal energy state
• Spherical 58

• As n increases, the s-orbitals get larger.

 l = 1, p orbitals
• Each principal energy state above n = 1 has three p orbitals which points
along a different axis;

➢ px, py, pz
59

• 2nd lowest energy orbitals in a principal energy state

• Two-lobed
The 2p orbitals
 l = 2, d orbitals

• Principal energy level where n = 3 or greater has five d orbitals which are
aligned in a different plane

➢dxy, dyz, dxz, dx2 – y2, dz2 61

• Mainly four-lobed
➢one is two-lobed with a donut-shaped ring along the xy plane
 3d orbitals

62
CHECKPOINT 7

QUESTION 1
Draw the following orbitals

a) 2s and 3s
b) 2px and 3px
c) 2py and 2pz

Your sketch should show the differences between these orbitals in terms
of size, shape and orientation.
 Electron Spin Quantum Numbers (s)

 Describe the spinning of the

electrons.
 The spin quantum number has
only 2 allowed values: +1/2 and
−1/2.
 This quantum number differentiate
the quantum number of the two
electrons in the same orbital.
 Thus, two electrons in the same
orbital do not have exactly the
same energy.
4) The Electron Spin Quantum Number
(ms)
O Function : determine spin (direction)

of the electron

O Allowed Value: +1/2 and -1/2

O An electrons for which s is:

❖ +1/2, the sign of that spin are up (↑),

❖ -1/2, the sign of s is down (↓).

ms = +½ ms = -½
SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION

O Shell – electrons with the same value of n

O Subshell – electrons with the same values of n and l
O Orbital – electrons with the same values of n, l, and ml
O How many electrons can an orbital hold?

If n, l, and ml are fixed, then ms = ½ or - ½

 = (n, l, ml, ½) or  = (n, l, ml, -½)

An orbital can hold 2 electrons

CHECKPOINT 3

QUESTION 1
Identify the total number of orbitals associated with the principal quantum number n
= 3.

Answer

For n = 3, the possible values of l are 0, 1, and 2.

Thus, there is one 3s orbital (n = 3, l = 0, and ml = 0); there are three 3p orbitals (n = 3, l
= 1, and ml = −1, 0, 1); there are five 3d orbitals (n = 3, l = 2, and ml = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2).
The total number of orbitals is 1 + 3 + 5 = 9
CHECKPOINT 4
QUESTION 1

Write the four set of quantum numbers for an electron in a 3p orbital (differ in
ml & ms )

SOLUTION
CHECKPOINT 5

QUESTION 1

List the values of n, l, and ml for orbitals in the 3d subshell.

Answer

n=3
l=2
ml =−2, −1, 0, 1, or 2
CHECKPOINT 6

QUESTION 1
Identify the maximum number of electrons that can be occupied in the principal
level for which n = 3.

The maximum number of electrons that can reside in the orbitals is 2 × 9 =18
(1 orbital, max 2 electrons).