ENG 023

Metrology and Calibration

Topic 6
Measurement
Fields

Sayfa 1
Outline

• Displacement and Area Measurements

• Pressure Measurements
• Flow Measurement
• The Measurement of Temparature
• Thermal and Transporty Measurements
• Force,Torque and Strain Measurements

Sayfa 2
Displacement and Area Measurements

We wish to examine the general subject of dimensional and

displacement measurements

We indicate some of the techniques and instruments that may

be utilized for such purposes

Sayfa 3
Dimensional measurements are categorized
determinations of the size of an object

While a displacement measurement implies the

measurement of the movement of a point from one
position to another

An area measurement on a standard geometric figure

is a combination of appropriate dimensional
measurements through a correct analytical
relationship.

Sayfa 4
Dimensional Measurements

b) Micrometer
a) Vernier Caliper

Sayfa 5
Example
A 30-m (at 15◦C) steel tape is used for surveying work in the
summer such that the tape temperature in the sun is 45◦C. A
measurement indicates 24.567 +/- 0.001 m. The linear thermal
coefficient of expansion is 11.65 x10−6/◦C at 15◦C. Calculate the
true distance measurement.
Solution
The indicated tape length would be the true value if the
measurement were taken at 15◦C. At the elevated temperature the
tape has expanded and consequently reads too small a distance.
The actual length of the 30-m tape at 45◦C is
L(1 + α T) = [1 + (11.65 x 10−6)(45 − 15)](30) = 30.010485 m

Such a true length would be indicated as 30 m. The true reading

for the above situation is thus
(24.567)[1 + (11.65 x10−6)(45 − 15)] = 24.576 m
Sayfa 6
Gage Blocks

Gage blocks represent

industrial dimension standards.
They are small steel blocks
about 3 x1 3 in with highly
8 8
polished parallel surfaces.

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The thickness of the blocks is specified in
accordance with the following tolerances:

Because of their high accuracy, gage blocks are

frequently used for calibration of other dimensional
measurement devices.
For very precise measurements they may be used for
direct dimensional comparison tests with a machined
item.
Sayfa 8
Optical Methods
 An optical method for measuring dimensions very
accurately is based on the principle of light interference.
The instrument based on this principle is called an
interferometer

a) Application of interference principle. b)Schematic of interferometer.

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Sayfa 10
Pneumatic Displacement Gage

Where C=discharge coefficient

A = Flow area of the orifice
pa = Ambient Pressure
r = Pressure ratio

for 0.4 < r < 0. 9

Sayfa 11
 Example
A pneumatic displacement gage has d1 = 0.030 in and d2 = 0.062 in. The supply
pressure is 10.0 psig, and the differential pressure p1−pa is measured with a water
manometer which may be read as 0.0361 psig with an uncertainty of 0.05 in H2O.
Calculate the displacement range for and the uncertainty in this measurement,
assuming that the supply pressure remains constant.

Sayfa 12
Sayfa 13
Area Measurements
There are many applications that require a measurement of a
plane area.

Graphical determinations of the area of the survey plots from

maps, the integration of a function to determine the area under
a curve, and analyses of experimental data plots all may rely
on a measurement of a plane area.

There are also many applications for the measurement of

surface areas, but such measurements are considerably more
difficult to perform.

Sayfa 14
The Planimeter, a Device of Historical
Interest
 The planimeter is a mechanical integrating device that
may be used for measurement of plane areas.

a) A polar planimeter b) Construction of a polar

planimeter
Sayfa 15
 A = Ls
(pole outside area)

A = Ls + (R2 + L2 − 2
aL)π(pole inside area)

Sayfa 16
 Graphical and Numerical Methods for Area
Measurement

Simpson’s rule

 Simpson’s rule

Plane-area determination
Sayfa 17
Pressure Measurement
 Dynamic Response Considerations

Schematic of pressure-transmitting system

Sayfa 18
Mechanical Pressure-Measurement
Devices

The density of the fluid transmitting

the pressure p is ρf, and the
density of the manometer fluid is
designated as ρm

U-tube manometer

Sayfa 19
 Well-type manometer

2009 EP241 - Computer Programming Sayfa 20

 Example A U-tube manometer employs a special oil having a
specific density of 0.82 for the manometer fluid. One side of the
manometer is open to local atmospheric pressure of 29.3 in Hg
and the difference in column heights is measured as 20 cm +/-
1.0 mm when exposed to an air source at 25◦C. Standard
acceleration of gravity is present. Calculate the pressure of the air
source in pascals.

Sayfa 21
Sayfa 22
Dead-Weight Tester
The dead-weight tester is a device used for balancing a
fluid pressure with a known weight.
Typically, it is a device used for static calibration of
pressure gages and is seldom employed for an actual
pressure measurement.

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Bourdon-Tube Pressure Gage

Sayfa 24
The McLeod gage

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  Diaphragm and Bellows Gages
 The Bridgman Gage
 Pirani Thermal-Conductivity Gage
 The Knudsen Gage
 The Ionization Gage

2009 EP241 - Computer Programming Sayfa 26

Flow Measurement
The measurement of fluid flow is important in applications
ranging from measurements of blood-flow rates in a
human artery to the measurement of the flow of liquid
oxygen in a rocket.

Many research projects and industrial processes depend

on a measurement of fluid flow to furnish important data
for analysis

The selection of the proper instrument for a particular

application is governed by many variables, including cost.
For many industrial operations the accuracy of a fluid-flow
measurement is directly related to profit
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Positive-Displacement Methods
The flow rate of a nonvolatile liquid like water may be
measured through a direct-weighing technique.

The time necessary to collect a quantity of the liquid in a

tank is measured, and an accurate measurement is then
made of the weight of liquid collected.

The average flow rate is thus calculated very easily.

The direct-weighing technique is frequently employed for

calibration of water and other liquid flowmeters

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A nutating-disk meter

Sayfa 29
Rotary-vane flowmeter

Sayfa 30
Lobed-impeller flowmeter

Sayfa 31
Example
 A lobed-impeller flowmeter is used for measurement of
the flow of nitrogen at 20 psia and 100◦F. The meter
has been calibrated so that it indicates the volumetric
flow with an accuracy of +/- one-half of 1 percent from
1000 to 3000 cfm. The uncertainties in the gas pressure
and temperature measurements are +/- 0.025 psi and
+/- 1.0◦F, respectively. Calculate the uncertainty in a
mass flow measurement at the given pressure and
temperature conditions.

Sayfa 32
Solution

Sayfa 33
 Flow-Obstruction Methods
Several types of flowmeters fall under the category of
obstruction devices.

Such devices are sometimes called head meters

because a head-loss or pressure-drop measurement is
taken as an indication of the flow rate.

They are also called differential pressure meters .

2009 EP241 - Computer Programming Sayfa 34

General one-dimensional flow system

Sayfa 35
The Measurement of Temperature
 The Ideal-Gas Thermometer

PV=nrT

Sayfa 36
Temperature Measurement by Mechanical
Effects
Several temperature-measurement devices may be
classified as mechanically operative.In this sense we shall
be concerned with those devices operating on the basis of
a change in mechanical dimension with a change in
temperature.

Sayfa 37
 Temperature Measurement by Electrical
Effects
Electrical methods of temperature measurement are very
convenient because they furnish a signal that is easily
detected, amplified, or used for control purposes.

In addition, they are usually quite accurate when properly

calibrated and compensated.

2009 EP241 - Computer Programming Sayfa 38

 Electrical-Resistance Thermometer, or Resistance
Temperature Detector (RTD)
 Thermistors

2009 EP241 - Computer Programming Sayfa 39

 Electrical-Resistance Thermometer, or Resistance
Temperature Detector (RTD)
 Thermoelectric Effects (Thermocouples)
The most common electrical method of temperature measurement
uses the thermocouple.

2009 EP241 - Computer Programming Sayfa 40

 Temperature Measurement by Radiation

it is possible to determine the temperature of a body

through a measurement of the thermal radiation emitted
by the body.

Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by

a body as a result of its temperature.

This radiation is distinguished from other types of

electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves and X-
rays, which are not propagated as a result of temperature.

2009 EP241 - Computer Programming Sayfa 41

• Pyrometer

Sayfa 42
Thermal- and Transport-Property Measurements

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Sayfa 44
A guarded hot-plate apparatus is used to measure the
thermal conductivity of a metal having k =50 Btu/h. ft. ◦F.
The thickness of the specimen is 0.125 +/- 0.002 in, and
the heat flux may be measured within 1 percent. Calculate
the accuracy necessary on the T measurement in order to
ensure an overall uncertainty in the measurement of k of
5 percent. If one of the plate temperatures is nominally
300◦F, calculate the nominal value of the other plate
temperature and the tolerable uncertainty in each
temperature measurement, assuming a nominal heat flux
of 20,000 Btu/h. ft2.

Sayfa 45