COTTON I FALVEY I KENT I LEBEAU I REES

CONTENTS

The continuous aspect (1 .2)

The perfect aspect (1.3) Reporting w hat others say (1.1 )
Suffixes (adjectives) (1 .2) Profi les of three successfu
peop le (1.2)
Abbrev iations (1.3)
A CV; evaluating effecti\

Travel co llocati ons; Multi-word Holiday brochure extra c

ve rbs (2 .1 ) ana lysing a genre (2.1 )
Th e natural world (2 .2) A text about the Ga lapag
Islands (2 .2 )
An article about the perfe.
evaluati ng advantages a
disadva ntages (2.3 )

Subordinate c lauses (3.2) Adjectives of character (3. 1) An arti cle about national
Moda l perfect (3.3 ) Word sets; Abbrev iations; An article about CERN IJ _
pri oriti sing (3.2) Extracts from interviews
International relations (3.3) ambassa dors (3.3 )

Cohesion 1 (linkers) (4 .2) H ea lth co ll ocations (4. 1) An article about health a

Future forms w ith be (4.3) Hea lthcare (4.2) happiness (4 .1)

Th e language of emoti on (4 .3) An article about hea lthc

spending (4.2 )
An article about nurs ing
eva luating co ntrasting a
Rep lies to the article (4.

Future in the past (5.2 ) Consu mer co llocations (5 .1) Th e introduction to a r<i!
(5.1)
Emphatic stru ctures; inversion; Compou nd adjecti ves fo rmed
deft sentences (5.3) w ith nou ns (5.2 ) An article about an ico·
Suffi xes (nouns 1) (5.3) combini ng sources oi
information (5.2) ·
Head lines and artic le e
about co ntrove rsies in
industry (5 .3 )

The pass ive (6.2 ) Describ ing technology (6.1 )

. A quiz about techn ol _
Comp lex noun phrases (6.3 ) Collocations (6.3 ) board texts about tech
analysing style (6.1)
Texts about innovator_
technology; consider
consequences (6.2 )
An arti c le about Dr--- A
identifying advantag
<lisadvantages (6. 3)

I
 Speaki~gt_J
I Listening

A radio programme about

I p
ronunc1a ion
Di sc uss ing educa ti on (1 .1)
I Scenario

Scenari o: choos ing an

Study Skills I Writing

justify ing op inions (1.2)

Video

M eet the expert:

educa ti on; rea cting to the Th e qualities of successful intern ACV (l.3) an in terview w ith
text (1.1 ) peopl e (1.2) Key language: ta ting Helen Kempster, a
Study skill s: Self-awa reness ca reers co nsultant,
A job interview (1.3 ) Jobs and CVs (1.3 ) req uirements, say ing w hat
is essential and desirab le Wr iti ng sk ill s: A covering about job
letter (1.5) hun ti ng and
Task: choos ing an in te rn in terviews
(1.3 )

\n interview w ith the Important factors fo r Scenari o: Granvill e Island A noti ce of rul es for a M eet the expert:
di recto r of a conservat ion tourists; Speciali sed Key language: sta ting yo ur beach (2 .3) an interview w ith
cha rity; pred ict ing (2.2) tourism (2.1) pos ition, c larifying Stu dy skill s: Pl anning and Noirin Hega rty from
Di sc uss ing threa ts to organising essays Lonely Pl anet,
Task: parti cipating in a about th e
th e natural and bu ilt meetin g Writin g skill s: A probl em-
env ironment (2.2) wo rk of a
sol ution essay (2 .5) travel
Talk about the rules at a publi sher
beach (2.3 ) (2.3)

radio inte rview w ith Di scuss ing stereotypes; Sce nari o: The o il spill cri sis Us ing subordin ate M eet the expert:
n amba sa dor's partner; Refl ect ing on you r Key la nguage: Stating clauses (3 .2) an interview w ith
·erring attitude (3 .3) cu lture (3. 1) obj ectives, giving strong Study ski I ls: Active Brendan Paddy from
Di sc uss ing intern ati onal adv ice listening th e Di sasters
co llabo ration (3 .2) Emergency
Tas k: Devising an acti on Writing skill s: A speech Committee,
M aking cri,ti c isms (3.3 ) pl an about
international
aid (3.2)

\ peech about hea lthca re Talking about hea lth and Scenari o: Change An essay about the Meet the expert:
'1rovision; identi fy ing the fitness; discussing hea lth your way.s hea lthca re system in yo ur an interview w ith
uthor's purpose (4. 2) quotes (4. 1) Key la nguage: justifying co un try (4.2) Neil Shah,
\speech by a VIP at a Di sc uss ing spending on opini ons Study skill s: Analys ing Director of
~ rad uat i o n ce remony for hea lthca re; describe and visual informati on th e Stress
Task: Choos ing and
'1Ur es (4 .3) eva luate the hea lthcare pl anning a publi city Wri ti ng ski ll s: Describing
system in yo ur country (4.2) ca mpaign vis ual in fo rm ation
W orking in hea lthcare (4 .3)

~,n extract from a radio A deba te abou t ma teri ali sm Scenari o: Retail reva mp A descripti on of one of M eet th e expert:
rogra mme about japa n; (5.1) Key language: Di scuss ing your possessions (5 .2 ) an in te rview w ith fashion
iand ing the topic (5. 1) Talking about design. hypotheti ca I ideas Study skill s: Read ing designers Francesca Rose"l la
ra dio programme class ics (5.2 ) co mpl ex texts effective ly and Rya n Genz, about th eir
Task: Developing a co mpany Cutecircuit (5.J)
alx>ut fas hion and social Debating topi cs related to recovery strategy Writin g skill s: Summa ri sing
- .pons ibility; iden ti fy ing th e fashion industry (5.3)
oort for ma in argument
~ 3,

pre entation; a question Talking about advances in Scenario: A radio debate A message board text
a d answer sess ion (6.4) technology (6. 1) Key language: Persuad ing, about technologica l
Talking about cr iti cising, accepting adva nces (6. 1)
~e c hn o l og i ca l change (6.2 ) criti cis m, offering Improving wr itten
Di sc uss ing DNA co unter-a rguments texts (6.3 )
testin g (6. 3) Task: Partic ipating in a Study skill s: ln te rcu ltural
debate awa reness
W ri ti ng ski ll : Repo rting a
survey
CONTENTS

Cond itionals (7. 3) Express ion s of quantity (7 .2)

Irregular plurals (7.3) Texts about four great thin
Texts about good ideas (7.3

Verb patterns (8 .2) The media (8.1 ) Newspaper head lines (8.
Prepositional verbs (8 .3) An arti cle by journali st
Jenkins; predicting (8. 21
A transcript of a talk abo.
astronaut (8.3 )

Adverbs of degree (9.2) Idiomatic verb phrases (9 .1 ) A book introduction; id

Reporting using nouns (9.3 ) Ju stice systems (9.2 ) claims (9.1)

Noun co nversion (9.3 ) Two approaches to ju ver

del inquency (9.2 )
Two poems; interpreting
language (9 .3)

Non-finite clauses (10.2) Performance reviews (10.1) Revi ews from a li stings
Conversational En gli sh (10.3) Academ ic verbs (10.3) A press re lea se about th e
Recycl ed Orchestra; un
and respond ing lo vocaf _
choices (10. 2)
Extracts about technolog\
medi a; identifying and e\
main points (10. 3)

Altern atives to if (11 .2 ) Business and economi c Stories from the bus iness
Phrasal verbs (11 .3) terms (11.1 ) pages (11 .1)
Confusing words (11.2) An arti c le about Fairtrade '
Suffixes (noun s 2) (11.3) Negotiating tips (11.3) .

Cohesion 2 (substitution) (12 .2 ) Geologica l terms (12 .1) An arti c le about life on M ar ;
Nominalisation (12.3) Info rmal phrases (12.2) disti ngu ishing fac t from
opi nion (12 .1)
Coll ecti ve nouns (12 .3)
A text about plastic; evaluat1n
arguments (12 .2)
A blurb and extracts from a
understanding persuasive
techniques (12 .3)

Language reference (pl 26-149) Meet the Expert (p 15 0-1 54) Communication Activities (pl 55- 164)
 Listening p Speaki~g/
ronunciation
I Scenario I Study Skills I Writing Video

lecture about Talking about crea ti ve and Scenari o: Ca momila Study Skills: Criti ca l M eet th e expert:
creativ ity (7 .1) lateral thinking; thinking thinking an intervi ew with
Key language: Apr.roving
' .\radio programme about of new uses for everyday ideas, expressing doubt/ M airi Ryan from
Writing skills: An
eynes and Ari stotl e; obj ects (7 .1 ) obj ecti ons opinion-l ed essay the Roya l
al uating a summary (7.2) Talking about grea t Society of Arts,
Task: A new pl an for
thinkers (7.2) about th eir
Camomila
publi c events
Identifying outcomes (7.3)
programme
(7. 2)

ix peopl e talking about Talking about th e media; Scenari o: Sailing c lose to Study skills: Style and M eet the expert:
•hei r jobs; justifyi ng Di scussing hea dlines for a the w ind register an interview with
-ho iccs (8. 1) news programme (8 .1) Dr Nell Haynes, an
Key language: Being Writin g skills: Form al,
.\journalist talking to Talking about journalism cautiou s neutral and informal anthropo logist,
: udents (8.2 ) (8.2) emails about th e
Task: Resol ving eth ical
impact of
.\ta lk about an astronaut Talking about soc ial media dil emmas
social
8. 3) (8.3)
medi a
Fi ve peopl e talking about Di scussing the effecti veness (8 .3)
'lledia (8. 3) of media; eva luating
effectiveness (8 .3)

=i\ e extracts from a Talking about social Sce nari o: Lawmakers Writ'ing about M eet the expert: an
k (9. 1) issues (9.1) migration; write a poem interview with Nik
Key language: Bal ancing
· talk on teenagers; Talking about an argument (9. 3) Peachey, an education al
1luati ng with criteria ju ve nil e crime and Study skills: Synth esising con sultant,
Task: Amending and
.2) punishment (9.2 ) in form ation about body
mod ifyi ng the law
language in
""talk about intern ati onal Talking al:iout Writing skill s: A synthesis
different
"'11gration (9.3 ) migration (9.3)
cultures
(9. 1)

nterv iews w ith peopl e Talking about the Scenario: Global vi llage A review for an
ho attended events (10.1 ) popul arity of the arts; Key language: An informal event (10.1)
lu ical extracts (10.2 ) Describing an event (10.1) talk A press re lease fo r a
webcast about using the Di scuss ing mu sic; How Task: Informal presentati on concert (10.2)
"ternet (10.3) mu sic changes li ves (10.2) Stud y ski ll s: Seminar/
Di scuss ing technology and D iscussion ski ll s
entertainment (10.3 )
Wr iti ng ski lls: Criti ca l
refl ecti ve w ritin g

"' radio programme about Talking about su ccess ful Scenari o: Savi ng li ves A summary of a
..,1cro fi nance (11.2) businesses; deciding and at sea bu dget (11 .1
justifying priorities (11 .1 ) Key language: Settin g The fi r t paragraph oi
Talking about Fairtrade; the agenda, respondin g an essay about
evaluating evidence (11 .2 ) to offers mi crofinance (1 1.2
Talking about negoti atin g, Task: Negoti atin g a Study skills: \/lak ing a
c on~ide ring alternative con tract business presentation,
views (11 .3) int oduct1on 'one usion
Writing skill : A tactful
bu si ness email

-..,ree peop le ta lk about Talk ing about space Scenari o: Ask the panel Wr iting about setti ng uf> M eet the ex pe r~ :
* ~ · ng up a human co lony explorati o n and setting a human colony on an interview w ith
Key language: Referring
\-1ars (12.1) up a human co lo ny on to what other peopl e have Ma r (12.1 ) professo rs Ri chard Kitney
~ oodcast about Mars (12.1 ) sa id and Paul Freemon!, about
W riting about
astic (12.2 ) Reducing th e consumption reduci ng co nsu mption syntheti c bi o logy (12 .2)
Task: Takin g part in a
of plasti c (12 .2) panel di scuss ion of pla tic (12 .2 )
Talking about insects and Study skil ls: Exa mination
food production (12 .3) skil ls
Wri ting ski lls: A personal
sta tement

dioscripts (p 165-182 )
 Education and employme
1.1 ISSUES IN EDUCATION

Educa ion costs money, bui thc•n o doe ignorance. Claus Moser (b. 1922), German-born British academic

SPEAKING AND VOCABU I A 0 V PE 0 1 G

1a Complete the opinions with the words in the box. 3 Which of the following are important to learn at s
1 important dates in history, e.g. battles
assessment curr icu lum dumbing down ·elitism
2 the names of capita I c ities
interpersona l sk ill s p lag iarism stream ing
3 times tables, e.g. 4 x 7 = 28
4 sc ientific formul ae, e.g. E = mc2
1 'The most important aspect of educatio n is 5 spe llin g
the ___ , or subj ects which are taug ht. ' 6 mental arithmetic, e.g. adding up numbers in your
2 ' Freq uent exam in atio ns are a much more reliable 7 poems and excerpts from literature
and usefu l way of measuring performance than
coo ti n uous ' 4 What techniques do you have fo r learning any
3 is an excell ent idea because it enab les students the above? Tell a partner.
wi th a sim il ar ab ili ty to work at the same pace.'
4 ' Education is not abo ut developing your ___ , but
5 What do you understand by the term 'rote ·
learning'? Scan the article to check you r answe r.
about lea rnin g facts .'
5 ' Pr ivate ed ucatio n c reates ___ and encourages 6 Read the article. In which paragraph does thew ·
in eq uality in soc iety, wh ich is abso lutely disgusti ng.' 1 argue th at it is pointless to memorise signi fican
6 'Copying someo ne else's ideas, cheating hi stor ical facts?
and buying qualifications is sometimes necessary.' 2 claim th at rote learn ing is often used by professi
7 ' It's eas ier to get good grades nowadays because 3 comment that there is an educationa l split in the\
education is ___ . Qualifi cations are worth less 4 conclude that puttir,ig knowledge into practice
than in the past.' most important thing?
5 deny that there are no pos iti ve aspects to rote lea,....
1b Which opinions do yo u agree or disagree with?
6 point out that rote learn ing is considered o ld-fash
Work with a {?artner and discuss "\'.Our ideas.
I suggest that learn'ing alone ·1s o'tten 'boring-<
2 Work with a partner and discuss the following.
7 Is the writer positive, negative or undecided a
1 the adva ntages and d isadvantages of you r country's rote learning? Do you agree with the writer? W h'
ed ucatio n system Why not?
2 the pos itive and negative aspects of your own
educationa l expe ri ences

6
 ISSUES IN EDL (

Education blog.,.. Recent posts .,.. VOCAB

REPORTING WH AT OTHE

8
Learning by rote in Match the verbs in bold in E erci e 6
with their meanin gs.

the digital age a

b
say that som ething i no · r
make a point strongly, giving rea on I
evidence
c decide that something is true after
When it comes to education, there's a divide between East and
consideration
West. Eastern nations' education systems have historically
d express an opinion .
favoured rote learning - that is, memorisation - compared with e state that something is true
Western schooling, which often cites creativity and innovation f put forward an idea in a tentative way
a s key goals of a rounded education. Rote learning has become g bring to the reader's attention
seen as an antiquated method of teaching. The dictionary
defines learning 'by rote' as: 'from memory, without thought of LISTENING
the meaning; in a mechanical way'. 9a - Listen to three people on a radio
programme talking about the purpose of
The decline of rote learning in the West has been facilitated by
education. Where are they from and what
technology. No one needs to memorise friends' phone numbers ·
do they do?
or email addresses because such data is conveniently swred and
accessible electronically - our phones have become databases, 9b Listen again and make notes on the
speakers' view~.
while the internet can answer any question to which there exists
an answer. So why remember the date of the Treaty of Versailles 1 How do their opinions differ?
2 What suggestions do they make?
when you can find the answer on Google in about six seconds?
3 Who is the most persuasive speaker? Why? .
But n?w there are rumblings in the UK of a need to return to
rote learning, which has stirred controversy in the media. You'd 9c Compare your notes with a partner.
be forgiven for thinking the whole thing was a terrible idea. But 10 Reacting to t he text Work in small
there are benefits to memorising stuff groups and discuss the questions.
In fact, memorising key data is fundamental to learning any skill. 1 What is your reaction to the views y6u
Doctoring requires knowledge of the anatomy, lawyering requires heard on the radio programme? How
common do you think they are?
knowledge of cases and statutes, learning languages requires
2 Which is closest to the view of the writer
grammar and even new alphabets in some cases. Of course, being
of the articl e in Exercise 6?
able to recall things will not further your understanding of those 3 What similarities are there between the
things, but without memorising these foundation elements, you views expressed on the radio programme
cannot progress to a deeper understanding of a subject. and the education system in your country?
While tl1e internet.and computers have undermined the need for
us to i;emember things, it may well be that mobile learning can SPEAKING
help revive this style oflearning by making it more convenient, 11 Work in small groups and discuss the
more accessible and more fun. statements and questions.
Drilling yourself - with flashcards or by brute repetition - is 1 ' You get what you pay for. ' Do you
hard work (and usually tedious) , which is why most people need think this is true for education in your
their multiplication tables to be drilled into them by teachers country?
2 Males and fema les should be educated
or parents. Rote learning without a willing third party can be
separately.
a battle of discipline and motivation. But mobile learning can
3 What do you think are the key goa ls of
make those flashcards and drills more appropriate to individual educatio n?
study; our devices can challenge and i~form us at the same 4 What arrr the advantages and
time and also keep us motivated, whether through game-like disadvantages of school u"niforms?
structures or recording our progress.
12 Work with a student from another group.
Learning by rote does have limited use. Once you've acquired the Tell him/her about your group's ideas. Listen
fundamentals of a su bject, the need to memorise data usually and make notes on what he/she tells you.
diminishes and it becomes the application of knowledge which is 13 Report back to your group about
important. what the student told you in Exerci e 12,
using your notes. Are the ideas similar or
different to your group's ideas?
 SUCCESS

SPEAl"I 'G
1a Think of three successful people in these
fields: business, the arts, science. Why do you
think they are successful (e.g. education, hard Indra Nooyi
work, talent, good luck)? Tell a partner. In ·2010 Indra Nooyi
1 b Which qualities do the people you was named the most
described share? powerful businesswoman
in the world by Fortune
READ ING magazine. She has been
working as Chairperson
2 Read the profiles of three successful
and Chief Executive Officer
people quickly. In what way are they
successful? of PepsiCo since 2006.
Born in India, she has a
3 Look at some common characteristics of Bachelor of Science degree,
successful people. Which of them apply to an MBA from the Indian
the people you read about?
Institute of Management and a r la =
1 hard-working 4 creative and Private Management from Yale University.
2 innovative 5 business-minded
3 highly educated 6 self-disciplined Nooyi has a reputation for being very persuasive and
has the ability to rouse an audience. She also has a very
4 Read the profiles again and answer the informal style in meetings and openly solicits the opinio
questions. of her staff. At' one investors' co.nference, Nooyi sat do\\
1 What do you think of Nooyi's management with the delegates and conducted the business equivalenr
style? of a fireside chat.
2 How do you think Kim's earlier career cou ld
Nooyi is constantly reinventing her business model. 'The
have he lped her achieve her later success?
minute you've decided a new business model, it's extinct
3 What difficulties did Greider have to
overcome and how did she do so? because somebody is going to copy it. ' For years she's
4 Which of the three people are you most been talking about the importance of hea lthier products
impressed by? Tell a partner. and education
about nutrition.
VOCABULARY She works 18-20
SUFFIXES (ADJECTIVES) hours a day
and is currently
Sa Find adjectives in the profiles which are serving on the
formed from the nouns in the box.
board of several
- --·----------------
a ll e rgy infection influence organisations.
passion persuasion power success

Sb What suffixes are used to form these

adjectives?
a/lera1 - allergic
Angela Jia Kim
Angela Jia Kim is a successful
6a Make adjectives from the nouns in the entrepreneur, having already
box. Use the correct suffixes.
founded two companies.
affection am bi ion education Her first piano· teacher was her
empathy fiction l02ic speculation mother and later she graduated
from th e Eastman School of Music.
6b Answer the que tion . Her cl ass ical refinement and '
1 Who is the most succes ful per o n vou pa ionare performances have delighted audiences worldwide
know? Give reason . One day ju ta he was abo ut to perform on stage, she had
2 Who is your favourite iictiona character? an allergi rea tion to a body !ori on. As a result of this, she
Why? de ided to develop her ov;n line of skincare products. 'I wa
3 What is the most powerful piece oi art or paying arrention to w hat I was eating,' she says. 'Shouldn't
film that you have seen? I pay attention to wha t I was putting on my body?' She
4 What educational background is needed to
tarred experime nting to find non-toxic creams and eventua ll~
become a teacher in your country?
launched Om Aroma & Co., an organic skincare line.
8
 SUCCESS

GRAMMAR
Carol Greider THE CONTINUOUS ASPECT
7a Read the profiles of Indra Nooyi and Angela Jia Kim
Carol Greider won the Nobel
again and find examples of these tenses.
Prize in Medicine in 2009
after making a breakthrough 1 present continuous
2 past continuous
in DNA and cancer research.
3 present perfect continuous
However, Carol struggled at
elementary school. She found 7b Which of the tenses you found are used to talk about:
it difficult to pronounce 1 an action that was in progress at an ear li er time?
words and to read out loud. 2 an action that is c urrently in progress?
She was put into remedial 3 an action which began in the past and is still
spelling class and this led to co ntinuing or has just finished?
problems with self-esteem. She thought of herself ~ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-127
as stupid until she was diagnosed with dyslexia.
he bad to memorise words to speU them, but 8 Explain the difference in meaning between the sentences
in each pair.
then began to enjoy reading for pleasure. Then
be found it easy to remember things in Biology 1 a I work in Madrid, but I live in a village forty
and History. She enjoyed working hard. However, kilometres away.
b I' m working in Madrid, but I' m moving to
he still struggled to get into graduate school and
Barcelona next year.
received many rejection letters due to poor scores in
the Graduate Recorded Exam. 2 a I've worked in Londor.i, Paris and Rome, but now I
work in Tokyo.
Eventually, she was offered a place by the b I' ve been working in Tokyo for a year and expect
California Institute of Technology and UC to continue to do so for some time.
Berkeley. She chose UC Berkeley as she wanted to 3 a I worked in Oslo in 2013.
\\"Ork with Elizabeth Blackbum, whose enthusiasm b I was working in Oslo when my father fell ill.
·or DNA and chromosome research she found
4 a I'll work when you get home if you look after the
mfectious. In 2004 she became Department child ren.
Director at Johns Hopkins Universiry b I'll be working when you get home, so plea.se try
- -hool of Medicine. Carol eventually to keep quiet.
,·on the Nobel Prize with Blackburn. 5 a When her car broke down , she was driving to
-he always credits all her Moscow for a conference.
-oUeagues who have b When her car broke down , she went the rest of the
xen influential in her way by bus.
:ientific journey. 6 a We are renting an apartment until our house is ready.
b We rent a n apartment b the sea most sum mers.

Her deg~ee was in Music, not Business, so she

9 Correct the mistakes in the use of tenses in the text.
comes
- ught advice from respected businesswomen who I real I respect m\ be t friend. He is co ming from Poland
·ere go ing through similar experiences. and i peaking iour langua e . He is living in London
he went on to create Savor the . since 1998 and I\ e been knm ing him for ten years. We
- ccess, an online community met on holida · \\hen we hitchhike through Spain. One
· r fe male entrepreneurs. day while we v alk through the Cantabrian Mountains, he
- e says her success in told met.h ate en though he had been leaving school at
u-iness is due to her fifteen , he v a going to be very successfu l. He joined his
-~ ammg as a
company when it i hav ing difficulties. He was working
his wa y up to the to p since then. He is only working there
- n err
for seven years and he is already being the. Director.
~ ·_a-ourse,
nist an d, ~~~~-=:.
!.';
...l WRITI G
ard work.
10 J > >rn
ons Write a short paragraph giving
and justifying your opinion on one of these statements.
1 A good education is the key to a successful life.
2 Lu ck and family co nnections are more importa nt than
a good education.
3 Success is ten percent inspiration a nd ninety percent
perspirat io n.
9
..SPEf\K\NG
JOB HUNTING

CV
1 Work in small groups and discuss the
Name: Vaclim Kufenko
questions.
Date of birth: 8 May 1986
1 How do you find out about jobs in yo ur Email 11.ddress: kufenko:[email protected]
co untry?
2 What jobs have you had/wo uld yo u PROFILE
like to have? An enthusiastic and dedicated professional
3 Have yo u ever written a CV/resume? with excellent analytical abilities in the field of
When? fina nce. Exceptional numerical skill . Quick to
4 Is there a standard fo rmat fo r CVs/ grasp new ideas and concepts and able to work
resumes in your cou ntry? on his own initiative. Has a logical approach to challenges and
is able to meet tight deadlines. Strong project management skills. A
READING good ream player with outstanding interpersonal skills.

2 Which of the following do you think WORK EXPERIENCE

are essential to mention in your CV? December 2008-0ctober 2013
1 website addresses of compan ies you have Financial Analyst at the Bank of Foreign Trade, Sr Petersburg.
worked for Responsibilities: daily financial analysis, preparing financial
2 details of pre-university qualifications stateme nts, data processing and marketing urvey
3 a photograph
4 date· of birth EDUCATION
5 postal address December 2013-present
6 teleph one number and email address PhD in Economics and Finance, t Peter. bur tare University of
7 names of referees Economics and Finance
8 internships/work placements September 2007-July 2008
9 software used MA in Economics, specialisin in Finance and Credi t, t Petersburg
10 charity work State University of Economics and Finance
11 interests
September 2003-June 2007
12 positions of responsibility
13 title, e.g. Mr/Miss/Ms BA in Economics, St Petersburg rate U niversity of Economics and
14 achievements Finance
15 interpersonal skil ls 1998-1999
- Southwest Junior High School, La\\Tence, Kansas, USA
3a Evaluating eftectiveness Read Vadim
1993-2003
Kufenko's CV quickly. Do you think it is a
good CV? Is there anything you would do School #157, St Petersburg
differently? INTERNSHIPS AND EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES
3b Read the CV again and answer the September-December 2007
questions. Exchange programme at the U niversiry of Jyvaskyla, Finland
1 Wh at do you notice about the way the Programmes: Finance, Business etworks, Family Business,
profi le is written? Marketing (in English), Finnish language
2 Which exchange programme might he April 2007
have fo und the most difficult? Why? Short internship at th.e Bank of Foreign Trade, t Petersburg
3 Wh at kinds of job do yo u think he
April-July 2006
might be suitabl e fo r?
Exchange programme at the Berlin School of Economics, Germany
4 Vadim is applying for a job in the Programmes (in German): International Economic Relations,
marketing department of a British International Marketing, German language
company that exports British products ADDITIONAL SKILLS
to Russia. They require a fluent Russian
Languages: English (advanced IELTS 8.0, BULA.TS), German
speaker, with advanced English and
(intermediate), Finni h (elementary) '
experience in finance and marketing.
Rewrite Vadim's profile to help him get HOBBIES
this job. Trading in stocks and hare_, . wimming and jogging

10
 JOB HUNTI G

GRAMMAR
THE PERFECT ASPECT
7 Look at Audio script 1.2 on page 165 and find
examples of the following.
1 present perfect simpl e
2 present perfect continuous
3 past perfect
4 future perfect
5 perfect infinitive
6 having+ past participle

8 The perfect aspect links two times together. Which

two times (present, past or future) are being linked
together in each sentence?
1 Hopefull y, we'll have finished the interview by 3 p.m .
2 I' d applied fo r a number of wo rk placements before I
got the one in the ba nk .
3 I' ve been on two exchange programmes: one in
Finland and one in Germany.
4 Havi ng read your CV, we'd li ke to know more about
your internship and exchange program mes.
JCABULARY 5 I seem to have lost your references.
BB REVIATIONS 6 Since December 20 13 I've been w riting my doctoral
thesis.
5 Work in small groups and match the abbreviations
ith the descriptions. ~ La nguage reference and extra practice, pages 126-127
1 PhD 3 MBA 5' BULATS 7 TOEFL
2 MSc 4 BA 6 IELTS
9 Complete the sentences with the correct perfect
form of the verbs in brackets.
a a first degree in the Humanities
1 I intended to co me fo r just a co uple of months, but
o a postgraduate degree in a science subject
next September I (be) here for five years ..
c a postgraduate degree, w hi ch entitles th~ ho lder to
2 When I interviewed him, he (a lready/be) out
the title Or
of work for over a yea r.
d a postgraduate business qualification
3 My sister (be) the head of a PR co mpany for
e a qualification in Business English
the last ten years.
a test of readi ng, wr itin g, li stening and spea king,
4 We (interview) five people since 9 a.m ., but
often used by British and Australian universiti es
I don't think any of them meet the requirements.
g a test of comprehension in w ritten and spoken
5 It's no use sending your CV now. They _ __
Engl ish, often used by American universities
(choose) a candidate by the end of today.
6 I was hop in g (finish ) by now.
TENJNG 7 (complete) my training, I am now look in g
6a IllListen to part of Vadim's job interview and for a job in fin an ce.
an we r the questions.
W hy does the in terv iewer mention·when the WRITING
interview will finish? 1Oa Choose a job that you would like to be interviewed
:! W hat regret does Vadim mention? for. Write a short CV to help you get the job.
3 W hat advice does the interv iewer give Vadim?
How does Vadim turn a possible weak ness into a 1 Ob Swap CVs with a partner and tell each other
trength? what jobs they are for. Suggest improvements to your
5 \Vhy does Vad im want the adverti sed job? partner's CV.
\ Vh at mi stake does the interviewer make?

b Listen again and evaluate the interview. Answer

e questions.
Do 1ou think what Vadim said hi ghlights his strengths? Kempster, a careers consultant, about
How would \OU describe the interviewer's attitude job hunting and interviews.
0\\ ards adim? Turn to page 150 for video acti vities.
3 HO\\ do \OU think the interview is goin g so far?

11
:: 1.4 SCENARIO
CHOOS.I NG AN INTERN

SITUATION KEY LANGUAGE

STATI NG REQU IREMENTS, SAY ING WH AT IS
Anderson University is a private university in the
ESSE NTIAL A ND DES IRABLE
United Kingdom . Many of its students want to do
internships of three to six months with companies or 4 Read the extracts in Exercise 5 and try to predi a
international organisations. They generally pay a fee what words are missing.
and use the services of Morton Associates, a firm that
spec ialises in arranging internships. 5 - Listen to extracts from the conversation in
Morton Associates is looking for a suitab le candidate Exercise 3 and complete the gaps. Do not use more
for an internship with the international organisation than two words for each gap.
UNESCO. 1 L: It's th at candidates are doing a
postgrad uate degree.
2 H: What about languages?
1 a Read the situation, the description of UNESCO and L: Well, th ey an e cellent know ledge
the duties of the intern.
of one of th e working language of the
1b Work in pairs or small groups and discuss what organisation - th at means really good English or
kind of person would be suitable for this internship. French, oral and written.
Think about the candidate's educational qualifications, H: Right, so that's _ _ _
personal qualities, experience, skills and interests. 3 H: How about work experience?
L: Well, they don 't mention th at spec ifica ll y,
2 Discuss your profile of the ideal candidate with
·but it' s obv iousl y . to have some work
another pair or group.
experi ence.
3 Ill Listen to Lisa and Howard, two members of 4 H: You haven't men tioned co mputer skills.
Morton Associates, talking about the requirements L: Well , ca ndidates to be abl e to use
for candidates applying for an internship at UNESCO. office-related softwa re.
Work with a partner and make notes under these 5 H: Anything else ?
headings. L: No, but we' ll be some ev idence of a
• Qu alifications • Languages special cultural or scientific interest.
• Work experience • Computer skills
• Interests
6 Look at Audio script 1.3 on page 165. Underline all
the phrases which are used to state requirements, an d
say whether each one is essential or desirable.

UNESCO activities D u tie~of the intern

------
l!lNESCO promotes international
• to assist in administrative duties as assigned by
cooperation among its 195 Member the director
States and eight Associate Members in • to assist in the research and writing of
the fields of education, science, culture department publications
and communication . It has a wide range of • to assist with the creation of PowerPoint
programmes, which will appeal to students presentatio ns and maintenance of databases
from diverse disciplines . • to .help coo rd inate special events and
Aims: confere nces
• to mobilise for education so that • to take part in the development of student
every child, boy or girl, has access to
educational progra.m mes
education as a fundamental human right

• to build international understanding

through protection of heritage and
support for cultural diversity
• to pursue scientific cooperation
• to protect freedom of expression

12
 CHOOSING AN INTERN

TASK Profile
CHOOSING AN INTERN
QualificationsfiMI year PJ-iD . Topic: la"9ua9e
7a Work in groups of three. You are policies i" Swedisl-i scl-iools
members of Morton Associates. You are Languages f3ili"9ual f "9lisl-i-Swedisl-i
going to recommend one intern for the
internship at UNESCO. There is only one fxtel'l>ive k1'l0Wled9e of
Computer skills
vacancy at the moment. Read the profiles computer pro9ram> a"d software
and underline the strong points of each Experience Worked duri"9 two >vmmer> for a ·
candidate. Make a note of any points you 'travel by teacl-ii"9' or9a"isatio". Gai"ed a 9ood k"owled9e of Asia"
think the candidate lacks. culture>.
Student A: read the profile of Pil ar M artinez.
Attitude A" extrovert. Seemed extremely co"fidel'\t. fxpreHed
Student B: read the profile of Anette Frieberg.
1-ier opil'liOl'l) OI'\ social iHue) forcefully. PoHibly "otvery ope"-
Student C: read the profil e of Kenneth W atana.
mil'lded . Sl-ie did"'t appear to be a 9ood liste"er.
7b In your groups, discuss the candidates. Other information DreHed ratl-ier casually for tl-ie i"terview.
Talk about their strengths and weaknesses Recommel'\datio" from a lecturer: 'A"ette'> 9reateststre"9tl-i i>
and why they should / shouldn't get the a> a team leader: She expects a lotf rom member> of 1-ier team.' Is
internship. · Preside"t of tl-ie U"iversity I"ter"atio"al Society. Wou ld like to work
1
7c Rank the candidates in order of their for a" or9a"isatio" wl-i!cl-i promotes Womel'\ >a"d cl-ii Id re"'> ri9l-its.
uitability for the internship (1 = most
uitable, 3 = least suitable) .
Profile
7d Choose the best candidate to
recommend for the internship. Then fil'lal year MA il'l Mv>eum a"d
Qualifications
co mpar'e your choice with other groups. Artefact Studies
9ood E"9li>h a"d Frei'\ Ch
Languages Thai, fairly
=>rofile (upper-i"termediate level) . Is lear"i"9 Germal'\
i" eve"i"9 cla».
ualifications C,omputer skills Compete"t u)il'l9 com mo" software pro9ram>
="al year Pl-iD i" ExperienceO"e-mol'\th part-time work at a local Railway
=" e Art Museum . Visitor i"f ormatiol'l, c ommul'licatio" witl-i public.
• _an guages
Attitude Qu iet, reflective per)ol'\. Hesitated f reque"tly before
=ve"t Spal'li>l-i, Ol'\)Weri"9 qvestio">.
+erm ediate level Extremely polite duri"9 tl-ie i"terview. Seemed u"willi"9 to 9ive
:. 9lisl-i a"d Fre"ch. I-ii> views o" cvrre"t affairs.
Basic k"owled9e of office
,...omputer skills
O ther inform ationSmart appeara"ce . Is editor of tl-ie Ul'\iVersity
-ro9ram) al')d software "ewspaper. Also active i" the Drama Society - rece"tly 9ave
= peri ence Holiday work witl-i a picture talk OI'\ Asia" TJ-ieatre a"d Rituals. Recommel'\datio" f ro1Y1
e)to rer at Natio"al Mvsevm of Art tutor: 'Jame> is a team player rather tl-ia" a leader. He 1-ias
exceptio"al researcl-i skills.' Very i"terested i" u"derwater
~ ~;tu de Very articulate . Pa»io"ate
cultural herita9e a"d social media. His 1-iobby i> )l'\orkelli"9· Goe>
-=iovt art col'l)ervatiol'\ . Not at all to Turkey every >ur;imer to do some )l'lorkelli"9·
--erested i" cvrre"t affairs. Seemed
.:i-J,,er "a·,·ve a"d Vl'\Sopl-iisticated abovt
:md affairs. Has travelled all over USEFUL PHRASES
- e 1Norld. Made i"teresti"9 commel'lt> Talking about strengths and weaknesses
-~ovt cro»-cultu ral problem>.
One of his/her strongest points is .. .
::J: er inform ation DreHed fasl-iio"ably .
Hi s/ Her best quality is ...
=ecommel'\datio" from art prof eHor;
Wh at impresses me about him/ her is ...
or is si"9le-mi"ded. Art i> 1-ier life.
Hi s/ Her biggest asset is ...
S e is ope" to "eL-1 idea> - tl-iat' >1-ier
On e of his/her major wea kn esses is .. .
_e) auality.' Wa"t> to Work il'l picture
I think he/she lacks .. .
.:.:: )erJaTio" all over the world after )he
I'm wo rried/con cerned about his/ her age/experience/qualifica ·o s ..
-r::icua'!'"e>.
W hat co nce rn s me about the candidate is ...
 STUDY SKILLS 3b Which student, Anna or Hayato, expresses the
SELF-AWARENESS following ideas? Listen again and check.
He/ She ...
1a What is self-awareness? How can it influence your
1 needs to co mmunicate better in En gli sh fo r '
ability to learn something new?
reasons.
1bThink of something you have tried to learn recently. 2 is a fl ex ibl e person w hen travelling.
Work with a partner and discuss the questions. 3 will make more money by improvin g hi s/her E
1 How did you lea rn the new skill ? 4 w ants to lea rn more about th e literature of the
2 W ere you su ccessful ? Wh y?!Why not? country.
3 Wh at did you lea rn about yo urse lf? 5 does not wa nt to lea rn a lot about Engli sh cu l
6 learnt about English culture at an ea rl y age.
1c Work in small groups and share your experiences. 7 w ants to achi eve nati ve speaker profi ciency .
What were the most common reasons for the success 8 is lea rnin g English in a company environment.
or failure of your learning? Your motivation or lack of
it? Ease or difficulty of the task? Good/ Bad teaching? 4 Learning style It is important to be aware of
Another reason? your learning style as this will indicate not only '
strengths, but also areas you need to develop. Re
2 Motivation Discuss the questions in your groups. about four approaches to learning on page 159. -
1 What is yo ur main mot iva ti on for improving your W?rk in groups and discuss the questions.
Engli sh? 1 Whi ch style do you thin k best describes your
2 Wh at else is motivating you to improve your Englisfr personality?
language proficiency? 2 Are y ou a mi x of the sty les? If so, in wh at w a\
3 Wh y are yo u more likely to succeed if you are hi ghl y 3 Is one lea rnin g sty le predominant in your gro
moti vated? Talk to your group about th eir lea rnin g sty les.
yo u think yo ur teachers need to know about
3a - Two students are being interviewed by a linguist
Wh y?/Wh y not?
who is researching the motivation of learners of English.
Read the descriptions of two types of motivation. Then Sa Note down the qualities and skills you have
listen to the students, Anna and Hayato, and decide which would impress a potential employer. Then work
type of motivation they have. groups and compare your lists.
Sb In your groups, discuss what you should or·
not do to improve your English. Think about your
personality or character, your motivation and your
lnstrvWlenteill W1otivei1ti on: The per-SoV\ is learning styles.
lec>.r-V"1 i V\9 t h e lc>.v, 9 vc>. 9e to c>. Ghi eve c>. defiV"lite
9 oc>.I, e.9 to 9et c>. bette r- job, to be pr- 0W1oted, WRITING SKILLS
t o pc>.SS <?.V\ e><ter-V\c>.I e>< c>. W"l i V\c>.tio V"I . A COVERIN G LETT ER

lnte~reiltive W1otivei1tion: T h e pe r- so V\ is 6 When to use a covering letter Complete the text w i

lec>.r- ~ iV\9 the \c>.V"19vc>.9e to GOWI W°l v V"l i Gc>.t e vvith the words in the box. Three of the words are not used .
peop le froWI <?.V\othe r- cv ltvr-e th c>. t sp e c>.!<: th e
co nvincin g esse ntiall y impact in spiration
lc>.V"19 v c>.9e T he per-SOV\ VV <?.V\ts to ide V\t if y vvith
motivate specul ative targeted vacancy · vita
the tc>.r-9et \c>.V"19 v c>.9e 9r- ov p <?.V\d fit iV"I wi t h it.

A covering lette r sh ould always be included when

you ,;end out a CV or an application form . It should
create interest and 1_ _ _ the employer to get
to know more about you. There are two types of
covering letter. In a(n.) 2_ _ _ covering letter,
the w riter is responding to a specific advertised
3_ _ _ • However, in a(n) 4 _ _ _ covering letter,

the writer aims at a specific employer or a number

of com panies or organisations he/she is interested
in joining. A covering letter is 5_ _ _ if your
app lication is speculative because the employer

14
l wil l onl y read it and look at your CV if your letter is
reall y 6_ _ _ •
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

7 How to structure a covering letter Put the information in the 1 Ob Read the letter again. Each
order (1-5) it would normally appear in a covering letter. paragraph contains a topic sentence and
a High light your strong points, your understanding of the work and one or more supporting ideas. With your
why yo u are suited to it. partner, study the example, then analyse
b End the letter with an appropriate sentence. paragraphs 3 and 4 in the same way.
c Indicate your availabi li ty for interview.
d Explain w hy you are interested in the job. A topic sentence contains the main idea
e State what the vacancy is and how you heard about it. If the upon which a paragraph is developed .
coveri ng letter is specu lative, say what kind of work you are It often appears at the beginning of a
interested in . paragraph, introducing the main idea.
8 m What to do in a covering letter Listen to a talk by Naomi
Lloyd, a communications consultant, and make notes on what she
Example: paragraph 2
Topic sentence: Having read your company
says about the following. literature, I am very interested in joining
• introduction • strengths your organisation.
length of the letter • app lyi ng for different jobs Supporting ideas: (the reasons why
ending the letter Vadim thinks he would be an asset to
the company): He thinks the job suits his
9 Look at Audio script 1.6 on page 166 and check your answers.
qualifications and experience and offers a
1 Oa Vadim Kufenko is also applying for the position of Research suitable challenge.
Ass istant with Euronews Magazine. The magazine provides
rea ders with information on trends in international banking,
fo reign exchange investment and capital markets. Read the 11 Certain phrases are common in
co vering letter Vadim includes with his CV. Do you think he covering letters. Find words and phrases
has followed the rules of writing a covering letter? Work with a in the letter with these meanings.
partner and discuss your ideas.
1 which I hope you w ill study carefull y
(paragraph 1)
2 descriptions of your organisation 's
D ear Ms So mmer,
activi ties (paragraph 2)
Re: Research Assistant 3 someth ing that needs skill and en.ergy
to achieve (paragraph 2 )
(1) I am writing to apply fo r th e above p osition advertised in
4 extremel y useful (paragraph 3)
the graduate section of The Chronicle, elated 5 June: I enclose my 5 short and cl ea r (paragraph 3 )
Curriculum Vitae for yo ur consid erati on. 6 getting work done very qui ckly and on
'2) H aving read your company literature, I am very interested in time (pa ragraph 3)
joining your organisation. I am com-inced that the position of 7 have obtai ned (pa ragraph 4)
8 someone of va lue (paragraph 5)
Research Assistant would be well suited to my quali fi catio ns and
experience. I t would also provide m e with an interes ting ch allenge. 12 You have already written a CV. Now
3) My role as Financial Analyst in th e Bank of Foreign Trad e in write an impressive covering letter for
- t Petersburg has given me invaluable experience o f \\'orking in
the job below, so that you will be invited
for an interview.
team s o n research projects. It has also enabled me to deYelop key
. kills such as analysing financial statem ents, undertaking m arketing
_utTeys and writing concise reports, which are all relevant to this
po ition. Of course, I am u sed to working to tight deadlines.
-J. During my h olidays, I have travelled widely in E urope and
haYe gained useful cross-cultural skills. As a result, I feel I would
be able to fit comfo rtably into the multinational teams which I We are looking for volunteers
kno\\· are an important feature of your o rgani sa tio n. with a wide range of skills and
- If I am fo rtunate enough to be selected fo r the positio n, you experience to participare in
will be employing an enthusiasti c, highly motivated and loyal projects (such as building a school)
:ncmber of staff, \,"·bo will be an asse t to your organi sation. I am in more than thirty of the world's
anilable for inten iew at any time and look fo rward to hearing poorest countries.
:rom ,·ou. You can ma e, difference.
Send your CV to :
Yo r_ ·mccreh·.
·adim Kuicnko
 Tourism and conservatio
2.1 WISH YOU WERE HERE?

SPEAKING READING
1 Work with a partner and discuss how important 4a Read the holi da\ brochure e t ra cts A-F and match 1

the following are for tourists. Put them in order of them with the ho lida\ pe - in the box . You do not
importance (1-8). need all of the words in the bo .
• weather • acco mmodation
• cost • sights adventure hol ida\ c ity break
• food • activiti es crui se resort holida el f-cate ring holi da
• ease of travel • e nviro nmenta l considerations sightsee ing tou r

2 What are popular holiday destinations for people from

.
your country? How have these changed in the last ten years? 4b What other holida' t\-pe can o u think of?
Sa Which of the ho Iida\ in the extracts would be
VOCABU LARY suitable for the fo llm in peop le? Work with a partner
TRAVEL COLLOCATI O NS and discuss your idea .
1 a n adven turou ecoloo , grad uate trave lIi ng a lo ne
3a Match 1-8 with a-h to make collocations. Then check
2 a sporty group oi friend in the ir twe nti es lookin g t
your answers in the holiday brochure extracts opposite.
fun a nd excitemen
1 budget \ _ a deal 3 a yo ung urban pro ·e -ional cou pl e w ho wa nt pl e nty
2 boutique b del icacy to do
3 carbon c monuments 4 a cultu red holida ma er 'nterested in th e
4 last- minute d footpri nt en vironmen
5 local e a irline 5 a wealth' couple lad' in ior a re lax ing ho liday
6 an c ie nt f temperatures 6 fo ur studen ; 1end_ ' - h a li mited budget who wa nt
7 organ ised g hotel to escape af'er ·he e am
8 ba king h excursions
S b Wh ich holida' \\ oul d •o u choose? Why?
3b Match the collocations in Exercise 3a with the
categories in Exercise 1.
3c What other collocations can you add to each category?
accom modation: luxury hotel

16
 W ISH YOU WERE HERE?

B Spend seven nights exploring the 6a A naly9ing a genre Find examples in the extracts
Caribbean aboard a state-of-the-art vessel: The
Palladium. Offering the ultimate on-board experience of typical language for travel brochures. Write them
and boasting eleven decks, it still retains a unique and under these headings.
intimate atmosphere. Select a stateroom with a balcony Pos itive adjectives (a nd collocations): comprehensive range
for awe-inspiring ocean views or share a cabin for four. With
Imperati ves: Call now
five restaurants to choose from , each meal is a gastronomic
O ther expressions: ... why not try ... ?
delight. In the evenings, choose from a comprehensive range
of entertainment options: from cabaret to DJs and live bands. 6b Write a one-paragraph brochure entry about your
Pamper yourself with a wide variety of treatments available in
local area or the area you are studying in.
the Palm Court Spa. Or why not try indoor rock-climbing? Fully
escorted organised excursions are available at each port of call.
This is an experience not to be missed. Call now on .. . VOCABULARY
MULTI-WORD VE RBS

IJ Romantic specials. Weekends for two in Paris. 7a Some tourists are talking about what they like
Explore the famous sights of the city of love - the Eiffel to do on holiday. Complete the sentences with the
Tower, the Louvre, Montmartre - and then sample the words in the box.
culinary skills of renowned Parisian chefs. Stylish boutique
around aw ay back down
hotel in the heart of this chic, bustling capital. Unbeatable
prices. For more info, go to Earlybird.biz. of off (x2) up (x2)

II Feeling restless? Itchy feet? Active bud~et holidays in New 1 'A holid ay is all about gettin g from it all .'
2 ' I just w ant time aw ay from w ork w hen I feel I can
Zealand. The holiday includes a week of escorted trekking with
breathtaking views, the opportunity to bungee jump and try rea ll y let my hair _ __
paragliding. Experience a variety of exotic landscapes with a visit to 3 ' I j ust love goin g somewh ere new and soak ing
a volcano, glacier hiking and whitewater rafting. Local specialities _ __ th e atmosph ere.'
and hospitality as you've never experienced before. All flights and 4 'W e live in a b ig city, although I grew up in th e
intern~ transfers included. Book now at DownUnder.net. co untry, so gettin g to nature is important. '
5 ' I love to rea ll y live it on ho lid ay. I li ke to
bl ow wh at mo ney I have in a short tim e. I save all
t Thai Odyssey. Fully guided holidays to explore the yea r and th en have a rea ll y good time.'
spectacular ancient monuments of a country rich in history. 6 'W e' re kee n on fi nd in g unusua l p laces - goin g
Enjoy magnificent scenery, baking temperatures and indulge _ _ _ the beaten track.'
in mouth-watering local delicacies. Our 'green' under-canvas
7 'Stee rin g clea r the touri st tra ps is our main
"hotels' encourage visitors to calculate carbon emissions and will
pri ori ty w hen bookin g a holiday.'
arrange for guests to plant trees if they want to offset their carbon
footprint. Holidays for the discerning and sophisticated traveller 8 ' I don' t rea ll y like to do very much on ho liday. Just
with an interest in sustainable development. An experience to lounging by the poo l is enough. '
savour. Flights not included. Single supplements apply. For 9 'Th e main th ing is to avoid getting ri pped _ __
further details, visit Exped.biz. so I try not to look like a to uri st. '
10 'I love seeing new th ings and taki ng the sights.'

Exl"lore the picturesque Greek island ofKefalonia. 7b m Liste n and check your answers. Then
Help out restoring isolated cottages or work on an practise sayin g the sentences with the correct stress.
archaeological dig. Explore the island on foot. Experience the 7c Which of the opinions in Exercise 7a are most like
outstanding views and secluded beaches and unwind in this off-
your ow n?
- e-beaten-track location, far from the stresses and strains of the
rat race. Steer clear of the tourist traps, recharge your batteries
and return completely refreshed. Ideal for groups. All-inclusive SPEAKING
_ dget deal. Special offer price includes flight (budget airline)
and basic si c accommodation (upgrades available). Optional
8 Wbat do you know about the specialised types of
eep hire. Athena Travel. tourism below? How do you feel about them? Work
in small groups and discuss your ideas.
• battl efield
The holiday of a lifetime in the Badumbas National
I•
• culin ary
P ark . See the big game and get back to nature and make • eco
::Bv fri ends. Staying at the exclusive Masai Game Lodge • disaster
.th three-star fa cilities, you will a,lso spend time under • ce leb ri ty
.:anvas out in the bush. Stunning flora and fauna . A visual
:east of wildlife, all experienced at close quarters, including
• hea lth/medica l (including 'surgery safa ri s')

o s. elephants and rhinos. All travel is in air-conditioned

• vo lunteer
"f-road vehicles. ew company. Special introductory offer. • space
_-beatable fifty percent discount. No single supplements
-?"'ly. For more info. go to ZebraTourZ.
READING 3a Read the text again. Write a heading for eacr
paragraph.
1a Work in groups and brainstorm everything you
know about the Galapagos Islands. 3b Where would you expect to find this text? W h
1b Read the text quickly and check your ideas in • online news website
Exercise 1a. • travel compan y website
• online encyclopedia
2a Work with a partner. Student A, read the first two
paragraphs of the text and write three quiz questions. 3c Which fact or facts in the text did you find mo
Student B, read the last two paragraphs and write interesting? Why?
three quiz questions.
4 What do the hi hliu ·ed or - in t he text refer to?
2b With your partner, ask and answer each other's
questions from Exercise 2a.

Located about 926 km off the coast of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean and just a short fl ight from
Quito, the capital, the Galapagos Islands are a small chain of islands spread out over 220 km and
known for their vast number of endemic species. There are eighteen majo r islands in the chain,
five of which are inhabited, and more than 100 smaller islands covering a tota l land area of about
8,000 km 2 • The largest island is Isa be la, which makes up three-quarters of the tota l land area an·d
rises to a height of 1,707 m. The islands are surrounded by the Galapagos Marine Reserve,
stretching over 137,269 km 2 .
The Galapagos archipelago is distributed on either side of the equator and sits on a tectonic plate
which is moving towards the South American continent at a rate of over 6 cm a year. The first
islands were formed by volcanoes that rose out of the ocean at least 8,000,000 years ago. Lava
built up underwater, forming undersea mountains which broke throug h the water and for med
islands. While the oldest islands have now sunk back beneath the sea, new ones are still being
formed by volcanic eruptions, the most recent of which was in 2009.
The islands, discovered in 1535, are among the most scientifica lly important and biologically outstanding
places on the planet. According to zoologists and botanists, they are home to some of the most beautiful
sights in nature. Almost all the reptiles and half the species are not found anywhere else. Marine iguanas,
flightless cormorants, mocking birds and thirteen species of finches are all endemic to the islands, which
are also famous for their giant tortoises, blue-footed boobies and the only living tropical penguins.
There are a number. of environmental threats, the main one being the plants and animals, such" as
feral goats, cats and cattle, brought to the islands by humans . An eradication plan only partially
succeeded in ridding the islands of introduced species. The island's biod iversity is also under
threat from the human population, which is growing at an unsusta inable rate. In the 1950s, the
population was 1,000, whereas it is now over 26,000.'Furthermore, the Ga lapagos Mari ne Reserve
and whole ecosystem is under threat from illegal fishing activities, wh il e t he growth of tourism
also threatens the wildlife of the archipelago.
VOCABULARY GRAMMAR
THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS ..
THE NATURAL WORLD ARTICLES

5 Find words or phrases in the text with Ba Match the uses of articles a-k with the underlined examples in the
these meanings. text on page 18.
1 native or restricted to a certain place 1 Definite article
2 an area for animals and birds where a common knowledge - we know/can tell from the context what is
they are protected being referred to
3 a chain of islands b repetition - this is not the first mention of the person or thing
4 a huge slab of rock that makes up the c uniqueness - the only one of its kind in the world or in this context
top layer of the Earth d with a superlative phrase
5 molten rock that flows from volcanoes e with names of countries, federations or groups of islands which are plural
6 escaped from domesti catio n and f with names of rivers, oceans and seas
become wild 2 Zero article
7 a variety of different life forms living in g with uncountable nouns, when speaking about the noun in general
the area h with the names of most cities, streets, countries and continents
8 all the animals and plants that live in a with plural countable nouns, when speaking about the noun in general
particular area with most numbers (except a half, a hundred, a thousand)
3 Indefinite arti<;:le
'STEN ING k with a singular countable noun mentioned for the first time
6a IllListen to the first part
Bb Match the correct article (a/an, the or zero) with the uses 1-3.
of an interview with Dr Graham
Wa tkins, the Executive Director of a 1 to introduce what is new or something the reader is unaware of
co nservation charity and an expert 2 to indicate 'common ground' (e.g. to refer forwards, backwards or to
o n the Galapagos Islands. Are the our shared experience or general knowledge)
tateme nts about him true or false? 3 to make generalisations (with plural and unco untable nouns)
Co rrect the false statements . Be Off the coast and a number of are fixed expressions, where the
1 His father was a conservationist. article is always the same. Complete the fixed expressions below with a or
2 Dr Watkins studied Biology at Oxford the.
Un iversity. 1 bit of 3 off record
3 He worked as a guide in the in _ __ hurry make
2 4 - - - start
Ga lapagos Islands.
He studied Zoology and Evolution at -.. ·Language reference and extra practice, pages 128-129
th e University of Pennsylvani a.
5 His first job after leaving the University
Bd Complete the extracts from the listening, adding articles
where appropriate.
of Pennsylvania was in the field of
co nservation biology. 1 I became conservationist in part because of my fam il y background.
My father was agricultural scientist and travelled throughout world.
b ID Listeri to the second part of the One of my brothers was born in Afr ica. I was born in British Guiana.
.
erview and answer the questions.
Does Dr Watkins think tourism is a
2 I went to University of O xford to study Zoology. I finished my first
degree there. After that, I was lucky enough to become guide in
bad thing? Why?/Why not? Gal apagos Islands. I did that for about eighteen months and as a result
Give exa mples of negative of that experience, which was really quite life-changing experience, I
consequences of tourism that are went to University of Pennsylvania to study Ecology and Evolut.ion.
a di rect. b hidden. 3 I think first thing to say about tourism is that in many situations it' s
\ 'hat are invasive species? very positive thing. It can help conservation quite substantially, but
there are also many examples in world, for example in Caribbean,
a rng In the third part of the where tourism also causes problems and has direct impact on
· ·en iew, Dr Watkins is asked whether environment. Many of reefs in Caribbean have serious problems as
ho uld stay away from conservation
result of pollution.
·eas. Predict what he will say.

m Listen and check your SPEAKING

·2dictions. Then answer the questions.
9 Work in groups. Choose one of the following that you would like
~m, can the impact of tour ism be to protect in your country. Discuss the threats facing it and how you
., mi ed? would protect it.
1 a natura l feature
2 a historical building
3 an endan gered species

19
 THE PERFECT BEACH

READ ING
A Picture a perfect beach. From an expanse of
1 Work in groups and discuss the advantages and flawless white sand, implausibl y turquoise water
disadvantages of going to: shelves out over a stoneles sea bed to a clear
1 an isolated, unspoilt beach with no amenities. horizon. Overhead, pelican wheel lazily in sear r .
2 a resort beach with sun loungers, waiter service and fish. One suddenly fo ld it wing , like a prehisto
full water sports facilities. umbrella, and hurtl e downwa rd. T he splashdow
the first sound you an remember hearing for sev
2 Read the article quickly and choose the best title.
minutes.
A THE BEACH THAT TURNED BACK THE B Now imagine a wha king grea t hotel plonked
COMMERCIAL TIDE on all this; plus a golf cour e a'nd a few jet skis, of
course, just ro keep the e-1 I leYel up . This is
B MEXICAN COMMUNITY STOPS DEVELOPERS the fate that ha be ·alien - a. y of the world's
itly\lic p\aces that he
me ·\ ~h

3 Complete the introduction to the article with a

possible ending.
~

Robert L. White reports on how a determined group

of locals in Mexico ...

4 Read the article again and match the paragraphs

A-G with the topics 1-4. A topic can go with more than
one paragraph. One paragraph has no match.
1 cesorts for the wealthy
2 the campaign to save the beach
3 an unspoilt beach
4 the fate of other beaches

5 Compare paragraphs A and B of the article. What do

you notice about the writer's language?
6 Find two-word phrases in the article with these
meanings.
1 a series of actions by ordinary people intended to
achieve a resu It
2 an official organisation that has power to make
decisions for a particular area
3 ~ long, hard fight
4 problems concerning the people and things around you
5 facts relating to human society that you think about
6 a group of compa nies working together
7 Answer the questions.
1 Do you agree that the destruction of many of the
world 's idylli c places is inevitable? Why?/Why not?
2 In which ways do you think this story is an example
of a significant or general change in attitude towards
tourism development?
8 Evaluating advantages and disadvantages Work with
a partner and do the tasks.
1 List the advar:itages and disadvantages of developing
Balandra, as described in the article.
2 Add your own ideas about the advantages and
disadvantages of this type of development, from th e
vi ewpoint of different interest groups.
3 Evaluate the .advantages and disadvantages. Was the
right decision made?

20
 THE PERFECT BE CH

GRAMMAR
D Environmental issues were, naturally, one of the MODA L VERBS
ma in planks of the collective's campaign. As the group
warned on its website, 'The landscapes of the rest of 9 Read a leaflet encouraging people to sign a petition
to save a beach and underline the modal verbs. Then
the beaches of La Paz have already been modified
match the modal verbs with these functions. A modal
with various types of constructions and installations;
verb can go with more than one function.
Balandra is the only one that remains to us.'
E But there were social considerations at stake here, 1 lack of obligation We don 't have to let them win.
oo, because Balandra is essentially a beach for the 2 obligation not to do something 6 future possibility
people of La Paz, where tourism is of the unobtrusive 3 adv ice 7 ob li gation
,·ariety. In stark contrast to the super-rich celebrity 4 refusal ·8 deduction
layground of Cabo San Lucas, just down the road, 5 ab ility
his is not a place that exists to service the appetites of lo-. Language reference and extra practice, pages 128-129
eek shoe-wearing management consultants from LA.
F The threat came, specifically, from a business
.:onsortium head.ed by the son of a former state You might have seen reports that developers are
,,,.overnor of Veracruz, whose family own land in planning to destroy our beach.
~e area. Miguel Aleman Magnani's hotel-and-golf
1 ion involved iriternational capital, according to the
lexican newspaper El Universal, and the group had
"een trying since at least 2005 to get the go-ahead for
-;ie project.
G Development of Balandra would surely have
rought jobs: margaritas would have been served, tour
_anie guided and pets pampered . But the people of La
az ha ve looked into that particular future and dared
hoose another path. They have shown that it is
- ible to take on the inevitable - and win.

10 Complete the sentences with modal verbs. ·

1 Th e developers do that. I' m absolutely sure
it's against the regul ations .
2 That be th e M ayor. He' s in Balandra.
3 I go to La Paz this afternoon . I have a
meeting there at 4.30 p. m.
4 We leave for La Paz yet. We've got lots of time.
5 Th e deve lopers asked for a meetin g w ith th e
c iti zens of La Paz f irst.
6 We speak to t he reporters until w e are
abso lutely cl ea r w hat our message is.
7 I ca n' t meet you tomorrow . I work on the
enviro nmental ca mpaign.
8 Sorry, but I co me to the res idents' meeting.
I' m too busy then.

SPEAj\ING AND WRITING

11 a Work in groups. You are responsible for iooking
after a local beach. Talk about the rules that users of
the beach will have to follow.
11 b Write a notice with your list of rules to be placed
at the entrance to the beach.

Watch an interview with Noi rin Hegarty

from Lonely Planet, about the work of a
travel publisher.
Turn to page 150 for video acti\ itie_.

21
..
:::
= 2.4 SCENARIO
GRANVILLE ISLAND

SITUATION KEY LANGUAGE

STATING YOUR POS ITION, CLARIFYING
Granvill e Isl and is a fai rl y large island in the
Ca ribbean with a population of 780,000. Its main 3a Ill Listen to a conversation between Ricard o
sources of in co me are fr uit, fish and to urism. Five Hernandez and Louisa Bradshaw, the Mayor of th e
yea rs ago a hurrica ne devastated the cap ita l city community where Hernandez would like to develo
and nearby tow ns, as we ll as the fruit plantations. golf course. Answer the questions.
As a result, the unemploymen·t rate on the is land 1 What is Hernandez's position concern ing the le _
has risen to 20 percent. Now fo reign property of the golf course? ·
co mpani es are co min g to Granville Island to 2 What supporting arguments does he use to per
develop its economy and rebuild its tourist the M ayor to accept his point of view?
fac iliti es. Thi s has led local enviro nmenta l groups 3 What will Hernandez do if his project is not
to accuse the authori ties of sacrificing Granville's accepted?
natural habitats in order to deve lop a seaside resort.
3b Listen again and complete the sentences from
recording.
1 I'd like to make about this .
2 The size of the course , I' m afra id .
Born in Cuba, Hernandez entered the United States
3 It to shorten its length. It' s my dream to
as a political refugee. He made a fortune in real estate
build the go lf course in the wo rld here on
in New York refurbishing this island.
old apartment buildings, 4 But I if I have to bui Id a sh orter course.
then moved to Florida, 5 You see, a ful l-length, eighteen -hole cour_
where he made another if you want to attract the top golfers in the wor ld to
fortune constructing play here.
hotels. A billionaire, now 6 I hope you _ __
of American nationality, he 7 Exactly. A fu ll -length course _ _ _
is thought to be in the top 8 I co uldn 't go ahead on that.
five of America's
3c Work with a partner and practise saying the
richest sentences in Exercise 3b.
4 Look at Audio script 2.6 on page 167. Find example_
of seeking and giving clarification.
Sca le down? W hat do you m ean exactly?

5 Paraphrase each of the examples yo u found in

Exercise 4.
Could you clarify what you mean by 'sca le down?

1 Read the situation and the information about

Ricardo Hernandez above and answer the questions.
1 How might the authorities be sacrificing Granville's
natural hab itats?
2 What is special about Ricardo Herna ndez?

2a ID Listen to an excerpt from the local radi o

news and make notes under these headings.
• Reason for buying the Roberts Estate
• Planned facilities
• Possib le problems

2b Work in grou ps and discuss the possible

advantages and disadvantages of Hernandez's project.

22
 GRANVILLE ISLAND -
- ASK USEFUL PHRASES
P..\ RTICIPATING IN A MEETING
Supporting the project

There's no doubt it' ll bring great benefits to our

Th e Mayor decides to hold an informal meeting to commu nity.
al low Ricardo Hernandez to tal k about his project The resort is c learly in everyone's interests.
and for other group representatives to express their The project will revita lise the area.
opinion and ask questions. Rejecting the project
e After the meeting, the Mayor will decide whether to Th e project simply isn't feasible.
reco mmend the project to the local council. It's not the right th in g for this area.
You haven't thought it through.

6 Work in groups of five. You are going to attend the Asking polite questions
nfo rmal meeting. Read your role cards and prepare
Could I (just) ask you, what else wi ll yo u do for our
·or the meeting. You can add your own ideas.
commun ity?
-tudent A: Mayor: look at page 155. I'd 1-ike to ask you a question. How does this project
- udent B: Ricardo Hernandez: look at page 156. help yo un g people?
- udent C: Head of the Wildlife Soc iety: look at
page 157. Checking understanding
- udent 0: Journalist: look at page 158. So what you're saying is ...
- udent E: Chamber of Com merce representative: Do yo u mean ... ?
look at page 158. If I understand you co rrectly, you're saying .. .
a Hold the meeting. Ask your questions and give Showing you don't understand
o ur opinions. Try to persuade the other people at the
eeting to accept your ideas. Sorry, I'm not (q uite) sure w hat you mean.
Could you exp lain that point again, please?
- b The Mayor announces whether he/she will
-e<:o mmend that the local council supports the project. Expressing reservations

I' m not su re this is the right project for this area.

I think this needs further thought.
Let's think about the implications .
There could be several harmful effects. For example, ...

Challenging the argument

I think there's a flaw in this argument.

I' m not totally convinced by what you say.
It sounds like a good idea, but ...
11
! ~

STUDY SKILLS WPITING SKILLS

PLANNING AND ORGANIS ING ESSAYS A PROBLEM-SOLUTION ESSAY

1a There are some fundamental steps involved in writing 4a Study this pattern of organisation, which is often
essays. Put these steps in the correct order (1-10). • found in academic texts that present problems and .
a Establish your argument or point of view. explore what can be done about them.
b Analyse the question and define key terms. 1 Situation
c Brainstorm ideas. 2 Probl em(
d Complete and check your references and 3 Solution_
bibliography. 4 Evalua · a d imp licatio ns)
e Research and take notes on the topic, using books,
journals, the internet and other credible academic 4b Read opposite. Match
sources. - · Exe rcise 4a.
f Write your plan and organise your ideas. an one topic.
g Write a first draft to include yo ur introduction, main 5 Underline Ii . ;:; in the essay which:
body and conclusion .
1 add someth ,,a cau e and effect.
h Prepare 'the final draft.
2 give an example. 5 ·ca ea good result.
Redraft and edit your essay.
3 make a contrast.
Have a friend or col league read your final draft.
6 Work in groups. Read the e sa question and
1b Work with a partner and co~pare your answers to
brainstorm ideas for the topic.
Exercise 1a.
2 Analysing the question To answer an essay
question effectively, it is essential to understand the The elephant is an endangC'red ~pccics. Discuss
verb which gives the key instruction. Look at these what action can be taken to protect elephants and
essay questions. Work with a partner and discuss the save them from exti1 <t;
mea·ning of the verbs in bold.
1 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
ecotourism.
'Discuss' m eans you are being asked to write about
the advantages and disadvantages bf ecotourism in
detail, considering different ideas and opini~ns.
2 Define the term 'ecotourism', giving examples.
3 Account for the decrease in the whale population
during the last twenty years.
4 Critica ll y evaluate the role of tourism in protecting
the env ironment.
5 Outline the steps taken by your local community to
recycle waste.
6 Analyse the threats to the wor ld's coral reefs. 7a In your group , match the information from your
7 Assess the effects of illegal logging on wildlife in brainstorming with topi 1-4 in Exercise 4a.
Mexico. 7b What is the best ''a' to deal with the problem in
8 Compare the measures taken by Kenya and Uganda the essay questi on?\\ hat are the implications of the
to protect wildlife. solutions ou propo e?

3a Ill Brainstorming is an effective activity for 8 m Listen to a\\ ildlife expert describing the
generating new ideas about an essay topic. Listen to situation of the elephant pop ulation of Africa and
a university lecturer giving advice to a student, Erika, make note on the mai n points.
about three approaches to brainstorming. Make notes 9a rite the fir t paragraph of the essay. Use a
under these headings. ma imum of 0 word,s.
• Free association
• Visual thinking 9b ork \ ith a partner. Read each other's paragraph
and comment on its content and language.
• Question and. answer
10 rite a problem-solution essay on one of these
3b Work with a partner and compare your notes. topic . Use the structure in Exercise 4a.
Which approach do you prefer?
1 an animal '"hich is under threat of extinction, e.g. t
elephant, rhinoce ros, cheeta h, goril la, tiger or wha le
2 an en ironmen tal prob lem, e.g. the harmful effect
of tourism

24
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

Discuss the reasons why the Anta:-ctic is under threat and suggest
how its environment can be protected.

A The natural wilderness of the Antarctic is under threat because of the increasing number of
tourists who are visiting the area. As many as 30,000 are expected to come to Antarctica this
year to observe penguins, seals and seabirds.
B Scientists won-y that this curiosity to see the Antarctic area before the ice melts away will
only hasten its deterioration. They believe that the growth in tourism could increase the risk
to the marine environment and land ecosystems.
C A major concern is that cruise ships are increasingly visiting the area and if there was an
accident, they could cause major pollution. For instance, a Norwegian cruise ship recently
ran aground on Antarctica's Deception Island, spilling diesel fuel.
D Fortunately, the Norwegian ship was ice-strengthened and it onJy spilled a small amount of
fuel , which quickly dispersed in water. On the other hand, some bigger cruise ships do not
have super- trengthened hulls and use heavy fuel oil. This would be very difficult to clean
up in the event of a serious accident and thousands of penguins and other marine life could
become coated in oil.
E As a result of the Norwegian accident, there have been several proposals for dealing with
the problem. One idea is that there should be a ban on ships which have not been specially
strengthened to deal with sea ice. Another suggestion is that there should be a buddy system
for large ships so that if one gets into trouble, there would always be another vessel nearby,
which it could call for help. A more radical suggestion is that only small research vessels
should be allowed into the Antarctic area.
F Whatever the solutions, any action would be difficult to implement because, unlike in the
Arctic region, there are no state or international laws governing tourism practices in the
Antarctic. Moreover, the owners of the cruise ships do not seem to be able to agree on what
sort of checks and controls are needed in the region.
 Nations arc always making mistakes because they do not understand each other's psychology.
Edward Grey (1862-1933), British Liberal statesman

SPEAKING AND READ ING 2b Work with a partner and compare your ideas. Then
read the article opposite and check your answers. ·
1 Work in groups and discuss the
questions. 3 Which character traits of the British surprised you
1 What views do you think people from most? Why?
other countries have about people 4 Which of the character traits listed are the same for
from your country? your culture / nationality?
2 How do you think people from your
country see themselves? What is 5 Complete the phrases with prepositions. Then find
important to them? the phrases in the article and check your answers.
3 Qo you think it is possible to talk 1 have a pass ion _ _ _
about 'national characteristics' ? 2 have a love - - -
4 Are people more defined by their 3 have an obsessi o n _ _ _
nationality, their local community or 4 have a fascin ati o n _ __
their family? Give reasons for your 5 have a relu ctance - - -
answer. 6 have the abili ty _ _ _
7 be proud _ __
2a Read these statements, sometimes 8 b~ great _ _ _
made about British people. Which do
you think are true and which are false? 6a Write sente nces about your own culture or
Th e British are .. . people' s views of your own culture. Use the phrases in
1 serious. Exercise 5.
2 reluctant to express their feelings. A lot of p eople thin k we have an obsession with food,
3 extravagant shoppers. but in fact, we have an obsession with ...
4 ca lm, pati ent drivers. A lot of people think w e have an obsession w ith food,
5 home lovers. and it's true.
6 open and direct communicato rs.
7 interested in social status. 6b Work with a partner and compare your sentences.
8 excessively polite.

26
 NATIONAL TRAITS

.C IJULARY 8a Are the adjectives in Exercise 7 positive, negative

DJECTIVES O F CHARACTER or neutral?

- \1atch the adjectives in the box with their meanings. 8b To what extent could any of the qualities be
applied to your own culture?
charismatic cu Itu red devious
ma tic emotiona l hospitable SPEAKING
pragmatic self-effacing
9a Reflecting on your culture Work in groups and
discuss the following in relation to your own culture.
unable to keep your feelings under contro l How do people feel about them? How important are
2 rarel y boasting about yourself and playing down they?
\ou r achievements
1 greetings
3 know ledgeable about art, music and I iterature
2 silence
- approach ing problems in a rational, practical way
3 small talk
5 always certain your beliefs are right
4 pu nctua I ity
having a magnetic personality
5 personal space
- distant and unfriendly
6 gestures
8 attentive to detai I
7 etiquette and manners
us ing clever tricks and manipulation to get what
ou want 9b What differences have you found when meeting
0 welcoming and generous to visitors people from other cultures?

Our top national characteristic is talking about

rhe weather, just ahead of a passion for queuing,
but other qualities in the top ten are not so endearing;
arcasm, a love of television soaps and curtain, twitching
were all identified as central to the British identity.
Obsession with class was also high on the list, along with
more modern ills such as road rage.
Wo rking long hours, fascination w ith property prices and
rhe love of bargains also made it into the top fifty.
Bur it was not all bad news. Stiff upper lip came out high
in the poll, with respondents also choosing a reluctance to
omplain, a good sense of humour and the ability to laugh
at ourselves. The results were based on a study of 5,000
adults who were asked to pick out the things - good and
bad - they believe make us unique as a nation.
_-\ spokesman for global research company
OnePoll.com, which conducted the survey, said that
de pite some of the negative traits identified, Britons were
rill extremely proud of their country.
·This is a brilliant list of characteristics and some of the
o b erva tions are absolutely spot on,' he said. 'You can't
~o an)'\¥ here or do anything in Britain without someone
alking about the weather and we're almost proud of the
·a t that we get more rain than anywhere else. What this
oll demonstrates rea ll y well is how proud we are to be
Briti h - more than two-thirds of respondents said they
··dt honoured ro be a parr of thi s country.'

27
~

:;
t 3.2 I NT ER NATIONAL COL LABO RATION
,.
4 . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

,
SPEAKING
1 \Nna\ examp\es o\ 'm\ema'liona\ co\\a'borat10n
can you think of? How successful were they? Think
about emergencies and disasters, space programmes,
scientific research, etc.

READING
2a Read the article opposite quickly. Work with a
partner and discuss whether you ·agree with the title.
Give reasons for your answer.
2b Read the article again. Are the sentences true, false
or not given?
1 CERN was originally a Swiss/French laboratory.
2 CERN has four main experiments.
3 People often work long hours at CERN.
4 Most people at CERN seem very happy with their family
and social life.
5 People have very specific jobs at CERN.
6 CERN is organised with traditi.onal structures.

3a Word sets Find words in the article which are

connected with:
1 passion.
2 speed.
3 working together. excitement and ery that pervades
3b ·work with a partner and compare your answers. CERN, the world 's g ecca of particle physics.
But what's ft like
4 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
·-:: - .... o rbs of Geneva , a
1 Which information about CERN did you find most ~a.e arrived at CE.RN (the
interesting? Why? European Organisa- - ea• Qesearch). Most of it looks
2 Th e work at CERN requires huge international like a fairly undis g~ s e money has not beer
investment. Do you think this money is well spent? spent on the build rgs a~ -epeatedly told. 'The money is al
underground.' Underg rse. are the tunnels where
GRAMMAR beams of light ares -s. -- each other. Under my feet
are the colliders and e:ec:o _ • a are helping us understanc
SUBO RD INATE CLAUSES
what the un iverse is a u.:; ! "10de of.
Sa Look at .t he title of the article and answer the CERN, indeed physics -ses. as entered popular
questions. consciousness in rece~· _ears. Geeks are pretty cool and
(Part A) After the Higgs hype, (Pa rt B) CERN still has as theoretical physics as 'E~ aced philosophy as a signifier
much purpose and passion as ever. of intellectua l pro \ess. ...:a,e been wondering about
CERN since seeing hor es o' people cheering when the
Which part (A or B):
announceme nts abo e rggs boson were made and a
1 does not make sense on its own?
recaicitrant Pe er ggs gwc1ng th e Nobel Prize.
2 is a main clause?
3 is a subordinate clause? CERN , fo unded n 190-:. as venty member states, with man_
other countries coorercrc g. The atmosphere is collegiate but
Sb Look at four more sentences from the article and blokey. The ra · o' - o ,·.omen is about 80:20. The probler"
identify the subordinate clause in each sentence. seems to be ge· "'g en in o apprenticeships. Once in ,
though, ere ai::oears o be less of an old boys' network than
1 As the tram trundles through the suburbs of Geneva, a
ong as you drink coffee, you are in.'
huge lit-up globe lets me know I have arrived at CERN.
2 Under my feet are the colliders and detectors that Mos peoo e e•e a ' e our or five languages. CERN emplo}-
are helping us understand what the universe is 2,000 peoo e. ow a o er 10,000 pass through, working
actually mad.e of. on the "o r .:i n e periments (AMS , CMS, Atlas and LHC).
3 Scientists whose countries are in conflict work together. To Ii e t>ere reo res comm it ment - the surrounding villages
4 Even someone like me, who is not really up to speed e· her crance or S • ttzerl and are expensive. But it soon
on quarks, strangeness, mass and gluons, can pick beco es c ear ·ha people are here for the work and the
up this terrific buzz. een ork and lei sure is permeable. They often wo
si een ours a day - because they want to.
Ii.+ Language reference and extra practice, pages 130-131

28
 INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIO

6a Join the sentences. Use the words in brackets.

en I ask most people what they have given 1 Th e scientists use v ideo conferenc in g faci I ities. The sci entists \\or
o be at CERN, they look bewildered. It together from their labs all over the wor ld. (in order to)
xems a love of physics goes hand in hand 2 The main CERN site has a large computer centre . The co.m puter
a love of skiing and snowboarding. They centre contains very powerful data-process ing fac iliti es. (w hi ch )
e the fact their children are in local schools 3 CERN is currently famous for the Large Hadron Co llider. CERN also
" are bilingual. gai ned prestige through its connection with the beg innin gs of the
~ ght across CERN there is movement World Wide Web. (althoug h)
-:: •.,een different roles : physicists become 4 In March 2013, CERN made an an nouncement. They said, 'We confirm
~in ee rs . Everyone on an experiment will do that we have discovered the Higgs boson particle' . (announced that)
_ :;might shifts in the control room . All this 5 The system was shut down on 19 September 2008. A magnet was
uces a less hierarchical way of working. fo und to be fau lty. (w hen)
- - this flattening out of traditional structures 6 Peter Higgs' Nobel Prize in physics was controvers ial. Several other
a makes this place special, as well as physicists were also responsible for developing the mechanism to
.:; dai ly and huge international cooperation . predict a particle. (because)
- : enti sts whose countries are in conflict 7 You cou ld make a personal visit to CERN. You wi ll get a better
together. The fact that the director is understanding of its work cu lture and values. (if}
~ paid , but not on a mega CEO/ banker-type
,;,a ary, helps this sense of common purpose.
6b Match your sentences from Exercise 6a with these types of clauses.

-a e never been anywhere where I felt such a cla use or reason e clause of time
b cond iti onal clause f reported speech
=sense of shared purpose. It is in the canteen
"' unchtime, where folk whizz about with trays c clause of co ntrast g relative clause
_ 'ood and seemingly no system, as if they d c lause of purpose
~·e crazed particles themselves, so that one
-::ars a col lision. But there is none - VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING
·this sense of charged intensity. People
7a Work in groups and try to work out what these abbreviations for ·
- passionately in every tongue about the
international organisations stand for.
: blems they are solving. Everywhere one
·~ s these minds working collectively and 1 IMF 2 IOC 3 UNESCO
-ently and even someone like me, who is not
-a up to speed on quarks, strangeness,
7b ID Listen and check your answers. Then look at Audio script
3.1 on page 168 and check again.
ass and gluons, can pick up this terrific buzz.
7 c, Work in groups and choose words from the box to write what
the abbreviations for international organisations stand for. You can
use some words more than once.

administration aero nautics Asian associatio n Atlantic

aviation civ il cou ntri es European exportin g health
internation al national nations north organ isation
petroleum south-east space trade treaty union world

1 WHO 3 ASEAN 5 EU 7 ICAO

2 OPEC 4 NATO 6 WTO 8 NASA

8a What functions do the organisations in Exercise 7c perform?

8b Prioritising Which organisations are the most important? What
are the reasons why you prioritised as you did? Work in groups and
discuss your ideas.

WRITING
9 Write a short paragraph about one of the organisations in
Exercise 7c. Include subordinate clauses.

Watch an interview with Brendan Paddy from

the Disasters Emergency Committee, about
international aid.
Turn to page 151 for video activities .
~~~~~~~~-

29
·1::r========
3.3 _ _ _ __ _A_M_B_A_S_SA_ D_O_ RS
;l'.i'f_ __
11
I o

SPEAKING AND READ ING

1 What are the three most/ least desirable
characteristics in an ambassad o r? Choose from the
words in the box. I Q: _ _

aloof analytical articulate assertive charm ing

A: All independent
countries of the worl d
co mmi tted co rrupt dev io us d igni fied
seek to foster good
d il igent energeti c good at so lvi ng prob lems
relations with each other
impuls ive indi sc rete observant o utgoing
and for that reason
pass io nate p rovocative respectful sensit ive
they appoint citizens to
strong stuffy wi ll ing to learn
represent the country's interests abroad. For the
most part, all nations have the same interests - trade,
2
Read the extracts from interviews with ambassadors. national security, health, education and so on. But
Which of the characte ristics from Exercise 1 are not all of them share the same point of view. This is
mentioned? where an ambassador is called upon to be a diplomat
-to be sensitive in her handling of discussions and
negotiations on matters which could be of vital
interest to her country, while being careful to maintain
good relations between her country and others.

Q:

A: I'm a career diplomat.

I had been engaged in
diplomatic work for more
than twenty years before
becoming an ambassador.
A rich diplomatic
practice is an excellent way to prepare for being an
ambassador. What you study in college does not
matter much in determining whether-you become an
ambassador. The important thing is whether you can
develop yourself and acquire certain necessary skills,
such as thorough observation, in -depth thinking and
analysis, and being good at discovering and solving
problems .
Q:
Q: A: There is ve ry ·- e,.. ::;- -o enjoy about serving
one's country and :e · Cl l Zens. The reward
0

A: Being strong and healthy is very important as an

~mbassador . You must be able to endure the long of assisting ot hers o an · dividual basis, raising
meetings and conferences at the United Nations and your country' s pro" e " i hin th e community of
be energetic all the time . It is a great honour to be an nations or delivering an intern ational agreement
ambassador. I' m very proud to represent a country that boosts yo ur 'la ·onal economy, gives an
that is the birthplace of a 5,000~year-old civilisation, ambassado r immeasura ble satisfaction .
now home to one-fifth of the world's population and
whose economy has been developing at a rapid pace
over the past two decades, which is rarely seen in the 3 Read th e ex tracts agai n . Match the questions (1-6)
world today.
with th e am ba ado ' an s\ ers (A-F).

Q:. 1
2
A: One's knowledge is always limited, no matter how
intelligent one is. There are 193 member states in the
3
4
United Nations. Each country has its own different
history and culture. So it is hard to know each culture
very well. But I think the important thing is to be
modest and eager to learn when you get along with
5 about being an ambassa
6 proper etiquette is wh en
people from a different culture. When you respect
others and treat them as equals, you will surely be
?
respected and find it easy to make friends . 4 ·: ·.,~abo ut the ambassadors'

an '' ers?
30
 AMBASSADORS

8 Answer the questions about the sentences in

Exercises 7a and 7b.
1 Wh ic h sentences refer to things that did happen ?
'o rds fro m box A with words from box
2 W hi c h se ntences refer to things that d id not happen?
e as man co llocations about the world of 3 In.w hi c h sentences do n't we know?
C\ a possib le .
Im+ Language refere nce and extra practice, pages 130-131
diplomatic internationa l overseas summ it
9 Rewrite the sentences using modals. Sometim es
r es co nflict co mmuni ty cr isis . immuni ty more than one answer is possible.
n+ meeting negoti ati o ns posti ng 1 I' m sure yo u left you r passpo rt on the p lan.e.
You must have le ft your passport on the plane.
· e vo ur own sentences using some of the 2 He was wro ng not to pass o n th e in fo rmatio n to the
~...,........,·a ns in Exercise Sa. president.
3 I' m sure the a mbassado r did n't say that.
r 4 I fin ished the report by 5 p .m., but it wasn 't necessary.
5 It was n't necessa ry for me to te ll the head of sec ur ity.
An ambassador's partner often accompanies 6 Maybe the a mbassador missed the pla ne.
- r' ife/ husband on overseas postings. Listen 7 It was a mista ke for us to leave the ambassado r' s
e ce rpt from a radio interview in which an reception:
- ado r's wife talks about her life. How do you 8 L'm sure the ambassado r enjoyed the receptio n.
. he speaker feels about her role as the partner of
bassador?
SPEAKING
· te n again and make notes under these headings. 1 Oa Work in groups. You are all part of the organising
committee for a diplomatic reception that was a
disaster. Make a list of all the things that went wrong
(e.g. the catering, the guest list, an embarrassing
.,~attitude Inferring means ' reaching a incident, cultural mistakes, entertainment).
u io n based on reasoning and what you already
rather than explicit statements'. Based on what 1 Ob Criticise each other using should have, shouldn't
·now about Elizabeth, what do you think she \,\/Ould have, ought to have, o ught not to have.
- about a more regular lite in one place? What would Yo u should have sent out more invitations.
m iss about her current roaming lifestyle?
\ hat would you enjoy/ dislike about moving from
try to country or staying in one place?

1MAR

m Listen to the extracts from the interview in

cise 6a and complete the sentences.
now I some Ru ss ia n befo re we we nt o ut
·here, but I di d n't have time .
uppose I a loca l Ru ss ia n to give me
e so ns, but I just d id n't have the moti vat io n at that
poi nt.

Loo k at sentences 1 and 2 in Exercise 7a and at

- ences 3-6 below. Match them with functions a-g.
e se ntences may go with more than one function .
- he Ambassador needn 't have go ne thro ugh c ustoms.
ou o ught to have me ntio ne d that ea rli e r.
Th e Ambassado r ca n't have w ri tte n thi s.
he must have lost her passport.
po sib ility e absence of necess ity
certain ty f necess ity
impossib iIity g regret
crit ic ism

31
 -
·=
~
3.4 SCENARIO
THE Oil SPILL CRISIS

- ~•. --~

SITUATION : -1 'It could tak~ ten years for the coastline to

Four days ago, the oil tanker Poseidon Marquis was ·
I recover. We'll need to bring in a n~mber of .
international organisations to provide he~p, ex~er .
travel Ii ng a few kilo metres off the coast of Northern
and finance. We've no experience of dealmg with
Africa when there was an unexpected explosion in
its engine room. The tanker' s hull was damaged and this type of problem. o~ country d~es not ~ave t~
a huge amount of oil spilled into the sea. The oil capacity to deal wit~ a disaster of this magmtude.
slick covers over 200 km 2 and is spreading all the (Minister of the Environment}
time. The oil spill will have an immediate harmful
impact on the coasts of Libya, Egypt and Algeria and
will , in the longer term, affect other Mediterranean
r -2 'Th~e'll be ~~ing al~ coa.st for som
time. There'll be no fish to catch. Many of us will
co untries unless swift action is taken .
lose our jobs.' (a local fisherman)
r· ..... _:=:
1 Read the situation. Work with a partner and list some i 3 'The effect of the oil slick on marine life will be
harmful effects which will probably result from the oil spill. devastating.' (Representative - International Wildlife
2 Read some comments by various people who will .Association)
be affected by the oil spill and answer these questions.
1 Do the comments match the harmful effects that you
- - --- ----- -------
4 'The spill could cause a dramatic increase in
Iisted in Exercise 1? cancers and other diseases in the affected areas.'
2 Which are the three most serious effects, in your (a local medical officer )
opinion? Give reasons for your answer.
f ~ S'The cost of dea~-i e damage could
bankrupt the Poseidon Oil Com any. (a loc;:al residen

u iful beach on the

with oil. I wouldn't
dream of taking rhe -hil e here - they'd probab
start playing with it.· a f - I re ident}

9 'This will result in ma ive unemployment for

workers who depen on oa ta! activities.'
(a financi al journali

10 ·,!he intern~ ional la'1.7ers will be happy -

they 11 make a torrune from this disaster.'
(a company dire t~r)
 -· - - -·-I
3.4 Ii
THE OIL SPILL CRISIS

NGUAGE TASK
- ~ '\G OBJECTIVES, GIVING STRONG ADVICE D.EVISING AN ACTION PLAN

ID Listen to a conversation between the 4 Work in groups and make a list of the action (short- and
- irpe rson of the Poseidon Oil Company, Julia long-term) that must be taken to deal with the oil spill.
erman, and a United Nations official. What major
The company must raise money to finance the work of
ectives does the Chairperson mention in the
the clean-up operation .
.... , ersation?

Li te n again. Tick the expressions the speakers use Sa Work in two new groups, A and B. look at your
:tate o bjectives. lists from Exercise 4 and work out an action plan
to deal with the oil spill. The action plan will be
Ou r mai n objecti ve now is to develop a strategy ...
presented at a forthcoming press conference. It should
'Our target mu st be to co nta in the o il sp ill . have three phases.
one of our main goa ls w ill be to in vo lve the
ri ernational co mmuni ty .
Phase 1: action to be ta ken in the next month
- hat should be a key objective ... Phase 2: action to be taken in th e next three mo nth s
e w ould li ke to set up regul ar meetings . Phase 3: actio n to be take n in th e next yea r
In Phase ·1, you should in clude onl y the acti on w hich
loo k at Audio script 3.4 on page 168 and find yo u think should be pri oritised (i.e. the company needs
essi ons the speakers use to give strong advice. .to take urgent action within a month).

Sb Present your action plans tO" each other.

6a As a class, agree on a joint action plan, which the
Chairperson will present at the press conference.
6b Discuss who will carry out each action in your plan
and who should pay for its cost.

USEFUL PHRASES

Accepting

That sou nds like a good idea.

I th in k it's the right way to go.
Yes, it's the best way forward .

I' m not sure it's the right th ing to do.

I' m afraid I don't think it' ll work.
 ')

:::
...
"'
II
~ ' '

STUDY SKILLS WRITING SKILLS

ACTIVE LISTENING A SPEECH

1 Complete the text with the words in the box. 6 Skilled speakers use stylistic devices to help
speech more interesting, lively and memorable.
careful conscious distracted total the stylistic devices (1-6) with the extracts fro m:
speeches(a- f).
The best way to improve you r liste ning skills is to 1 Tripling: Three words or phrases which foli o\
practise acti ve listening. Active.listening requires you to other, so that they make an impact.
make a 1 effort to hear not only the words that 2 Metaphor: Comparing two t~ings in a figurative
someone speaks, but also to try to understand the 3 Rhetorical questions: Questions a speaker ask ,
2
message being sent. To do this, you must pay doesn 't answer directly. Often used to persuade o
_ _ _ attention to the speaker and not be 4 _ __ • emphasise.
2a Prepare a two-minute talk on this topic. 4 Repetition: Words or phrases that recur through o
a speech to emphasise facts or ideas.
In which overseas country would you like to spend a 5 Alliteration: Repetition of a n initial consonant
year studying or working? Give reasons for your answer. sound. The consonant is usuall y repeated in two
2b Work with a partner. Listen to each other's talk and words which come together, but sometimes in words
take notes. Give an oral summary of your partner's talk. that are not next to each other.
Your partner listens and corrects any incorrect inform.ation. 6 Antithesis: Emphasising the contrast between two
ideas. Often a similar structure is used.
3 Work with a partner and discuss.
1 Were your oral summa ries completely a That's one small step for man, o ne giant leap fo r
accurate/almost accurate/inaccurate? mankind. Nei l Armstron , 1969
2 If it was not very accurate, what do you think was
the reason?
b America 's faith in freedom and democra.cy was a
3 · What kind of verbal/non-verbal signals did you give
rock in a raging sea. Geo~e . Bus h, 200 1
to show you were listening (e.g. nodding your head)?
4 Did you interrupt your partner at any time during the
presentation? If so, why? c -··uuon, but w ho would
5 Did you concentrate throughout?. ' '""'""' ! anonymous ·

4a What do you understand by the term 'ac.tive

listening'? Work in groups and discuss the ways in d or -ecurity deserves
which you show that you are an active listener. Be jami n Franklin, 1739

4b Make a list of the criteria you will use later to

assess your own ability to listen actively. e on e rrJoon, a wa ll came
·as connected by our own
4c ID Listen to a trainer from a communication rac Oba ma, 2008
skills course giving a short lecture on how to become
art active listener. Make notes under these headings.
• Focus on the speaker's message
• Show that you are listening
• Give feedback
• Don 't interrupt
• Respond positively 7a Read a sh o
Nations wh ich ' - a ro up of university
4d Work with a partner and compare your notes. - e peaker's main points.

Sa Prepare a three-minute talk on one of these topics. o ·arguments why the

~ ----- e rol e in international
1 An international leader, living or dead, that
affairs. Ma ke n
you particularly admire. Say w hat he/s he has
topic on th e in
accomplished and explain w hy yo u admire him/her.
2 An internationa l organisation that you particularly 8a Use our ch to write a persuasive
admire. Say what it has accomplished and explain speech prese o ·the United Nations in a
why you admire it. positi ve liuh

Sb Work with a partner and listen to each other's talks. 8b Wor ta e tu rns to deliver
r au dience is a group of
Sc Give your partner feedback on his/her ability to be
a good listener. Give reasons for your evaluation.

34
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

ay I start by thanking the President of your society

:or inviting me to talk on the topic 'How effective is the
:roted Nations in International Affairs?'
· m afraid I'm going to disappoint many of you when
: a ddress this question since I believe the United
_· ations has been largely ineffective, unimaginative and
powerless since it was set up in i945 .
What were the main aims of the United Nations
Ch arter? Surely, they were to create an organisation
which would stop wars and create harmony among
na tions through cooperation, tolerance and fairness.
Have they succeeded in those aims? The answer, in my
\iew, is emphatically 'no'.
ince the United Nations was founded, there have been more, not fewer , wars th an p reviously and its
debates, resolutions and peacekeeping operations have not done nearly enough to prevent wars and
con flicts. Let me give you some striking examples.
The United Nations failed to prevent the gen ocide of one million people in Rwanda in 1994. It failed also
-o prevent genocide in Darfur. It failed again to intervene in the Second Congo War. Are further examples
necessary to illustrate the inability of the UN to deploy its forces where and when they are needed?
The Security Council, the organisation's main decision-making body, is an undemocratic body and can
be likened to a tiger with neither teeth nor claws. It is composed of five permanent m embers (Russia,
China, the UK, the USA and France), all of whom have vested interests, and it excludes powerful
n ations such as India, which has over a billion people. Because of the power of veto granted to its
m embers, it is often powerless to take action in times of international crisis .
Likewise , in the area of disa rmament, the UN has been far from impressive. It has failed to stop
ille proliferation of arms trading around the world and it has been unable to stop powerful nations
developing weapons of mass destruction.
The UN is an incredibly expensive institution to maintain and is extremely bureaucratic. Its staff live
well, pay no taxes and h a ve no incentive, therefpre , to reform the inefficient organisation.
There is an urgent need to reform the United Nations if it is to be an effective organisation. The answer
ts probably to place less emphasis on its peacekeeping mission and to focus more on its humanitarian
work. The UN can provide invaluable support when responding to natural and man-made disasters ,
uch as droughts, earthquakes and food shortages.
I've presented the United Nations in a poor light to you , but I can assure you I'm simply reflecting many
p eople's opinions. The United Nations, in its present form, is totally unable to achieve its objectives. ''

35
 Health an c e

A go?d laugh and a long sleep are the best cures in the doctor's book. Ir

SPEAKING
1 Work with a partner and discuss these questions.
• e text which are
1 What do you do that is good or bad for your.
~ · ·ust the writer's
physical health?
..: and w hat is the
2 What do you do that is good or bad for your
mental health?
2
3 Rate. your own fitness on a scale of 0-5 (0 =very bad,
3
5 =excellent). Are you happy with your level? CanM'ill
you do anything to improve it?
4
4 Do you think there is a con nection between health
arid happiness?

READ ING 4a Answer c;:::;s!x! • · e article. Then work

- ers. Give reasons for
2 Read the article and answer the questions.
1 Where do you think the article comes from?
2 How would you describe the overall style of the page 159. Then read
article? t make. Would you
a humorous · I choices? Discuss the
b serious
c lively _uage in the texts on
d flippant r.1-'"Pf:••~· ;eatures of informal
e provocative
f bossy
3 What does it say about the connection between
happiness and health?
4 Read the first sentence of the article again. h) do
you think that may be the case?

36
 HEAL TH AND HAPPINESS

~ lULARY SPFAKING
_ LTH COLLOCATIONS
7 Work in groups and discuss the quotes. What do
\1atch the words in the box with the categories. they mean? Do you agree with these ideas? Why?/
e words may go in more than one category. Why not?
1 Health is th e grea test p ossession. Lao Tzu, Chin ese
od press ure chest pain flu virus hea rt attack philosopher (c500 BC)
,,.. urgery hi gh sa lt in take immune system 2 A human can be health y w ithout killing animals for
_rit morta lity li fe expecta ncy maternity wa rd food. Th erefore, if he ea ts mea t, he participates in
a-3 o il s premature ageing . ta nnin g salon ta king animal life merely for th e sake of his appetite.
Leo Tolstoy, Russi an noveli st (1828-1 910)
pes of medica l treatment 3 Yo ur body hea rs everything yo ur mind says. Naomi
_ pl aces Judd, singer/songwri ter (b. 1946)
3 hi ngs we eat 4 Happiness is no thing more th an good health and
child ren a bad memory. Albert Schweitzer, Germ an/ French
he body's defen ces aga inst illness ph ysi cian (1875-1965)
health probl ems
ca uses of illness PERT
vays of measurin g hea lth
Watch an interview with Neil Shah,
Which of the words above are in the article in Director of the Stress Management
'= ercise 2? Society.
Turn to page 151 for video activi ti es.

Not to worry, the good news is that

In the daily rush oflife we don't research shows we can all - no matter
always make our own happiness our how gloqmy - learn to be happy. The
number one priority. Perhaps we only trouble is, we're often not that
hould though, because being happy good at predicting what will really
has clear health benefits. Researchers make us happy. So take our quick
have discovered that happy people quiz to find out the best way for you
have stronger immune systems than to achieve bliss - and be healthy.
unhappy people; they don't pick up
mapy colds or get struck down
often by a flu virus. Their blood
pressure is lower, and they have Which of these things would
better protection against hea1t attacks bring you the greatestjoy?
and strokes. Happy people also deal Choose three.
better with pain and bounce back
• moving to t he countryside
faster after an operation. Their life
• getting married
e:-..-pectancy is longer, too.
• going to the gym
tudies also indicate that happy • supporting a good cause
people take better care of their health. • a rela xing day fishing
They have regular check-ups and do • being sli m
more exercise than unhappy people, • taking an evening class in
and don't forget to put on sunscreen. something you really want to learn
But what if you're not naturally • goi ng on holiday with a group of
the life and soul of the party? Or your be st friends
you don't wake up in the morning • tidying up you r room, flat or house
0 Tinning from ear to ear?
• winni ng one million euros

37
 HEALTH OF A NATION First-world results on a.
t hird-world budget
SPEAKING
1 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. According to Michael Moore's latest
1 Compared with other issues such as unemployment, law a nd documentary, Sicko, Cuba's medical ca rr
order, taxation and education, is the healthcare system an Ame rica's t o shame. Rory Carroll invest b -
important political issue in your cou ntry?
l As a tropical sun rises over Havana, two dozen
2 What differences do you think there might be between the
pensioners perform a series of stretches and
healthcare systems in co untri es like the USA a nd the UK
gentle exercises in a small plaza, shaded by palms.
and countries like Cuba and Venezuela? Consider faci lities
Meanwhile, two blocks away, in a small shabby
and technology, financing of and nationa l expend iture on
office, tvvo doctors receive a steady stream of
hea lthcare and in ternatio na l reputations .
phone calls and patieri ts. Although the doctors can
deal with most cases, serious ones are referred to
LISTEN ING the antiq ua ed Calix o Garcia hospital.
2a - A politician is giving a speech to the National 2 This snap ho· of Havana shows a healthcare
Federation of Medical Practitioners, outlining his argument system tha is ex ensive, accessible and, at
concerning healthcare provision for the nation. Listen and take times, ropey. at is unique is the blend of
notes. third- world co i ·ons with a progressive ethos
2b Work with a partner. Use your notes to summarise the talk and first- ·orld re ults.
and identify the different stages in the speaker's argument. 3 Michael 'oore s documen tary, Sicko, holds
2c Listen again. Check your ideas, add to your·notes and up Cuba as a el hethe r it is a consultation
improve your summary of the speaker's argument. Can you or open-hea s r;• citizens are entitled to
identify the different connections between his points (e.g. free trea It, this impoverished
causal and contrast links, relevance of examples)? Caribbea e er health indicators
neighbo ur ninety miles
3 Identifying the author's p urpose Look at Audio script 4.1 on
aero s -
page 169 and find short extracts that serve these purposes.
Hea lth Organisation,
1 cou nterin g or weakening an opposing a rgument
_ olive to seventy-five
2 introd uc in g fact ua l examp les
c=....,.....,,._-: ne. In addition, the
3 emphasising/exaggerating to support a n argume nt
_ a aaed under five is five
4 making a claim
k - s better 'than the .USA
· ·e these world-class
READING a ann ual expenditure
4a Read the article and answer th e questions. - an a ten th of Britain's
1 What does the title mean? - . merica's $6,543.
2 What is the aim of the jo urn a li st in writing this report? t Cuba's core
3 What are the key features of the Cuban system?
4 In yo ur op ini o n, does the journalist think Moore was fa ir to
focus o n Cuba as a contrast to the USA?
•
4b Read the article again and answer the questions.
- er preve ntion strate.gies
1 How does the opening paragraph show 'a hea lthcare system a ice ad".'erts and tips
that is extens ive, accessib le and ropey'?
2 How do life expectancy, infant mortality rates and health
expe nditure in Cuba and th e USA compare?
3 What are the secrets of Cuba 's hea lth ca re success? dlat there is one doctor
4 What do we learn about Cuban doctors' sense of vocation? . pared to 485 in the
5 What are your thoughts on the contrast between the rage the m to contact
healthcare systems in the USA and Cuba? _ me day and night,' says
o::: - • :. Cuban doctors have

5 Find words and phrases in the article with these meanings.

1 a continu ous or regular flow
2 a smooth mixture
3 a philosophy or set of guiding principles
4 have the right to
5 financiall y poor - no uto pia. At times, it is
6 equal or similar to e :er, the virtues are no
7 designed for o _a as they do because the
8 a parad ise or place of perfection ...o be poor and sick in
ot to be forgo tten.
38
 tAR 9
HEALTH OF A NATION

Complete these sentences with your own ideas.

..
E ION 1 (LI N KERS) Then work with a partner and compare your answers.
1 M y governm ent helps _ _ _ . As we ll as tlii s, it
s atch the highlighted words in the article with the
). 2 In my co untry, ___ . As a resu lt, ___ .
additi ve linkers : Furthermore, 3 Peop le in my country w hereas in the USA
co ntrastive linkers: Wh ereas, they _ _ .
-au al linkers: Since, 4 O ne thin g th at is great about my home tow n is
s.
·ernporal lin ke rs: After, _ __ . Furth erm ore, ___ .
5 I ___, otherw ise 1._ __
hi ch of the linkers in Exercise 6a link ideas:
111
acro ss two separate sentences?
)
acro ss two cl auses in a single se ntence ?
VOCABULARY
HEALTHCARE
- l ang uage reference and extra practice, pages 132-133
10 Explain the differences in m eani ng between these
- Lo o k at the linkers in the box and answer the sets of words.
ions. 1 docto r, surgeo n, genera l practitioner (GP),
IS paramed ic, ph arm ac ist, co nsultant
as soo n as as w ell as thi s
2 docto r' s surgery, hos pital, pharmac / ho pice
even so even though for this reason
3 ·see the docto r, have a check-up, ha e an operatio n,
-: ntrast moreover nevertheless nonetheless
have a sca n/an X-ray
·11e other hand otherw ise sim ilarl y
4 lac k of fun d ing, outd ated equi pment, long~ aiting
unt il w hil e w hilst
li sts, post-o perative in fectio n
5 altern ative medi cin e, pa lli ative care, pre\ enti e
\a tc h the lin kers with the catego ri es in Exerc ise 6a. med ic in e, co nve nt io nal medi c in e
o me may go in mo re than o ne ca tegory.
Do the wo rd s/p hrases link ideas across se ntences o r
cl a'uses?
SPEAKING
11 Work in small groups. Describe and eva lu ate the
I GRAMMAR Tl p healthcare system in your country. Use these points to
help you .
lin ke rs whi ch co nn ect ideas ac ross two sentences
-e usua ll y co njun ctive adverbs . Wh en you co nn ect • o rga nisatio n
eas in this w ay, yo u ca n use a semi -co lon rather • fun di ng
- an a full stop. • pos itives/ negatives
::uba is a relatively poor country; neverth eless, it has • natio nal rep utati on
~exemplary healthca re system. • perso nal expe rience
• rece nt changes/the future

Rew rite the sentences using one of the linkers in WRITING

.
rackets. Only one of the two linkers is correct.
Al tho ugh the Ameri ca ns spend the most on
12 Write a short essay in about 250 words describing
and evaluating the healthcare system in your country.
hea lthca re, they don' t have the wo rl d's best system . Try to incorporate linkers and vocabulary from this
(even so, w hereas) lesson. Use your ideas from Exercise 11.
The Cubans emphas ise preve nti on of illness. In
co ntrast, the Ameri ca ns emphas ise trea tment of
ill ness. (as a resul t, w hereas)
Cuba is a relative ly poor co untry. Co nsequ entl y,
it makes se nse for its government to focus o n
prevent io n as this is cheaper. (altho ugh, sin ce)
\V hi le I was readi ng t he articl e, I rea li sed that w hil e
pe nding a lot of mo ney o n hea lthca re is probab ly
a good idea, it does n't necessa ril y lead to the best
results. (furtherm ore, even tho ugh)
5 If the govern ment doesn't im prove hea lthca re,
peop le w ill co ntinue to d ie unnecessa rily and
the c urrent approac h is also a waste of money.
1iu rth ermo re, otherw ise)

39
 CALL OF Dl!T
I
. ! ! SPEAKING
1 Work with a partner and discuss the
questions.
1 What do you understand by these terms?
a career
b profession
c public service
d idealism
e vocation
2 Which jobs might be considered
vocations?

LISTENING
2a Work with a partner and discuss the
questions.
1 What is your image of a typical nurse?
Where does this image come from?
2 What qualities does a nurse need?
3 Why are men a minority of nurses? Do Are ·nurses ange ? I don't think so
you think more men will be nurses in
'Many nurses,' he admits, 'are m agnificent. But equal.ly,'
the future?
4 Do you think all nurses have a strong
says this hospital. doctor, 'many are lazy and uncaring.' His
sense of vocation? bitterly outspoken attack is bound to provoke fury, but
raises uncomfortable questions abour the system he believ
2b Ill
Listen to a talk by a VIP at a has ruined nursing as a vocation. For obvious reasons, he
graduation ceremony for nurses and wishes to remain anonymous.
answer the questions.
'As a young doctor, I witness many disrressing scenes on
1 What advice does she give? a day-to-day basis. But there is norhin more upsetting
2 What questions does she ask? than seeing patients suffer because of basic lazines~ and
3 How would you answer her questions?
incompetence. On each shift, I find my elf constantly having
to check and check again to ensure rhe n u rses caring for my
READING patients do their job properly. ·
3 The article on the right presents a very Of course, I have worked wirh some admirable nurses who de
different point of view. Read it quickly. more than their job descripcion and will skip breaks and wor
What is/are the main problem(s) the late to ensure their patients are well cared fo r. But nurses
wr\\.er ment\on~ and what ~o\ut\on~ doe~ of thi.s calibre are b ecoming ess common and. the problem
he propose? stems from higher up in the sy rem. \'{ he n the standards i:-
4i Read the article again and answer the a department are institutionallr poor yo ung, enthusiascic
questions. nurses are certain to have their confide nce and ambition
1 What is it that makes the doctor most gradually eroded.
unhappy during a normal working day? Part of the problem is that nursing has been dumbed down.
2 Wh at kind of nurse does the doctor Compared with the past, nursing is now looked down upon.
Ii ke and respect? But, paradoxically, nurses' training today is much more
3 What does the doctor think patients academic, conveying the idea that the hands-on stuff no
should be worried about? longer mat'ters as much.
4 As a patient, would you be happy for
Many nurses no longer have a sense of vocation; instead, it's
nurses to carry out these duties?
5 Why do you think the doctor has
all about becoming a manager. It seems to me that many
\\ ritten th is article? nurses enter the profession almost as an afterthought.
But ifI was a patient, what would really warty me is the
4b u1 mg contrasting arguments announcement that nurses are to be given the power to prescribe
Th e VIP in the'listening and the doctor all medicines, as well as having full responsibility for diagnosis,
in the a rt icle present different points
treatment (including su rgical operations) and discharge of
o f iew. W hich do you find more
patients, without supervision fro m a qualified doctor.
convincing? Why?
What we really need is fo r nurses ro stay as nurses. We need nurs
who really care for their patients and who recognise, as we all
should, that the career of caring is one to be highly respected.'
I
40
I iI
 WRITING
CALL OF .DUTY

5 Read the three replies to the doctor's article. Then wri~e your own
-
reply in one paragraph.

VOCA"BULARY
re nurses really lazy and TH E LANGUAG E OF EM O TIO N
competent or is it doctors
ho are the problem? Tell 6a Find words in the article connected with people's feelings (e.g.
exciting, frightened). Which two words are near-synonyms?
s in the reader comments
elow. 6b Look at the words in the box. Check the meanings of any words
you do not know. Then answer the questions.
:- us junior doctor is not to be
: ;isidered representative and antagonised disillusioned disorientating exasperating elated
early has more to learn about exhilarating inspiring invigorating relieved rejuvenated
- ulridisciplinary working. By
ingeing about his nursing 1 What kind of places do you find disorientating?
_ J.leagues, he is likely to further Actually, my loca l hospital is rea lly disorientating - the place is a
.::.amage the stressful working maze of corridors!
-e·ationship he is in.
o. ..Jo p ital nurse
2
3
When was the last time you felt elated?
What are some things that people do that you find exasperating?
c been nursing for thirty-six years 4 What was one of the most exhilarating experiences of your life?
.a....1d the majority of nurses remain 5 Which famous people do you consiper inspiring?
6 What kind of physical activity do you find invigorating?
- committed and passionate
es ut nursing as I do. Having just 6c Work with a partner and ask each other questions using the
-=mshed another long day caring for remaining words in the box.
:wninally ill patients, I feel quite
.::.sheartened and am on the verge
• crymg. FUTURE FORMS WITH BE
-ue
7a Look at these sentences from the listening and reading texts .
. Turses go into the profession
Then find other examples of future forms with be in Audio script 4.2
:::iowing the money isn't brilliant, on page 169 and in the article in Exercise 3.
_ ut we enjoy the satisfaction that
I'm very likely to need yo ur services one day.
e care we provide on a daily basis
- as holistic and as professional as I'm on the verge of crying.
e system will allow. 7b Which of the forms is more formal than the others?
.:ui a cardiac nJ.Jrse for seven years
7c Answer the questions about the forms in Exercise 7a.
1 Which forms are used when we want to:
a emphasise that something will happen soon?
b say that something will definitely happen?
c say that something is expected to happen at a particular time?
d say that something will probably happen?
2 Which forms take:
a the infinitive?
b -ing?
~ Language reference and extra practice, pages 132-133

SPEAKING
8 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
1 What vocations do people you know have (e.g. your family and
friends)? Do you think they made a good choice?
2 Do you think it is more difficult for people to have a vocation today
than in the past?
3 What is more important: loving your work or earning a good sa lary?

41
,: ~ 4.4 SCENARJO

SITUATION 2a ID Listen to a meeting where Charlie is making

his proposal for a health awareness campaign and
The government health department regularly runs hea l.th
complete the notes.
awareness publicity campaigns aimed at members of
the general public. Proposals for future campaigns are a subject of the campaig n: 1_ _ _
c urrently being discussed, with the subject, aims and the b reasons for se lecting th is subject:
• 2
publicity strategy a ll under consideration. One proposal - --
will be se lected as the next campaign. •
•
c main aim of the campaign: 5_ __
1 Read the situation, look at the posters and discuss d campaign strategy:
the questions. • 6

1 What ca n you see in eac h poster? •

2 What is the main message and approach of each •
campa ign? e publicity campa ign:
3 What ca n yo u remember about similar hea lth • methods: 9_ __
cam paigns in yo ur country? • sty le: 10_ _ _
• slogan: 1 1_ _ _

2b Do you think this is an important campaign to run?

What are its strengths and weaknesses? How could the
campaign be improved next time?

42
STROKE STRIKES, ACT F.A.S.T.
 CHANGE YOUR WAYS

::: . LANGUAGE
MEMO
. . .S TIFYING OPINIONS
Health awareness publicity campaign: po ints
3 In the meeting, Charlie has to justify his choice of
cam paign and his approach. Complete the sentences to consider
:rom the listening with language used to justify Which health or fitness issue should be addressed?
opi nions. Then listen again and check your answers. . ]
What is the target audience for the campaign .
1 O ne _ __ thi s campaign _ _ eati ng too much
sa lt is a signi fica nt risk factor in developing hi gh What are the two or th ree key messages of the
blood pressure. campaign?
1 So you can see that this affects a large number of What is the overall campaign slogan?
peop le, _ _ _ ?
3 By _ _ w ithin just fou r weeks of red ucing yo ur What campaign methods will we use?
sa lt co nsumption, your blood pressure wi ll be lower. How long should the campaign run for?
That's __·_ the kind of thing that people want to see.
Can all this be done within budget?
5 _ _ we do these two things, people _ _ less sa lt.
6 The _ _ _ that the problem's so widespread _ _ What will the posters o r other visual m aterial
a TV advertising campa ign's fu ll y justified. look like?
i W hile _ __ th at'd be expens ive, it'd be the most
di rect way to reach suc h a large target audience.
8 You may we ll _ _ , and the _ _ is th at sa lt
Campaign media costs
ki ll s slugs . €200,000 producing a TV advert
€50,000 TV advertising for one month
.J M atch the sentences in Exercise 3 (1-8) with the
·echniques used when justifying opinions (a-f) . Some €20,000 producing a radio advert
- entences may go with more than one technique. €10,000 radio advertising for one month
a us ing adverbs to give emphasis and foc us €20,000 producing a newspaper advert or poster or
showi ng ca usa l and simil ar di rect co nnections leaflet
c aski ng or answering a rhetori ca l question €40,000 advertising in national newspapers for one month .
d introduc ing a key point ·
e il lustrating a key po in t
€2,000 distributing 10,000 posters/leaflets (to
dea ling w ith a poss ible cri ticism
schools, medical centres, stations, etc.) .
€40,000 designing a website
5 W hich of the phrases or techniques for justifying your
€100,000 organising 100 special events at schools/in
opi nions do/ don't you regularly use in discussions? Why?
workplaces
sv
... '100SING AND PLANNING A PU BLI CITY CAM PAIGN 8 Produce a mock-up of a campaign poster o r other
visual communication document.
6 W ork in groups of three. You all work for the
" Overnment health department. You have to decide 9 Present your campaign to the other groups in the class.
' hi ch health issue to focus on and then plan the different
elements of the campaign. Read your information and USEFUL PHRASES
decide why this is an important issue for the government
·o address with a publicity campaign. Inviting someone to speak

"'tudent A: look at page 155. So w hat's your presentation about?

"' tudent B: look at page 156. Let's hear w hat you have to say.
tudent C: look at page 157. Tel I us about the issue yo u've read about.

- Have a meeting with the other members of your Responding to an argument

gro up. Follow the instruction s. Th at's quite convi ncing.
1 Eac h person shou ld present the information about It's hard to disagree.
his/her hea lth is.sue and exp lai n why it is important. Th at doesn't sound so importa nt to me.
2 As a team, choose one of the issues and then plan the
ca mpaign. Consider the guidelines and poi nts listed in Making a choice
the memo. You have a maximum budget of €400,000 So which shall we choose?
(see table of campaign media costs, for reference). Any preferences?
W hich do yo u think we shoul d go for?

43
 LS 4 Look at the terms on the right o f the chart again. Which desc
G VISUA L INFORMATION 1 communicable diseases?
2 non-communicable diseases?
1 Work in small groups and discuss the
questions. 5 Work with a partner and discuss the questions.
1 Are some illnesses or diseases becoming 1 Does the chart show every single cause of death?
more common in your country? 2 Does the chart give information for every year between 2004 and 203m
2 What do you understand by 3 Choose one or two of the figures down the left-hand side of the
communicable and non-communicable chart. Write the exact number it represents.
diseases?
6 In one sentence, describe what the chart shows.
2 Look at the chart and answer these This chart shows ...
questions.
1 Where does the chart come from? 7 What is the main trend in the chart? Explain it in your own words.
2 Is it a reliable source? Why?/Why not? 8 According to the chart, are the sentences true or false?
3 Match the explanations (1-5) with the 1 By 2030, malaria will have become the least significant cause of death.
terms (A-J) on the right of the chart. 2 The number of deaths from cancers will show a steady increase
over the period 2018-2030.
1 very serious diseases caused by bacteria
3 In 2022 there will be about eight million deaths from (ischaemic)
or a virus and related to breathing or
heart disease.
your lungs (e.g. pneumonia, avian
4 The percentage of deaths from cerebrovascular diseases will remain
influenza (bird flu), swine flu)
almost stable between 2020 and 2024.
2 brain diseases caused when the blood
5 Deaths from tuberculosis will decrease sharply between 2020 and 2030.
supply to the brain is disrupted in
6 Deaths from road accidents will overtake deaths from perinatal
some way (e.g. stroke)
causes around 2024.
3 deaths at or around the time of birth
(e .g. stillbirth ) 9 Are you surprised by anything in the chart? Why do you think
4 diseases of the heart (e.g. heart attack, these changes are expected to take place?
angina, chest pa in )
5 diseases in whi c h waste from the 10 In your opinion, is the chart clear? Is there anything missing? Can
bowels is watery (e.g. cholera) you think of anything that would have helped you to understand the
chart more easily? ·

The shift towards non-communicable diseases and accidents as causes of death* A 0 Road traffic accidents
B 0 Cerebrovascular diseases
C Ill lschaem ic heart diseases
35- - - D • Cancers
E • Perinatal causes

30 - - - F Acute respiratory infections

G 0 Diarrhoeal diseases
H 0 Ma laria
25 - - -- -
I D HIV/AIDS .
Vi'
c: J 0 Tuberculosis
~ 20 - - - -- -
.s *selected causes
.sro
Q)
Cl
15 - - - - -- -

10- - - - -- -

The World Health Report, 2008

44
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

- JNG SKJLLS 13Find examples of approximation in the description.

::;CRIB/NC VISUA L INFO RMA TION just over thirty-five m1!/ion

1 Read the writing task and put the stages of the 14 Find examples of cohesion in the description. Circle
· ·ng process (a-g) in the correct order (1-7). all the reference words (words that refer to something
mentioned earlier) and say what they refer to.
-~e chart below shows the causes of death worldwide
I? This = ten million deaths
een 2004 and 2030. Summarise the information
choosing and describing the mair:i features and make 15 Are these sentences about describing a chart true
rnparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. or false?
1 You can just copy the title/heading of the chart and
Ch eck for mistakes (e.g. grammar, spelling, use it word-for-word in your answer.
pu nctuation). 2 You should try to give as much detail as possible.
Look at any other written information on the chart. 3 As you write, it's a good idea to look back at what
Count how many words you have used . you 've already written.
ead the title/heading of the chart. 4 To avoid repetition , you should vary your
Pl an your answer: decide what the main points are vocabulary and sentence structures .
and make notes on them, including key data. 5 Try to include one or two complex senten ces.
Look at the words/figures on the vertical and 6 .The overview must come at the end, as in the
orizontal axes of the chart. example below .
rite your answer (main points and supporting 7 It's fine if your answer is a few words below the
data). Use linkers. minimum length (say, 140 words).
). _ Read the description of the chart and answer the 16 Look at the chart on page 160. Write at least 150
e t ions. words about it, saying what it shows and describing
hat is the topic of ea ch paragraph? the main points/trends. Don't forget to:
hat is the difference between the first and last • select information ca refull y.
entences? • include a few key figures, where necessary .
• avoid excessive detail.
• use approximators wh ere appropri ate.
The cha.it shows the main causes of death worldwide
between 2004 and 2030. Overall, the mortality r<}te is
predicted to climb from just over thirty-five million
m 2004 to approximately thirty-nine million in 2030.
In 2004, about ten million deaths were attributed to
mmunicable diseases. ~represented close to
rhirty percent of the total. By 2030, however, deaths
due to these diseases can be expected to have fallen
m ai·;und five million, representing Jess than fifteen
percent of the total, with a paiticularly steep decline
rn deaths caused by diarrhoeal diseases and malaria.
Conversely, deaths will rise for most non-
ommunicable diseases, especially where cancer
deaths are concerned. These wiJl nearly double
ver the period . A further category is fatalities that
::re the result of road accidents. The latter will go
p teadily from roughly one million in 2004 to
_omewhere in the region of 2.5 million in 2030.
The main trend th.at emerges from the chart is
· at deaths from non-communicable diseases
.:illd accidents will increase, while deaths from
-ommunicable diseases will drop.

45
!l

So soo n as a fc1shio n is universal, it i~ Olll of da te.

SPEAKING
1 In small groups, discuss the following statements.
Are they true for you? Why?/ Why not?
1 I hate shopping.
2 Most of my favou rite possessions are thin gs th at I've
bought for myself.
3 I rarely buy things 'on impulse' .
4 It's really important to have a lot of branded goods.
5 I think people in my country are very materialistic.

RE DING
2 Read the introduction of a description of a radio
series. What three aspects of global consumerism will the
programmes explore?

3 Read about the four programmes. In which

programme might we hear about:
a the effects of consumerism on demographic changes?
b co nsumerism as a recent phenomenon?
c narrowing the gul f between the ' haves' and the
' have-nots' ?
d the relationship between consu merism and In the first programme of this series looking at consu
appeara nces? issues around the globe, we focus on the gap betweer
e consumer edu cation?
rich and poor and how it could be bridged by the
f consumerism that is not simpl y an urban phenomenon?
construction of new shopping malls, not only in cities ,
but also in the countryside. In addition, we explore the
relationship between the country 's new consumerism
and its people 's mental health.

46
 aIll Listen to an extract from the programme
out Japan and answer the questions.
W hat evidence is given to support the idea that
Japa nese people love brands?
W hy do brands have such value in Japan?
W hat happened in Japan between the end of the
Second World War and the mid-1990s?
- W hy have young women been the single most
infl uential group of consumers in recent years and
w hy is this considered a problem?
3 Do Japanese people think there is a solution to this
problem? If so, what is it?

b panding the topic Work with a partner and

- cuss the questions.
\V hat is the most interesting piece of information
'ou have learnt about consumerism in Japan?
VOCABULARY
\V hat do you think will happen to Japanese
CONSUMER COLLOCATIONS
co nsumer society in the future? .
W hich of the other three programmes would you Sa Which of the words in the box form common
most like to listen to? Why? collocations with consumer?
\Vhat aspects of consumerism might feature in a
imi lar programme about your country? -ae!vtee boom choice confidence demand
desire goods group issues pain
price index products society spend ing
trends watchdog wish

-- s programme examines how consumers in

consumer advice
~ UAE are putting a premium on looking good.
- -:ording to a recent report, some residents in the Sb Complete the sentences with collocations from
: : ... ry spend as much each year on cosmetics as Exercise Sa.
-:: do on housing rent. High disposable income 1 A ___ makes sure consumers are treated fairl y
- e s, a strong shopping culture and a massive and that products are safe.
- J of tourists are key drivers of this trend. So , 2 The _ __ was followed by a severe downturn .
_: are the increasing numbers of men who are 3 With so many models on the market, good _ __
is essential.
4 We've all heard of the but what does it
mean? Well, it' s one in which buying goods and
.
s the story of an emerging consumer society.
services is considered to be very important.

--"'" s to the discovery of diamonds in 1966 and a SPEAKING

- ~o er of years of sound government, Botswana 's
6 Work in two groups, A and B. Read the infor~ation
-=- :~om y is relatively healthy, creating a new breed and plan your argument. Then have a debate.
Group A: you belong to a pressure group that wants people
--.:·issues here. So who has responsibility for in your country to be less materialistic in the future.
-ing sensible spending habits? Is it the job of
1 Thin°k of some reasons (economi c, ocial.
environmental, etc.) wh y yo ur coun f\ hould be
less of a consumer soci et in the com·n ears.
2 Look at Group B's information. Tn o predict their
arguments and consider ho\\ 'ou ill refute the m.
:-~ ast programme of this globetrotting series, we
~n to the reason~ why this advanced consumer Group B: you know that there i a po' eriul pressure
s obsessed with brands. Why is this the only group that wants your coun f\ to be le materialistic.
i, in the world where people trust brands so 1 Think of some rea on economic, social, etc.) why
1e ey wi ll buy a car without taking it for a test your society shou ld be, or hould co ntinue to be, a
co nsumer socieh in the future.
e also see the impact of consumerism on
2 Look at Grou p A' information. Try to predict their
"°;;~rinki ng birth rate and on the family. arguments and con ider how you will refute them.

47
 DESIG CLASSICS

G 2b Read the article again and answer

the que tio ns. Choose no more than t\\
1 W ork with a partner and discuss the questions.
' ord s fro m the article for each answer.
1 What do you understand by the term 'design class ic'?
2 W hich design cl ass ics do you know ? Whi ch co untry do they 1 W hich group of peopl e in Europe were
come from ? Whi ch do you like, and w hy? Use t h~se categori es very interested in Henry Ford' s M odel T?
to help yo u. 2 Wh at cou ld easil y be reac hed from the
site of the new fac tory and city?
a cloth es/sh oes/accessories d tec hn ology
3 Wh en did peopl e start wo rki ng at the
b mea ns of transport e children' s toys
factory?
c objects/thin gs ·in tne home
4 Which w ord co nnected w ith chil dren
3 How does so meth ing become a desi gn class ic? Wh at quali t ies \\as u ed dism issive ly by overseas
does it need? \ i itors to describe the ca r?
5 hat did Vo lkswagen sta nd for in the
READING period after 1945?
2a Read the article about an iconic car and complete the timeline. 3 s of mformahon
W ork in groups. W hat factors do you think
Ford Model Beetle chassis design contributed to the great success of 'the
T launched by Bela Barenyi people's ca r'? Use the information in the text,
as w ell as our own general knowledge .
• ,..1:1 .,..,.. .

Fast forward a decade . In 1934, Ferdinand

Porsche, an Aus rian eng ineer ·(Yes,
that' s Porsche as in the sports ca r!), was
comm issioned to develop the 'volkswagen '.
It was to be a basic vehicle that could
transport two ad ul s and three cl:1 ildren at a
speed of 100 m/h and wou ld cost about
900 Reichsmar - about the price of a
small motorcycle. It wou ld be available to
ordina ry Germa n citizens through a savin gs
plan . The world-renowned Beetle was abou
to be born .
In 1938, a site was chosen for the factory
where the new cars were going to be buil
It wa s cen ra lly located wi th in Germany,
there wa s plen of space for the plan t one
it had good access to tra nsport routes.

I'm early for my meeting with Horst Geller, but he' s already waiting
for me in the lobby of the Golf Hotel. There' s a half-consumed latte on
the table in fro nt of him. 'Sorry,' he says, 'I was going to wait for you ,
but I needed a shot of coffee .'
Later he confesses that he needs about five before lunch . We' r~ here
to talk about his life-long pass ion, cars , and his latest research into the
history of Volkswagen , today the largest carmaker in the world .
Volkswagen - it means ' people' s car' in German . And that's how
it started out, back in the 1930s. 'Actually,' Geller explains, 'the
American s got there first; Henry Ford 's Model T, launched in 1908,
was rea lly 'the first car for ordinary people .'
Ford 's car inspired designers across the pond and in 1925, an
eighteen-year-old Hunga ri an technology student, Bela Barenyi,
came up with the basic chassis design for what wa s to become the
Vol kswagen Beetle.

48
 AR 5
DES IGN CLASSICS

Choose the correct form to complete the sentences.

..
THE PAST 1 The British representatives said the people'_ car
was to I was likely to remain popul ar for on ,o
\ hen we talk about the past, we sometimes want
or three years, if that.
descr ibe what was going to happen in the future
• 2 The new factory was based on the Ford factory in
m the viewpoint of the past. Find examples of this
Detroit, USA, and was to be I was being the most
- ture in the past' in the article.
modern in Europe.
_- going to wait for you ... 3 In the 1970s, Volkswagen knew the Beetle couldn't
last for ever and they were going to I were to have to
W hich of the forms you have found describe:
do something abo ut it.
o mething that happen ed later? 4 In January 1978, the last Beetle rolled off the
o mething that did not happen later? assembly line in Wolfsburg, although they were
omething that happened very soon afterwards? continuing I would continue to be manufactured in
Mexico until 2003.
c Put the forms in three groups.
q uite formal 6 Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Then
q uite informal read your sentences to a partner. Add more details
neutra l (neither particularly formal nor informal ) about what happened.
1 Last year I was go in g to but _ _ _
2 Yesterday I was supposed to ___ , but _ __ .
3 This morni ng I was abo ut to ___ when _ __ .
4 I thought my friend w as Ii kely to but
actually ___ .

~ Language referen ce and extra practice, pages 134-135

VOCABULARY
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES FORMED WITH NOUNS

7a Match the adjectives in the box with the

categories.

eye-catc hing life-long present-day world-ren owned

- s was important if workers were to be attracted to .
e project. 'A whole new city was founded around the 1 noun + adjective 3 noun + past participl e
-=~·o ry. This is present-day Wolfsburg - still the home of 2 noun + present participle 4 adjective + noun
-=Volkswagen company .' Geller is warming to his theme
ord ers an Americana. 7b Find examples of compound adjectives in the
article. Which category do they belong to? Which
::: :-catching advertising for the new car made its appearance.
compound adjective uses a prefix?
"'ever, some of the images were rather misleading, implying
-= ive people would have found the vehicle spacious and 7c Match words from box A with words from box B
.:::-ifortable. 'Actually, this was far from the truth .' to make compound adjectives. Then decide what they
- e spring of 1939, the first 1,000 employees were recruited, mean and what you could use them to talk about.
--d 1O,OOOcars were supposed to be produced by December. A high time hand smoke
~ _- e ensuing chaos of the Second World War meant that not
:-e of the 350,000 people who paid into the savings scheme B made free quality co nsuming
1d ever see their car.
· 45, wi th the war-damaged factory under British control,
:: :x!uction of the people's car resumed. However, visiting SPEAK ING
:::·gn representatives of the motor industry were unimpressed, 8 Work in groups. Choose five objects around you.
-~ ng it too ugly and noisy. 'One British delegate called it "a Describe and evaluate t~eir design. Which are the
ot to be taken seriously". Big mistake: it would go on to be most attractive or interesting? Are any of them (or will
-.;: ost produced single make of car in history, overtaking the they become) design classics?
=::~Model Tin 1972. In total, over twenty-one million were
=_ ally made. ' .
WR ITING
--,:; co mpany itself, back in German hands from 1949,
d become an important symbol of German post-war 9 Choose one of your possessions which has an
-~ en e ration . ' And Geller has somehow lined up a third attractive or interesting design and write a description
:::::ee w hile I've been absorbed in his tale . of it in about 100 words.

49
 CATWALK CONTROVERSILS

.,. ..
~
I

FUR
K-Itts
tJIRJ
SPEAKING
1 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. OUNS 1)
1 What do the photos on this page show?
2 What do you know about the arguments related to these
3a 1\<1a ch uifi es from box A with words
ake as many nouns as
controversia l practices?

READ ING A -ist -ity

2a .Look at the newspaper headlines 1-6. What do you think each

story is about? B co nvenient
1 Court case puts sweatshops in the spotlight popular
2 Starving for fashion's sake
3 Discrimination still in fashion
4 This season's colour is more than a shade
e arti cle extracts in
5 Protest poses questions for global players
th e corre ct form of nouns
6 Throwaway: the globa l cost of fast fas hi o n
3a.
2b Match the headlines (1 - 6) with the article extracts (a-f). Ignore · a partner. How many
the missing words in each extract. ' e from the adjectives and
a Animal-rights 1 _ __ protested at Mil an Fashion Week by e extracts in Exercise 2b?
jumping onto the catwa lk, chant in g ' Fur is dead' and waving 'Fur ·nute-.
Shame' banners.
b °Th e defendants, like other fas hion co mpani es, state that they are I I G
not responsible fo r 2 _ _ _ of loca l regulations co ncern ing pay
and working hours committed by foreig n factories that supply the en o t he fi rst part of a radio
clothes. e bout fa shio n and social
c Man y industries responded to increasing co nsum er interest and answe r these questions.
in env iro nmental 3_ __ by introducing gree n products and
produ ction processes. The rise in cons umer eco-4 _ __ has
rea ched a poin t w here, fina ll y, the fashion industry is beginnin g to 2
follow suit, and green is now all the rage. ara h or Dian a?
d Recent researc h su ggests the increase in eating disorders amon g t
models may be due to th e industry' s unrelenting 5_ _ _ wi th size -i b ou think will make
arah or Qiana? Listen to the
zero * cloth in g.
o ·th e p rogramme and check.
e The report claims that the strong demand for cheap and readil\
avai lable c lothes is placing the wor ld under great social and
environmenta l pressure. It asks if the 6_ _ _ of this 'fa t fa hion'
wh ich is increasing in 7_ _ _ , is a price worth pay ing.
f It is significant that, on th e catwa lk and in the fashi on ma azi es 3
the face of fashion stil l appears to be exc lu sivel y white, de~p ..e
initi al 8_ _ _ of b lack fash io n models 40 years ago.
*s ize zero - th e small est cloth es size in Ameri ca

50
 CATWALK CONTROVERSIES

Listen again and make notes on 7b Answer the questions about the sentences in Exercise 7a.
arguments presented by Sarah and 1 How many clauses are there in each sentence?
2 Look at the first clauses . Which ones concern the object of the
ng support for main verb in th e second clause? Which concern the verb its.elf in the
Work with a partner and secol'ld clause?
-~e 'o ur notes. What are the main
7c Rewrite the sentences in Exercise 7a. Begin with the words given.
ea ch stage of the conversation?
ana and Sarah both make four points. 1 The fashion chains _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
..-om pare your ideas with the rest of the 2 The companies _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __
s and then check with your teacher. 3 lam _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
5b The main points are supported by 4 You need --------------------~

er information. Look at Audio script 5.3

page 170 and identify the supporting 8 Rewrite the sentences using emphatic structures. Begin with the
ints for the main points in Exercise Sa. words given.
1 W e seldom see naturall y sized models.
5c Who do you think makes the Seldom _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _
_ o ngest case overall? Who do you side
"th ? Why? 2 He has designed clothes for film stars and he has also opened
stores all around the world.
Not _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ~
.\MMAR 3 We mustn 't use child labour under any circumstances.
s PHATIC STRUCTURES
Under _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
Bl Inversion Complete the 4 Th e press officer denied the accusation about the use of
n tences from the listening. Then listen sweatshops .
d check. It - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - -
sooner has attached 5 People are concerned about the cost of a product, not its
ne than he picks up the next from the environmental impact.
th ousands in the bag. It _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ ~
does he realise he is 6 The fashion industry encourages young girls to worry about th eir
about to spark a huge debate about body size.
fashion, models, men and anorexia. What _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
At time are aware of
7 The designer created a new style using traditional materials.
th e effect this fast fashion is having on
Wh at - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -
th e environment.
8 I think that fashion shows and models should be heavily reg ulated.
Answer the questions about the Wh at - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - -- - - -- -
_ ntences in Exercise 6a.
• Language reference and extra practice, pages 134-135
W hat is unusual about the subject-verb
w ord order after the opening phrases?
W hy does sentence 2 include the
SPEAKING
wo rd does , while the others do not? 9 Work in small groups and debate these topics.
1 The fashion industry should be com pelled to onl y use models that
- a Ill Cleft sentences Complete the
are of average body size.
;.cnt ences from the listening. Then listen
2 Th e use of animal· fur to make cl othes sho uld be banned .
.,d check.
3 Parents should not encourage children under twelve to choose
's the enforcement of these rules their own clothes.
that fashion chains have to focus on. 4 The customer is to blame fo r the increasingly throwaway consumer
___ the companies ___ is cu Itu re. ·
max imise their profits, not improve 5 Fashion companies shoul d be di rectly responsible for working
their workers' lives. conditions in produ cti on factor ies in other countries.
I mean, it' s _ __ that kind of
ha llow change ___ I' m talking
about.
___ you n~ed to do _ __ change Watch an interview with fashion
th e w hole approa ch of the industry designers Francesca Rosella and Ryan
awards body si ze. Genz, about their company Cutecircuit.
Turn to page 152 for video activities.

51
= s.4 SCENARIO
RET All REv' IV t'

SPEAK ING 2 Ill Read the situation and listen to the CEO of
All Seasons outlining the problems fadng the
1 Work in small groups and discuss the questions ..
co mpany. Make notes on the main points from the
1 Which fashion and clothing shops are successful in co n ultant's report.
your country? Why? Do they employ any of th ese
strategies?
• offering something for. everyone
• targeting a particular market FOL"R ~IAIN AREAS
• having a low-price strategy 1 hop and fa cilities
• having an up-market strategy
1 • -
• advertising widely; creating a strong internet and
social media presence
• good functional website and delivery systems
2 Are there any shops that are not doing very well? Why? 2 Theprodn -
3 As a consumer, what makes you choose one shop
over another?
0 .

SITUATION
All Seasons is a well-established clothing retailer with fifty
national shops and five shops abroad. Sales have been
declining and the company is in danger of making a loss.
d identity
The company sells clothes for the genera l mainstream
market, catering for men, women and children. Most
of the shops also sell household products such as
kitchenware, bed linen and vases. All products are in the
medium to high price range.
A retailer that was once the family choice now struggles
to attract people into the shops and to provide the
fashion that is desired. A recovery strategy is required.
 RETAIL REVAMP

LANGUAGE TASK
TUSSING HYPOTHETICAL IDEAS DEVELOPING A RECOVERY STRATEGY

3a lfl During the CEO's presentation, some of 4 Work in groups of four. You are on the Board of
e directors discussed possible changes. Listen and Directors for All Seasons. You are going to decide how
omplete the extracts. to save the company. Before the meeting, prepare your
___ we did have a cafe, wouldn 't that just reduce ideas and review your notes from the consultant's report.
our sales space? And also, it'd mean that _ __ Student A: look at page 155.
foo d storage and preparation facilities. Most of our Student B: look at page 156.
shops are in restricted high-street locations - I'm not Student C: look at page 157.
sure how feasible Student D: look at page 158.
We ll, if we _ __ new designs by major designers
rather than use our own in-house designers, _ __ 5 Hold the meeting and discuss the four different
more up-to-date. Mind you, we'd need to produce proposals. How can All Seasons become a de tination
the clothes quickly then, _ _ behind the times. store? Use the meeting guidelines to help our discussion.
Just on that point, I was wondering if we ___ an I II I
element of specialisation rather than make a total .Meeting guidelines I I II
change.
W ell, if we had a special range, say one for kids, but I • Target mar ket: specialised ranges or complete change?
_ __ a wide general range for customers, _ __ 1•
Shop makeover: appe~rance? facilities?
ourse lves from other stores without losing our I

• Product ra nge: clothing - design? quality? price?

current customer base. a chance to market
the speci al range and use this as a way to get people ffhe internet: retail sit~ and/d'r social media?
into our shops. Accessories/!joni,eware: n w product lines?.
close depawnents?
Answer the questions.
• M;arketing: advertising? re-launch events?
Wh do th e speakers use this particular language in 111

this kin of discussion?

W hich w s do you kno hat mea r:i 'if' and 'if we -
./
USEFUL PHRASES
Making a proposal
I think the best way forward would be ...
There are several reasons why I think this.
Firstly, .... Secondly, ...
I've told you about ... , so let's move on to ...
To conclude, ...
Di sagreeing
I think it'd be a mistake to concentrate on that.
I'm really not sure that'd be the best way forward.
I'd have to disagree with you on that, I'm afraid.
 STUDY SKILLS
READI NG COMPLEX TEXTS EFFECTIVELY

1 Look at the title of the article and Jn the West, the fiTst distinct youth fashions appeared after the
read the first paragraph. An swer the Second World War. Significant economic developments after 1945
questions. led directly to young people making their own decisions concerning
1 W hat type of text is it? taste and style. Principally, there was a huge demand for labour,
2 W hat are the key words in the title? 5 which led to an elevation in salary levels, particularly for young
3 W hat are the two things you lea rn people, who then had relatively large ampunts of disposable income
about youth culture? with wh ich they could enjoy their lives in the period between school
and marriage (Abrams 1959).
2a Building an overview Read the article
quickly and do the tas ks. This increase in disposable income meant that these young people
10 became an identifiable consumer market. Consequently, many
1 Read to find the main topic on ly
industries, such as television, fashion and music, produced goods
of each paragraph. (Th is w ill often
and services that were directly aimed at them. in a sense, youth
be given in the first sentence of a
culture was defined by the products that were produced specifically
parag·raph.)
for young people by industry and commerce .
2 Make a note of the ma in topic of the
paragraph. 15 However, not all types of youth culture develop in this way. Whilst
much of youth culture has been a result of commercial activity,
2b Look at your overview notes from there are undoubtedly smaller subcultures which are stylistically
Exercise 2a. Whi ch paragraphs are closely innovative and which are createq by the young people themselves.
connected? Punk and hip-hop cultures illustrate this and also reveal further
3 Use your overview notes to identify 20 connections between mainstream society and youth culture.
in which paragraph you might find The punk culture of 1970s England may be seen as a direct
information about: reaction by young people against the intense commercialisation
1 · hip-hop cu lture no longer being an of youth fashion and music. This subculture was not the res ult of
urban phenomenon. the commercial targeting of the young by industry, rather it was
2 yo uth cul ture initial ly bei ng a 25 created independently by young people. However, punk culture
com mercia l product. went on to form a different connection with the mainstream
3 pun k influencing the wider fas hion culture when its style was adopted by the fashion industry, such
industry. that models had green hair, clothes were ripped and cosmetics
companies sold make-up in vivid colours (Rouse 1989).
4 Reading for detail Pay attention to 30 This adoption of an innovative youth subculture by the mainstream
complex noun phrases and reference culture is also present in the historical journey of hip-hop culture.
words. Answer the questions about the Rap music and an urban-look of baggy jeans, sports shoes and
article. ·
baseball caps emerged from a very specific social and geographic
1 W hat is: sphere, namely, the young black culture of inner city North
a the subject of led (li ne 3)? 35 America. Yet this specific style has now spread amongst yo ung
• b the object of led (line 5)? people of all races across the world , from Boston to Beijing, and
2 W hat do these reference words refer to? is as much suburban as it is urban. This has occurred because of
a with which (li ne 7) the direct marketing of this specific subculture to the wider youth
b them (line 12) market by com1janies on a global scale to substantially increase
c Th is (line 23) 40 their profits. For examp le, in 1992, MTV launched a music show
d the subject of is (li ne 37) entitled Yo! MTV raps and by 1993, eighty percent of teenagers
'favoured the [.hip-hop] style' (Speigler 1995).
5 Read the article in detail and add
The manga fashion subculture that comes from the world of video
notes about each key point in your
overview notes. Identify the supporting
gaming and graphic novels is different in its origins to hip-hop and
points and argument that connect to the 45 punk, but similar to the latter in its later journey. Manga and video
topic of each paragraph . Then w ork with games are commercial in purpose and they provide the source
a partner and compare yo ur notes. for this subculture, which involves wearing theah·ical fashions
and costumes. From this youth culture, which deve loped from
6 How wo uld y.ou describe the a commercial source, there has been a spread to wider fashion
relati onship between youth culture and 50 culture and high street stores (Fumutaki 2009).
main stream fashion in your country? Are
Thus, it can be seen that youth culture is directly connected to
there an y distinct youth subcultures?
mainstream consumer culture, although this relationship is not as
simple as may first be assumed.

54
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

G SKILLS
1ARISING

Ide ntifying main points You are going to

ma rise the article opposite in 150-200 words.
om plete the flow chart for the first part of the article
the words in the box.

defined products. spend

e ~-------
1[

1
: =-er _ __ youth subcultures developed -

ung people had more money to 2_ _ _ as they

y
an te d due to elevation of salaries
-
:._. sinesses targeted young people's disposable
- ome by making special 3 for them ~

4
uth culture _ __ by these products

Lo ok at the flow chart again. What information has

n left out? Why?
.\voiding plagiarism As you make notes or a flow
rt, .use your own words where possible. This is one
- ect of avoiding plagiarism in your summary. Analyse
ilow chart in Exercise 7a and identify language that
- - been changed from the original.
Re phrase the following ideas in your own words.
du e to a n e levat ion of sa laries
di sposa ble income
o uth culture was defined by these products

\1ake a flow chart for the second part of the

·c1e. Then work with a partner and compare
r flo w charts. Have you left out similar pieces of
·o rmation? How have you changed the language?
.
k h words and phrases haven't been changed?
a Compare this first sentence with the first part
: e flow chart in Exercise 7a, then with the original
W hat are the differences? How many clauses does
- - e ntence have?
_ ·· cular fashion and styles for young people emerged
r 1945, which was a time when the high demand for

ur provided young people with higher salaries and

.,_- more spending money.

b Write two or three sentences for the rest of

e tlow chart. Use linkers such as however, as and
equently. Then work with a partner and compare
r se ntences.
c Write a summary of the article. Use your flow
a rt fro m Exercise 10 to help you.
 Technology and change
6.1 ATIITUDESTOTECHNOLOGY

We owe a Jot to Thomas Edison . If it w,1 n't for him \\e'd be watching tele\•ision by candlelight.
Miiton Berle (1908-2002), American comedian

SPFAl<'I G A n RI= [II -c BL

DESCRIBI G TECHNOLOGY
1 Work with a partner and discuss the
questions. 5.a Match the words in the box with the headings. Which word does
1 What do you understan d b the word not go with either heading? Why? ·
technology? out-of-date:
2 How have advances in technol ogy up-to-date:
affected your work ing/studying and
soc ial life? a museum piece behind the times cutting-edge had its day
3 What kinds of advances wou ld you innovative new-fangled obso lete outdated redunda nt
like to see in the next twenty years? retro revo lutionary state-of-the-art superseded the last word in
4 • Is the latest technology always an
improvement? Can you give any
exa mples of w hen it hasn't been? Sb Complete the sentences with words from Exercise Sa. Sometimes
more than one answer is possible.
2 Do the technology quiz on page 160. 1 I don 't see the point of those ___ GPS watc hes. I just want
Then check your answers on page 158. someth ing simpl e that looks good and tells the time.
3 Do you th ink we rely on technology 2 That device was ___ before it even went on the market. Nobody
too much? Why?/ Why not? Work with a uses them anymme.
partner and discuss your ideas. 3 This really is a(n) ___ development. It wi ll change the way we
communicate foreve r.
4 Which item of technology do you 4 It's not exactly ___ technology, but it's sti ll a pretty useful piece
think is the most: of equipment. '
1 importa nt? 5 This phone is huge and it doesn' t even have a camera. It' s _ _ _ .
2 usefu I? 6 M y computer's eight years old, and very slow. I think it' s _ __ .
3 controve rsia l? 7 Cassette tapes were _ __ by CDs in the 1990s.
4 unpopular? 8 The factory is ultra-modern. It recently introduced ___ machines
5 pointless? in its production process.

56
 Technology views
ATIITUDES TO TECHNOLOGY
•
ead the message board texts and
er th e questions.
hich of th e peopl e are for/against/ Have technological
'"' dec ided about th e question ?
f-iic h po ints do yo u ag ree/disagree advances had a posit ive
th? Whic h is closest to your own
.) nt of view? impact on people's lives?
-u mm arise each writer's argument in
_..._,. SWEDESven All the really fundamental changes have been
:entence.
connected to advances in technology. Think about all the lives which
b yle What do you notice have been saved due to breakthroughs in, for example, medicine.
the way the writers on the And what about the general extended life expectancy? What about transport
.::s.age board express their opinions? Is and communication? Some people have always been anti-technology. There
_ le: are always dramatic changes going on, especially now, in terms of
communication. The internet is amazing and has had an awesome effect on
rma l o.r inform al?
people's lives.
~ ·ect ive o r obj ective?
e I-structured or di so rganised ?
Moti ona l or unemoti o nal? NoWayJose It's true technology has altered people's lives b I'm
not sure it's been for the better. A lot of stress stems from e fact
~md examples of the following in the that technology speeds everything up in our already fast-paced
~ - oe board texts.
0 world. We're now reachable twenty-four ~ours a day and we expect instan
• e or ica l qu esti ons answers; and this has an impact on people's work-life balance. There are also
oqu ial language the dehumanising effects of technology - we've become slaves to machines.
· er formal/ inform al styl e features • What about the dangers of things like GM crops or 'Frankenstein foods'? I s
~ dangerous to mess about with nat ure. Advances in technology bree~ laziness e
, hat other stylistic featu res did you and contribute to a sedentary lifestyle. Look at all those kids who would rather
? W hy do you think they are used? play a computer game than kick a ball around.
plete the sentences with
itio ns. Then check you r answers in "' <II AndreaCat SWEDESven 's right - technology can fi x all sbciety's
e age board texts. ~~ problems. Even during wars there's a great push for new tech.
at does a fear of tec hn o logy stem Cars which cause pollution resulting in global warming are now
__J in your opini o n? being superseded by hybrid and electric ones. They'll reduce the carbon
ch item of tec hn o logy has had footprint. BTW, t hose of you who think technology is so bad: WHY ARE
biggest impact ___ your/your YOU USING THE INTERNETTO TELL US THIS?!
:en ts' Iife?
techn o logy co ntribute _ __
, Raina23 Not sure you're right, AndreaCat. Technology's a
'iappi ness of mankind ?
double-edged sword. There have been radical changes brought
-.r he rise ___ th e popul arity of .......-=-"'• about by inventions like the telephone, car and the internet. But
al networking sites res ulted _ _ _
the important thing is that control of technology is power. It's the way it
_-er understandin g betwee n men is used which is important. For example, some technological advances are
\O men? not always used in a good way. What about the rise in cosmetic-surgery,
ou th in k tec hn o log ica l advances artificial intelligence, cloning, designer babies, people living forever?
ead ___ peopl e living on Where's futuristic technology taking us?This, together with a move
er pla nets? towards an ever-greater reliance on technology, is leading us to a
e expans io n ___ ro bot " nightmare vision of the future.
ologies a good thin g?

G
rite yo ur opinion for a
--"'"""''"":.e board on this question : Have
logica l advances had a positive
n JaneyJane Technology has a lot to answer for. I'm with you on this,
NoWayJose. Never mind improving people's lives, it accounts for
the increase in pollution and exploitation. Lots Gf people are killed
in wars because of so-called technological advances. As for the expansion of
access to the internet, there are millions of people in the world who haven't
ori peop le;s lives in your country? even made a phone call yet! There's a real digital divide. Technological
advances because of their uneven distribution actually have a negative effect
- \ap our w riting with a partner on people's opportunities. Major technological change is basically destroying
- ea respo nse t o his/ her message. the planet. I doubt we can save it in time. It's really all about greed. I guess
this is more to do with human nature rather than technology itself, though.

57
...
6.2 CHANG ING THE WORLD

READ ING
1 Work in groups and rank the following
in terms of how much they have changed
the world.
•
a antibiotics
b
c
d
electricity
mobile phones
the internet
OPINION
e the printing press Frances O'Connell, Technology bl
2aRead the introduction to a blog.
CNN has just published its list of top ten thinkers. The list honours
What is it about?
'people who are changing the world with their insights and innovation~
2b Work in groups of three. Each read Here are my three favourites from the fields of science and technolom
about one person in the blog. Then
~ I\
describe the person 's achievements to
your group. To my mind, these three great thinkers are
3 Read the other two texts and answer outstanding, not just for their ideas and
the questions. talents but for the way they have used them
1 How can the information from mobile
to improve the lives of ordinary people
phone data in Kenya be used? - a.nd with life-changing results. I have a
2 How did Ng make his free lectures feeling we have yet to see the true impact
more accessible? their innovations will have on the world.
3 Why won't online learning replace
face-to-face learn in g in universities?
4 What was learnt from the Hole in the
Wall experiment?

4 Match the words from the texts (1-8)

with t heir meanings (a-h) .
1 insight
2 prominent
3 ep idemiologist
4 cross-reference (v)
5 arti fic ial intelligence
6 embed
7 a.utonomously
8 fund (v)
a provide money for an activity, Caroline Buckee is prominent in the
organisatio n or event field of medicine. An epidemiologist at
b • the study of how to make comp uters do the Harvard School of Public Heal th in
intell igent things that peop le can do Boston, she has done extens ive research
c without the control or help of into malaria, a disease causing the deaths of
anyone else more than 600,000 people a year.
d a medical scientist who studies the In Kenya, Buckee and her co-workers
control of epidemic diseases tracked texts and calls from nearly 15
e a sudden, clear understanding of million mobile phones to establish how
something, especially a complicated idea people move around this vast country.
f provide referen ces to another, related They cross-referenced the data against
text or data source a malaria prevalence map to sbow how
g important and easily seen human travel can contribute to the .spread
h put firm ly and deeply into something else of the disease. The resul ts highlighted
regions where health officials needed to
5 Considering consequences In yo ur focus their efforts. Warnings can now be
groups, discuss ·which of the three ideas sent to people going to and from high-risk
will be most beneficial to mankind . Can areas. A text message can remind them to
you think of any negative consequences? use a bed net or take other safety measures.
It will help med ical workers all over the
world to control not only the spread of
ma laria but also other deadly diseases .

58
 CHANGl~G THE WO RLD

GRAMMAR
THE PASS IVE

6a Find nine examples of the passive in the texts.

6b What tense is used in each example~
7 Match the sentences (1-7) with the uses of the
passive (a-g).
1 The technician was sacke d yesterday.
2 The final chapter sums up all the issues that have
been discussed throughout the book.
3 The trainees were impressed by the brand-new,
state-of-the-art laboratory on the ground floor.
4 Penicillin is one of the most widely used antibiotics.
It was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
5 Mistakes were made.
6 The research will be carried out next year.
Andrew Ng specialises in the areas of machine
7 Safety glasses must be worn in the laboratory at all times.
learning and artificial intelligence. In 2008, he
started a programme which placed a number a The agent is obvious.
of Stanford University courses on line, for free, b · The agent is unimportant or we don't know who the
including his own course on Machine Learning. agent is.
It consisted of video lectures by him and student c If the subject of a sentence is long, we often make the
materials used in the Stanford class. He then verb passive so that the long phrase comes at the end.
experimented by producing shorter clips from d We often make a verb passive so that new
lectures. Finally, in 2011, he set up two open, information comes at the end.
online courses. The response was amazing. Over e We want to avo id mentioning the agent (so as not to
100,000 students registered for the first course. blame someone or to avoid responsibility)..
He followed up by launching, with a partner, an f We want to focus on issues rather than on the
on-line learning sit;:, Coursera. It has become the people involved, especially in scientific and
largest open-online-course company, with 600 free academic English.
courses and over 7 million registered students. g We are describing rules and procedures.
Andrew Ng does not claim that web-based ~ Language reference and extra practice, pages 136-137
courses are better than face-to-face learning. It
cannot be denied that on line courses lack a sense 8 Work with a partner. Read the text and choose six
of community and one-on-one relationships with places where the passive might be more appropriate.
teachers. However, Ng is motivated by a passion
Areha is a good example of a new town. In 1967, Eduardo
to provide more effective online education. He has
Raffo designed it. Huge empty spaces and beautiful green
recently been hired by the giant Chinese search
organisation, Baidu, as its chief scientist. landscapes delighted him. The Areha Development
Corporation hired Raffo at the start of the project, but
in 1969 they sacked him and appointed a young Italian
Sugata Mitra is best known for his Hole in the Wall designer instead. The authorities formally designated Areha
experiment, which was set up in 1999. He embedded a new town on 2 February 1972. Areha prospered· for many
a computer into a wall in a New Delhi slum area years, but many changes have happened since the recent
and children were allowed to use it for free. Many
recession. The two main engineering companies closed
children taught themselves to use the computer
down last year. However, the planners deliberately located
and go online, demonstrating children's capacity to
Areha, at a point equidistant from four large towns and
learn autonomously. The experiment has since been
repeated in many other locations in India, often people expect it to recover quickly once the recession is over.
with the same success. It has received its fair share of
criticism, however. In areas without adequate aduJt
supervision, some Holes in the Wall were vandalised,
SPEAKING
leading critics to claim that the experiment had failed. 9 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
Yet despite t.his, many still believe Mitra's findings to 1 How has the world been spoilt by technology?
be highly significant. 2 What has been lost due to technological change?
In 2013, Mitra won the TED prize, which awarded 3 How has li terature, the arts and music been affected
one million dollars to an exceptional individual. The by technological change?
money will be used to fund Mitra's dream of building 4 Do you think technological innovation is/ has been
a cloud-based school - a laboratory for children to dominated by men?
share knowledge and connect with online mentors. 5 Do/Would you prefer to learn online or face-to-fa ce?

59
 0 A TE=STl~G

READING Al\iD cpr:AKING 4 Read the article. Take brief notes on the steps you need to go
through to get your DNA profile read.
1 Work in groups and discuss what you
know about DNA. 5 ldenrlt mg ad vantages nd :i ad tages What are the
1 1
adva.ntages of DNA testing? What are the problems and concerns
2 Scan the first two paragraphs of the about DNA testing?
article and find:
1 what th e fo llowing numbers refer to: 6 Discuss the questions.
2007, 23, 499, 254. 1 Would you like to have yo ur DNA tested Why?/Why not?
2 three diseases. 2 Do you agree that some patients ca nnot handle information
without a doctor?
3 Read the article quickly and summarise
the writer's opinion about DNA testing.

Getting your genomic profile read can And all without having to go anywhere near a doctor.
highlight medical issues, but it's also · Having a peek at your genes sounds very empowering if
fraught with complexity and potential you can afford it. And the theo1y is that it should allow
confusion, says Dr Phil Hammond. you to take action to prevent rhe diseases you're most at
Have you had your genomic profile read yet? DNA risk of If you have a higher generic risk of colon cancer,
reading from spit samples has been all the rage in then you might choose to have a colonoscopy early. I like
America since 2007 and has only recently hit the buffers. the idea ofliberating genetic information for the masses
but as with all medical tests, it can give false .r esults
A company called 23andMe (that's the number of
and errors, and create huge anxiety if you can't handle
p~ired chromosomes yo u have) has been at the head of
uncertainty and complex data. And researchers are rightl)
the pack, charging $499 to identify over half a million
wary that by bypassing proper academic assessment, we
code sequences in your DNA. You log into the website,
don't quite know what we've unleashed on the public.
fill in your credit card information and register for a
genetic scan. A test tube is then sent to you in the post. Some American states have been very concerned that
You fill it with saliva, then send it back and wait eagerly these tests can be ordered without a doctor's instruction
for the results. After a fortnight, you can click on the The paternalistic view that patients can't handle this
website for yo ur profile, which predicts how your genes information without a doctor on hand to help interpret
influence your risk of developing 254 diseases and it is still prevalent in health systems all over the world.
conditions such as diabetes, cancer and heart disease. But the bigger issue for me is that we don't yet know
what the information means and how reliable it is, so \\"t'
can't really predict with any accuracy whether the test is
worth having yet.
You won' t be able to get it from 23andMe at present.
The company has always argued that their genetic
profiling is not a medical device which is meant to give
an accurate diagnosis; rather it says it sells ancestry
reports and raw genetic data, without medical diagnosis
The' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in America
has now sent 23andMe a warning letter arguing the
opposite and claiming the company is offering a
diagnostic test without proper appro.val.
There are lots of other concerns, too . What is the
company doing with all this genetic information? Will
users become research subjects for something they don' r
agree with? And how good is the quality control for the
testing, much of which is outsourced?

By Dr Phil Hammond

60
 BU LARY 11
DNA TESTING

In which two cases are you most likely to find this

..
LLOCATI O NS kind of complex noun phrase? Explain your answ er.
1 academ ic w ri tin g
- a Fin d five nouns in the article that come after the
2 everyday conversatio n
d gene tic. 3 jou rn alism
Find four nouns in the article that come after the 4 advertiseme nts
rd medical. 5 instru ction manuals
6 informal email s
- c Find another adjective in the article that comes
-ore t he word diagnosis. 12 Put the words in brackets in the correct order to
i atch 1-9 with a-i to make collocations. Then make noun phrases that complete ~he sentences.
e-c yo ur answers in the article. 1 ___ is to help stu dents lea rn indepe ndent ly.
code a co ntro l (purpose I the I website I mai n I th e I of I tec hn o logy)
·e t b test 2 ___ is the emergence of res ista nce to dru gs suc h
·al e c tube as ant ibiotics. (fundamenta l I of I the I o ne I fac in g/
comp lex d systems prob lems I medic ine I modern )
academic . e assess ment 3 ___ is an esse ntia l sk ill fo r uni versity students
~ea l t h f data inte nt o n acad em ic success. (a b i I ity I the I to I
diagnost ic g subjects decode I create I nou n I phrases I co mpl ex I and)
h seq uences 4 · ___ foc uses o n Mi toc ho ndria l DN A that is passed
• ea rc h
qual ity res ul ts down the matern al line. (Sykes' I Professor I semin al I
work I o n I testing I DN A)
ow many other collocations can you make using
~ Language reference and .extra practice, pages 136-137
:e - \ o rds in Exercise 8a?
;,
1MAR
:ly
ere are different types of phrase you can use
d info rmation after a noun. Underline the post-
ifi ers in the noun phrases (1-7). Then match them
th e types (a-f).
m. ~di ag nosti c test w itho ut prope r approva l
ari essentia l skill required by all resea rchers
·is not a medica l device w hich is meant to give an
accurate di agnos is
~e ss: ient ist ta lkin g to the j o urna list
2 uggestio n that the genetic testing servi ce should
we suspe nded WRITING
IS - er ha lf a milli o n code seq uences in your D NA
13 Read these two pieces of writing. Do they flow
eone to exp lain the data after they had ta ken th e
well? If not, how can you improve them?

a prepositio nal ph ra se (2 exa mpl es)

a :ull re lat ive cla use Q) Thi; technology vveb;ite i; modern. Iti;
a present partic ipl e cla use
interactive. It can be acce;;ed by ;tvdent;
that cla use
lS.
a o -infin itive in the ;cience department. The ;tudent; in
_past participl e cla use the ;cience department are intere;ted in
independent learning.
o un phrases can be complex and include extra
at io n before and after the noun. What is the
noun in these phrases? How many pieces of
info rmat ion have been added to each one? n-iese yovn9 people Vire "1i9"1!y
a e-. ly developed, inexpensi ve DNA testing kit w hi ch ec:lvc01tec:/. Tfriey vi re vve// qvvilifiec:/.
t' t '-'1'1 calcul ate risk factors for a wi de range of d iseases Tfriey cvinnotfinc:/ vve// pviic:/ vvork
e 7; :'llall Los-Ange les-based co mpa ny specia li sin g in We/1-pviic:/ vvor/<: offers /IVlec:/icvi/
_-ing -edge medica l tec hno logy
inSvrvince. It vi/so offers otfrier
· .era( large-scale Europea n resea rc h programmes
bMic benefits.
-·o •he effectiven ess of d iffe rent treatments fo r
_be cul osis

61
 SITUATION KEY LAr GL
PERSUADIN G, CRITICIS ING , ACC EPTING (RITICIS,
A radio station is goin g to have a debate in front of OFFERING COUi'. HR-ARGU MENTS
an audience on the theme of modern technologies.
Li steners were invited to w rite a short essay in response 3a Ill Listen t o the example presentation and
to the fo llowing debating topic: answer the quest ions.
'The modern technology that has brought the most 1 W hy does the speaker quote statistics and a
benefits to mankind, or w ill do so in the near future, is .. .' sta tement by an expert com mentato r?
You are one of fou r li steners w ho have been selected 2 Acco rdin g to the speaker, how does mobi le
to take part in the radi o debate. Based on your essay, techno logy he lp peopl e in deve lop ing co untri es and
you w il l present the case fo r yo ur technology and peopl e in busi ness?
defend yo ur arguments before a studi o audience. At
the end of the progra mm e there will be a vote and th e 3b Listen again and not e down examples of these
wi nner w ill rece ive a cas h pri ze. persuasive techniques.
Th e fo ur topi cs fo r the debate are: 1 giving an impressi ve statistic
• electri c ca rs 2 repeatin g a word or phrase
• frac king 3. usi ng a rhetorical question
• 3 D prin ters 4 using alli terati on
• surve ill ance techno logy*
3c Work with a partn er and co mpare your ideas. Th er
*CCTV cameras, te lephone tapping, speed ca meras, etc.
look at Audio script 6.1 0n page 171 and check your
answers.
1 Read the situation. Then work in groups and discuss
what you know about each of the topics. 4a DJ Listen to the qu estio n and answer session
at the end of the presentation. Tick the points the
2 To help the four listeners prepare for the debate, members of the audience make.
the programme organisers have sent them an example
1 Mobi le phone use rs behave impo li tely.
presentation about mobile technologies. The presenter
2 Peop le often stea l mobil e devices.
puts the case for mobile technologies and then
3 Users often fi nd it diffi cult to operate mobi le phones.
answers questions. An sw er these questions.
4 Mobi le dev ices have a harmfu l effect on chil dren. ·
1 W hat arguments do you thin k th e presenter wi ll use 5 Parents should not al low children to use mob ile phones.
to persuade his audience that mob ile techno"logies
have brought the greatest benefits to mankind? 4b Listen again and note down phrases for criticising,
2 Wh at co unter-arguments do yo u expect the accepting criticism and offe rin g counter-arguments.
audience to co me up with? Then look at Audio scrip t 6.2 on page 171 and check
your answers.

62
 A RAD IO DEBATE
..
6a In your groups, ta ke tu rns to present t he case for
TI CIPATING IN A DEBATE your technol ogy and an \ er que li ons fro m-other
students. Each st ud ent mu ta k one q uestio n to each
\, a rk in groups of four. Read the titles of the speaker.
n: no logies on pages 161-162. Choose a different
=-c no logy each to present to your group. 6b In your group s, d ecide \. hich technolog has
brought the most ben efits to mankind or\ ill do so in
Read the description of your technology and the near future. Yo u cann o t a te for yo ur technology.
pa re a three-minute talk about it. Use these points Compare your d ecision w ith other groups in the class.
str uct ure your talk and include some of the key
ouage . USEFUL PHRASES
· hat the tec hn o logy is
• hat its uses are Persuading
·hat th e be nefits of the tec hno logy a re Th e re 's no do ubt th at ...
·hat crit icisms have been made of the tec hn o logy It's unde ni abl e that ...
• .::o ncl usio n· Sure ly/C learl y/O bv iou sly, ...
Yo u must admit that ...
Conceding points

n I accept that ...

Th ere may be so me truth i.n that a rgument.
OK, that's fa ir e no ugh, bu t ...
Th at's a fa ir po int.

s.

5.
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS
,I I
.~ ~

STU DY SK ILLS The overseas student

INTERCULTURAL AWARENESS
An American student is studying for a year at a
prestigious European university. In her university
she has been accustomed to seeing a lecturer or
the head of the department without making an
appo intment. The faculty has an open-door policy.
During the second week at the European university,
she dropped in on the department's professor to
discuss changing her study prngramme. She was
unable to see him and was told by his assistant, in a
very cold tone, that she needed to send an email fo r
an appointment and would probably have to wait at
least two weeks to get one.
~-~·_,,.'--..r- '\,i.. -~---"..~
A merger between an English and Japanese
ompany
1 What does the term intercultura/ awareness mean . . A small Japanese financial services company has
to you? Work with a partner and discuss your ideas. merged with an English firm. After a few months
at the new head office in London, the Japanese
2a ~ Watch the first part of a talk about the employees are surprised to discover that the Englis h
personal qualities and skills people need when
staff, who are almost ·all male, are being paid a lot
studying abroad. What three key qualities does the
more than them and seem to change their jobs a
speaker talk about?
lot. The Japanese are also shocked by the jokes the
2b Watch the first part of the talk again and answer staff play on each other and the vulgar language they
the questions. sometimes use during working hours. Most of the
1 At th e beg inn ing of th e ta lk the spea ke r as ks fo r a Japanese staff have been with their company for
show of ha nds. Wh y does she do this ? many years and wouldn 't think of changing their jobs
2 Wh at gesture does she use to introdu ce he r three in order to get a higher salary. Also, they use very .
ma in po ints? W hat effect does thi s have? polite language at all times when they talk to their
3 Wh at phrase does she use to signa l that she is abo ut
colleagues.
to e nd thi s pa rt of he r ta lk?

2c Do you agree with the points the speaker makes? 3 Commun otior 5 a . .
Work with a partner and explain your views. A British employee was working for a s:ate inst1t~t1o n
3a ~ Watch the second part of the talk. attached to a government department in Ce~tra .
What examples does the speaker give of non-verbal Europe. He became frustrated by the delays in getting
interpersonal skills? decisions from the institution. To overcon:ie thle
0
bl m he started sending documents direct y to a
3b Watch the second part again. Then work in small
groups and discuss the questions.
~~~io~ ofrtcial in the government departme_n t. T~e he-
of the institution found out that he was dq1ng th~. He
1 What exa mples does the speake r give to show that her
was very angry and insisted that the employee s ow
fo rmer stude nt had o utsta nding interpe rso na l skills?
2 Do yo u think that no n-ve rba l inte rpe rso na l skills a re
him all the documents before they were sent to the
as importa nt as ve rba l skills ? Wh y?/Why not? senior official.
~~~~~---~~
4 Work in small groups and read the three case
studies opposite. Then discuss what mistakes, if any,
were made by:
1 th e ove rseas stude nt.
2 th e Ja pa nese staff.
3 the Bri tish e.m ployee.

5a Imagine a situation in your own country involving a

foreign visitor. Write a brief description (maximum 80
words) of a cultural mistake the visitor makes.
5b Work in groups and exchange your descriptions.
Are your examples of mistakes similar or different?

64
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

G SKILLS 9a What are the main tenses or forms in sections 2, 4

TIN G A SURVEY and 5?

. or k in pairs and discuss the questions. 9b Why are these different tenses used?
.....iave you ever partic ipated in a su rvey? 10 You have been asked to write a report on how
h do peop le co nd uct surveys? to red uce the cultural stress of international students.
ow is the information used? In a survey, students rated a number of suggestions
o n a four-point scale: excellent (f), good (G), worth
ead the report. Think of suita~le headings for considering (WC) and not worth considering (NWC).
of the sections and note them down in the report. Study the results on page 162. Then write the report,
Co mpa re your headings with other students. recommending three actions to reduce cultural stress
at the university.
r nk the survey items according to how much
ral stress the students experienced.

International students' experience of cultural stress at a U.S. university

1 4
c\ survey of undergradua te and postgraduate students' Resp·o nses to the questionnaires showed that the
e'\perience of culture shock was conducted by the most significant reason for cultural stress was that
-;iroject team, led by Anna Porter. Students completed international students found it hard to be away from
an email survey examining their feelings of cultural their cultui:e and way of life. Just over ninety percent
5tress. The student sample was fifty percent male and felt distress because of that feeling.
~ _' percent female . The majority (sixty-eight percent) They also had a strong im pression that they did not
·ere 20-24 years old. Seventy percent were engaged in really belong to the muversity (almost sixty percent).
'( .::oursework or research in postgraduate programs. All Furthermore, they perceived that people treated them
·arulties wer e represented. A wide range of countries differently because of their nationality (56 .7 percent).
as covered, with Asian countries predominating.
Some cultural items caused less concern than
·er twenty-eight percent of the students came from
s nught have been expected. A majority of students
China, Thailand and Malaysia.
(seventy-five percent) reported that they were
2 reasonably satisfied with their academic progress.
Twenty-five percent expressed anxie ty about their
questionnaire was sent to 300 overseas students~
performance.
~tural stress was assessed by six items. These
easured students' perceptions of the difficulties they Perhaps the most surprising result was that over
n ·ere experiencing living and studying in their new eighty-eight percent of international students were
~ ture . The students rated how six statements applied reasonably comfortable about living in the USA.
them on a four-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (very Moreover, a large number of the students stated tha t
much/ most of the time). Figures refer to percentages. they had achieved a satisfactory balance between
l C e: NA = not at all, TSD = to a small degree, study and other activities.
ead ~CD = to a considerable degree, VM = veiy much
5
le
3 It is clear that cultural stress affects a large number·
NA TSO TCD VM of international students to a greater or lesser degree.
9.7
They greatly iniss their fainiliar way of life at home. It
mi s the way of life in 39.9 28.6 21.8
is a cause for concern that a m ajority of international
~. own country .
students think that they do not belong to the muversity
co, le treat me differently 17.1 26.2 33.1 23.6 and that they are treated differently because of their
.:e:ause of my nationality. nationality. The study has revealed that cultural stress
·eel uneasy in the USA. 47.5 40.9 9.5 2.1 is a problem at the university. Action needs to be taken
on' t fee l I really 12.0 31.0 43.9 13.1 to remedy the situation. •
belong to this university .
I' m very worried about 42.7 32.3 11.2 13.8
my academic progress.
i m no t happy about 45.6 18.0 14.7 21.7
the ba lance between
ffi\" tudyin g and other

activities.
 People and ideas
7 .1 CREATIVITY

<;reativity comes from a conflict of ideas . Donatella Versace (b. 1955), Italian fashion designer

SPEAKING LISTENING
1 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. 3a You are going to listen to a lecture about creativit
1 Do you think creative people are born o~ made? How do you think the speaker will answer these
2 Wh at do you understand by the terms blue sky questions?
thinker, lateral thinker and someone who thinks 1 How would you define creati vity?
outside th e box? 2 How ca n you recognise a creati ve person?
3 .How creative do you consider yourself to be? What 3 In whi ch areas of work do you th ink creati vity is a
makes you think so ? useful quality to have?
4 How is creativity different to innovati on?
2a Answer the questions in the quiz below.
3b m Listen to the first part of the lecture and
check your answers.
Are you a lateral thinker?
Try the puzzles below 4a Ill Listen to the second part of the. lecture an d
................................................ put the stages of the model of the creative process in
Where are all men equally attractive? the correct order (1-5).
On which side of a cup is it best to have
a illumination
the handle?
b· preparation
How might someone be severely injured by
c verifi cation
being hit by some tomatoes?
d intimation
Where do the biggest carrots grow? e incubation
What living thing has only one foot?
How many birthdays does a typical woman 4b Listen again and make notes on what the stages iri
have? Exercise 4a mean.
A cowboy rode into town on Friday. He
spent one night there and left on Friday.
How do you explain this?

2b Work with a partner and discuss your ideas. Then

check your answers on page 162.

66
 DING VOCABULAR,
CREATIVITY ..
IDIOMS WITH HAND
Loo k at the photos on page 66 and answer the
- ti ons . Ba Complete the sentences w ith the idioms in the box.
• 'ho are th e crea ti ve peopl e in the photographs ?
a safe pair of hands gi e me a hand got my hands full
hat do you know about them?
hand in hand hands are tied on hand
• ha t do yo u think th ey have in co mmon?
time on my hands turn her hand to anything
a rk with a partner and discuss the statements.
\ore U.S. presidents have been· left-handed than 1 I have so much work to do. I' e realh !
• oht-ha nded. 2 It's amazing how mu lti-talented he is. She ca n _ __ .
_eit-handed peopl e are better at foreign/second 3 You ca n trust him with any task. ·H e's _ __ .
an uage lea rnin g th an ri ght-handed peopl e. 4 I' m bored . I' ve got nothing to do. I' ve got ___ .
Left-ha nded peopl e are likely to win at tennis, 5 I'd love to help, but I'm afraid I'm not allowed .
boxing and baseball. M y _ _.
._eft-ha nded peopl e are generall y hea lthier and 6 If you need anything, just call. I'm always _ _ to help .
ea lthier. 7 I' m rea ll y finding this probl em very difficul t to so lve.
._eit-ha nded peopl e are more likely to be women. Do you think you could ___ ?
n ht-ha nded peopl e are better at doing more th an 8 Some people say that genius goes ___ with madness.
'1e thin g at the sa me tim e.
8b ·work with a partner. Use the idioms in Exercise 8a
~th e past, left-h andedness was considered undesirable.
to give an example of a situation which applies to you.
ea d the article. Are the statements in Exercise Sb
t: fa lse or not given? SPEAKING
g ideas from the text Work with a partner 9a Work with a partner. Choose one of the objects
discuss the questions. from the box and think of new uses for it. You have two
minutes to come up with ideas.
-o~.v ma ny left-h anded peopl e do you know? Are
ev ma le or femal e? book coffee cup paperclip pen spoon
• nic h ideas in the articl e do you think are tru e?
Do you think you ca n 'spot' a left-h anded person ?
- o are they 'different' ? 9b Repeat the process with a different object.
y. ook at page 183 . Whi ch, if any, of the authors of
9c Join up with another pair. Turn to page 162 and
-· book do yo u think are left-h anded ? Why ? .
discuss your results.

the other hand

o ther instahnent in our series up to a third wider. This is perhap why pieces and analysing them one at a time.
gifted people, Jane Frank takes there are m ore left-handers in creative Left-handers u e synthesis, which means
k ?it a very special group. p rofessions such as music, art and writing. they solve a problem by looking at it as
·ant a q ui ck insight into H owever, interestingly, one in four of the a whole.
ne· abilities, throw a ball and see Apollo astronauts were left handed. So- In spite of all their talents and skills,
and they catch it with . Left- called 'lefties' are also often better at sport. historically, left-handed people have
e i. relatively uncommo n, Left-handed college graduates in the USA often faced prejudice and discrimination.
tin fo r aro und ten percent of the have also been found to be twenty-six The origins of the word l.tjfi have negative
'on. H owever, C hris M cM anus, percent richer. Perhaps surprisingly, left- connotations in many languages. For
k Right Hand, Left Hand, argues handedness is three times more common example, gauche, sinister and awkward are
-handers as a group have up in males than in females. · among translations from French, La tin
rodu ed an above-average So, what differentiates them ? Lefr- and German. In English, the word
f high achievers. Interestingly, handers' brains are said to be structured sinister became identified with evil or bad
, the la ·t seve n U.S . presiden ts differently. One theory is that th ey luck. Schools in many societies forced
left-handed. p rocess informatio n via 'visual children to use their rignt hands, which
by Dr Alan Searleman of St simultaneous' m ethods, where several seriously affected their development. In
.~-........- Ln.i\'ersity h.as shown that threads o [ thought can be p rocessed at contrast, right i a synonym for correct or
__ ..,_....,..l<:U people are more intellectually the same time, making it easier for them proper and can stand for authority and
more of them having IQ§ of to m ulti-task and solve problem s than justice in E nglish and in many European
c mpared to their right-handed for right-handers. The latter, according languages.
- .........=r•-. They are also more creative, to the theory, p roces inform ation using In the fin al analysis, however, it may be
and loqu nt, "'~th vocabularie · analysis, breaking p roblems down into that left is, in fact, better than right!

67
 CREATIVITY
..
.\DING VOCABL. pv
IDIOMS WITH HA ND
a Lo ok at th e photos on page 66 and an sw er th e
e tio ns. Ba Compl ete th e sentences with the idioms in the box.
\ Vho are the creative peop le in the photographs?
a safe pair of hands give me a hand got my hands full
\ Vhat do you know about them?
hand in hand hands are tied on hand
\V hat do you think they have in common?
time on my hands turn her hand to anythi ng
W ork with a partner and discuss the statem ents.
'"ore U .S. presidents have been left-handed th an 1 I have so mu ch work to do. I've rea ll y _ __ !
right-h anded. 2 It's amazi ng how multi-talented she is. She ca n _ _ _ .
Left-handed peop le are better at foreign/second 3 Yo u ca n trust him with an y task. He's ___ .
language learni ng than right-ha nded people. 4 I' m bored. I've got nothing to do. I've got _ _ .
Left-ha nded peop le are likely to w in at te nni s, 5 I'd love to help, but I' m afraid I' m not al lowed.
boxing and baseba ll. M y _ __ .
Left-handed peop le are genera ll y hea lthier and 6 If you need anything, just ca ll. I' m alwa s _ _ to help.
vealth ier. 7 I' m rea ll y fi nding thi s prob lem very difficult to so lve.
Left-handed peop le are more li ke ly to be women. Do yo u thin k you co uld _ _ _ ?
Right-handed peop le are better at doing more than 8 Some people say that genius goes ___ ' ith madness.
one thing at the same time.
8b Work with a partner. Use the idioms in Exe rcise 8a
In the past, left-handedness was considered undesirab le.
to give an example of a situation which applies to o u.
Read t he article. Are th e statements in Exercise Sb
e, fa lse or not given? SPEAKING
1\-ing Ideas from the text Work with a partner 9a Work with a partner. Choose one of t he obj ects
d iscuss th e question s. from the box and think of new uses for it. You have two
minutes to come up with ideas.
Hpw many left-handed peop le do yo u know? Are
'.hey ma le or fema le? book coffee cup papercl ip pen spoon
' hich ideas in the article do yo u think are true?
Do you th ink you can 'spot' a left-h anded person?
How are they 'different' ? 9b Repeat the process with a different object. .
y. Look at page 183 . W hi ch, if any, of the authors of
9c Join up with another pair. Turn to page 162 and
hi s book do you thin k are left-handed ? Why ?
discuss your results.

n the other hand

another instalment in our series up to a third wider. T his is perhaps why pieces and analysing iliem one at a time.
gifted people, Jane Frank takes there are more left-handers in creative Left-handers use synthesis, which mean
oR a t a very special group. professions such as music, art and writing. they solve a problem by looking at it as
u want a quick insight into H owever, interestingly, one in four of the a whole.
eone's abilities, throw a ball and see Apollo astronauts were left handed. So- In spite of all their talents and )cills,
h hand they catch it with. Left- called 'lefties' are also often better at sport. historically, left-handed people have
ed.nes is relatively uncommon, Left-handed college graduates in the USA often faced prejudice and discrimination.
unting fo r around ten percent of the have also been found to be twenty-six The origins of the word 1.ef i have negatiYe
.tlation. However, Chris M cManus, percent richer. Perhaps surprisingly, left- connota tions in many language . For
.·, bo k Right Hand, Left Hand, argues handedness is three times more common example, gauche, sinister and awkward are
left-handers as a group have up in males than in females. · among translations from French Latin
'" produced an above-average So, wha t differentiates them? Left- and German . In English, ilie word
ber ofhigb achievers. Interestingly, handers' brains are said to be structured sinister became identified wiili evil or bad
ut of the la t seven U. S. presidents differently . One tl1eory is that they luck. Schools in many ocietie forced
n been left-handed. process info rmation via 'visual children to use ilieir righ t hands which
:arch by D r Alan Searleman of St simultan eous' methods, where several seriously affected ilieir developm m . In
-rence University has shown that threads of thought can be processed at contrast, right is a synonym for correct or
.anded people are more intellectually the same time, making it ea ier for them proper and can stand for authority and
. "itb more of them having IQs of to multi-task and solve problems than justice in English and in m any European
; -l-0 compared to their right-handed for right-handers. The latter, according languages.
1erparts. They are also more creative, to th e theory, process information using In ilie final analysis, however, it may be
ill.ii and eloquent, with vocabularies analysis, breaking problems down into iliat left is, in fact, better tha n right!

67
 GREAT THINKERS

.. SPEAKING 4 Read the texts again. Who:

1 Work in groups. Think of five great thinkers whose 1 lived the longest?
ideas have influenced people's lives and rank them in 2 lived the earliest in history?
order of importance. Then compare your ideas wi!h 3 covered the greatest variety of topics in his writing
another group. 4 had his works studied at tertiary level in Europe?
5 gave a talk asking for acceptance of all religions?
2 What do you know about Confucius, Swami
Vivekananda, Sir Isaac Newton and lbn Sina? 5 Work with a partner and discuss the questions.
1 Which of the people in the texts did yo u find the
READING most interesting? Why ?
2 Who, in you r opinion, is/was the most importa nt
3 Read the texts quickly and note down key thinker in your country?
information about each person.

Confucius was a Chinese Sir Isaac Newton was

thinker and social a brilliant physicist and
philosopher, whose mathematician who
teachings and philosophy invented calculus and
deeply influenced thought formulated the laws of
and life in a variety of gravity, force and motion.
countries, including China, Newton's First Law of
Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Motion stated that the
He was born in Lu State in natural state of an object
551 BC and died in 497 BC. is to remain at rest if it ·
In China he was better is at rest and to continue
known as 'Master Kong'. to move if it is already
A number of academics have compared Confucius' moving. His concept of inertia stated that an object
influence on Chinese history with that of Socrates in the with a large amount of inertia will have a large mass
West. His social philosophy, recorded in The Analects, and an object with a small amount of inertia will
largely revolved around the concept of ren, 'compassion' have a small mass. Modern physics really started with
or 'loving others'. Confucius believed that the ruler lived Newton because he produced the first fundamental
to serve the people and should have a range of qualities, theory of mechanics and gravitation in his bo.ok
namely £[(observing ritual, propriety and etiquette), Yi Principia Mathematica . He modestly said, 'If I have
(righteousness) and Xin (honesty and trustworthiness). seen further than others, it is by standing upon the
He also believed in ancestral worship, strong family shoulders of giants.' He was born in 1642 in England
loyalty and respect to elders. and died in 1727.

' Swami Vivekananda, also known as Narendra Nath Ibn Sina, often known by his Latin name of
Datta, was born in Kolkata, India, in 1863 and died in Avicenna, was a physician and the most famous of
0
11 1902. Vivekananda was one of India's most influential the philosopher-scientists of Islam. He was born in
spiritual teachers and helped introduce eastern Uzbekistan in 980 and died in 1037. He wrote around
I philosophy, yoga and meditation to the West. He spent
a considerable amount of tinie meditating and taught a
450 works on a wide range of subjects, including
phifosophy, astronomy, psychology, Islamic theology,
philosophy of traditional meditation and selfless service. mathematics and poetry. He was the greatest writer
In 1893 he was invited to speak at the World Parliament of medicine in the Middle Ages and his book The
of Religions in Chicago, where he called for tolerance Carwn of Medicine was required reading throughout
and the end of religious fanaticism. He spoke for European universities until the seventeerith century.
freedom for Indian women fl - - --.."" He was a pioneer in the area of mental health, believing
and an end to the worst of that a significant proportion of •
the caste system. His books illnesses were psycliosomatic.
on the four yogas (Raja, The Avicenna Directories, a
Karma, Bhakti and Jnana) global database of medical
remain very influential. His schools and health institutions,
letters were of great literary was named after Ibn Sina,
and spiritual value and he demonstrating his lasting
was also considered an influence on the development of
outstanding singer and poet. medicine and health sciences in
the East and the West.

68
 GREAT THINKERS

CABU LARY 10 Answer the questions.

- PRESS IO NS O F QUANTITY 1 Read these sentences. How does of the before a
plural or un countable noun change the meaning?
Loo k at the expressions of quantity in the box. Then I need some in formation. I need some of the.
d more expressions in the texts. information.
nch of a co upl e of a great deal of 2 What is the differen ce between :
arge quantity of a pair of a every, all, each?
_ ·ght majority of a tiny proportion of b little/a little, few, a few?
3 What is the difference between these statements?
a She had seen neither A ristotle nor Plato at Plato 's
Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
academy.
ewton's work attracted a considerable amount of I b She had not seen either AristoUe or Plato at
a slight majority of criticism. Plato 's academy.
lbn Sina learnt a great deal of I a couple of Arab poetry.
4 What is the difference between th ese stateme nts?
'\!c hemical books made up a pair of I a significa nt
a I like all classical music.
proportion of Newton 's personal library.
b I don 't like some classical music.
Vivekananda travelled widely in the USA lecturing
c I don 't like any classical music.
o n a wide range of I a tin y proportion of subjects.
The Co nfu c ius Institute offe rs a w ide variety of I one 11 Complete the text with quantifiers. Sometimes
of language programmes. more than one answer is possible.

TEN ING
m Listen to a radio programme about the ideas
Nearly 1_ _ _ of the problems of philosophy we re
· vo more great thinkers, Keynes and Aristotle, and
defined by Socrates, Plato and Aristotle . However,
e dow n the two most interesting things about them .
Aristotle is known for being one of the 2_ _ _ figures in
Bl Evaluating a summary Listen to the first part history who studied almost 3_ _ _ subject possible at
he programme again and choose the best su mmary the time. He wrote 4 texts on the sciences and the
vhat Professor Kotov said.
arts. He also wrote 5_ _ _ texts on ethics, the maj or
one being Nichomachean Ethics. His most famous wor~
?rofes sor ¥-otov thinks it is time to re-evo.lvo.te
was 6 Nichomachean Ethics or Politics.
- ~w or k of economi st )ohn Mo.yno.r"1 ¥-eynes in
- -ese "1ifficvlt economic "10.ys, when he wovl"1 In Politics, Aristotle says: 'Democracy is when those
e o. c1 voco.te"1 more ~overnment Sfen"1in~ on who do not own 7_ _ _ property, but are poor, have
~s - rvction o.n"1 tro.nSfort to helf the economy ~row. authority in the system of government. 8 _ _ _ men
are rich, but 9_ _ _ are free . Democracy is when
10
_ _ _ free citizen has authority. It is democracy when
Profe)for l<otov ;aid that Joh fl Mayflard 11
_ __ the citizens can deliberate about everything.'
- fi ef thovght goverf)mefltf ;hovld fpefld more ifl
Very 12_ _ _ information exists about what Aristotle
- eco flomic dovvflfvrfl ifl order to dimvlate the
~:;of) omj. fie a/f o raid that f<eyflef' idea> were ovt of looked like, but he was known to be a kind-hearted man
-~rhio fl, hvt flOW they are hack. devoted to his family and his friends. He liked to spend
a 13_ _ _ of time walking with his students discussi.ng
philosophical problems.
Ill Listen to the second part of the programme
pii n and write yo ur own summary (about 40 words)
hat Dr Petrakis said.

- AMMAR SPEAKING
~ -\NTIFIERS
12 Work in small groups. Take it in turns to give a
Look at the quantifiers in bold in Audio script 7.3 on short talk about one of the great thinkers you thought
ge 172 and write them in the correct place in the table. of in Exercise 1.
- en add as many other quantifiers as you can think of.

- -ing ular noun + plural noun + uncountable HI: EXPERT

noun Watch an interview with Mairi Ryan
mony from the Royal Society of Arts, about
their public events programme.
Turn to page 152 for video acti vi ties.
- Language reference and extra practice, pages 138-139 ---

69
 GOOD IDEAS

SPEAKING
1 a Identifying outcomes Work in
small groups and discuss these ideas.
Think of as many positive, negative and
interesting outcomes as possible.
1 making all countr ies drive on the right
rather than the left
2 in hot countries, painting al l roofs in
cities white to save energy
3 arranging all products in superma rkets
alphabetica ll y
4 making all you ng people join the arm y
for a year
5
6
making chewing gum ill ega l
wearing facemasks when you have a SHARING GOOD IDEAS
co ld

1b Which of the ideas in Exercise 1a are ( ) Switching to LED bulbs

good? Which are bad? Why? People c~oose electronic LEDs (Light
emitting diodes) because they Last for ages,
READING ·never break and reduce your energy bill.
Traditi onal Light bulbs haven't changed
2 Scan the texts and find:
much since Thomas Edison invented them
1 the most common type of book on the
in the Late 1870s. You flip a switch and the
book-swapping website.
bulbs give you Light. They are simple, but
2 the writer's criteria for a personal trainer.
they are fragile and don't Last very Long.
3. the inventor of the I ight bulb.
LEDs Light up almost immediately and can
3 Read the texts again and answer the take a knock, given their solid construction.
questions. They are used in flashlights and miner-style head torches. They are being
1 Which text mentions something that: used more and more in homes due to their falling prices. Or1ginally, t.he·=
a once was on ly for the elite? · was a problem with their blue-white colour, which was a side effect of
b has improved si nce its first a chemical used in their manufacture. Now they give off a warm, yellow
appearance? Light. Conversion to LED Lighting would reduce our energy consumptior
c is fundamentally the same as approximately one third, cut our energy bills and reduce carbon emissio·
when it first appeared?

2
d can be recycled via the internet?
Which idea appeals to you the most?
0 Personal training
I'd have paid for a personal trainer ages ago if I'd realised how
4a Find words in the texts with these motivating they were. Mine is qualified and meets all the criteria
meanings. I required (fit, passionate about health and fitness, patient,
1 the amount of electricity, gas, oil or motivational, flexible, good at setting attainable goals and a
energy that is used (text A) good communicator) . Personal training used to be an exclusive
2 substances that are sent out into the air service to the rich, but it is now accessible to millions of people
(text A) with many choosing one-to-one fitness advice, more tailored
3 within reach and not too difficult to personal programmes and group training sessions over gym
achieve (text 8)
workouts. Thf; fitness industry ·~=iii~~~
4 limited to parti cu lar people or groups
is constantly evolving with new
(text B)
training techniques emerging,
5 too fat in a way that is dangerous to your
health (text B) such as high-intensity interva,L
6 works we ll and is the result of clever training and bodyweight training.
thinking and new ideas (text C) With half of the Western world's
population predicted to be obese
4b Write sentences using the words in by 2 0 5 0, there wi LL be no shortage
Exercise 4a. of customers. I've definitely been
convinced - if I hadn't signed up for
personal training, there's no way I'd
be as fit as I am now.

70
 r CABULARY
RREGULAR PLURALS
GRA \
GOOD IDEAS

COND ITIO ALS

-
5a Complete the tabl e. Th en check your answers 6a Look at t hes e exam pl es from the texts. Which
in a dicti onary. type of cond it ional (first, second, third, zer·o or
mixed) are they?
ingular Plural
1 I'd have paid for a persona l tra iner ages ago if I'd
1 criterion rea li sed how moti ating the were.
2 phenomenon 2 If I had a euro for e er\ book I had read once and
then du mped on a shelf, I \\Ould be a ri ch woman.
3 hypoth esis
3 If you find a book you like, \Ou .email its owner.
4 anal yses 4 If yo u look hard enough, ou 'll fi nd something
5 th eses yo u like.
5 If I had n't signed up for per ana l training, there' s
no way I'd be as fit as I am nO\\ .
5b Tick the correct sente nces. Correct th e mistakes
n the inco rrect sentences. 6b Which conditional do we use to talk about:
He wrote an exce ll ent doctoral theses . 1 li ke ly co nditions (things wh ich are er\ Ii el
:! There is a strange phenomena that occurs every year in to happen)?
this part of the world. 2 . unli ke ly cond iti ons (thi ngs wh ich mi h happen,
3 Yo u still haven't proved thi s hypothesis. but probably won't)?
W hat are the criteria for selecting th e best idea? 3 imposs ible cond itions (th ings wh ich are unrea l
5 We are carrying out a detailed ana lyses of the test results. and ·d id not happen)?
4 genera l co nditio ns (things whi ch ca n occur a
any ti me and often occur more th an once and
their res ul ts)?
Book swapping
ad a euro for every book I had read once and
7a Match 1-8 with a pair of clauses (a-h) to make
sentences.
- =n dumped on a shelf, I would be a rich woman.
:ny of us own hundred s of books that will never 1 If they'd brought a map,
ng
2 If you solve the prob lem,
ere = 'ead again . Up t ill now, the only book sharing I
3 If I were you,
~. e do ne has been with friends and my book club.
4 If I had my own car,
: _co uld try www.readitswapit.com . This is a .
"') n by 5 If I' d wo rked harder,
-==>si te that Lets you exchange the books you 6 If yo u don't leave right now,
ions ~ .... ·t read again for books that you do wa nt to 7 I' ll phone the hosp ital
~=:::i . ALL users of this ingenious website provide a 8 If the ba ll to uches the line,
.:: o f t heir unwanted books. If you f ind a book you a I' ll phone the police ./you' ll regret it.
:: y o u email its owner. The owner then Looks b it's in, not ou t/don't blow yo ur w hi stle.
ia _: ou r List . Hopefully, they will see a book t hey c I cou ld have gone to college./l'd have passed the exam.
= T en y ou both send each other your books. d I' ll buy everyo ne dinner./yo u' ll fee l a lot better.
- ::iLe. Currently, there are a Lot of thrill ers and e I' d listen to her very carefull y.II woul dn't te ll her.
s-eri es such as The Do Vinci Code, but if yo u f I'd go away every weekend./you wouldn 't have to
ta ke me to work .
e :: · hard enough, you'll find somethingyou Li ke.
g if yo u don't have time./if you wa nt.
h they wo ul dn't be lost now./they wo ul d have arri ved
on time.

7b Match the sentences in Exercise 7a with their

functions.
a advice
b offer
c prom ise
d instructions/ rules
e cri ticism
f regretting
g threats
h imagining, w ishi ng

loo+ Language reference and extra practice, pages 138-139

71
 =
1_ _ 7.4 SCENARIO
CAMOMILA

SITUATION KEY LANGUAGE

Camomila is a city in South America. It is situated APPROVING IDEAS, EXPRESSING DOUBT/
on flat land and surrounded by mountains. Several OBJECTIONS
rivers and streams run through the city. At times there
is heavy rainfall and the summers tend to be very 3a m Carl and Christina from JBUP have joined ·
group. Listen to the second part of the conversation
hot and humid. The population has grown rapidly
and answer the questions.
over the years to almost two rnillion because of
I immigration and its appeal to eco-tourists (it is not far 1 What does the Mayor propose to make the city
from the Amazon rainforest). There is now a thriving 'greener' ?
industrial area, with many multinational companies, a 2 What advantages of his proposal does he mention?
11 growing number of electronics enterprises, and large
commerce and service sectors. 3b Match the extracts from the conversation (1-12)
with their functions (a-c).
The new Mayor of the city, Eduardo Alves, is
determined that Camomila will become a model city 1 Sounds like a great idea.
in South America . However, at present the city has a 2 I'm not too keen on this one.
number of serious problems. As a result, the Mayor has 3 I think there' ll be some real problems.
hired a firm of international consultants, JBUP, to come 4 It would be a very expensive option.
up with ideas for improvi~g the city. He has specifi~d 5 But looking after the trees might not be such a
that he wants practical, inexpensive solutions which big problem.
will involve the participation of the local community 6 I· think it's a really good suggestion.
as much as possible. As consultants of JBUP, you must 7 Some of the projects must be for the long term.
find the solutions the Mayor is looking for. 8 Will it really work?
9 I just don't think it's feasible.
10 You have to trust local people and give them
1 Read the situation. What problems do you think responsibility. ·
ha~e arisen because of: 11 It's a good project, in my opinion.
1 the climate? 12 It may not cost as much money as you think.
2 the rapid increase in population? a approving ideas
b expressing doubt/objections
2 - The Mayor, Eduardo Alves, accompanied by
c offering counter-arguments
the councillor responsible for environmental .affairs,
Manuela Lopes, is meeting the director of JBUP. Listen
to the first part of their conversation and make notes
on the problems which have arisen concerning:
1 gr.een spaces. 4 trains and stations.
2 the downtown shopping district. 5 flooding.
3 buses. 6 children.
 CAMOMILA •
s Sa In your groups, try to agree on a plan for the future
E\\I PLAN FO R CAM OMILA development of Camomila.

Vork in groups. You are consultants at JBUP. Sb Decide which solutions should be given priority
:::ad JB UP's report and choose 4-6 problems. and which could be delayed until a later date.
·nstorm ideas for solving the problems and Sc Compare your group's plan with the plans of other
·e down your solutions. groups.

USEFUL PHRASES
JBUP

• Report
The federal government has given the city a large
grant to finance its urban plan. However, the
Prioritising

Solving the problem of ... is a priorit\.

We need to give this matter priorit\.
We need to find a solution urgently.
The most urgent problem is ...
Mayor and city council will welcome solutions Delaying action
which represent value for money, are relatively
It. co uld be put off/put back.
inexpensive and involve the local community.
It could be put on the backburner.
Problems We could look at this later.
• traffic jams in the downtown shopping district We needn 't take any immediate acti on.
• frequent flooding in the city
• lack of green spaces in the city Making alternative suggestions
• small, overcrowded buses Another possibility might be ...
• increased crime on the buses It might also be worth .. . (+verb in -ing form
• not enough places for young and old to meet An alternative solution could be to .. .
• no reliable system of dealing with rubbish; Another approach could be ...
usually left outside houses and buildings
• insufficient hotels for tourists; poor quality
and service
• lack of courtesy towards tourists; many_
complain about bad behaviour of young
people at night
overcrowded housing; shabby, run-down
houses and apartments, especially in the highly
populated, new-town areas
a large number of 'street children'
architects do not create green spaces when
they build schools, office blocks, apartment
buildings, etc.
lack of facilities in the city: not enough hospitals,
theatres, cinemas, art galleries, museums
 STUDY SKILLS 4 Find words or phrases in the essay with these
CRITICAL TH INKING meanings.
1 start to use so methin g (paragraph 1)
1a Work with a partner and discuss the questions. 2 give, comm uni cate (pa ragraph 2)
1 Why is critica l th inkin g such an importa nt sk ill ? 3 questioned (paragraph 2)
2 What other sk ill s are important for success in the 4 tasks requiring people to work together (paragrap h 3)
twenty-first ce ntury? 5 emphasised (pa ragraph 4)
6 presented a point of view (paragraph 5)
1b Bl Listen to a teacher talking about critical
7 the most basic and important part (pa ragraph 6)
thinking. What key points does he make? Make notes.
8 ca nnot be chall enged or debated (pa ragraph 7)
Are they the same points as the ones you discussed in
9 havi ng a strong effect on something or someone
Exercise 1a?
(paragrap h 7)
2 Read this essay question and the essay on page 75 10 better than (paragraph 7)
and answer the questions.
5 Read the last paragraph of the essay again. Summarise
in one sentence the difference between the child-centred
How relevant are the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
and teacher-centred approaches to education.
to today's educators? Discuss the question and state
your op inion on the topic. 6 Read the essay again. In groups, make a list of
questions you have about the essay and discuss them.
7 Work with a partner and try to persuade each other
1 Wh at is the writer's opinion concernin g the topic? that your approach gets the best results.
2 In what part(s) of the essay ca n the reader find the Student A: Prepare an argu ment in favou r of the
writer's opinion?
child-ce ntred approach to educatin g children.
3 What area of education does the essay focus on?
Student B: Prepare an argument in favour of t he
teacher-centred approach to educatin g children.

8a Tick the ideas that you think Rousseau would have

agreed with. Then read the essay again and check your
answers.
1 educati ng children to develop their character and
moral sense
2 using ed ucation to teach children se lf-co ntrol and to
be good hum an beings
3 in cludin g physical training in the curri cu lum
4 giv in g children a lot of books to read
5 ensuri ng the child does not lea rn anything that he or
she is not ready to understand
6 ed ucating children's emotions before their reasoning
7 getti ng students to memorise facts
8 recommending teachers to do more talking in the
classroom th an thei r stude nts
9 paying careful attention to the environmel'lt in which
children study
10 encouraging children to draw conclusions from their
experien ce
11 teaching you ng adu Its a manual ski 11, such as
3 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. carpentry, as a mea ns of making a living
1 Whi ch two of Roussea u's ideas does the writer 12 seeing the rol e of the teacher as facilitating
present in the essay? opportunities for learnin g
2 Wh at evidence does the writer give in each case 13 allowing questions only at the end .of a class
to show that Roussea u's ideas are still relevant to 14 setting frequent continu ous assessment tests of
today's educators? students' knowledge of a subject
3 What do you think are the strongest pieces of evidence
he or she offers? Give reasons for your answers. · 8b Which of the ideas in Exercise Ba do you think
4 Has the writer presented his or her arguments in a should be the aims of educators?
logica l, coherent form? Give reasons fo r your answer.

74
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Fren ch philosopher WRITING SKILLS
and educationalist writing in the eighteenth century.
AN OPINION-LED ESSAY
He se t out his ideas on education in a novel entitl ed
Em ile, publish ed in 1762, which describes th e id eal 9 Complete the text with the words in the box.
ed ucation of the book's main character, Emile.
Ro usseau's ideas have undoubtedly influenced evidence ideas overall persuade
3)
enerations of teachers, and his approach to reasons summarised
educa ting young children, in particular, has bee n put
.nto practice in primary schools all over the world. An opinion -l ed essay gives an opinion and supports it
_.\ccording to Rousseau, the main purpose of education with 1 • The aim of the writer is to 2_ _ _ the

\' not to impart information, but to bring out what was reader to ag ree with the opinion and to show 3 _ __
m each person. He did not believe that children should for a particular opinion. The introduction gives a(n)
4
':>e stuffed with facts, but rather that they should be able _ _ _ view of the essay. In the main body of the essay,

·o think for themselves and form their own opinions. evidence is presented that supports the thesis. The most
e Education, therefore, should consist of allowing the child important 5_ _ _ usually come first. In the conclus ion,
ed a, much freedom as possible. Surely, this idea would not no new evidence is given. The main idea is 6_ __ and
It' challenged by modern, progressive teachers. And isn't the argument is restated.
- e,·en more valid now that young people can obtain
1 0 Read the statements. Do you agree or disagree?
n. :acts so easily from the internet?
lri the opening paragraph of an opinion -l ed essay, you
There is no doubt that Ro~sse au's ideas, whi ch
ie r should:
ere taken up by later educationalists, have greatly
t1uenced the modern approach to a style of education 1 introduce the subject of the essay.
alled 'child-centred learning'. This focuses on th e 2 refer to the main point(s) in the question.
c:ed · of children rath er than on those of teachers 3 copy several phrases from the question.
nd administrators . The child-centred teach er creates 4 try to paraphrase the question.
..n em ironment which will encourage children to 5 state clearly your opinion on the topi c .
·co,·er new skills and knowledge. Such teachers 6 indicate the scope of the essay .
we reate a tivity centres in th e classroom, encourage
~ ur
11 a Read the essay again. Anal yse the structure the
.:er- tu toring and get children to work togeth er on
writer has used to present his or her ideas in the essay .
..:r')up projects.
What information is included in each paragrapf;i?
-:-_ e importance of Rousseau's idea to contemporary
--.Kh ers was highlighted in John D arlin g's 1994 book 11 b Work with a partner and discuss our anal sis.
to ild-Cen tred Education and its Critks ( 1994: I 7). 12a Essay planning Work in groups. Think of some
e author argu es that th e history of modern arguments for and against the opinion expressed in the
..icational theory is a series of footnotes to Rousseau. essay. Try to support each argument with re asons and
-- o ther of Rousseau's important ideas was that things evidence.
or
~er tha n people should be used to train a child. H e
12b Choose one of the essay questions and plan your
~ ..:ued that a teacher or parent should never lecture or
1ng essay using the structure below.
ac h to a child, and that experience and interaction
~h th ings was a more effective teacher. For ex ample, 1 Write an opinion-led essay strongly agreeing or
en Emile breaks a window, he finds that he gets disagreeing with the writer of the essay opposite.
' because th e window is not repaired. I would 2 Choose an influential thinker and write an
ich
- _ e that this is a p erfect example of what modern opin ion-l ed essay on whether you agree or
La tiona lists call 'discovery lea rning'. disagree with his/ her ideas.
~ ir
idea is also at th e very heart of the world-famous
. -e- ori meth od of teaching children. In Montessori • introduction (general statement, introduce the
1) . " ·hich can be found all over the world, the su'bject)
rooms are fill ed with games and equipment which • body (arguments+ evidence, most important ideas
ren ca n use to learn skills and gain knowl edge. The come first)
e of M ontessori teaching is that children lea rn by • conclusion (s ummary, restatement ~f your opinion)
r ence ra ther than being told things by a teacher.
n.deniable that Rousseau has been very influential 13 Essay writing Write your essay.
moring a child-centred approach to lea rning, in
he child is an active, responsible participant
r her own learning. This approach is surely
le to the teacher-centred approach , which
-eacher in an active role and the students in
e. receptive role. Modern teachers owe an
~~~L. , deb t to Rousseau's revolutionary approach.

i5
 Journalism and media
BREAKI NG NEWS

. For most fo lks, no news is good news; for the press, good news is not news. Gloria Borger (b.1952), American jour

SPEAKING 3a What are these people's roles in the media?\'\

with a partner and discuss your ideas. ·
1 Work in small groups and discuss the questions.
a reporter
1 ' Ne wspapers will soon be a thing of the past. '
b paparazzo
Do you agree? Why?/Why not?
c editor
2 Where do you get the news from (e .g. TV,
d producer
newspapers, radio, the internet - traditional sites and
e blogger
soc ial media)? Why?
f correspondent
3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
g anchor
Think a bout speed, convenience, cost, reliability and
h moderator
any other considerations.
columnist
I
2a Complete the statements with the words in the box. 3b Do you think working in the news media is an·
11 bi as deadline privacy record scoop attractive profession? Why?/Why not?
I sources speculation
LISTENING
A good news journalist: 4 m Justifying choices Listen to six people who
1 never mi sses a ·work in the media talking about their jobs. Which pa n
2 respects the ___ of public figures. of t he news media do you think each speaker works
3 deals in facts rath e r than in? Why?
4 will do a lm ost anything for a _ __ or to break a a print media ,
story. b broadcast media (TV/ra di o)
5 always identi fies the ir _ __ . c online media
6 a llows peopl e to speak off the _ _ to protect
themse fves . Sa Listen again . Match each speaker (1-6) with one ol
7 reports honestly, o bj ective ly and without ___ . t he job titles (a-i) in Exercise 3a.

2b Work with a partner and discuss the statements Sb What difficulties with their job does each speaker
in Exercise 2a. Do you agree? Which are the most mention?
important? 6 Which job would you most like to do? Why?

76
 r- rABULARY
BREAKING NEWS

8b Which headlines refer to:

..
-;-iE MED IA 1 losing a job?
2 a rescue?
- a Look at some words and phrases from the listening.
3 new rules/controls?
hat do you think they mean?
4 an investigation?
:ound bite blogosphere broadsheets 5 a planned reduction in something?
·culation figures citi zen journalism go viral 6 death?
libel laws the tabloids trending 7 a romance?
viewing figures 8 an argument/fighting?
9 an embarrass ing situation?

Check your answers. Match the words and phrases 9 Answer the questions.
Exercise 7a with their meanings. 1 Which tenses/verb forms are used in the headlines?
the number of newspapers sold 2 Which time do they refer to?
:! he number of people who watch a broadcast 3 What do you notice about the language used?
3 officia l rules governing what you may say about
10 Rewrite the headlines as full sentences.
peop le in print
- present a positive view of something to influence people A Th e government is going to take strong action
5 a very short part of a speec h or statement aga inst crime on the internet.
•he 'popular press'
- qua lity newspapers, the 'quality press' SPEAKING
•h e number of visits to a website
11 Wor.k in groups. You are producers of a
, passed from person to person on the internet
thirty-minute news programme with an audience
popular at the moment (especia ll y on social media)
demographic of 18-35-year-olds. The headlines in
• ,, hen ordinary people gather and spread news
Exercise Ba are the possible stories for today's edition
- pe rsonal websites and biogs
of the programme. Follow these steps .
.t
1 Discuss the possible content of each story and decide
r 1NG
how interesting they would be for your viewers.
Read the headlines. What do you think the stories 2 Choose five stories for your programme. You may
-e abo ut? also include one extra item of 'breaking news' (your
own idea). ·
3 Decide a running order for the stories.
4 Decide how much time will be spent on each story.
GOVT TO TV STARS Will it contain an interview? If so, who will you
CRACKDOWN
>J NET CRIME SPLIT TO 5
interview?
Present yo ur ideas to another group.
WED

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TOLL RISES CLASHES

I
 A WAY WITH WORDS

READING 2b Read the article again and answer the questio

1a Predicting You are going to read an article by 1 What does Jenkins find upsetting .in written Engl i
Simon Jenkins, an experienced journalist. Predict the these days?
skills and qualities you think he will say are needed for 2 What does Jenkins compare learning the techniq u
a career in journalism. of writing clear English to?
1b Read the article quickly to find out how many of 3 Which parts of speech did Jenkins' sub-editor like
your predictions were correct. and which did he not like?
4 Where did Jenkins learn how to write clear English
2a Read the article again and choose the best 5 What do the best journalists do when they meet ar
introductory paragraph. exciting person or visit a beautifu I place?
6 What are the most important qualities for journal is
According to Simon Jei:-kins, the best journalists are
7 What is more important: a story or journalism?
great writers with an extensive knowledge of the

L English language and a solid training in how to write. 3 Which of the sub-editor's rules does this paragrap
break?
2 Are journalists born or made? According to Simon It is interesting to see that the three key problems were
Jenkins, while the basics can be taught, first there has punctuality, truancy and bad behaviour. Unfortunate!
to be an intense curiosity about the world and a love the police had to be called to the run-down state sch od
of the written word. on several occasions.

acquired, as must a skill at playing accommodate and interesting,

HOT the piano. Like many ingenue
journalists, I acquired it first in
and try to use concrete, not
abstract nouns. The best
OFF THE the trial and error of a student
newsroom and then went on to a
punctuation is a full stop.

PRESS more formal training, in my case

with The Times newspapers.
E That training was a privilege
greater than anything I acquired
at school or university. It was
Simon Jenkins, The Guardian C The latter's educational the toolkit for a career, always
supplement, then integrated with to be kept oiled and·polished. I
A Journalists are creatures the main paper, possessed two watched colleagues floundering
of nature, not nurture. The invaluable bits of equipment. as they sought to fashion storie
profession develops from One was a source of stories, the in ignorance of its framework.
instinct, from a peculiar way of politics of education, to which
seeing and describing the world . little harm could be done by F I used to ask aspiring journalis
It may be objective in practice, my reporting. The other was a whether they kept a diary. What
but it is subjective in motivation. ferocious Irish sub-editor. He was their instinctive response to
would score through superfluous meeting an exciting person or
B Journalism is expressed in the visiting a beautiful place, to an
words, underline bad grammar
written or spoken word, but I highly charged emotion? Did
and mercilessly spike articles,
have never regarded that as its they crave to communicate their
leaning back in his chair,
essence. The technical skill is that experience through the written
removing his glasses and asking
of creating clear and succinct word? It is the best indicator I
the classic question of any
sentences, which any profession know of a natural reporter.
journalism teacher: 'Now, what is
should inculcate. This can be
it you are really trying to tell me?' G The qualities essential to
taught and should be part of any
core curriculum. Its absence D I absorbed his maxims like journalism thus extend far beyon
from so much of written English mother's milk. Never begin a an ability to write. They are those
nowadays, from users' manuals paragraph with it. Make every of curiosity, an uninhibited mind,
to student exam questions to paragraph a single idea. Nouns ' native cunn,ing and an eagerness
government white papers, is and verbs are the workhorses to communicate, summed up in
deplorable. I sometimes think a of a sentence, never qualifiers. the gift to narrate. Such is the
well-produced newspaper is that Delete every adjective and raw material on which the story
last r edoubt of clear English. adverb from your story and depends and without which there
There is no talent for such reinsert only those that appear is nothing to say. There can be a
technique. While some people essential. Never use sloppy story without journalism, but no
pick it up quickly, it must be words such as supply, problem, journalism without a story.

78
 A WAY WITH WORDS

4 Find adjectives in the article with GRAMMAR

these meanings. VERB PATTERNS
1 based on opinions and feelings rath er
than on facts (paragraph A) 7a Look at the phrases in bold in Audio script 8.2 on page 174 and
1 clearly expressed, with no wasted words match th~m with these patterns.
(paragraph B) 1 verb+ to-infinitive
3 very bad (paragraph B) 2 verb(+ object) + to-infinitive
extremely useful (paragraph C) 3 verb (+ object) + infinitive without to
5 unnecessary (paragraph C) 4 verb+ -ing
6 carelessly expressed (paragraph D) 5 verb + preposition + -ing
7 hoping to be successful at something 6 verb + object + preposition + -ing
(paragraph F)
8 not restrained in any way (paragraph G) 7b Look at Audio script 8.2 again and find other examples of the
patterns in Exercise 7a.
::> Paraphrase the following sentences
fr om the article in simple English. 8 What is the difference in meaning between these sentences?

1 I absorbed his maxims like mother's milk. 1 You don't want them to stop reading.
2 I watched colleagues floundering as 2 You don't want them to stop to read.
they sought to fashion stories.
9 Choose the c.orrect form to complete the sentences.
1 I really want work I to work for a national newspaper .
.... TENING 2 He doesn 't mind to work I working late.
6a lfl Listen to an experienced 3 My teacher persuaded me study I to study journalism at college.
·o urnalist talking to a group of students 4 My boss wouldn't let me write I to write the story about the police
and answer the questions. and the politi cian.
1 What advice is given to those who 5 My boss encourages us to take I taking tea breaks during the
w ant to go into journalism by : working day.
a· Joseph Pulitzer? 6 Do you remember to go I going for your first job interview?
b the speaker? 7 Sh e promised to file I filing the story before midnight.
8 I can't stand read I reading about celebrity gossip.
1 What current topi c in journ alism is the
9 Sh e bl amed me for delete I deleting the file, but it wasn ' t me!
speaker going to look at towards the
end of the talk? • Lan guage reference and extra practice, pages 140- 141
To w hat extent does the speaker agree
ith Simon Jenkins? 10 Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Use the correct
verb patterns. Then work with a partner and compare your answers.
Listen again and complete the 1 I don 't mind
ences. Then look at Audio script 8.2
2 My parents persuaded ___ .
page 174 and check your answers.
3 I promised _ _ _ .
I'd like to congratulate you on 4 Next year I really want ___ .
receiving the ' Best ___ . 5 My parents always encouraged ___ .
F st of all , I' m not going to apologise 6 I can 't stand
fo r being a journalist, even though we 7 Once I blamed my friend ___ .
are not 8 I remember when I was a child.
I can't stand listening to complaints 9 When you go out, you must remember _ __ .
abo ut
Put it before them briefly _ _ _ ,
SPEAKING
cl ea rl y so they will _ _ ,
pi cturesquely so _ __ and above all, 11 Work in groups. and discuss the statements.
:l
accurately so they will _ __ . 1 Journalists invade people's personal lives and publicise things that
-\ lw ays treat the reader with _ __ people want to keep private.
an d don't make them feel inadequate. 2 There is no higher claim to journalistic integrity than going to jail
to protect a source. '
3 Journalists are born, not made.

€)'
UEUT SC \c-timt n
79
 CONQUER ING SOCIAL MED IA
,,
,,
.. ·
VOCABULARY AND
watch read participat e about
SPEAKING
1 a Which social med ia sites can you
Well, the two are adually very
think of? Which ones do you use?
Transcript closely connected. Chris Hadfield
1 b How many news stories can you is of course the Canadian
think of that started through social Chris Hadfield
Conquering social media who spent five months on the
media?
International Space Station in
2a Ill
Listen to the introduction to a 2012 and 2013. He became what many have called the most
conference talk. What is the talk about? famous spaceman since Neil Armstrong due to his hugely popular
social media campa·1 gn, cu\m"inat"lng ·m his zero-grav·1ty version o
David Bowie's Space Oddity.
Sadly, although Hadfield's Major Tom is no longer available via
official channels, his popularity keeps on growing and he now has
well over a million Twitter followers, substantially more than the
20,000 or so he had when he left Earth. His media campaign, which
was largely run by his sons, focused on using YouTube, Twitter,
Facebook, Google+, Tumblr and Reddit - remember his AMA*! - as
well as more traditional media outlets, and it offers lasting lessons
in understanding how to engender public interest in a subject that
could appear dry and boring. And this is why I am talking about him.
So what did he do? It wasn't just that he was online, anyone can
2b Listen again and complete t he do that. In my opinion , there were three important aspects of
phrases 1- 6. Hadfield's approach. Firstly, he targeted a specific audience -
1 · 11 d like to focus social media tech-savvy young people - and captured and kept their attention
2 to allow time ___ questions by posting multiple tweets, photos and videos every day. He didn't
3 please feel free ___ interrupt bore us with details of scientific data he was collecting, but instead
4 There won't be any handouts going
shared stories about day-to-day life in space.
5 I'd like to begin _ __ telling you Secondly, because he is a natural and enthusiastic storyteller, these
6 you thought you were signing _ __ anecdotes - from how to make a sandwich to what happens if you cry
for a conference in space - succeeded in entertaining as well as informing his audience.
3 Work in pairs. Brainstorm ideas for Ah , I see one of you has just tweeted a great question: yes, let me
a talk .on social media. Prepare a short answer that! 'How did he let us know about crying in space?' Well,
introduction and present it to each other he uploaded videos of himself on YouTube squirting water into
using some of the phrases in Exercise 2b. his own eye to show that the water stays in place - it doesn't roll
down your face! His answer was aimed at everyone and it's a good
REA DING example of how he never took himself too seriously. It also made ·
4 Scan the transcript of the rest of t he him appear human : he's a spaceman who knows what happens if
talk opposite and answer the questions. you cry in space, and we can all connect with that.
1 How did Chris Hadfield become So to come back to the third and final point I wanted to make, I
famous? believe Hadfield had a clear message that he wanted to share. He
2 Whi ch forms of social media did he didn't say it explicitly, but he demonstrated it persistently in his
use? posts and videos throughout the months he was in space - that
Sa Read the transcript again and answer is, the idea that space exploration is cool, fascinating and worth
the questions. spending money on.
1 What do yo u think Hadfield wanted So what can we take away from all this? Well, I think the three factors
to achieve by communicating through I've described can be applied to all communication via social media,
socia l medi a? whether you 're writing your own blog or planning a corporate social
2 What three things does the speaker
media campaign. If you want to know more, read my blog: 'to get a
believe made his campaign a success?
memorable message across, stay on message and stay human!'
Sb What do you think are the most *AMA= ask me anything
important elements of a successful social
media campaign? Compare you r ideas.

80
 CONQUERING SOCIAL MEDIA

GRAMMAR TIP
-
We can put adverbs of degree and manner b~tween
the verb and preposition, but not between the
preposition and object.
He dealt mostly with compelling stories . ./
He dealt with mostly compelling stories. x

~ Language reference and extra practice, pages 140-141

7 Complete the text with prepositional verbs from

Exercise 6c.

Journalists need to be familiar wit h techn ical

developments in the media. T hey sh ou ldn 't just
1
social networking sites: t hey need to use
them because familiarity with the tools is important.
They need to 2 their sources from Faceboo k,
MySpace and Twitter and any other type of social
media as carefully as they would verify t raditional
sources. They need to restrict access t o private
profile i.nformation that they don't want t he general
\MMAR public to 3 by chance . They need to manage
EPOSITIONAL VERBS their time and their social media efficiently so that
they are aware of new stories as soon as they
a Look at the highlighted prepositional verb in the
rti cle and complete the rule. I 4

5
• Although blogging and tweets may

conversation, journalists must be mindful

=>-eposltional verbs are the combination of a(n) _ _~_
...,da(n) _ _ . I that they represent more than just themselves .

b Does the verb look have the same meaning in

e e sentences? If not, what changes the meaning?
LISTENING AND SPEAK ING
I haven't had time to look at the news on th e internet.
Po lice are looking into the disappearance of two 8a Evaluatinf effectiveness How effective are different
children. forms of media for gathering and reportin g news?
H is dad left him here to look after the business whil e Think about social media, biogs and traditional media
he' s away. such as newspapers and TV.

8b - Listen to five people talking about different

Rewrite the sentences replacing the words in bold
forms of media and answer the questions.
- h the correct form of the prepositional verbs in the
1 Whi ch forms does each speaker mention?
2 Which forms does each speaker prefer? Why?
e across come up get on get over
at look into look Ii ke look round 8c Compare what the speakers said with your 9wn
ideas from Exercise 8a .
.\nyone who doubts the power of social networking
nly needs to observe the activity on Twitter. WR ITING
-low are you progressing at work? 9 Writ~ a short paragraph on one of these statements.
\free micro-blogging service that started in 2006,
1 It is more important to get news fast th an to get it
- itter resembles an on-screen bulletin.
accurately.
- opportunity has arisen for a Twit;ter
2 Social media is repl a ~in g mainstream mass media .
orrespondent at Sky News.
am resi sting an urge to investigate Twitter in case it
~ a addictive as Facebook.
IE EX l'ERT
~\\ itter ever suffers a catastrophic failure it ca nnot
reco ver from, you will still be protected from any
·a loss. Haynes, an anthropologist, about the
e inspected the new office to see if the building impact of social media.
a suita ble. Turn to page 153 for video activiti es.
e seen a reall y interesting anecdote on Twitter. I
·oun d it by chance.

81
; B.4 SCENARIO
SAIL-I NG CLOSE TO THE WIND

SITUATION KEY LANGUAGE

The Daily Chronicle is a daily newspaper in Chicago. BEING CAUTIOU S
Its feature articles focus on scandals in government
departments or on misconduct by prominent
3a Ill Listen to the Sports Editor discussing
the dilemma with the Chief Editor and answer the
personalities . The newspaper often sails close to the questions.
wind to get its stories and its journalists have been
accused of invading people's privacy and showing 1 What reason does the Sports Editor give for wantin g
to buy the email s?
bias in their reporting. When chasing stories, the
newspaper's editor and reporters inevitably face 2 What are the Chi ef Editor's reasons for not wanting
ethical dilemmas. to buy the emails ?
3 What is the Sports Ed itor going to do now?

1 Read the situation. What do you think the phrase 3b Being cautious Listen again and complete the
sentences.
often sails close to the wind means?
1 We need to ___ this on e ___ , Dan .... If you
2 Read about a dilemma the newspaper must resolve.
don't get your facts right, he could ___ and get
Then work with a partner or in small groups and substantial _ __
discuss the questions. ·
2 There's a problem with this material. We have no
idea how our source got the information. Maybe
The Editor of the sports section of the Daily Chronicle he did something ___ and if that's the case, we
has been offered copies of confidential emails sent by could be in very ___ .
the Head Coach of a top baseball team to the owner of 3 I don't think our readers will th ank us for running
a rival team. The source of the emails wishes to be paid the story. It's a very ___ issue. If we get our facts
$200,000 for the copies. The emails reveal that the Head wrong, it' ll have a(n) _ __ on our reputation.
Coach is considering leaving his present job to coach the We wouldn ' t be able to say where we got our
rival team. This would be a bombshell in the sporting information from, so it would look like pure _ _ _
world and a report in the newspaper about the coach's on our part.
plans would greatly increase its circulation. 4 No, sorry, we need to ___ on this o~e . I've got a
bad feeling about it. It could land us in ___ ff the
emails are not genuine.
1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of
running a story about the Head Coach based on the
information in the emails?
2 Should the Sports Editor publish a story about the
Head Coach based on what he/she has learnt?

•,j 'II. ' \ -: l

1,.; - -. !).. -
 SA ILING CLOSE TO THE WIND -
/
THE FASHION SHOW
~ LVING ETH ICAL DILEMMAS Following the launch of his revolutionary autumn fashions, Emilio
Conti gave·a present to each journalist that he had invited to the
ork with a partner and read the event. They received a bag containing a press kit and a box that the
_criptio ns of the ethical dilemmas journalists opened after they left the restaurant. Each box contained
:Jposite. Then choose one and discuss
a Rolex watch worth $30,000, with the journalist's name inscribed
e questio ns.
on the back. The next day Emilio Conti emailed each journalist,
• join up with another pair and thanking them for attending the launch and ending his message with
.171 marise briefly the dilemma you the words I look forward to reading your report of our trail-blazing
o e. Tell them what decision you launch . Articles by influential fashion journalists often determine the
-ad e, with your reasons. Ask them if success or failure of a fashion collection. What should the journalists
ev agree with your decision.
do? Accept the gift graciously or take some other action? Consider the
As a group, discuss what guidelines implications of your recommended action. Give your reasons.
u cou ld give journalists faced with the
ds of dilemmas described.
THE FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT
U SEFUL PHRASES The foreign correspondent of the Daily Chronicle has won many
Co nside ring implications prizes for his outstanding reports from war zones. He is well known
for taking high risks in such areas. He is sent to report on a conflict in
- could be too risky. a very dangerous country. The Chief Editor warns him that he must
'night damage our reputation.
not take any risks at all to gather information because of the extremely
·may be illegal.
unstable situation in the country. The correspondent ignores the
- eiShe cou Id take us to court.
-'e/S~e might take legal action.
editor's warning because he has heard of a mass killing of citizens nea~
- ey might/could sue us. the front line. He goes there to investigate and is kidnapped by some
anti-government forces. The kidnappers have threatened to kill the
roposing solutions journalist unless the newspaper pays a huge ransom to free him. What
- e best thing to do is .. . should the Chief Editor do? Give your reasons.
e answer to this is to .. .
- e best way to deal with it is to ...
- e best way forward is to ... A DRAMATIC PHOTO
The Sunday edition of the Daily Chronicle is planning to feature an
in-depth article on the wars between two rival gangs. The newspaper's
photographer has a horrific photo of a police officer walking down a
street carrying a young gang member who has been severely wounded
by gunshots. Behind them, lying near the pavement, are the dead
bodies of two other gang members. There is a lively debate going on
in the newsroom as to whether the photo should be put on the front
page of the newspaper to accompany the article. What do you think?
Should the newspaper use the photo? Give your reasons.

A QUESTION OF CONFIDENTIALITY
A reporter on the Dazly Chronicle has been contacted by an
employee who works for a wealthy businessman. The businessman
is well known and highly respected for the huge donations he
makes to charities. The employee says that he has knowledge of a
dark secret about the businessman's past. He will reveal it to the
journalist in return for a suitable payment. He hints that the story
will be a huge scoop for the Daily Chronicle and that revealing the
secret will destroy the reputation of the businessman. Should the
reporter agree to meet the employee? If he does, should he pay the
contact for his story? Give your reasons.
~ ~-----

p STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

STUDY SKILLS I
STYLE AND REGISTER ~ NEW MESSAGE
Subject Article feedback
1a What is style and register? Why is it
important? This is to inform you that your article has been
1b Look at the genres in the box. Which: rejected by our editorial team as its style is
1 tend to be formal? inappropriate and you have failed to support your
2 tend to be informal? point of view with facts and research. If you would
3 can be both? like us to reconsider it, we would suggest that you
academic essay advertisement edit it, write it in a more accessible style and refer to
business letter dissertation email previous studies of obesity.
personal diary

1c Look at the emails. Decide whether

each one· is formal or informal. How do I
you know?

2a Look at these language features. Are You know that article, the one I've been slaving away at?
they formal (F), informal (/) or can they Yeah, well, you 're not going to believe this: I sent it to a
be both (B)? newspaper and you know what? They don't want to use it.
1 contractions (e.g. he's, I'd, we'll, Thought it was rubbish . Hey, I did my best, it's not the end of
they're )
the world, but there 's no way I'm going to edit it or rewrite it.
2 using single verbs rather than phrasal
verbs (e.g. eliminate rather than That's what they suggested . Must be joking! I don ' t know if
wipe out) I' II send it to anyone else. Guess I'll wait and see.
3 linkers like nevertheless, moreover
4 starting sentences with linkers like and,
but, so, talking about, another thing
5 personal pronouns (e.g. I, you, we)
•
6 vague language (e.g. stuff, things·, nice)
7 using tentative, hedging language (e.g.
it is likely to, there is a tendency for)
8 frequent use of the passive
9 short phrases instead of sentences (e.g.
Got your message. No time to reply.)
10 dramatic punctuation (e.g. frequent
use of question and exclamation
marks, dashes and bullet points)
11 complex sentence structures
12 technical language connected with
on e particular subject

2b Work in groups and discuss what

other differences you can think of
between formal and informal writing.
3a Ill Listen to the first part of
a lecture about formal and informal
writing. What key points does the
speaker make? Make notes. Then
compare them with your answers to
Exercises 2a and 2b.
3b ID Listen to the second part of the
lecture and answer the questions.
1 What is the neutral style of English,
according to the speaker?
2 In what situations is it commonly
used?

84
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

. ork in groups. Look at these sentences from WRITING SKILLS

by Journalism students. In five minutes, write FORMAL, NEUTRAL AND INFORMAL EMAILS .
n as many formal alternatives as you can for each
rd or phrase in bold. The group with the most 5 Work with a partner. A student at a school of
al words is the winner. · Journalism has missed the deadline for submitting an
essay. Think of some reasons he can give to ask for a
--e w orld of journalism has changed a lot in deadline extension.
".Kent years.
6a Read the email the student sent to his college
tutor, Professor Barbara Friedman. Professor Friedman
..irnalists are becoming more and more aware of the expects students to write fairly formally when they
-eed for hi gh ethi ca l standards. communicate with her. Work in pairs and analyse the
good and bad points of the student's email. Comment
on both the content and style of the email.
- e ing is a new way of giving news.

From Charlie.Smith@my:emails.uk
rn al ists have come up with innovative methods of To [email protected]
,:porti ng news.
Hi. Barbara. Well, as you know by now, I didn't
get my essay in on time. So sorry, please
·ourna lists must weigh up information from forgive me. Anyway, I guess you want to know
..irces to decide if it is reliable. why. Yo"u see, it was like this: I had a huge
exam on Wednesday in another subject. So
I worked day and night to prepare for it. I
- errorists rely on the idea that they are well trained, seemed to spend my whole time drinking cups
~· hi? is not always so. of black coffee! Anyway, I was totally wiped
out after it - couldn 't get down to studying
the next two days. Like I said, I had zero
..,'nalists are often accused of making up information. energy. Hope you understand. Not like me to
miss deadlines, is it? How about this? Can you ·
give me more t ime - say, a week? Like I said,
~ -en sive research has been done into the attitudes of I was tired out, but now I'm raring to go. A
- ~~ebook users.
week more would be great. It'd give me time
to write some really good stuff for the essay.
I promise you, you won't be disappointed if
~ cles handed in by journalists are frequently edited .
you could do that for me. Thanks so much for
reading my email. Enjoy your weekend - fab
weather at the moment, isn't it? Have fun!
e ~ad effects of the internet are discussed
Charlie.
~ he repo rt.

- ere have not been enough academic studies of 6b Rewrite the email in a more formal style.
~i al networking language.
6c Compare your email with the possible answers on
page 163.

-,,e industry must get rid of phone hacking as a 7 Do on~ of the following tasks.
~a ns of getti ng information. 1 Write an emai l to a Ch ief Editor of a qual ity
newspaper pitching your own idea for an article.
2 Write a formal email tb a professor in your subject
~ ind ividua l's right to privacy is a thing that is often area at your col lege or uni versity, asking the
~ scu ssed in the press. professor if you co uld work with his research team
during you r holiday.
rna lists often find it difficult to be fair when
~eporti ng events.

85
 Law and society
9.1 HIDDEN RULES

Li_1w applied to its extreme is tf1e greatest injustice. Cicero (106-43 BC), Roman lawyer, politician and philosopher

SPEAKING 3 Read paragraphs 3-6 again .and discuss

the questions.
1a Complete the statements with the words in the box.
1 Which three phrases describe the
class culture economic laws policy public types of rules under investigation?
2 Which definitions of the word rule do
1 ___ development causes great socia l and cu ltural change . these examples match?
2 People's friends and relationships are determined by their a I generally go swimming in the morning.
social b You must not eat in the classroom.
3 Government ___ directly reflects soc ial attitudes.
4 ___ protest is futile as it never achieves its aims. LISTENING
5 . Youth ___ has little impact on mainstream society.
6 Relatively few ___ affect the publ ic's general social behaviour.
4a ID Listen to five extracts from
a radio serialisation of the book and
1b Work in groups and discuss your opinion of each of the answer the questions.
statements in Exercise 1a. 1 What social contexts are discussed?
2 What is the underlying pri nciple or rul e
READING that she draws out of each examp le?

2a Read the extract from Watching the English on page 87. What 4b Listen again and answer the questions.
are the book's key topics? Describe the style and register of the 1 What are the specific examples in
language in the extract, giving examples. each case?
2 What is the author'.s view of the role
2b Identifying claims Read paragraphs 1 and 2 again and discuss the
privacy plays in social rules?
questions.
3 What is the author' s opinion of the
1 Identify all the points the author makes in the first two paragraphs. reputation that drivers have?
Is each point a proven fact or an informed claim? How can some 4 Why does the author describe the
of the claims be questioned? pub Iican or restaurateur as 'poor'?
2 Look at the claims you identified aga in . Which are main topic 5 What is the author' s claim about
sentences? Which support or illustrate the main claim? humour in other cultures?
3 What is your personal evaluation of the claims the author makes? 6 Which fact do some foreigners think
What are your thoughts on the overall topic? the English are relatively unaware of?

86
 HIDDEN RULES 1111
VOCABULARY
IDIOMATI C VE RB PHRASES

Sa Match 1-8 with a-h to make verb phrases.

1 mind a omething fo r gra nted
2 make b attention to yo urself
3 draw c ome hing is amiss
4 wash d \ our own bu ine s
s take e ome hing to a ha lt
6 bring f our dim linen in public
7 know 0
b your re pon ibiJities
8 shirk h a cene

Sb Work with a partn er. Look at Audio script 9.1 on

page 17S and find the erb phrase fro m Exercise Sa.
Then discuss their meanings.
Sc Complete the senten ces with the correct form of
verb phrases from Exercise Sa.
1 She keeps as king me where I got the money from. I
e human pecies i addicted to rule making. Every
wish she would just ___ .
Jman activity, without exception , is hedged about with
2 If you decide to become team captai n, you can 't be
mplex sets of rules and regulations, dictating precisely
lazy and ___ .
en, where, with whom and in what manner the activity
.iy be performed. Animals just do th ese things; human
3 I know you're angry, but please don 't ___ - not
here in the Ii brary.
ing make an almighty song a nd dance about it. This is
4 You have to work at a relation ship; o u ca n't just
mrn as 'civilisation'.
___ love _ __
,·ou think about it, we all use difference in rules as a S but I' m not sure exactly what. Let' s as k
!"incipal means of di tinguishing one cultme G·om another. Sarah if she knows about any prob lems.
1e first thing we notice when we go on holiday or business
road is that other cultures have 'different ways of doing
5S .m ', by which we usually mean th at d1ey have rules
SPEAKING
ut, say, food , mealtimes, dress, greetings; hygiene, trade, 6 Think about your society and answer the questions.
~p itality, joking, status-differentiation, etc., which are
1 Discuss any ' unwritten rules' that appl y to these
erent from our own rules about these practices.
co ntexts:
e obj ect (of my observational research) was to identify
• work/business
t:'. commonalities in rules governing English behaviour -
g. • pub Iic transport/cars
• uno ffi cial codes of conduct that cut across class, age,
• restaurants/food
x. reg{on, sub-cultures and other social boundaries.
• homes/domestic life
_ ',, t people obey d1e unwritten rules of their society • social/leisure time
tinctively, without being conscious of doing so. For example, • shopping/street life
atnomatically get dressed in the morning without
2 What happens when people break the rules ?
ruciously reminding yomself there is an unspoken rule of
3 Are there any written or explicitly spoken rules
..xiuette tl1at prohibits going to work in one's pyj amas. But
concerning soci al behaviour (e.g. train companies ask
·uu had an anthropologist staying with you, he would be
passengers to let people off a train before boarding)?
'-""111g: 'Why are you changing your clothes?'
le 4 Are there any rules that should be written to improve
..m u ing a rather broad interpretation of a rule, based
social behaviour?
- fo ur of th e definition s allowed by the O:iford English
tionary, namely:
• a p rin ciple, regulation or maxim governing individual
conduct
0 MEET THE EXPERT
tandard of discrimination or estimation; a criterion, a Watch qn interview with Nik Peachey,
"'t, a measure an educational consultant, about body
• ..n exemplary person or thing; a guiding example , language in different cultures.
fac t, or the statement of a fact, which holds generally Turn to page 153 for video activities.
:rood: the normal or usual state of things
U>. my quest to identify the rules of Englishness is not
tfined to a search for specific codes of conduct, but will
1ude rules in their wider sense of standards, norms,
al . guiding prin ciples and 'facts' abo ut 'normal or usual '
gllih behaviour.
87
 JUVENILE JUSTICE

SPEAKING Youth crime and punishmen t: a global perspecth

1 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. Abstract: Despite freguent statistical evidence and perhap
1 Which of these examp les of cr im inal or anti soc ial due to political and media claims, the public perceive
1
behaviour are common l'I associated \N \t.~ t.ee~'be~s juvenile to be increasing. This QaQer describe
in your country? g\o'ba\ approacnes to juvenile justice, with a focus on
balance between rehabilitation and 2 when dealt
• vanda lism • graffiti 3
with convicted young . Most countries have
• car theft • online bull ying 4
• shoplifting • fin ancial fra ud
dedicated youth and juvenile detention centres.
• bank robbery • street robbery
A few countries, such as Japan, deal with young offenden
5
• p laying lo ud music in pub lic p laces
solely within the sy$tem rather than the justice
system. Within justice systems there are two types of
2 Do yo u th ink yo ur co un try has a probl em with sentence: non-custodial and 6 • The former include
juvenil e crim e?
curfew and control orders, fines and 7 • In contrast

2 Most countries have a minimum age of criminal to adult justice systems, there is often a stronger emphasis
than on simple punishment, although there i~
8
respon sibility. What do you think are the minimum on
ages for these countries? Add the countries to the a recent trend in some countries, such as the USA, toward
table. Then check your ideas on page 163. harsher punishment, which is justified as being a stronger
9
to potential young criminals. Critics of this trena
• the USA (most states)
claim that imprisonment does not 10 as it does
• Ira n (girls on ly)
not take into account the difficult backgrounds of many
• Chi na criminal adolescents.
• the U K
• Turkey
• the Democratic Repub lic of the Congo 4b Work with a partner and discuss the questions.
1 Wh at do you know about the juvenile justice system ir
your soc iety?
2 Is there a current trend in yo ur co untry that is simil ar
to that in the USA?
3 W here do yo u stand on the re hab ilitation,
2 p uni shm ent and deterrence debate?
Ethiopia, _ __

• Th ai land, Ukra ine, 3_ __

READING AND LISTENING
Japa n, Beli ze, the Netherl ands, 4 _ _· _ 5 Read the brochures opposite and compare two
approaches to the treatment of juvenile delinquents
Germa ny, Ita ly, Ru ss ia, 5_ __
in the USA. In what ways do the approaches act as
Ira n (boys onl y) punishment, rehabilitation and deterrence?

6a IDListen to the first part of a talk on teenagers

by forensic psychologist Diana Kott. What is her
argument and what is your opinion of it?

6b Ill Listen to the second part of the talk and .

make notes on these psychological traits.
3 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. • fa irn ess
1 How does the age of cr im in al responsibili ty in your • respect
country compare to other co un tr ies? • enco uragement, not punishm ent
2 Do we need an age of crimin al responsi b ility? • rej ect imposed structure
3 What is a suitable mi nimum age? • need guidance
4 How does it co mpare to other lega l ages (e.g. age fo r • fee l co mpetent and su ccessful
marri age/driving)? • need to belong
• fa mil y
VOCABULARY
JUSTICE SYSTEMS 7 Evaluating w ith criteria Work with a partner and
evaluate the two juvenile punishment programmes
4a Complete the abstract for a pa per on youth crime with regard to the key teenage psychological traits.
wit h t he words in the box. Use a dictionary to help you. Which programme is more appropriate for teenagers?

care comm unity service cou rts custod ial

8 DI
Listen to Diana Kott's evaluation of the two
programmes. How similar are her points to yours?
delin quency deter deterrent offenders
Make notes and compare with your partner.
punis hment rehab ilitation

88
 JUVENILE JU~ l ICE

~AMMAR 9c Look at Audio script 9.4 on page 176 and find more
15 ... OVERBS OF DEGREE examples of adverbs. Then answer the questions .
1 Wh at is the effect of th ese adverbs?
9a Ill Complete the sentences with adverbs. Then 2 Can yo u think of any more similar adverbs ?
i ten and check your answers.
3 You ca n say somethin g is absolutely excellent, bu t
1 . .. boot ca mps ___ add ress ju ve nil es' psychological not absolu tely good. Wh y? Which of the oth er
probl ems. adverbs are simil ar?
1 However, as the teenagers ___ lack the cha nce to
Ii.+ Language reference and e xtra practice, pages 142- 143
determi ne the stru cture . ..
3 .. . they are ___ ce rta in to see thin gs as un fa ir.
J Th e _ __ co mpl ex ra nge of tas ks and skill s required SPEAKING
'S
at w il dern ess cam ps .. . 10 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
9b Answer the questions. 1 Look at the different types of punishments. What are
W hat types of words do the adverbs in Exercise 9a modify? their adva ntages and disadvantages when dealing with
s juvenile crime? Is the seri ousness of the crime relevant?
ls 1 W hi ch of the adverbs amplify or inte nsify the mea ning
of the word they mod ify? a imprisonment in a youth detention centre
3 Wh ich ofth e adverbs decrea se or soften the meaning b co rporal punishment
i.
of the w ord they mod ify? c co mmunity servi ce, e.g. cleaning streets
d psychologica l therapy
e electro ni c tagging, curfews and movement
BOS'l f)N 11()()'1'
1
t~1\)IP: restriction
f fines
• 1SCI1•J.INE, S'l'IUJt~'l'UllE, llEl~Ollll 2 Is th ere a di ffe rence between the rea lity of juvenile
n crime and the publi c perception of juvenile crime in
=-:on the principles of military training and discipline, Boston
your co untry?
- ..;amp gives juvenile delinquents a short, sharp shock that
3 What is yo ur general vi ew of your country's lega l ·
- respect for authority, rigorous self-discipline and a sense
and ju stice system?
_-or. We change their lives for the better and turn them into
::-.able members of society .
.: stay at the camp for thirty to sixty days, removing them
- ~e negative influences of their local community, peers
:ogular lifestyle . There is no TV, radio or internet. They wear
.....,s, live in dormitories and follow an intensive progran: of Our camp offers a character-development program.for
:a military training, work, drill exercises and educational troubled teens that promotes personal growth through
ences. living and surviving in the wilderness. The remote setting
-=~•ate on a 'Yes, sir! No , sir! ' principle. If they obey and removes urban distractions and our program's nurturing
· e rules, they are rewarded . If they break rules or show approach helps students address personal issues, achieve
_: ence, they are punished with further physical exercises. success and develop their leadership potential.
_ ~ es the teens meaningful consequences of their actions. The two-month program consists of two integrated
::..,., s are a vital part of the juvenile justice system. We dimensions. One involves learning camp-craft, hiking
a1srespectful youths and our methods also act as a trips, nature education and physical activity. In order
=~ for would-be criminals and recidivists. to overcome the challenges that nature presents,
communication, teamwork, self-discipline and 'self-
reliance are keys to success and students gain an
understanding of actions and consequences.
"' The other dimension involves counselling, group therapy
· and reflective writing. The spiritual dimension of life in the
wilderness, as a teen watches the sun set over the mountains,
can encourage greater insight and personal change than a
psychologist's office evei; could.
During the final stage, each
student takes on leadership
responsibilities and assists
in teaching new participants.
Family involvement is
important: parents are in regular
contact with their child's
counsellor and engage in letter
writing to their child.
 LAN OS OF HOPE

......
11

SPEAKING GRAMMAR
1 Work with a partner and discuss. REPORTING USING NOUNS

How do you think a person who has to leave the ir home 4a Look at the examples of nouns used for reporting.
cou ntry - perhaps for ever - may feel? What do you Then look at Audio script 9.6 on page 176 and find
thin k he/sh e wou ld miss most? Think of two possessions other examples.
he/s he might wa nt to take with him/ her. Claims that m igrants are taking our jobs ... are easy
2 Work with a partner and complete the quiz. to find .. .
A very frequent comment people make is that ...

4b Look at the sentences you found in Audio script 9.6

and match them with these structures.
1 Their claim is (th at) migrants take o ur jobs. This is fa lse
2 The ir c laim that migrants take ou r jobs~ false.
Im+ Language reference and extra practice, pages 142- 143

HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT

•
· -~
5 Make nouns from the verbs in the box. Then use
them to report the comments.

accuse a nswe r cl a im declare observe re m ar ~

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION? 1 ' I told you before: I've got dual natio nality.' 'But
1 What percentage of the world 's population are we've discoverec;J you haven't. '
international migrants? Hi s ___ that he had d ua l nation a lity turned out to
a 9.4 b 3.2 c 0.9 be fa lse.
2 'We want to stay in this country. ' ' I' m afraid you ca n't.'
2 What is the median age of international
They asked fo r asylum, but the ___. was no.
migrants?
a 38.4 b 32.7 c 24.5 3 'They're really backwa rd. '
Her ___ about the immigra nts' custo ms was
3 What percentage are women?
offe nsi ve.
a 48 b 36 c 27
4 'A lot of them have got rea ll y good skills .'
4 Look at this list of the ten countries which h ave The _ __ that man y of the migrants were hi ghl y
received the largest number of international sk ill ed was made by severa l politicians.
migrants. Which do you think are the top three? 5 ' It's nonsense to say that border secu rity is lax.'
Australia, Canada , France, Germany , Russia,
The government issued a( n) ___ that border
Saudi Arabia, Spain , the UAE , the UK, the USA
security was not lax .
5 The vast majority of migrants move from 6 'You e ntered the cou ntry ill ega lly. '
developing countries to developed countries. True Th e ___ was leve ll ed aga inst him that he had
or false ? ente red the country il lega ll y.
6 What is the world's largest 'corridor' of migration?
a from India to the UAE
b from Bangladesh to India
VOCABULARY
c from Mexico to the USA NOUN CONVERSION
7 What percentage of migrants are refugees? 6a.Which of the verbs and adjectives in 'the box can be
a 3% b 7% c 11% used as nouns without adding an affix?

comp lai n compl ex do hopeful internation a

LISTENING l9ca l mention must respo nsibl e trust

3a Ill Do you think t hese statements are true or

false? Work in groups and discuss. Then listen and 6b Complete the sentences with nouns from Exercise 6a.
check your answers. 1 He passed the citizensh ip test, :;o we're hav in g a littl e
1 Inte rn atio nal migration is in c reasing. . ___ to ce lebrate.
2 The majority of international migrants are legal. 2 She a rrived in the coun try aged five a nd is now a
3 Migrants can create economic growth in the host presidential _ __ .
country. 3 Learn in g the la nguage is an abso lute _ __ fo r new
4 Mi grants are heavy users of pub Iic services in the migrants .
host country. 4 He was a very ta le nted footba ll e r and the first
Engl a nd ___ w ho was born ab road.
3b Listen again and make notes on the points in Exercise
3a. Then work with a partner and compare your notes.

90
 LANDS OF HOPE

c DING
- You are going to read two poems
abo ut migration. Work in groups and
di cuss the questions.
W hen was the last time you read a
poe m?
2 Do you know any poems or lines of
poetry by heart?
3 In which situations in life do people
6 so metimes turn to poetry?
J What do you understand by the terms
metaphor and simile?
;e.
Ba Read the poems and the texts about
Fleur Adcock is a New Zealander by birth,
e poets. What is your first response to but spent part of her childhood in England,
:he poems? returning to live in London in 1963. The
influence of her migratory childhood can be
Bb Interpreting poetic language Work
traced in her work's exploration of identity .
• ith a partner and discuss the questions.
Several of the poems examine roots and
trk 1 In Immigrant, what is the .function of rootlessness. Her characteristic tone is
the first Ii ne of the poem? restrained, rational, conversational.
2 The non-native pelicans are trying
to emulate the native swans. How Immigrant
0 successful are they in doing this?
November '63: eight months in London.
3 Why does the poet focus on the
I pause on the low bridge to watch the pelicans:
.t.' pelicans?
Ma rks and Spencer is a very popular they float swanlike, arching their white necks
cfothing store in the UK. Why is over only slightly ruffled bundles of wings,
she wearing a 'Marks and Spencer's burying awkward beaks in the lake's water.
jacket'? I clench cold fists in my Marks and Spencer's jacket
.J Why does she test her accent and secretly test my accent once again:
' sec retly '? St James 's Park St James 's Park; St James's Park.
6 What do ' London' and ' home'
FLEUR ADCOCK (b. 1934)
represent for the poet in Like a
Beacon?
- Thinking about the overall shape of Grace Nichols was born in Guyana and
the poem Like a Beacon , what is the

.,_
.I;.
moved to live in the UK in 1977. Her work
significance of line 8? has been central to our understanding of
8 Find an example of a metaphor and a the important cultural Caribbean-British
simile in the poems. connection. The poems are influenced by
9 Ci.n you see one or two similarities the history and culture of her homeland and ~ ·~
an d differences between the poems? are characterised by an acute attention to
the language.
~' ~
1
0 W hich poem do you like best? Why? Like a B~acon
Je In L ondon
l(ITING every now and tl1en
ial 9 Choose one of the following writing I get this craving
ks. for my mother's food
Has your country experienced I leave art galleries
migration recently or in the past? in search of plantains
W rite three or four paragraphs saltfish/sweet potatoes
tie on what people in your country I need this link
think about migration. Rea d your
I need this touch
paragraphs to another student. Do you
of home
have the same· id eas?
swinging my bag
W rite a short poem of your own about
migration. Choose any aspect of the like a beacon
opic yo u like. If necessary, use the against the cold
poems in Exercise 8a to help you. GRACE NICHOL (b. 19 -0

91
~ 9.4 SCENARIO
LAWMAKERS

SITUATION 2 Read these current law proposals. Which

commitments have not been addressed?
There is a new government wh ich intends to unify 1 There will be a comp lete ban on the sale of
many of the currently separate state laws. The pol icy chocolate and sa lty snacks to chi ldren aged under
department is currently drafting new laws to fulfi l sixteen, and children will not be allowed to
the party's manifesto pledges. The initial proposals consume more than one sugary fizzy drink per da·
have had a poor reception as they were perceived as Shopkeepers and parents wi ll be liable to fines.
being too strong and as failing to take into account 2 There will be a complete ban on the use of pl asti c
importa nt exceptions. The po li cy department has shopping bags, enforceab le with fi nes up to $10,00
to redraft the laws, maintaini ng their efficacy wh il st 3 There will be a complete ban on the carrying of
eliminating their drawbacks. kn ives in public places.
4 All drivers entering city centres must pay a charge
per visit of $75.
1 Read the situation and the extracts from the 5 Parents of chi ldren who are absent from school
manifesto and discuss the questions. without permission will be punished with fines or
1 What laws could be made to meet these manifesto· imprisonment.
commitments?
2 In your country, which laws relate to these particu lar
issues?

We can only have a safe society if we have

strong laws that address the current problems. At times, the government has to bring in laws
We will introduce new laws to deal with the that will promote a healthier society for the
recent rises in knife crime, aggressive antisocial good of everyone. We will introduce legislation
behaviour and racial intolerance. concerning smoking and unhealthy food.

In this information age, we need to ensure

The time to act is now, and we are the party that the education of our youth is at the
that will take that action. We will reduce the forefront of government policy. We will
use of cars, the use of plastic shopping bags introduce new laws to reduce truancy and
and encourage the use of alternative energy also raise the minimum school-leaving age
sources. to seventeen across the nation.

92
 LAWMAKER

:o 3a Ill Listen to a discussion about the re-drafting 4b The phrases you wrote in Exercise 4a are used
of one of the laws in Exercise 2 and make notes on to balance an argument, in particular, to show that
hese points. we accept the validity of one point and also accept a
aim of the law contrasting or conflicting point. Answer the questions.
• stre ngths 1 Can you re member the arguments that surrounded
'· weakn esses the phrases in Exercise 4a? look at Aud io script 9.7
on page 1 77 and check .
3b Work with a partner and discuss how you would 2 In each case, can you say whic h argument the
ch oose to amend this law. speaker favou rs?
0.
3c Ill Listen to the final decisions and answer the
questions. TASK
How do th e dec isions co mpare to yo ur ideas? AMENDING AND MODIFYING THE LAW
W hat is your opinion of th e amended law?
J Is there ;mything simil ar in your country? 5 You work in the policy department and have to
modify the four remaining laws from Exercise 2. Work
in two groups and follow the instructions.
~ . LANGUAGE
Group A: You are respo nsible for laws 1 and 2.
LAN CING AN ARGUMENT
Group B: Yo u are respons ible for laws 3 and 4.
a IJil Listen to extracts from the discussion in • Di.scuss the laws you are respons ible for and identify
- ercises 3a and 3c and complete the sentences. their strengths and weaknesses.
. . . lowest achievers. ___ , thi s law is not so lely • As you criticise the laws, propose amendments .
about children. • As a group, decide w hich amendments to make and,
ow, ___ w e' re here to amend thi s law, I fina ll y, rep hrase the law.
hi nk that .. .
That's but it's too inflex ible ... USEFUL PHRASES
We ll, ___ it's importa nt th at the law sends out a Managing a discussion
stro ng message, ___ think there mu st be some ...
We ll , ___ th at as a fa ir principl e, we mu stn ' t So, w hat are yo ur thoughts on thi s first one?
ma ke it ... l ook, we've got to make a dec ision on thi s. W hi ch do
... about fines? ___, imprisonment wo uld be a you prefer?
deterrent, but, overall, I' m not sure ... Surely, it's time to move on, isn 't it?
I see ___ one thin g I like about the cu rrent Sh all we leave this one fo r a w hile and co me back to
proposal is that ... it later?
Any other last po ints to make?

6 Work with a student from the other group. Present

your amended laws and the thinking behind the
amendments. Evaluate the other student's amended
laws. Should further changes be made to any of the laws?
 .
'i

~
1

- STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

11 1
. ... .
1t 11

STUDY SKILLS WRITING SKILLS

SYNTHESISING INFORMATION A SYNTHESIS

1 Work in groups and discuss the questions. Make 5 lliiJ Hassan is going to write a dissertation on the
notes on your ideas and report the main points of your effects of unemployment on young people. He has
· discussion to another group. downloaded a podcast on writing a literature review. Liste
to the podcast and take notes to answer these questions.
1 To what extent is unemployment a problem in your
country? Is it a particular problem for young people? 1 What is a literature review?
2 What are the causes and effects of unemployment? 2 What purposes does it serve?
What are the solutions? 6 Look at the six steps we follow when we write any
3 How much should governments help unemployed
kind of synthesis. Number them in the correct order.
people?
4 Martti Ahtisaari, the Finnish winner of the 2008 a Write your syn thesis usi ng your own words and
Nobel Peace Prize, said that youth unemployment is citing relevan t author .
perhaps the greatest challenge in the world. Do you b Read material from different sources that will help
agree? you do the task.
c Check the synthe is again st the original texts to ma
2 Choose the correct definition for the word synthesis. sure it is accu rate.
• 1 a short statement that gives the main information d Find relationsh ips between the points in your note .
about something, without giving all the details Look for patterns and categories of information,
2 something that has been made by combining common ideas, simi larities, differences, contrasts,
different things, or the process of combin ing things contradiction s. Mark or highlight Iin.ks between
3 a statement that expresses in a different (or clearer) points using colours, lette rs or numbers.
way what someone has said or written e Make notes of key, releva nt points for each text in
your own words.
3 It is sometimes argued that there are two main f Decide on the best order for the points you will use f
types of synthesis: background synthesis and your synthesis and\ rite them all on one piece of pa
thesis-driven synthesis. Match each type with a
description (1 or 2) and an example (a or b).
1 Information is brought together from a variety of
sources and organised by topic. Aim: to inform.
2 Information from different sources is used to develop
and strengthen an argument. Aim: to persuade
a a lawyer in a court presenting a case for the
prosecution or defence
b a website listing flights available with different airlines

4 Think of one or two activities you often do as a

student and how they involve synthesis.

94
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS
-&,
7 Look at Hassan's notes for part of his 8 Read Hassan's synthesis. How is the information orga~ised?
iterature review. What kinds of categories,
-imilarities, etc. can you see? Decide how A number of recent investigations into youth unemployment. fi nd the
ou would synthesise this information, but effects to be overwhelmingly negative.
do not write a synthesis yet. Patel (2010) and McShane (2012) study the damaging psycholog ical
effects. McShane's argument is that unemployment causes low
?°'tel, H. (2010) Yovth vV\eVV1ployVV1eV\t self-esteem and depression in young people , and makes it more
difficult for them to find work later.
-:::--- "'e'.?°'tive fSycholo9ic01I effects (fl "1)
Patel and Wilson (2013) point out that unemployment early in life is
- e01v-ly e><fev-ie"'ces of vV\eVV1floyVV1eV\t often a predictor of unemployment later on. Patel 's explanation is that
> fvdhev- 1'ev-ioc1s ovt of wov-\<. I01tev- young people fail to gain experience or be sent on "training courses
OV\ (yovV\ 9 VVliSS ovt OV\ e><fev-ie"'ce + while out of work, reducing their subsequent chances of securing a job.
trni"'i"' 9 while vV\eVVlfloyd) (f-1 '-1 2) A further effect noted by Wilson and Mcshane is the increase in
- c1el01yS °''.?e yovV\9 feOfle le01ve government expenditure on public services such as health and policing . The
latter is the result of a rise in crimes committed by unemployed youths.
h oVV1e/bec:oVV1e i"'c1ef./h01ve f01VV1ily -
The only glimmer of hope is that mentioned by Blanc (2009, in Wilson),
Avstrn li01 (f1"11)
with the observation that unemployment sometimes encourages young
- c1et01chVV1eV\t f v- oVVI I01bovv- VV101v-i<.et, people to do additional training and ' increase their economic value',
v-ec1vce s c1es ·,,,-e to wov-\<.; 5I01c\<.ev- although this is disputed by Wilson.
f he"'oVV1eV\OV\ (f-215)

9a Read Hassan's synthesis again and find words that are used to
report information.
· lso"', J.C. (2017) VV\eVV1p\oyVV1e"'t
~ ""'o "''.?s t the yov"'9 i"' the e01v- ly 21st point out
:e,....tv v-y
9b Which of the words you found in Exercise 9a could be replaced
v-ejeds cl01iVV1 VVI01c1e by 't>l°'"'c (200"1) by these words? Try to match the meanings as closely as you can
- h °'t it e"'covv-019es yov"'9 feofle and use your knowledge of grammar to help you.
- o ·c1o fvv-the v- tv-°'i"'i"'9 + 'i"'cv-e°'se 1 obse rved 4 to uched o n
-heiv- ecoV\oVVlic v01lve 1 (f.'-15) 2 Acco rdin g to X, 5 examin e
"'c v-e°'ses cv-iVVle > iV\cv-e°'ses costs of 3 In X's view,
" e°'lth sev-vices, fOlic i"'9 (p .121)
9c Does Hassan use a direct quote anywhere? If so, where?
- -.1 V\ eVV1p \oyVV1e"'t e01v-\y i"' life> lowev-
e°' v-"'i"'9s, vV\ c1 ev--eVV1ployVV1e"'t + 1 OaDescribe the photo below. When do you think it was taken?
.1 V\ eVV1p \oyVV1e"'t I01tev-; SC01v-v- i"'9 Who do you think the people are?
e~fect; 'wic1espv-e°'c1 yovth
1 Ob Write part of a literature review on The Great Depression:
, V\ eVV1p\oyVV1e"'t covlc1 cv-e01te °'lost Consequences. Look at the notes on page 163 and synthesise the
::; e"'er-:"'tio"'' (f-1'6"1) information. Write between 150 and 180 words.

_5,,, "'e, ). (2012) W°'std:

e 0101VVI 01ci'1"' q effects of yovth
,:' MflOy VVleV\t
:;w self-esteeVV1, clefv-essio"' >
... "' v-c1 ev- to e"'tev- job VVIOI v-1<.et (p. 71)
"'c v-e01ses 9ovt. Sfe"'c1i"'9 o"' pvb.
· e r-vi ces (f. "15)
,.,;;-- "'' s ecoV\OVVl·,c 9v-owth iVV1fec1ec1
:;c • t» S e of yov"''.? t°'le"'t + e"'ev-9y
- - -)

95
 Arts and entertainment
10.1 PERFORMANCE

Entertainment wants to give }'OU what vou want. Art wants to give you \vhat you don't know you want.
David Cronenberg (b. 1943), Canadian filmmaker

~PFAK I IG 2 An lysmg an i r 'sponding to data Wo'rk in small

groups and discuss the questions.
1 Look at the information about arts and entertainment
in Scotland. Read the titles of the tables. Where do you 1 W hat do the tab les revea l? Put the activities in orde
think these missing percentages go in each table? of popul ari ty and identify the most and least popul <
2 W hat pa rall els and co nnections can you fi nd
Table 1: 9, 19, 3 1, 54 Table 2: 3, 23, 30, 69
between th e two tables? H ow do participatio n and
Table 1 attenda nce relate fo r eac h activity?
3 Whi ch of the activities have yo u and you r group
members attended or participated in during the last
twe lve month s? W hat are your class ' s ove rall figu rE
cinema 4 How do you think yo ur co untry wou ld co mpa r.e?
class ica l music/o era 7
dance (i ncl . ball et) .READING
Iiterar events/festivals 4 3a What arts and cultural events have you been to
li ve mu sic recentl y? Did you choose any of the events for these
theatre 31 reasons?
none 22
• recommenda tions from frie nds
Table 2 • reviews in the med ia
• previously enjoyed simil ar events or performers
• th e chance•to see somethi ng new and different

3b Read the reviews from the listings magazine Timi

1 - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - + -9--1 Out, London on page 97. Match the types of events
(1-6) with the reviews (A-H ). Sometimes more than
12 one answer is possible. Some types of events do not
1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------+-____,
1O have a match.
11 1 theatre 4 co medy
2 mu sic 5 dance
none 3 fil m 6 art

96
 .t Read the reviews again and answer the questions.
Th en work with a partner and compare your answers.
PERFORMANCE

VOCABULARY
PERFORMANCE REVIEWS
-
W hich event:
a has received an explicitly positive review? 5 Find words and phrases in the reviews with these
b is in a non-ce ntral location? meanings.
c is the first performance in Britain of someone's 1 when a story from one medium is produced in another
work? 2 a performan ce group of two peop le
d is described as visua ll y interesting? 3 the list of perform ers appearing during a ni ght at a
e probably includes sin ging? sing le pl ace
f has performers from the USA? 4 the place where a performance occurs
g involves performers manipulating inan imate 5 an incredibly talented person, a genius
models? 6 a story
W hi ch events would/wo uldn 't yo u like to go to? 7 a creator of dances
8 a group of actors or performers who work together
on different projects

6a Complete the compound adjectives with th e

words in the box. Then check your answers in th e
On the Waterfront LIKE I COMMENT
reviews. What do the adjectives mean?
Steven Berkoff returns to the stage in a new
adaptation of the Academy Award-winning film awa rd awe British laughter li ve mu ic
about a boxer who takes on the mob. out-of Rambert R&B samp le star

a The Phantom of the Opera LIKE I COMMENT

a _ __-inspiring f -enhanced
Critics of this stage musical call it tired , but its lavish b ___ -winning g - - --h ea '
and bold set design is still awe-inspiring and it's a c _ _-packed h - - --born
ouching story of love and desire. d _ __ -the-way -trained
LIKE I COMMENT
e - - --studded - - --i nfluenced
_ Public Service Broadcasting
Sample-heavy soundscapes are this excellent 6b Which three adjectives in Exercise 6a do ou think
ondon duo's stock-in-trade. Using live guitar and the writer might have created specifically for the e
drums, and sometimes piano and banjo, they create reviews and are unlikely to be in dictionaries?
eerie, white-knuckle instrumentals with vocal tracks
~om old radio broadcasts, public information films
!er and archive speeches. ·
LISTENING
ilar. 7 a IIilll Listen to interviews done after th e e\ enin
Amused Moose LIKE I COMMENT ·1
Exercise 3b. Match the speakers (1-5) with the e\ ent
d Great night out at this award-winning comedy club (A-H) they attended.
. · h a laughter-packed bill. · 7b What did the speakers think of the events? Listen
- --- - - I again and complete the sentences.
1st
enny Wheeler LIKE I COMMENT
res? 1 We ll, the musi c is rather ___ .
- is out-of-the-way venue keeps the quality sky
2 the cost of the ticket.
- gh with another star-studded show featuring
3 Experim ental music isn ' t real ly my ___ .
egendary UK trumpeter Wheeler and guitar virtuoso
4 We ll, it lived up _ _ .. .
:::larricelli. Catch this if you can , it should be a
5 Butth at's ___ to say it's _ __ worth seein g, just
- rker.
that it' s the best.
e
obody rides the unicorn LIKE I COMMENT
~ ~pp etcraft present this live music-enhanced tale of
SPEAKING AND WR ITING
E. le girl tasked with setting a unicorn free. 8 Work with a partner and describe and review a few
performance-based events that yo u have been to .
..., a·m LIKE I COMMENT
--e hree Haim sisters bring their brilliant and breezy
9 Write short reviews for you r events from Exercise 8
in the style of the reviews on this page (10-50 words
ne est Coast harmonies and epic R&B-influenced pop
per review).
e UK. Boo)< now, this will sell out.
- - - - - - - - - - - ----·- - ···-
omas Noone LIKE I COMMENT

ebut of British-born, Rambert-trained

-- _,reographer Thomas Noone and his company
:-er' rmi ng two pieces based on the complexities of
=-:-rsonal rel ationships.

97
 THE POWER OF MUS IC

VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING

1 a IDB Listen to the musical extracts and identify
the kinds of music. What instruments can you hear?
What other kinds of music do you know?
1b Work in small groups and discuss the questions.
1 What kind(s) of musi c do you like/di slike?
2 Do yo u pl ay, o r have you ever pl ayed, an
in strum ent? If not, whi ch w o ul d yo u like to p lay?
3 H ave yo ur mu sica l tastes changed over th e yea rs? If
so, how?
4 Is there any mu sic/song yo u assoc iate w ith particu lar
events or peopl e in yo ur life?
5 Has music changed your life in any way?

READING
2 Read the press release quickly and find this PHOENIX, June 25
information.
Pa raguay's Recycled Orchestra set to m ake U. S. c
1 w hen the press release appea red th e Musical Instrument Museum 9 and 1 0 August
2 wh ere the Recycl ed Orchestra will be performin g 'The world sends us garbage. We send back music.' Fe
3 when the Orchestra was set up Chavez
4 where th e Orc hestra comes fro m in Paraguay
5 the name of the founder of the Orchestra Founded in 2008 1 La Orchestra de lnstrumentos Reci1
6 wh en MIM first put the eight instrum ents o n d isp lay de Cateura (the Recycled Orchestra) is already inspiri
7 wh ere MIM is loca ted people around the world with their life-changing star
8 Dr D ani el Pi per's job astonishing musical instruments made from landfill t 1
9 what w ill be on the menu at Cafe Allegro and heart-warming performances. Never before seer
United States, this youth orchestra will make their U.
10 wh en the Fa mil y Day w ill ta ke pl ace
with two concerts at the MIM Music Theatre as part c
3 Read the press release again. In which paragraph(s) do weeklong artist residency.
we read about these things? Amid a massive landfill in Cateura, Par·aguay, childrer
hope by making music on instruments built from rec)
1 the relative valu e of thin gs w here th e Orc hestra
trash . In a shantytown constructed on the landfill, far
co mes from
survive by collecting and reselling garbage . Here, wh1
2 th e reaso ns w hy MIM has invited th e Orchestra to
violin can cost more than a house, visionary music te<
perfo rm there Fabio Chavez gathered a small team to plunder the le
3 th e tru ths that the O rchestra demo nstrates for usable materials and create an ensemble of 'recyc
4 the effect the Orc hestra has o n peopl e instruments.

4a Understanding and responding to vocabulary

choices How many times does the word story appear
in the text? Why do you think this is?
6 Match the three main types of non-finite clause
4b Underline all the positive words and phrases in the (a- c) with the sentences in Exercise.5 (1-3).
text. Why are there so many?
a infinitive clauses b past participle clauses
4c Would you like to attend this event or visit the c -ing clauses
museum?
7 Read the explanation of a non-finite clause and
answer the questions.
GRAMMAR
NON -FINITE CLAUSES A non-fini te clause has a lex ica l verb, but this verb
does not indi cate tense. W e have to understand its
5 Read the sentences from the press release. Look
reference to tim e (a nd person and number) from th
at the underlined non-finite clause in sentence 1 and
context or surrounding clauses. Non-finite clauses
underline the non-fin ite clauses in sentences 2 and 3.
typi ca lly subordin ate and are usu ally co mbin ed wi
1 Fo un ded in 2008, the Recycled Orc hestra is ... finite cl auses in sente nces .
in spir ing peop le aro und the wor ld ...
2 Its members va lu e greatly how m usic impacts their 1 In th e sente nces in Exercise 5, w hat are the lex ic
lives, help ing them express creativity, ... ve rbs that do not indicate tense?
3 The m useum is brin gin g the group ' s membe rs to 2 Wh at t ime does the non-fini te c lause refer to in
Phoeni x, to share their incred ible stories .. . eac h case?

98
 TH ER OF MUSIC

GRAMMAR TIP
Non-fi nite cl a - can occur ·n a vari ety of positions
within the entence: • e begi nning o r end, or
embedded in the ·e ce.

8 Find other exam p les o • e difierent p es of

non-finite clause in the pr relea e.

-.. Language reference ano e ua pra ce page 144-145

9 Complete the sen tences 1--6 e non - fini te

clauses (a-f). Choose the correct ·orm of the erb in
italics and use appropriate punctua ·o •
1 Certain kinds of music are pa ed
2 The 1985 Live Aid concerts ·
Ethiopia took pla ce in Londo ,
=Th MIM installed an exhibit featuring eight of the Recycled other c iti es
-=stra's innovative instruments, along with video and 3 ___ the rapper w as vil ified
raphy shot in their hometown. In its short time on display, 4 .Tailor-made music programmes a
- ibit dedicated to the group has quickly become a favourite effect on some medi cal patien _ __ _
J museum guests. Now, because the Recycled Orchestra's 5 Cows appreciate ca lmin g mu ic ___ .
"CSonates so strongly with MIM's global mission, the 6 In 2013 _ _ they form ed a band.
- ~ -n is bringing the group's members to Phoenix to share a blamed I blaming for ari in crea e in_ ee· io ence
OS
..,credible stories, their passion and their joyful music in an
b to reduce I reducing the need for pa·n il11 ~drug
" leled weekend of activities.
by fifty percent
-ecycled Orchestra is an extraordinary example of a reality c to escape I escaped the mon oton ' o ·
=.., see.around the world and throughout the galleries of d producing I produced more mi lk
"'lateri al poverty need not be an obstacle to a life rich
e to watch I watched by over 400 m illion people
s c. Its members value greatly how music impacts their
aro und the world
-e lping them express creativity, build self-confidence
engthen community . Dr Daniel Piper, Ml M's Curator for
f to stimulate I stimulated greater spendi n b
d customers
j
., -nerica and the Caribbean, and the driving force behind
_ - g t he orchestra to MIM, says: 'The exhibit and August
s
- cy is Ml M's way of recognising their achievements as SPEAK ING
e t he community to celebrate youth, social and musical
!r
~ on, and the sustaining value of the arts.'
1Oa Look at some ways music can change p eople'
ill lives. Discuss the effect they could have on people.
--=· sees strong parallels between the Recycled Orchestra
- er stories of hope and resilience told in Ml M's galleries. 1 lea rnin g to play a musical instrument as a child
_,,,ory re presents the intrinsic need by people around 2 becoming a pop star at the age of eighteen
t o make music. For thousands of years, this need 3 organising a benefit concert
en musi cal innovation and creativity, leading to the
-.: - e .Jari ety of instruments we see at MIM, many of which 1Ob Work in groups. Imagine you are going to
-,;:;e with repurposed materials from everyday life.' organise a benefit concert in your town or city with the
- ss the opportunity to see the Recycled Orchestra and aim of raising as much money as possible. Decid e:
- .& t heir unfolding story! a which charity/cause/ relief effort you woul d like to
-= yan-in spired menu of white fish stew, grilled beefsteak support.
-=:Judding will be available for lunch at Cafe Allegro. b which venue you would use.
-'= to learn about Family Day with the Recycled c whi~h four bands/performers you would in ite.
-·=-~ on Saturday 10 August.
1 Oc Present your ideas to other groups.

WR ITING
11 Write a short press release (about 100 words) fo r
the benefit concert in Exercise 10b.

99
 D IGITAL WONDERLA D

SPEAKING
1 Work in small groups and discuss
the questions.
1 a Over the years, how has the
internet and digital technology
changed entertainment?
b How do you use the internet for
entertainment?
2 What developments might occur
in the future regarding digital
entertainment? - -e peopl e now also spend time
. . The tradition~l livi~ r
Iii is now a mult1-med1a e, ueaming videos, posting
READ ING in which households sit to et e- aphs, messaging and social
to watch TV, while also u in° po ting.
2 Read the extracts quickly and answer computers, tablets and smanph Tl e report identified 25 % of viewer
the questions. according to the new resear b r · · e hers', using mobile technology
1 Which extracts are about: 'State of the Nation', by Ofco m. an ial media to discuss a
a producing entertainme nt to show The research reveals that familie • ow that they are watching. A
or share? have returned to. sitting around , er · 0 % were categorised as
b consuming entertainment? a single television set to watch a ·media tackers', using phones and
show together - as was common rablets when watching a show, but
2 Match the extracts with their sources. performing unrelated activities on
the abstract of an academic in much earlier decades. However,
when watching the show, half of die Yarious devices.
research paper
ii a publisher's description of an
academic book . . . This time last year I went down t o Los Angeles to do a live debate
. iii a journalist's blog II.ii about the merits of user-generated content with a kid called Justin
iv a newspaper article Kan. It was a surreal experience. Kan, a fresh ly graduated Yale philosophy
student, had affixed an always-on video camera on his head . Everything
3 Read the extracts again. In which in his life - absolutely everything - is streamed in grainy video onto his
extract are these ideas mentioned? website. Back then, Kan was just starti ng a bus iness called Ju stin .tv - a
1 Internet entertainment and communities user-generated content portal that ena bled other self-broadcasting
may be harmful for a nation. .kids like himself to distribute their unedited lives on the internet. Just
2 Present be haviour is reminiscent of the another ephemeral web 2.0 thing, I concluded . After all, how many kids
past. would be shameless enough to broadca st th eir entire lives to a voyeuristic
3 Many online sites and phenomena are world? I was totally wrong. The venture capital-backed Justin.tv is now a
short-lived . significant commercial success.
4 Digital technology prompts innovation
in other areas.
5 Being familiar with the internet
•enhances personal credibility.
m!he main results of.this s~dy .about young Shanghainese
md1cate that the mam motivat1on behind internet cafe use was
entertainment and that internet use in the cafes was ritualistic, habitua-1
4a Identifying and evaluating main points and pleasure-seeking. For the urban youth culture, internet. cafes
Read each extract carefully, identifying
provided a space where youngsters could reinforce their identities
and making notes on the various main
topics, key ideas and points in each. as trendy, technology-savvy urbanites. The government and public
concerns were reflected in the phenomenon as internet cafes have
4b Work with a partner and compare been accused of eroding public morali ty.
your notes. Then answer the questions.
1 Do yo u have knowl edge or examples
whi ch support ideas in the extracts? 1:1 The past decade has seen a n extraordinarily intense
2 Do you have an y points to make that l:il period of experimentation'with computer. technology
may contradi ct th e extracts? within the performing arts. Digital media has been
3 Are the developme nts discussed in the
increasingly incorporated into live th eatre and dance, and
extracts positive, negati ve or neither?
new forms of interactive perform ance have emerged in
4 Wh at variations in th ese situations
might there be gl oball y? participatory installations, on CD-ROM and on the web. In
Digital Performance, Steve Dixon traces the evolution of these
5 How do the situations in the extracts practices, presents detailed accounts of key practitioners
compare to your country and your life? and performances and analyses the theoretical, artistic and
technological contexts of this form of new media art.

100
 1CABULARY
_r- .\D EMIC VERBS
8b ll!ll
DIGITAL WONDERLAND

Look at these features of conversational

English. Listen to four more extracts from the
-
conversation and match them to the features· below.
a Find verbs in the extracts with these meanings.
4 Speakers use fillers (well, you know) anc;l vague
show that something exists or is true (extract A) language (sort of, things like that) to ma intain and
provide the means for something to occur (extract B) organise their speech.
su pply something or spread something over an area 5 Listeners make short supporti e comments, w ithout
(extract B) fully interrupting.
sh ow that something exists or is true (extract C) 6 Sentences are incomplete beca u e the peake r
5 su pport or make stronger (extract C) rephrases their idea .
w eaken or reduce in importance (extract C) 7 Speakers use direct quotes, as if playing a cha racter.
- appear, perhaps developing over time (extract D)
look critically and in detail at something (extract D) 8c Listen to and read Audio script 10.3 on page 178.
Find more examples of the features of con ersati o nal
.l
b Complete the sentences with the correct form of English in Exercises 8a and b.
~r bs from Exercise 6a.
rers .,.. Language reference and extra practice, pages 144-145
logy Surveys ___ the broadcast industry undervalued
the public interest in user-generated content. 9a Rewrite the followin g to ap pear more similar to
An attempt was made to _ _ global copyright laws conversational English. Use the fea tures in Exercises 8a
in order to protect commercial content more strongly. and b to help you. Compare our ideas with a partner.
d It is important to ___ the possible factors carefully 1 I asked my mother to use soci al media· hO\\ever, she
lt to be certain why children deceive parents about said it was too complicated . She al o aid that she
their levels of internet use.
would keep phoning me. Ho\ e\er, I don't like using
Video and music sharing sites tend to _ __ the phone.
co nsumers' respect for the rights of media producers .
Soc ial networking sites enable users to rapidly _ _
I told, erm, I asked m y m um to use social media, you
information to their peers.
know, Facebook and things like that and ...
n
y research ___ that privacy is now a primary 9b Work in pairs. One student rewrites text 1 below,
lhy
concern for young adults. the other rewrites text 2. Check your pa rtne r's ideas.
g
The data us to draw clear conclusions
1 I don't think that parents should stop their chil dren
co ncerning the future of entertainment.
using the internet. One reason is th at the chi dren
ew forms of art often after both minor and
won't learn skills like information searching and
major developments in technology.
deciding which websites to trust. In addition, the
Is internet can help you learn things su ch as languages
istic TEN ING and other practical skills. Therefore it is a shame if
I a -a IIill
Listen to parts of a conversation between children can 't use it.
- ee people about how we use the internet. Number 2 I used to use social media, such as Facebook, a lot
e topics (a-f) in the order you hear them. more when I lived abroad in order to keep in touch
ta rgeted advertising with people back home and for other simil ar rea ans.
d istraction However, now that I am back in this country, I would
~i si nterpreting information much rather call or text people, or do someth ing
tu al similar. Alternatively, I' d rather go and see them .
identity security
::: tr iviality
dependence SPEAKING
Listen again and make notes on topics a-f. To 10 Work in small groups to discuss the statements
at extent do you agree with what the speakers say? below. During each discussion, one student should not
- m pare your ideas with a partner. speak; but should note the features of conversational
English used.
MMAR 1 There' s nothing wrong with parents banning the ir
VERSATIONAL ENGLISH children from watc)ling TV and/or using the internet.
2 Using the internet for entertainmenfwill remain the
II!IJ
Look at these features of conversational preserve of young people.
· glish. Listen to three extracts from the conversation 3 Young people are ignorant of the dangers of
d match them to the features below. revealing their personal data and pri vate lives o n line.
peake rs repeat words, especially when restarting a 4 Downloading movies and music for free, witho ut
-ente nce. permission, is a criminal act deservin g prosec ution.
imple cl ause structure - a chain of ideas, linked
-· mp ly with and, but, so, then, beca use.
peake rs interrupt, or talk over, each other.

101
SPEAK I
1 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
1 Wh at formats of rea lity show are there in your
country? Do you watch any of them? Why?/\!Vhy not?
2 Wh y do yo u think people appear on these shows?

SITUATION
A production company is making a new reality
Selection guidelines
docu mentary show, Th e Globa l Village, for online
international broadcast. Thi s infotainment show Although a good mix of people is
offe rs interest and fu n, as well as revea ling and required, the ideal candidates should:
analysing cultural differences in communicatio n • be interesting, have opinions and something to say;
and co ll aboration styles. It will feature twenty-four be quick-witted and have a bright personality; have
contesta nts, all from different co untries, who will live good communication and collaboration skills.
on a small, deserted, tropica l island for three months. • have useful practical skills - they will fend for
They will work together to bui ld a comm unity - a themselves, build their homes, cook and improve life
globa l village - and survive w ithout any modern on the island.
co nve niences, performing tasks to win food and • be fit and healthy. We must avoid any major health
points. The international public wi ll vote each week problems during th~ show, and they will be living in
to give points to different participants. The contesta nt basic conditions and not eating well.
with the most points at the end will w in a round-the- • be entertaining or ready to contribute to the fun.
world tr ip. Th ere is fu ll on line interactivity for the Remember: television is entertainment and some
audience, w ith social media and education resources challenges will not be of the survival type, e.g. there
related to the sociologica l research of the show. The will be Tropical Karaoke.
production company is currently accepti ng video • have an open mind with regard to this new experience
auditions from the potential participants. and believe it will be a learning experience.
Also, good TV often involves a degree of conflict.
Selecting assertive personalities that might clash with
2 Read the situation. What do yo u think the producers
other strong personalities would be good, but we don't
will be looking for in contestants for The Gl<ibal
want complete idiots who can't change. The audience
Village? Consider:
wants to see the journey that these characters make,
• personality traits. • physical appearance. to see how they learn to live together, how they
• hobbies and interests. • singing/acting skills . communicate and collaborate. The participants should
• p·ractical ski I ls. • age and health. be aged twenty-one and above, and an interesting
variety of backgrounds would be positive.
3 Read the producer's selection guidelines. Are they
sirvilar to your ideas?

4 l1ilil
Listen to two auditions. Which attributes
do the candidates claim? Who would/wouldn't
you choose to be in the show? Why?
 GLOBAL VILLAGE

~ . LANGUAGE TASK
INFO RMAL TALK INFO RMAL PRESENTATION

:>a Listen again and complete the sentences. 8a You are going to make an audition video for The
--~ all my life I' ve come top in everythi ng. Global Village. First, prepare a short talk for your
2 _ _ _ surviving on the island, we ll, I reckon that audition by creating a new character for yourself. Use
wo n't be an issue. these questions to help you.
3 that doesn't mean that I' m perfect. 1 What is your nationality? (Choose an
--~ trying to win The Globa l Village w ill be a English-speaking co untry.)
cha ll enge. 2 How old are yo u? (over twenty-one)
5 I' m a builder, which is w hy I ___ I'd be good to 3 What is yo ur fa mil y, education and employment
have on the island . background?
I guess yo u could say that, _ _ , I'm pretty laid 4 What interests do you have?
back. 5 How would you describe yo ur personality? (Think
So, ___, I reckon I'd be a great cho ice for Th e about strengths and weaknesses. )
Global Village. 6 What special skills, abi lities and qualities do you have?
--~ the island needs a bui lder. 7 Why should the producers choose you for the show?
8 What do you want to get from the experi ence?
5b Find the sentences in Exercise Sa in Audio script 9 What wi ll you say to end your aud ition ?
0. 6 on page 178. Then match the phrases in each
~ nte nce with these formal expressions. 8b Compare your ideas with a partner. Which of the
~ believe criteria in the selection guidelines do your talks refer
however to or demonstrate? Make further notes. Practise giving
c moving on your short talk.
w ith rega rd to 8c Work with a partner and make an audio or video
taki ng everything into co nsideration recording of your talks (if yo u have a recording device).
genera ll y speaking
as I exp lained earlier 9 Form a group with another pair. Each pair shares
to illustrate that their recordings with the other or they audition live.,
Take notes on each one.
Look at Audio script 10.6 on page 178 again. Find
1 Oa Of the four characters, decide individually which
ore examples of language that would be useful in an
two you think the producers would choose. Refer to
fo rmal talk.
the criteria in the selection guidelines.
- lllll Listen to the producers discussing the two
1Ob As a group, can you agree on two strong
ndidates from Exercise 4. Who do they select? Why?
candidates for selection for the show? Take notes of
your discussion, reasoning and decision.

USEFUL PHRASES

Recalling what someone said

Can yo u remember what he sa id about ... ?

Sh e said that she ... , didn't she?
What was it he said about ... ?

Explaining choices

The main reason I'd choose her is that .. .

What I really liked about him was that .. .
In the end, I'd go for him 9ecause ...

Making a decision

So, do we all agree th at ... ?

Who's it going to be then?
Look, we've got to choose someone; let's go for .. .

11 Using your notes, write a short report about the

selection process and results for the senior management.

103
 - STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS
.J..
.• ,

STUDY SKILLS 4c Work with a partner. Tell him/her what you can
SEM IN AR/DISCUSSION SKILLS remember about the points from Exer.cise 4b.

1 Discuss the questions. 4d ~ Watch the second part o.f the seminar and
make notes on the main points.
1 Wh at are th e differences between a lecture, a
semin a r a nd a tutorial? 4e Work with a partner and compare your notes.
2 W hat a re the advantages of seminars for students?
5 Look at the phrases in bold in the first paragraph of
Are th e re any disadvantages?
Video script 10.1 on page 179. Decide which of these
2 Tick the skills you think could be developed by functions they perform .
attending seminars. Then work with a partner and 1 checking everyone has understood
compare your answers. 2 stating the topic of the seminar
1 listening actively 3 identifying your role in the seminar
2 working with a wide range of different people 4 making sure the scope of the topic is understood
3 solving problems
6 Work with a partner and choose ten more phrases
4 communicating effectively by speaking in bold from Video script 10.1 on page 179. Decide
5 managing differences of opinion and conflict what their function is.
6 training other people
7 leading a team 7a Which of these phrases would probably be said by
the chair/seminar leader, but not by other participants?
3 You are going to watch part of a seminar on the 1 I see what you ' re getting at, but ...
difference between real conversation and conversation 2. Sorry, I didn't catch that.
in plays, radio and TV drama and films. Work with a 3 On balance, we- thought that ...
partner and discuss the questions.
4 Lia, we haven't heard from you yet.
1 Which plays, films and TV dramas have you seen 5 Miles put it well when he said that ...
recently? 6 We're running out of time, so ...
2 Think about the language used in the types of
drama you've seen. How does it compare with the 7b What is the function of each phrase in Exercise
language of real life?
8 What can students do to prepare for a seminar?
Make a list. Then check your answers on ~age 163.
9 Work in groups and choose one of these semin'a r
topics or think of your own topic. Prepare for the
seminar and practise what you want to say in pairs.
1 Why aren't more young people interested in theatr
2 Soap operas: a powerful educational tool
3 The predictable nature of TV drama
4 Remakes of films: what's the point?

WRITING SKILLS
CR IT ICAL REFLECT IVE WRITING

10 What do you think this quote meam;? Work with a

partner and discuss.
4a ~ Watch the first part of the seminar and The unexamined life is not worth living. Socrates, in
answer the questions. Plato's Apology
1 Do you think the seminar leader leads the discussion 11a Writing about experiences, events, situations or ideas
well ? Why? is an important basis for critical reflection and is used in
2 How do the students use body language to 'take the both academic and work contexts. There is no single way
floor' (i.e . to get the next turn to speak)? to do critical refle~ion, but a number of three-way models
exist. Look at the model on page 105 and match questions
4b Watch the first part of the seminar again and 1-3 with each part of the model.
number these points in the order you hear them.
1 What are you going to do next, using the insights yo u
a The way rnen and wome n speak is different.
have developed from thinking about the experience?
b Conversation is coope rative.
c Shared background info rmation helps participants 2 How was this experience similar/different to other
understand each other. experiences? What is important about it, and why?
d Conversation has a lot of pauses, hesitations, etc. What do you understand now more than before?
e Utterances are repetitive and sh o rt. 3 What happened during this experience? Who was
involved? What did they say? What did you say?
104
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

Tuesday 15 March 0
Seminar: the language of drama
The previous few days had not been easy for me as I had
had to spend a lot of time helping a friend of mine who was
experiencing some difficulties. I felt I could not let him down.
As a result, I was only able to do the conversation analysis task
very quickly the evening before the seminar.
I recorded my sister on my mobile, in the living room. It took me
a long time (about two hours) to do the transcription - perhaps
because it was my first time. It was very late when I finished the
transcription, so I did not have time to analyse it properly. It was
also too late to do more than skim through the reading.
These things put me at a distinct disadvantage during the seminar.
I was forced to make notes about oth er students' observations,
rather than corning ready with my own notes, and there were
terms I was not familiar with. Consequently, I could not contribute
eil ective model in Reach, Touch and Teach by very much to tl1e discussion. Overall, I think my preparation was
-e ry Borton, McGraw Hill, Inc. 1970 poor. I must organise my time in a more effective way, which
allows for unexpected events or emergencies.
During the seminar itself, I was really impressed by the way
b Match the following to each part of the model. Shanice chaired for the first ti,me. Earlier in the semester, it
an alysis 2 description 3 evaluation seemed that she was reluctant to take on this role, but we
saw a completely new side to her - much more confident . On
_ Based on the model, what do you think is the aim the other hand, I felt quite irritated and upset by the way Ben
critical reflection? Choose the correct answer. disagreed with my point about how women speak. I spoke
to blame other people for something that went wrong about this with Shanice afterwards and she pointed out that
·o understand yourself better challenging ideas is an important aspect of critical discussion;
·o change something about yourse lf and possibly the this made me think that I should try not to take disagTeement
arid around you and criticism so personally.
·o fi nd out why something went wrong on a The most successful part of the seminar for me was when
pa rticular occasion we were talking about the language of Harold Pinter. My
extensive experience of theatre-going is very useful for
Have you ever done this kind of critical reflective
making connections with the ideas of literary critics, and I feel
Ling? How might it help you?
comfortable with these kinds of discussions. Some critics argue
Look. at the blog and find one example of writing that Pinter's very oblique, spare language makes it difficult to
· · a) descriptive, b) analytical and c) evaluative. read the characters' intentions and understand their motives.
E ercises 11a and 11 b to help you. I can see what a linguistic debt modern playwrights owe Pinter
in this respect. Thinking more about this, I wonder if this is
Look at this list of things you can do in critical because they want to break down that sense of 'theatri cality',
ective writing. Find examples of four of them in the barrier between the stage and 'real life'?
- blog.
inking about what happened before the experience
or event) that may have had an impact on it 16 Comment on the style of language used in the blog.
in ki ng about how you feel or felt
17 Write an entry for your own critical reflective blog.
in king about the reasons for your actions
Consid~r these points.
- -- ing critical questions about the experience
nking about how you interacted with others involved 1 You could think and write about:
the experience a the subject you are studying.
nki ng about the consequences of your actions b an event such as a presentation or semin ar.
ki ng about the relationship between your own c something you've done outside the course/job that
perience and theory has relevance to it.
11king about your strengths and weaknesses 2 You could include pictures, diagrams, etc.
- rik ing about your overall contribution to the 3 Think about how much you want to 'expose'
peri ence or event yourself and others.
ing about whether your assumptions or 4 Try to get a good balance between descri ption, analysis
onceptions have changed and evaluation.
·i ng about what action you are going to take as 5 Find a balance between writing in a person al and an
• -ul t of this experience objective styl e.

105
 Business and economics

A business that makes nothing but money is a poor business. Henry Ford (1863- 1947), U.S. industrialist and. businessman

SPEAKING VOCABULARY
1a List three successful businesses.· Why do you think
BUSINESS AND ECONOM IC TE RMS
the businesses are successful? Work with a partner and 2a Match words from box A with words from box B to
compare your ideas. make common business and economic terms: Use and
1b Tick the practices you think apply to the to connect the words.
businesses you mentioned in Exercise 1a.
A assets boom creditors imports income
A successful business: mergers mo rtgages profit supp ly
1 constant ly innovates, diversifies and takes risks.
2 pays fixed sa laries wi th out bonuses or other fringe B acq u1s1t1ons debtors demand expe nditure
benefits. expoos li ab ilities loa ns loss slump
3 makes redundancies to cut costs.
4 keeps overheads down by manufacturing/ imports and exports
outsourcing abroad .
5 makes as much money for shareho lders as possible. 2b Match seven of the terms from Exercise 2a with
6 invests heavily in PR and adverti sin g to create brand their meanings.
awareness. 1 the relationship between the goods and serv ices
7 eliminates th e competition to gain market share. . avai lab le and what co nsumers wa nt to buy
8 uses creative accounting to pay less tax. 2 periods w hen an econo my or business is doing well
9 gets customers to pay in adva nce but pays supp li ers or badly
as late as possibl e. 3 things owned by a business and things owed by a
business
1c Which of the practices in Exercise 1b do you think
4 the money earned and spent by a government or
are common in business?
business
1d Which prattices are the least acceptable to you? 5 changes in the ownership and runnin g of businesses
Why? 6 financial products on w hi ch interest is charged
7 people or organ isations owed money by others or
owi ng money to others

2c Write definitions for the other two terms in Exercise 2a.

106
 UPS AND DOWNS I 11.1

EA.DING 4b Match the headings (1-7) with the

stories (A-G).
3What sort of information do you expect to find in the business
ages of a newspaper/on a news website? 1 Bl ack ma rket boom
2 Investme nt fea rs
a Read the stories. Which are 'business bites' and which !He 3 Pa radise lost?
eco nomic bites'? 4 Optimisti c trade o utlook
A Paradise Place, the struggling luxury travel 5 Ta keove r fo ll ows growth
group, is seeking a substantial cash injection to avoid almost 6 Eco no my suffe rs downturn
7 Cosmeti cs firm ex pa nds
certain bankruptcy after recording further plunging profits this
year. Any potential investor would be taking on $56 million of 4 c Read the stories again and answer the
debt. According to a spokesperson, the company could go into questions.
administration within weeks unless a buyer is found.
1 Whi ch compa ni es are do ing well/badl y?
2 Whi ch econo mies are do ing well/badl y?
B Trade in counterfeit goods in the UK has
escalated. New figures show that the trade in pirate DVDs, fake 5 Find words or phrases in the stories
designer goods and other aspects of the un~er.gro~nd economy with these meanings.
may have cost the government up to £1 .5 bilhon m .lost tax 1 the fa ilure of a business
revenue in the past year. With tax revenues decreas~g due the t? 2 not genuine/origi na l produ cts
economic slump, there is a real threat to futme public spend mg, a. 3 mo ney ea rn ed fro m sa les durin g a
spokesperson announced. pa rti c ul ar per iod of time
4 shops
C Still Beautiful, the make-up and beauty products 5 a pe riod of nega tive growth
giant, continues to go from strength to strength in a fiercely 6 co mpa ni es ow ned or co ntro ll ed by a
competitive market. Turnover and profits are well up on this time larger co mpa ny
last year, particularly for its War Paint range. It has just announced 7 w he n o ne co mpa ny buys a noth e r
a further expansion of its workforce with the creation of 2,000 new co mpany (or pa rt of o ne)
j obs 'and the opening of 350 new retail outlets across Europe over 8 the ge ne ra l rise in pri ces
the next two years. 9 th e di ffe ren ce be twee n th e va lu e of a
co untry's imports a nd expo rts
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ The Japanese stock market remains volatile. 10 a negative ba la nce of tra de
Yesterday was another day of heavy trading with share prices falling
6a Find words and phrases in the stories
again. Although there was a slight recovery towards the end of the
which refer to trends. Do they refer to an
day, the forecast is bleak as market confidence remains low due to
upward trend(+), a downward trend (t)
the effects of the global recession .
or another type of trend?
plunging +
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Business is booming for leading internet
ompany Bubble and its subsidiaries in Australia and Southeast 6b What other phrases referring to trends
.\ ia. Pre-tax profits rose by 23 percent, according to interim results can you add to the list?
r leased this week, and sustained growth is forecast for the rest of
• e y~ ar, which will please shareholders. The reported acquisition SPEAKING
· the poorly performing instant messaging app Chat Up could be
ompleted by the end of next month. More good news is that the 7 a Deciding and justifying priont1£:s
om pany ' s tax liability issues in the UK have now been resolved . You are responsible for the distribution
of the public spending budget for your
_ __ _ __ _ Another sw-ge in Spanish unemployment figures country (i.e. the income from taxes, loans,
been announced today. Predictions are that they will reach a etc.). Think about the different areas of
k in the next tlu·ee months. There are further gloomy forecasts spending in the table on page 164 and
at industry will be hit hard by the economic slump. Manufacturing follow these steps.
put will drop sharply in the next quarter, say analysts, while 1 Fill in the budget fo r thi s year to show
ita l investment by finns will plummet. Meanwhile the inflation what you, im agine the c urrent situatio n is.
ontinues to climb, edging towards 2.5 percent. 2 Dec ide o n your priori ties for ne xt yea r.
3 Fill in the budget for next year.

7b Work in groups and pre sent your ideas.

_ _ _ _ __ _ ln the USA, falls in the exchange rate have
_ to a much more positive balance of trade. The trade deficit has
reduced significa ntly and the government hopes that this will
WRITING
ulate growth and lead to a small surplus by early next year. There 8 Write a short summary of the main
en further speculation about the introduction of import tariffs points of your budget.
uora to help the badly hit car industry.
107
 CHANGING LIVES

SPEAKING AND READING

1 What can be don e to help developing countries
grow their economies? Do yo u know any organisations
that aim to do this? What do you know about them?
2a Work with a partner. Student A, read the text
below and note down the arguments in favour of
Fairtrade. Student B, turn to page 164 and note down
the arguments against Fairtrade.
2b Work with a partner. Usi~g your notes only, tell
each other the arguments for and against Fairtrade.
2c Evaluating evidence Work with a partner and discuss.
Which side of the argument do you think is stronger?
Give reasons for your answer.

Is Fairtrade fair?
Yes: it puts people back at the heart of trade.
By Harriet Lamb, Fairtrade International

Fairtrade does what it says on the tin : it is about better

prices for smallholder farmers and workers in developing
countries. Fairtrade addresses the injustices of conventional
trade , which too often leaves the poorest, weakest
producers earning less than it costs them to grow their
crops. It's a bit like a national minimum wage for global
trade. Not perfect, not a magic wand, not a panacea for all
the problems of poverty, but a step in the right direction.
Free-market economists complain that Fairtrade benefits
only a small number of farmers , penalising those outside.
This is plain wrong. In fact, the evidence suggests that the
opposite is true. Research in Bolivia , for example, found that
coffee producers outside Fairtrade were able to negotiate
higher prices: Fairtrade had become a price setter. Fairtrade
farmers also share their knowledge in trading . For those
inside the system , our research shows that through the
minimum price guarantee, farmers have more secure and
stable incomes. A group of rice farmers in India invested
thQir premium in buying a tractor and a land leveller;
productivity increased by 30 percent.
Other critics ask why we are working with retailers or big
brands like Cadbury's and Starbucks. Our answer is that
only by mainstreaming Fairtrade will we be able to reach
more producers. So we are unapologetic in our commitment
to sca le up. By doing so, moreover, we begin to affect all
business behaviour.
A favourite question is why don't we work with UK farmers.
We recogn ise that many farmers in the UK face similar
issues to farmers elsewhere, but Fairtrade was established
specifically to support the most disadvantaged producers
in the world - like the tea-growers of Malawi, who don't
even have drinking water in their villages. I always buy my
cheese , pears and carrots from my local farmers' market -
and enjoy Fairtrade bananas, tea and coffee. It's two sides
of the same movement to put people back at the heart of
trade. Surely, you cannot say fairer than that.

108
 C HA Git G LIVES

I TENING 6 What, if any, is the difference in meaning between

the sentences in each pair?
3a 1111 Listen to the first part of a radio programme
ooking at the pros and cons of microfinance. Note 1 a If we do not learn lessons from the past, small-scale
down all the pros of microfinance. farmers will lose their jobs. .
b Unless we learn lessons from the past, small-scale
3b 1111Listen to the second part of the programme farmers will lose their jobs.
and note down all the cons of microfinance.
2 a They were happy only if they were taking home
3c Which speaker did you find easier to follow? Why? enormous bonuses.
b They were happy as long as they were taking
3d What impact do you think the microfinance
home enormous bonuses.
movement has had on supporting development in
:ome of the world's poorest countries? Work with a 3 a I'll attend the co nference in case the Chairman
partner and discuss. is going.
b I' ll attend th e conference if the Chairman is going.
.JCABULARY 4 a You can get a loan if you are self-employed.
~O N FUSING WORDS b You ca n get a loan even if you are self-employed.
~ Language reference and extra practice, pages 146-147
.Ja Look at Audia· script 11.1 on pages 179-180. Find
ords which are often confused with debt, borrow, 7 Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
debtors, principal and effect. 1 If you hadn 't been so generous, the charity would
.ib Complete the sentences with one of the words in have closed down . (but for)
ackets. 2 I' m happy to give yo u a loan, but I need you to make
We took out a personal ___ to pay for our yo ur monthl y repa yments .. (as long as)
holiday. (debt, loan) 3 What would you do if you won the lottery?
Can you ___ me ten dollars until tomorrow? (s upposing)
(lend, borrow) 4 I will agree to those conditions if you increase my
The ___ reason for the farm's failure was the commission. (provided that)
recession. (principle, principal) 5 If we don' t win this co ntract, we'll all lose our jobs.
O ur ___ are trying to get their money back. (unl ess)
(creditors, debtors) 6 He will only sign the contract if we give him a pay
According to the World Bank, the rise. (unless) .
of the latest financial crisis on rural and 7 Use a lawyer when yo u negotiate a new contract as
urban poverty has been dramati c. (affect, effect) you mi ght get bullied. (in case)
8 The search ca n tell us about his outstanding debts, if
c Write sentences with the words you did not use in he has any. (whether or not)
~ ercise 4b. Use a dictionary to help you. 9 Fairtrade allows documents to be photocop ied fo r
personal use, but insists that copyr ight and sources
.\MMAR are also copied . (on the condition that)
. _ TERNATIVES TO IF 10 How are you go ing to finance yo ur studies if you get
a place at uni versity? (assu min g)
5 Look at-Audio scripts 11.1 and 11.2 on pages 179-180.
'l d alternatives to if and add them to the correct W RITING
tegory.
8a Work with a partner and brainstorm ideas for the
first paragraphs of this essay.
provided that, on (the) Evaluate the impact that the mi crofin ance and Fairtrade
condition that, assuming, movements ca n have in supporting development in
but for, not ... until, som e of the world's poorest countries.
l
8b Write the first paragraph.
2
agi nary _ _ _ /suppos ing,
8c Work with a partner. S,hare your paragraphs with
each other and make constructive suggestions about
how you can improve them.

whether (or not)

109
 EVERYONE 'S A WINNER

'-,PEAKING AND READ ING VOCARUL\RY

SU FFIXES (NOU S 2)
1a Work in groups and give some
examples of times when you have had to 4 Make nouns from the ve rb s in the box using the suffixes -tion and
negotiate (e.g. with noisy neighbours). -sioQ and making an y other necessary changes. Check the spelling
1b Discuss the questions. and meaning of an y words you do not know in a dictionary.
1 Are yo u afra id of negotiating? Why?/ abstain admit cl arify collide confuse decide discriminate
Why not? elimin ate extend in dicate instigate negotiate permit
2 When you negotiate, do you usually
concede more than you should?
3 Do you get caug ht up in arguments 5 Complete the sentences with no uns from Exercise 4.
when negotiating? 1 Risin g house pri ces are a(n) _ _ of confidence in the economy.
4 Do you thi nk of negotiating in terms of 2 She was sure that _ __ was the reason she was not gettin g
w inners and lose rs ? promoted as quickly as her male co lleagues.
3 The CEO's that she had lied shocked the shareho lders.
2a You are going to read some advice on
4 The uni on has entered into ___ w ith the management.
negotiating. Think of five pieces of advice
5 Alicia's been given a(n) _ _ to finish her report.
that might appear in the text.
6 Some further _ __ of your posit ion is needed .
2b Read the advice sheet and check which 7 No fin al _ _ has been taken, but a merger between the two
of your predictions were mentioned. compani es seems likely.
8 The inqui ry was set up at the _ _ of the chairman.
3 Read the advice sheet again . Which do
you think are the five most useful pieces
of advice? Why?
• Create the right ambience for a win-win negotiation. Try to
put yourself in the other party's shoes. Think about what
they really need . Stress the need for agreement from the
outset and only engage in constructive arguments.
• If you are negotiating in a foreign country, be prepared to fit in
with their style of negotiating. Planning is crucial. Learn about
the customs, values and practices of the people yoµ are going
to negotiate with.
• Set the negotiations up so there won't be time pressures
on anyone. If the other party try to bring up a completely
new issue, then call for an adjournment. Also, if you are
making no progress on a very difficult point, suggest you
come back to it later.
• Identify who the decision-maker is. Make sure you know
who you 're talking to . But don't be intimidated by status.
• Control your emotions when negotiating. Don't give
yourself away. Hide short tempers and frustration and
never walk out in a rage . Never show fear or anger in face
of intimidation. Remember, it's not personal. As soon as
emotion enters into the negotiation you are likely to lose.
• Be assertive, not aggressive. Focus on issues, not emotions.
• Be the best listener you can be. Wait for the other party to
finish their proposal before responding . Listen to the tone
of voice as well as the words.
• Watch out for body language that might give you some
• First of all, find out everything you can about
indication of how the qther side is feeling or indicate a shift
the other party. Preparation is vital. Clarify your
in position.
priorities and be ready to concede less important
points. Keep your negotiating strategy simple • When you 've made an important concession , you should
and flexible. · point it out and emphasise that each concession is a
serious loss for you . Don't concede ground unless you
• Plan ahead for what you are willing to give up.
receive someth ing in return .
Know your bottom line or BATNA (Best
Alternative To A Negotiated Agreement). This • After you 've closed the deal , don't go on talking . Shut up.
represents the point you turn down their offer Stand up . Shake hands. And leave .
and stop negotiating . Be polite , be persistent and keep your focus.

110
 EVERYONE S A WINNER
1
1111
~ RAMMAR 8b Look at the other highlighted phrasal verbs in
PH RASAL VERBS the advice sheet. Which are transitive and which are
intransitive in this context?
6 Match the highlighted phrasal verbs in the advice
- heet with their meanings. GRAMMAR TIP
1 mention/introduce a topic With transitive phrasal verbs:
2 get information • we cannot put an adverb between the verb and
3 show your feelings particle or between the particle and object.
4 let go, lose
I turned reluctantly down the offer. X
5 explain, highlight
I turned down reluctantly the offer. X
6 arrange, organise
I turned the offer down reluctantly . ./
7 refuse
Reluctantly, I turned the offer down . ./
8 return
9 work well with others in a group • We cannot put a relative pronoun immediatel y before
10 continue or after the particle.
11 bequiet That's the offer which turned I down. X
12 rise to your feet That's the offer which I turned down . ./
13 be careful because of danger

Read the grammar tip above. Then look at these

"'f 9 .Put the words in brackets in the correct order to
nhrasal verbs and answer the questions. complete the sentences.
~a n d up ... 1 I was in a hurry, so (I I the I out I problem I qui ck! I
. . you should point it out ... pointed).
- his represents the point you turn down their offer ... 2 The Chairm an wants the meeting in the morn ing, so
Which phrasal verbs are transitive and which are (I've I ten I it I set I for I up I o' clock).
intransitive? 3 That's the colleague (gave I last I smoking I wh o I up
2 What is the difference in the structures of the phrasal I week).
verbs? 4 The topic was controversial , so (I I it I up I ca reful! I
brought).
Ba Choose the best answer to complete the rule. 5 Unfortun ately, it was the secret (which I foun d I out I
-o metimes more than one answer is possible. I I had).
With transitive phrasal verbs, if the object is a noun, 6 Golf was too expensive, so (I I gave I immedi ate! I
we can put it: up I it).
a between the verb and the particle. 7 She made me a good offer, but (I ' ve I turned I down I
b after the particle. it).
c before the verb.
10 Work with a partner and take it in turns to answ er
W ith. transitive phrasal verbs, if the object is a pronoun, the questions.
we can put it:
1 H ave you ever turned a job down?
a between the verb and the particle.
2 Have you ever filled in a form and then regretted it?
b after the particle.
3 What is the best thing you have set up?
c • before the verb.
4 Have you ever found out an important secret?
5 Did you fit in well with your classmates when ou
w ere younger?
6 Do you like to have your mistakes pointed out to
you?
7 Have you ever given anything up?
8 Do you know when to shut up or do you tend to go
on.talking?

-... Language reference and extra practice, pages 146--147

SPEAKING
11 Considering alternative views Work with a
partner and prepare for a negotiation. Think about the
situation from the other person's point of view.
Student A: turn to page 155 .
Student B: turn to page 156.

111
 SCENARIO
SAV\ NG LIVES AT SEA

Kenneth and Ingrid Carter own a company ca ll ed

M arine l1'1struments. They have recently developed
a marine1product, an alarm device which helps The MLSD Marine Life-Saving Device)
sailors to• locate a member of their crew who has
fallen overboard. They need_ finance to launch the
helps to locate a search for crew members
product c:ind to cover their initial marketing costs. who have fal le o erboard from a boat or
They hav e contacted two investment firms who may yacht.The de ·ce is attached to the clothing of
be ab le to help them: Neptune Investments and Ari el crew members. I someon e falls into the sea, it
Capital. B'·oth firms provide capita l and advice for
start-up co mpani es and in return expect to share in
automatically e a signal which gives the exact
the profits. of the company . This is usually in the fo rm location of e erson who has gone overboard
of a percentage stake (s hareholding) in the co mpany. to someone o n e boat. It also sends a signal
Neptuni;; a1nd Ariel like to in vest in companies run to other boats in e area. As a result, crew
by enthusiastic, motivated peop le who have exc iting
products t 1.:i develop.
membe rs who I into th e water can be quickly
Kenneth aind Ingrid have arranged to meet Neptune recovered either y their own boat or other
Investments first. Neptune directors wi ll question boats wh ich are earby.
Kenn eth a nd Ingrid about thei r product and if all goes
well, will negoti ate a dea l with them.
Deta ils of the marine product are given opposite.

1Read t'ne situation and the description of the product.

Work wit h a partner and discuss the questions.
1 What kind of companies do the investment firms finance?
2 How do the investment firms get a return on their money?
3 How does the MLSD save lives?
4 Do you think the MLSD is a marketab le product? Give
reasons for you r answer.

2 If you were directors of one of the investment

companies, what questions would you ask the inventors
of the device? Make a list.
3 illJ
Kenneth and Ingrid meet directors from
Neptune Investments. Listen to the first part of their
conversation and make notes on these points.
•• unique features of the MLSD • patents
• tests • production
• target cons umer • plans for the future
 I
11.4 l,

SAV\NG L\VES AT SEA

KEY LANGUAGE Sa The extracts in Exercise 4b demonstrate four

SETTING THE AGENDA, RESPONDING TO OFFERS different ways of responding to proposals. Match the
extracts (1-5) with the functions (a-d).
4a 1111Listen to the second part of the discussion and a accepting a proposal c rejecting a proposal
answer the questions. b using persuasive arguments d bargaining
1 What financial terms do Kenneth and Ingrid offer
Neptune? ·
Sb Which sentence in the extracts refers to the points
2 Why do the two sides fail to make a deal? that will be negotiated?

4b Complete the extracts from the discussion. Then TASK

listen again and check your answers. NEGOTIATING A CONTRACT
1 W: Let's talk about the agenda for this afternoon. I propose
we discuss three specific ___ : the amount 6 Having failed to make a deal with Neptune
of our ___ in your business, the ___ you can Investments, the two inventors have now set up a
offer us and other ___ you're working on. How meeting with two directors from Ariel Capital. They
about that? are ready to negotiate a contract, providing the can
K: Sounds OK to me. agrne on the terms .
I: Yeah , that's ___ . Group A: turn to page 155.
2 W: Well, I'm sorry, but that's not ___ . Investing half a Group B: turn to page 15 7.
million for a fifteen-percent stake wouldn't _ _ _ us.
7 Begin the negotiation. Try to make a deal that will
3 I: If I can come in here, let me remind you of the satisfy both parties.
___ you'll get from investing in our device.
Don't forget it's a(n) ___ product and several 8 Now work as a class and discuss the questions.
marine associations have it and found that it 1 What strategy and tactics did you use in your
works. Also, it's got an international ___ . negotiation? How successful were they?
-l W: Maybe. But we're not ___ about the terms you 2 How do you feel about the outcome of the
offer. We're not ___ to invest in the project negotiation? Was everyone happy with th e re ult? If
unless you improve your offer. not, what went wrong?
K: How about if we ___ you a bigger stake? Would
USEFUL PHRASES
you be _ __ to give us $500,000?
5 K: ___ we give you a twenty-percent stake for the Making concessions
full amount, what do you say?
We're prepared to .. . if you'll .. .
W: I' m sorry. We were ___ for a much higher stake.
We' ll increase our offer provided/as long as you ...
K: Wel1, that's our final offer. It looks as if we can't
Suppose we ... , would you be willing to ... ?
a deal.
Accepting an offer

Fine!
OK!
Right!
Sounds good to me.
OK, that's acceptable to us.

Rejecting an offer

I'm afraid it's not acceptable.

Sorry, but we can't agree to that.
We were hoping/expecting ...
 STUDY SK ILL~ 2b Work with a partner and practise delivering the
MAKING A BUSINESS PRESENTATION introduction.

1 Work in groups and discuss the questions. 3a ~ Watch the second part of the presentation
and answer the questions.
1 What makes a good presentation? Make a list of
guidelines fo r presenters. 1 Where was most of the research ca rried out?
2 'A presentation is a performance. ' Do you agree? 2 What are th e racket 's unique selling points?
Give reasons for yo ur answer. 3 Who is the new racket aimed at?
3 What kinds of presentations are common in business? 4 What prom otional support will the salespeople
receive?
2a ~ Introduction In an introduction, you
welcome your audience and explain the structure of the 3b Presenters use signalling language to structure
talk. Watch the first part of a presentation and complete their information . Watch the second part of the
the introduction with the words and phrases in the box. presentation again and number these phrases in the
order you hear them.
after that by the end of our talk fin all y purpose a I' ll come back to this point later.
first, I' ll cq mment we'll be happy to answer b First of all, I' ll talk briefl y about the research we
carried out to develop the Winner-100.
c Wh at does this mean for our marketing and sales
Good afternoon, everyone, I trunk most of you app roac h? It means you ' ll be promotin g a new
already know me, but for those who don't, my name's racket that gives players w hat they want.
Rachel Park and I'm Business Manager offirst Service, d Moving on now to the prod uct's unique features .
and I'm sure you've all met our Marketing Manager, e To sum up, the Wi.nner-100 is an exciting,
John Emerson. The 1_ _ _ of our presentation today inn ovative product.
is to familiarise you with our exciting new product, our f For instance, they reported in creased power and
Winner-100 tennis racket, and to outline our marketing co ntro l when testing the new racket.
strategy. g I' ll show yo u the video clip of the players using the
2 rac ket.
___ briefly on the results of some research we've
h But first, are there any questions?
done. Next, I'll describe the unique features of the
Back to you , Rachel.
product Then, I'll hand over to John. He'll give you a
profile of our target consumer. 3_ __ · , he'll talk about
our plans for launching the product
4_ _ _ , I'll summarise our key points and, 5_ _._ , you
should have enough infonnation to start planning how
you'll sell the new racket 6_ _ _ any questions when
we'v_e finished our talk.

114
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

3c Match the functions (1-9) with the 7 Read the feedback on a presentation by Karl Meyer, a new Sales
ignalling language used in the sentences Manager. Rank the complaints according to how serious they are.
(a-i) in Exercise 3b. Here are some typical comments from the feedback forms:
1 giving an example
1 ' He arr~ved late and was very nervou . I don't think he'd prepared
2 introducing your first point
his talk properly.'
3 analysing a point
2 ' I was sitting at the back of the room. one of the back row could
-I referring to a visual aid
hear what he said .'
5 summarising
3 'What a boring voice! I switched off after a couple of minutes. And
6 starting another subject
I wasn 't the only one. '
7 asking for a response from the audience
4 'He didn't seem to have any plan fo r his talk. lt·was l ike an
8 indicating you will give further
improvised monologue - no structure at all. '
information about a point later
5 'He forgot to mention the most important thing: the uni qu e selling
9 referring to a co-presenter
points of the new product. '
3d Work with a partner and practise 6 'He read most of his presentation. There wasn't much eve con tact.
-aying the signalling language. He had no rapport with his audience. '
7 ' His PowerPoint didn't work properly. H e got hi lide mi ed
-la Conclusio n look at these descriptions up and looked really embarrassed. He kept apologi ino, whic h
of how to conclude a presentation. Which annoyed me.'
di d the presenter use in her talk? 8 'I asked some straightforward questions, but he co uldn't answer
a Restate the main point, but say it a little them. How can I sell the product if I can't answer m customers'
differently. queries?'
b Finish with an impressive quotation. 9 'He ran out of time,' so he raced through the last ten m inutes of his
c Sum up, make a recommendation, talk .'
thank the audience. 10 'It was one of the worst presentations I've ever attended !'
End by telling a human-interest story.
Say something that reminds the Ba Paraphrasing Match these paraphrases (a-f) of some of the
audience of your original objective. complaints in Exercise 7 to the original complaints (1-6).
Co nclude with a positive statement a A member of the audience mentioned that your voice was rather
hich encourages the audience to take quiet.
adion. b It was suggested that you arrived late and seemed a little nervous.
Say something inspiring which will stick c Varying the tone and pitch of your voice would improve the ·
'1 the audience' s mind. delivery of your presentation.
d ·unfortunately, you failed to mention the unique selling points of
rite an alternative conclusion to the product.
presentation using one of the ideas in e Several participants felt that your talk lacked a clear structure.
cise 4a. f It's probably not a good idea to read a presentation because you
ractise 'making a presentation about a need to keep eye contact with your audience.
. piece of sports or fitness equipment
Bb What words or phrases in each paraphrase help to express the
ch your company has just launched .
participants' opinions in a tactful way? Try to explain how the words/
er any questions your colleagues
phrases do this .
to ask.
Be Paraphrase complaints 7-10 from Exercise 7 so the opinions are
Tl"'JG SKILLS expressed in a tactful way. ·
CTFUL BUSINESS EMA IL 9 As Karl Meyer's boss, write a tactful email to him, giving feedback
on his presentation and advising him on how to improve his
hy is it necessary to take extra care
performance.
the language you use when sending
·1 at work? Work in small groups and Dear Karl,
I've received some feedback from members of the audience
who attended your recent presentation to our local distributors .
Unfortunately, there were some negati'te comments abo.ut your
presentation . .. .

10 Compare your answer with the model answer on page 164.

115
 t-jothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood. Ma rie Curie (1867- 1934), Polish scientist

SPEAKING READI IG
1a Work with a partner and discuss the questions. 3a Read t he article and choose the best
1 How im po rta nt is it fo r humans to expl ore space? heading for paragraphs A-F. You do not
2 Do yo u kn ow any current or future projects to expl ore space? need four of t he headings.
3 Wh ich pl anet in our so lar system most interests you? Why ? 1 Characteristics shared with Earth
2 Th e poss ibi lity of life on M ars
1b Compare Earth and Mars. Which planet do you think: 3 M ore thrill ing d iscoveri es to co me
1 is bi gger? 4 A comm on history
2 is wa rmer? 5 Rethinking our idea s abo ut M ars
3 orbi ts th e Sun faster? 6 Th e v iew from our spacecraft
4' has a lo nger day? 7 Th e method of investigation
5 has more gravity? 8 Earl y images of the pl anet
6 has more moo ns? 9 Wh at water means for life on Earth
7 has more ni trogen in its atm osphere? 10 Evi dence of a different past

1c Check your answers on page 164. 3b Distinguishing fact from opinion Read
the information in the box below. Then
VOCABULARY look at the highlighted parts of the article.
GEOLOGICAL TERMS Are they fact, opinion or a combination
of both?
2a Work with a partner. Take turns to choose a word you know
0
from the box and explain its meaning to your partner, without saying To increase our understanding of texts, it's
the word. Your partner tries to guess the word. important to distinguish fact fro m opinion.
This is not always straightforward as some
ca nyon crater erosion fl ash fl ood geyser ice cap
statements may be a combination of both.
meteor reservo ir subsurface tsun ami
Every time we feel close to understanding
2b When you have explained all the words you know, look up any Mars, ... (opinion)
unknown words in a dictionary or check with your teacher. .. . new discoveries send us straight back
to th e drawing board to revise existing
2c Which of the words have a strong connection with water?
theories. (fact)

116
 3c Find two more facts and opinions
in the article.
THE RED PLANET
-
3d Look at paragraphs A-C of the
article. Find some phrases that are
used to introduce information as 'fact'.
3e Do you think there is life on Mars or
anywhere else in the universe?

LISTEN ING
4a 1111 Listen to three people who
are interested in joining a project
set up to create a human colony on Since our first close-up picture of
Mars in 1965, spacecraft voyages to the Red Planet
Ma rs. Complete both tasks as you
have revealed a world strangely familia r, yet different enough to
listen. Choose one of the options for
chal lenge our pe rceptions of what makes a planet work. Every time we fe el
each gap. You do not need si x of the close to understanding Mars, new discoveries send us straight bac k to the
o ptions. drawing board to revise existing theories.
B You'd think Mars would be easier to understand. Like Earth, Mars has polar
Task 1: Background and skills
ice caps and clouds in its atmosphere, seasonal weather patterns, volcanoes,
Speaker 1 _ _ _ . canyons and other recognisable features . However, conditions on Mars vary
Spea ke r 2 ___ . wi ldly from what we know on our own planet .
Spea ke r 3 ___ . C Over the past three decades, spacecraft have shown us that Mars is rocky,
a is a pi lot cold and sterile beneath its hazy, pink sky. We've discovered that today's
b has medi ca l sk ills Martian wasteland hints at a formerly volatile world where volcanoes once
c is a n astro na ut raged, meteors ploughed deep craters and flash fl oods rushed over the land .
And Mars continues to throw out new enticements with each land ing or
d is we ll trave ll ed
orbital pass made by our spacecraft.
e i-s single
f is in good physica l condition D Among our discoveries about Ma rs, one stands out above all others:
the possible presence of liquid water on Mars, either in its ancient past or
preserved in the subsurface today. Water is key because almost everywhere
Task 2: Views on the Mars project we find water on Earth, we find life . If Mars once had liquid wate r or still does
t peaker 1 ta lks about _ _ . toda y, it's compelling to ask whether any microscopic life fo rms could ha ve
pea ker 2 talks about _ _ . developed on its surface . Is there any evidence of life in the planet's past ?
.::pea ker 3 ta lks about ___ . If so, could any of these tiny living creatures still exist t oday? Im agine how
exciting it would be to answer, 'Yes! '
,, stages in the colo ny's deve lopme nt
debris in space E To discover the possibilities for past or present life on Mars, NASA's Mars
Exploration Programme is currently following an exploration strategy known as
the history of the ga laxy
'Seek Signs of Life'. This science theme marks a transition in Mars exploration .
the need for good mac hine ry
It reflects a long-term process of discovery on the red planet, built on strategies
- the importa nce of mo ney to understand Mars' potential as a habitat for past or present microbial life.
dr iving over ro ugh terrai n Searching for this answer means delving into the planet's geologic and cl imate
history to find out how, when and why Mars underwent dramatic changes to
b Listen again and check your become the forbidding, yet promising, planet we observe today.
nswe rs . F Even if Mars is devoid of past or present life, however, there's still much
5a If you had to select just one of excitement on the horizon. We ourselves might become the 'life on Mars'
e peo ple in Exercise 4a for the Mars should humans choose to travel there one day. Meanwhile, we still have a lot
d to lea rn about this amazing planet and its extreme environments.
oject, who would it be? Why?
~. 5b W hat kind of training do you th ink
o ple w ill need for this project?

i:AK ING AND WRITING

a Wo uld you join a one-way
c: pe d itio n to establish a human
-olo ny o n Mars? Why?/Why not?
b Write a paragraph summarising
ur ideas in Exe rcise 6a.
 F f AS TIC PLASTIC

IF I CR LISTENING
1 Wo rk w ith a partner and discuss the question
1 \ hat do yo u have with yo u today th at is made
.

o · pla ti c?
2 ~here are cl aim s that pl asti c is a bli ght upon o
A I've had it up to here with all the rubbish that tree- i e_. \ 'hv?
I huggers like you spout about plastic, particularly on as
informed a site as this one. Anyone would imagine that the 2a Li ten to a podcast and make notes o n
I discovery of this wonder material marks the lowest point
in human civilisation. Well, it doesn't. Thankfully, we're no
the spea -er' main points.

longer living in the Stone Age, so let's make the most of the
2b Whi ch of these po ints did/ didn't you know
plastic one. before?
B There's no point denying that plastic is a miracle material
that's more versatile, more durable and more effective than READINr
any other substance. We've made more advances thanks to
its invention than w e ever did before - too many for me to
3 Read the t ext quick ly and answer the question s.
bother listing here. You 'd have to be bonkers to deny that. 1 What is th e subject of the text? What is the writer's
It would be nearly impossible to live without it. Try doing so; bas ic op ini on?
you won 't manage to for long. 2 How woul d ou de cr ibe hi s attitude?
C What about the materials plastic has taken the place of? 3 Where do you think the text comes fro m?
They're hardly eco-neutral, and extracting and producing
them is just as bad. How much energy goes into making glass? 4a Eva luat 1 Read the text again and
Mining releases all kinds of poisonous substances into the identify the ke points in ea ch paragraph. How do
environment - chemicals like mercury. All told, do plastic- they relate to the .po in ts in t he podcast?
based materials cause any more problems than any others? I 4b Which of these points would undermine the
reckon not, and they're a whole lot more useful.
scientist's argument?
D The oil argument is often wheeled out by the anti-plastic
1 The production of pla tic from o il req uires large
brigade, turning a blind eye to the fact that we get most
plastic from a by-product of oil refining. So, plastic is actually amounts of ener .
made from what would otherwise go to waste. How green 2 Tox ic chemical leach from plastic into the
is that? environment.
E As for the claims that not all plastic can be recycled, well, 3 Its co mparati\ el\ Im we ight red uces .fuel
point of fact: all types of plastic can be. The problem isn't the co nsumption during tra nsportati o n.
stuff itself, it's how we deal with it. If we wanted to recycle 4 The decompo ition of b iodegradab le p lasti c
every last bit of it, we could. Will we in the future? I hope so. produ ces co_.
Anyway, biodegradable plastic (from corn, not oil!) is coming
on in leaps and bounds, so, soon the waste issue may be a 4c Look at Audi o cript 12.2 on page 181. Evaluate
non-i.ssue. On top of that, plastic makes up little more than the argumen t an d clai ms. What do you think are
five percent of the rubbish in your bin; that's the same as the strengths and \\ ea knesses of this argument?
glass.
5 With w hom d o vo u most agree, the writer of
F So, why does plastic get all this bad press? Quite simply, the pod cast or the cie ntist? Why?
you can see it and it's unsightly. Well, I'm sorry, but of all
the types of pollution, the visual sort doesn't figure too
highly on my list of threats to us. There are many dangerous VOCA ULA'
invisible pollutants going into the sea that we should worry IN FORMAL PHR E
about, but don't because we can't see them. And besides,
does it matter if a seagull builds its nest out of bits of plastic? 6 Find inform al \ ord o r phrases in the text
I think not. which have t he ame meaning as the neutral
G Now, w hile th is may be a bit of a rant, it's not an phrases bel m .
ill-informed one as I'm a polymer scientist working in 1 un ab le to tolerate more (paragraph A )
environmental technology. So, let' s all sing Happy Birthday 2 en ironmen all concerned peop le
to our flexible friend , pol ythene . (paragraph -\
3 talk ince _ nth paragraph A )
4 to expend time and effort doing something
(paraoraph B
5 in ane (para raph 8)
6 reierred to and pre en ted (pa ragraph D )
7 a group oi people aga inst sy nthetic materi als
(paraoraph D
8 an uncontrolled o r aggressive argument
paragraph G

118
 ~A f AST IC PLASTIC

7 Complete the sentences with informal language 10 Rewrite the sentences using substitution techniques.
fro m Exercise 6. Make any necessary changes. Sometim es more th an one answer is possible.
1 You must be _ __ to want to stay here with the 1 Is pl astic a wonder materia l? I thought it was a
hurri ca ne coming. wonder material until I listened to the podcast.
2 I've with that racket. Turn that music down! 2 Poor heat resistance i a \\eakness of biodegradable
3 It' s good to have a ___ every now and aga in; it plastic and its lack oi ren th is another weakness of it.
helps clear the air. 3 It is important to reu e pla tic bags. If you reuse
I ca n't _ _ _ to do the washing-up. Let's do it when them, you are acti el' reduci ng w aste.
we get back. 4 Chemi ca l leach in ma be a problem caused by
plastic, but I' m not ure i La erio us prob lem.
8 Find other examples of colloquial vocabulary in the 5 We manufactu re o mam h n .o ut of plastic. We
ext and make those examples more formal. manufacture carpet and clorhe . \ e manufacture
compo nents for cars and coripu er . How cou ld we
AMMAR Iive without it?
O HESION 2 (SUBSTI TUTION )

9a Read the explanation and match the types of

- ubstitution (1...:.s) with the examples (a-e).

GRAMMAR TIP
In order to avoid unnecessary' repetition in text and
peec h, substitution, whereby words and phrases are
rep laced by others or even omitted, ca n be used. This
al so leads to greater co hesion, or inter-connectedness,
vithin a text.

Lexical substitution: rep lace a word with a synonym or

nea·r-synonym.
1 Nom in al substitution : replace a noun/ noun phrase
with a word such as one, ones, the sort.
3 Ve rbal substitution : rep lace a verb/verb phrase w ith
do o r do so.
Clausa l substitution: replace a whole clause with so
o r not.
5 El lipsi s (zero substitution): co mpl ete ly omit the
repeated item. This often happe ns after words like SPEAKING
other, all, some, not, enough.
11 Work in small groups and discuss the question .
Are plastic-based materia ls any worse than any others
1 What do yo u and yo ur co untry do to limit the u e
we use industrially?
and consu mpti o n of plastic? How effecti ve are the e
There's no point denying that plastic is a miracl e
measures?
mareri al that's more versatile, more durable and more
2 How would you have to c hange yo ur li festvle in
effective than any other substance.
order to live for a month without buying an hi ng
Does it matter if a seagull builds its nest out of bits of
made of plasti c?
plastic? I think not.
3 Whatother mate ri als have ca used great change in
ow, while this may be a bit of a rant, it's not an ill-
the world?
informed o ne.
W e've made more adva nces thanks to its inventi o n
than we eve r did before. WRIT NG
12 Choose one of the questions in Exercise 11
b Look at the words and phrases in bold in the text.
and write a few paragraphs on the topic. Try to use
hich words have been replaced or omitted?
substitution techniques in your writing.
- La nguage refere nce and extra practice, pages 148-149

Watch an interview with professors

Richard Kitney and Paul Freemont,
about synthetic biology.
Turn to page 154 for video activi ti es.

119
: 12.3 BUSY BEES

SPEAKING The mountains of southern Sichuan in China

1 a Which insects and similar creatures do you like/ are covered in pear trees. Every April they are
dislike? Why? Work with a partner and discuss. Are home to a rare sight: thousands of p~ople
there more that you like or dislike? Which do you think holding bamboo sticks with chicken feathers
are the most/least important to humans? attached to the end, clambering am.ong the
blossom-laden branches. Closer inspection
1 b What do you think this quote means? reveals that children, parents and even
grandparents are all pollinating the trees by
If the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe, hand. It is a ritual they have been following for
then man would only have four years of life left. more than twenty years, ever since pesticides
Attributed to Albert Einstein (1 879-l955), German physicist killed their honeybees.

READING Apis mellifera, or the western honeybee as

she is more commonly known, has been
2a Understanding persuasive techniques Read this revered for thousands of years for her ability
blurb from a book cover. How does it try to interest to make a sweet substance that delights the
you in the book?
human palate. The earliest record of humans'
.use of honey is a cave painting in Valencia,
From London to Los Angeles, from Slovenia to Spain, depicting a man climbing a cliff to rob
Taiwan, honeybees are dying. In America one in a swarm of wild bees. It dates back at least
three hives was left lifeless at the beginning of 10,000 years, to just after the last Ice Age,
2008. In France the death rate might be sixty and the love affair has continued ever since.
percent. In Britain a government minister warns
that honeybees could be extinct within a decade.
Jf or when the world loses its black-and-yellow Is this what the honeybees are telling us? That
workers, agriculture will collapse. Civilisation our industrialised farming with its monocultures,
itself might be the next victim . A third of all pesticides and increasingly unreasonable
we eat and much of what we wear relies on demands on honeybees themselves is not
pollination by honeybees . sustainable? With their limited resistance to
poisons and pollutants, are they the canary in
What is behind the catastrophe? Viruses,
the coal mine warning us that if our lifestyles are
parasites, pesticides and climate change have
killing them, we are not far behind' ·
all been blamed. Some accuse beekeepers
themselves of working their charges to death by
shipping their hives thousands of miles every year
to different monoculture sites, all in the name of
agribusiness profits. In this fascinating book, two
keen amateur apiarists investigate the claims and
rnunterclaims with the scientists and beekeepers
in Europe, America and beyond . And they ask the By the early nineteenth century, honey was no
question that will soon be on everyone's lips: is
longer the standard sweetening agent in Britai11 .
there any possible way of saving the honeybees - The arrival of cheap sugar meant there was no
and with them, the world as we know it?
need for every household in the land to have a hive
in the garden. But as industrialisation expanded,
2b Which of these words describe the blurb? the peehive, symbol of both hard work and the
acceptance of the social order, still featured in
apocal ypti c apoc rypha l apologetic apoplectic Victorian society. Many buildings of the time had
bees in their decoration, like Manchester's
3a Read the extracts. Which parts of the book do you neo-gothic town hall'.
think they come from? Choose from this list.
1 In the beginning was the buzz (introduction/chapter 1)
2 The e nemy with.in (chapte r 7)
3 A world without bees (chapter 10)

120
3b In which section (A-E) do we read about these Sb Find other examples in the extracts where a
thi ngs? Sometimes more than one answer is possible. nominalised form is used instead of a verb.
1 the function of honeybees as an ea rly warning system How could you express the same ideas
2 an examp le of bees no longer performing their role using the equivalent verbs or adjectives?
as pollinators I-+ Language reference and extra practice,
3 the possible contribution of beekeepers to the pages 148-149
curre nt cr isis
4 the name entomo logists use for the western honeybee Sc Put the words in the correct order to make
5 a change in diet sentences using nominalisation.
6 an example of the way bees provide us with more 1 diseases I by America I failed I many I the attempt I
than food life-threatening I to keep out
7 a change in the way of keeping bees 2 railway I honeybees I be responsible for I could I
8 the fact that the authors of the book do not keep the Trans-Siberian I the disappearance of manv
bees for a living 3 of I is I Argentina I world's I exporter I hone I
9 the use of bees in art major I the
10 the metaphorical meanings we attribute to bees 4 of embankments, I and nesting sites I roadside
the loss I and pub li c areas I is the result I of flO\\er I
3c What do you think about the argument of this
of excessive mowing
book? Do you know of any similar problems?
GRAMMAR TIP
OCABULARY We often use nominalisation in more formal
'::O LLECTIVE NOUNS
situations, e.g. in formal writing.
4a Complete the phrases about groups of people, In nominalisation, make a note of which preposition
ani mals or things with the collective nouns in the box. are used.
th e arrival of the ability to an increase in
unc h flock group herd pack We sometimes form a nominalisation from a verb\\ ith
_e t shoal SWftfffl a similar meaning.
Prices go up every week.
a swarm of wild bees Th ere's an increase in prices every week .
2 a ___ of grapes/flowers/keys
3 a of wolves/hounds/cards
Sd Complete the pairs of sentences with a nou n and
.! a ___ of elephants/cattle/cows/deer
any other necessary words.
5 a of fish
a ___ of sheep/goats/birds/geese 1 Th e weather was getting better.
a _ _ _ of assumptions/conditions/values/problems/ There the weather.
too ls/c hairs 2 She got over her illness very quickly.
a ___ of chemicals/islands/hotels/chi ldren/admirers She made her illness.
3 He'l l go into all the details
-lb Complete the sentences with the correct form of later.
hrases from Exercise 4a. He'l l give _ __ the details
O rie of the things we really wanted to see on our later.
safari was 4 Th e bombs went off all night.
W hile diving around the reef we saw some beautiful There _ __ all night.

Peop le were selling _ __ by the roadside. SPEAKING

6 Work in small groups and discuss the questions.
MMAR
1 Bees can symbolise hard work and th e acceptance
V\ INALISATION
of the social order. What do other insects/animals
3a Look at the sentences and complete the rule. symbo lise?
The arrival of cheap sugar meant th at there was no 2 Do you think that the way we farm is changing now
or will change in the future?
need for every household to have a hive.
W hen cheap sugar arrived, it meant that there was 3 Do you eat organic food? Why?/Wh y not?
no need for every househo ld to have a hive. 4 Which other insects/a nimals could be extin ct wi thin
a decade? What kind of impact would this have on
e can make _ _ _ from other parts of speech, very humans?
-en from sometimes from adjectives . We ca ll
5 What cou ld you do to protect insect or an imal life
- process 'nominalisation'. where you live?
~. - denial, argue - argument, fa ir - fairness

121
~=

-
i= 12.4 SCENARIO
• l

SITUATION 2b IDIJ The first question posed to the panel is

'Should genetic engineering, in particular the genetic
Ask the Panel is a current affa irs and social issu es modification of plants and animals that we eat, be
discussion television programme in which a mixed halted due to the potential for unforeseen future
panel of experts, commentators and members of dangers that it might cause for us and the planet?' Who
the public discuss questions posed by the audience. do you think might make these following points? Listen
Recent programmes have covered topics of law, the and check your answers.
media and hea lthcare. Thi s week the topic is 'sc ience
1 We ca n't trust the companies engaged in GM food
and society'.
research .
2 GM crops hol d out the prospect of being able to
1 Work in groups and look at the topics under feed the world's population.
discussion on this edition of Ask the Panel. What do 3 We ca n trust the scientists and the compani es
you know about these subjects? co ncern ed.
• nuclear energy • anima l co nservation 4 Resea rch should co ntinue, but with the correct
• genetic engineerin g • climate cha nge safeguards and controls.
• clon ing • illegal poaching of animals 5 Th e problem is that the dangers ca nnot be predicted
• anima l vivisection • the moral duty of science through research.
6 It is cu rrently possible to feed the world, but politics
2a Read the profiles of the members of the panel on and business prevent this.
this week's show.
3 Do you agree or disagree with the speakers?
Indira Patel: the former chair of the National
Academy of Science, and a frequent media
expert on science matters

Bill Patterson: a high-profile member of

Earthwatch, an environmental pressure group

Molly Chang: an investigative journalist who

recently exposed malpractice in the chicken
farming industry

David Perez: a school Science teacher for

twenty years
 ASK THE PANEL

.EY LANGUAGE TASK

REFER RING TO WHAT OTHER PEOPLE HAVE SAID TAKING PART I A PA'\IEL DISCUSSION
4 Complete the sentences from the panel discussion 6a Work in groups of five. You are guests on Ask the
using the pairs of words below (a-f). Then listen again Panel. Read your rolepl ay cards.
and check your answers.
Student A: turn to page 156.
1 Well, _ __ Indira ___ , this research certainly Student B: turn to page 157.
shouldn't be halted. Student C: turn to page 158.
2 ___ David _ __ about current safeguards might Student D: turn to page 158.
sound reasonable. Student E: turn to page 158.
3 If I ___ you - ' you're saying that science-
based businesses can't be trusted. 6b Take it in turns to be the chair of the panel. Discuss
Could I just _ _ ___ on something that Indira the questions in the order indicat ed on the producer's
said about feeding the world's population? notes below.
j She ___ that genetic engineering will enable us to
feed the world, ___ that that wasn't currently possible.
Prodvcer'> ,,ote> - qve>fio,, rv,,,,i,,9 order
Perhaps we should _ __ to ____ the original
question said, which was that there are unforeseen 1 h nuclear energy the folution to the energy cri>i>
dangers. in the World and >hould all countrie>he a hie to
a return , what d pick, up develop nuclear power?
b as, said e understand, correctly
c what, said f claimed, suggesting 2 hit right to continue te>ting ho th medicine> and
cofmetic> on animal>?
5 Look at different versions of the sentences in
Exercise .4. Choose the correct sentence in each pair. 3' Do the danger> of cloning ouhveigh th e
a Well, as Indira mentioned, this research certainly ... advantage>? If fo, >hould all refearch into thi>
b Well, as Indira's words, this research certainly ... area he halted?
1 a The things that David made about current
lf A> animal> have alway> hecome extinct
safeguards ...
b The points David made about current safeguards ... throughout the hi>tory of the World, do human>
really have a refpon>ihility to >ave animal >pecie>
3 a If I see you correctly, you ' re saying that science-
based businesses ... from that danger?
b If I follow you correctly, you ' re saying that
5 Should fcienti>t> ignore the moral and focial
science-based businesses .. .
implication> of their refearch fo thatthey can
a If I could just comment on something that Indira
concentrate on pu>hing the houndarie> of human
said about feeding ...
b If I could just say about something that Indira said knowledge without reftriction?
about feeding .. .
j a She stated that genetic engineering will enable us
USEFUL PHRASES
to feed the world, implying that ...
b She cl aimed that genetic engineering will enable Chairing a discussion
us to feed the world, of the suggestion that ...
Right, let's get the discussion under way. The
a Perhaps we should go back to what the original
question is ...
question said ...
Let's see what someone else thinks. David?
b Perhaps we should deal what the original
What's your view?
question said ...
Do you have an opinion on that?
Anything to say to that? ,
What's your response to that?
If I could just bring David in here.
I think we're going round in circles here. Shall we
move on to the next question?
It's time to move on, I think. Let's look at the next
 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

STUDY SKILLS 4 Preparation Here are some vital questions you

EXAM INATION SKIL LS should ask yourself if you're preparing to take
an English language exam. Add one or two more
1 Exam vocabulary Complete the sentences with the questions.
words in the box. 1 How many marks are there for each section or
cand idates cheat compulsory cross out question?
i nvigi la tor legibl y revision 2 How long can I spend on each of the reading
passages/texts?
3 In the listening exam, how many times will I hear
1 It is crucia l to start you r ___ for the exam early.
the recording?
2 .Your handwriting doesn't have to be perfect, but you
are expected to write ___ . If you make a mistake, Sa 1111 Listen to a discussion between a student and
___ the wrong answer neatly and write the a teacher. What kind of exam is Therese going to take?
co rrect one. What kind of tasks will it involve?
3 In section A there is a choice of questions, but the
questions in section B are ___ . · Sb Listen again and write down the advice th~ teacher
4 Th e ___ w ill be lookin g out for ___ who try gives Therese.
to Sc Write your own top five tips for taking exams.

2 Developing self-awareness Work with a partner and

discuss the questions. WRITING snLLS
A PERSONAL STATEMENT
1 Th.ink about exams yo u have done in the past. What
went well? What could you have done better? 6 What do you understand by a personal statement?
2 Do you fi nd exams stressful ? If so, how do you try to When might you need to write one?
m anage the stress?
7a You are completing an application form for an
3 Comparing exam culture These points are all Advanced Communication Skills course at a London
generally true of international English language university. One section of the application form asks
exa minations. Are they true or false for most you for more information about yourself. Make brief
examinations in your country? notes on these points.
1 Once the exam has sta rted, if you need any help, 1 the reasons why yo u want to do the course
you have to put up your hand and ask an invigil ator. 2 you r background, including previous studies
But they cannot te ll you the answers to any 3 w hat you are currentl y doing ·
questions! 4 your Engli sh level and details of any English
2 You cannot talk to any other student; this wi ll be language exams yo u have taken
0

viewed as cheating. Cheating is an extremely serious 5 any work experience you have
offence. If you cheat, your exam wi ll not be marked. 6 your interests, hobb ies, etc.
3 In an essay questi on, you must answer the question 7 your futu re plans
that has been· set. You cannot write everything yo u
know about a topi c or d iscuss a vaguely related 7b Work with a partner and compare your notes.
topic. 7 c Read the personal statement. What topics from
4 If there is a word limit, you must keep to it. Exercise 7a does the writer cover in each paragraph?
5 At the end of the exam you must stop writing the Do you think this structure is effective?
moment the invigilator tells you to do so.

124
 8 These statements are often true of
good personal statem ents. Are they true
of Monica's? If so, why?
N ame: Monica Paganin
1 It is convincin g and su ggests the write r
N ationality: Italian is committed and enthu siastic.
I am applying for this course because, 2 It shows that the w riter is prepared to
although I feel I have a good level of offer something, not merely take w hat
written English, I need to improve they wa nt for their own ends.
my speaking skills. I am interested 3 There are no co ntrad ictory piece of
in learning how to give good presentations and to participate information. It does not get itself into a
effectively in group discussions. My pronunciation is very heavily ta ngle.
influenced by Italian and I would like to be more like a native 4 There are no obvious gaps in term of
speaker. I know this will be difficult, but it's my dream! One of coverage. No important parts of the
my cousins studied at your university two years ago; he had a writer's li fe are mi ss ing.
very positive experience and recommended the course to me. 5 The statement has a person al
dimension and the w riter' s voice come
. have studied English for ten years at a private language school through .
..:i. my city. About three years ago, I took the Cambridge First
6 A lot of time and care has been a en
::=ertificate Exam and passed with an A grade. I believe I am now. over the w ri ting.
at advanced level and I aim to take the CAE or IELTS exam 7 Th e language makes th e write r sound
oon. Can you advise me about that? inte lligent, w ithout being preten tious .
Concerning my background, I was actually born in India (my 8 There is a strong co ncl usion.
parents were working there for an NGO*), but I have lived in
Italy since the age of three. I grew up in a small town on the
9 Conclusions These conclusions to
personal st atemen ts we re w ri tte n by
west coast and this was a very significant experience for me, first
international stud ents w ho wa nte d to
-cimulati?g my love of the sea.
study in a UK un iversity. Ch oose th e
\'\'hen I was ten, we moved to Padova (Padua in English), an correct word /words to co m plete t hem.
ancient university city near Venice, and I went to high school and
1 If my app lication is successful I
.miversity here. At school I did well in science subjects and went rewarding I acknowledged, I aim to
n to study Marine Biology at university, graduating last summer. snatch I clutch I seize the opportunity
fy dissertation was on the ecological effects of the tidal barrier to take an active part in a medley I
-.eing built to protect Venice and it was well received. I strongly va riety I miscellany of academi c,
lieve that our future lies in the seas and we must do everything cultural and social activities during my
can to understand and protect them. After all, Earth isn't called uni ve rsity life.
.e blue planet for nothing! I very much want to make my own 2 In the future I wa nt to play I partake I
10 itive coBtribution to that goal. Next year I hope to start work participate a role in the development of
a researcher in the Marine E nvironment Research Centre. If I my country of origi n w hich, over the last
..:n not successful, I may go abroad to do a Master's, for which many I few I plenty years, has been in a
~ lish ~ be very important. difficult situation and now needs good
am a qualified diving instructor and in my summer vacations I admini strators. I could give back w hat I
.lave helped in seaside holiday camps for disadvantaged children, w ill gain I attain I reap from the UK and
3.k:ing on a wide range of responsibilities, from planning activities help my country develop its economy
and struggle/ clash I fight corruption.
~o consoling homesick children! This has taught me soft skills such
listening to others attentively, teamwork and leadership. 10 You are going to apply for a co urse
n my free time, as well as diving, I enjoy many other water in an English-speaking country. Decide
-ports (e.g. swimming, water polo). I also like reading, especially which type of course you are applyi ng for,
:::iovels by Paulo Coelho and Haruki Murakami. My greatest love, then write the personal statement th at w ill
. owever, is travelling and experiencing foreign cultures and accompany your application. Write about
Yilisations. While I am attending the course, I would also like to 400 words.
::ake the opportunity to visit museums and galleries and generally
<:Oak up the rich cultural life of a great city.
consider myself an enthusiastic and conscientious student,
'Tho will benefit from - and participate actively in - the classes.
£ ,·eryone says English is important because it is the global
guage of communication, but for me it is also a beautiful
.anguage which I love learning!
·non-governmental organisati on

125
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE

GRAMMAR PAST PERFECT

m THf CONTINUOUS ASPECT
Use the continuous aspect to talk about:
The past perfect looks back from a tim.e in t he
another time before that.
She'd applied for ten jobs before she ·got th i
• an action or situation which is/was in progress at a
particular time. The past perfect continuous focuses on duration .
He was researching into gene therapy at the time. She' d been applying for jobs for months before she
got this one.
• an unfinished action or situation.
He had been working in th.e lab when I met him. FUTU RE PE RF ECT
The future perfect looks back from a time in the
• a temporary action.
future to another time before that.
I'm using Jo's laptop while mine is being repaired.
Lucas will have finished the job by 6.00 p.m.
• a trend, changing action or situation.
The future perfect continuous focuses on duration.
Scientists say the weather is getting hotter.
Lucas will have been working on it for three hours
Use the present continuous to talk about actions or by then.
situations currently in progress.
They're conducting a series of experiments into O THER FORMS
genetic mutation at the moment. The perfect has an infinitive form: to+ have+ past
participle.
Also use the present continuous to describe future I expected you to have completed the questionnaires
arrangements. by now.
I'm giving the lecture on Thursday.
The -ing form is having+ past participle.
Use the past continuous to talk about an ongoing Having arrived at tlie laboratory, we were shown to
action in the past, often unfinished. Professor Dalton 's office.
I was working on the genome project the whole of
last year. (The project hadn't finished by the end of KEY LANGUAGE
·the year. )
DI STATING REQU IREMENTS, SAVING W HAT IS
Use the present perfect continuous to talk about ESSENTIAL AND DESIRABLE
an ongoing action or situation in the past that is still
continuing into the present or has just finished but ESSENTI AL
has a result in the present. It's absolutely essential that ...
The doctor has been waiting for you for ages. They/The candidate must have (done) ...
I've been running to get here on time. That's why I'm They'll have to have (done) ...
out of breath. Candidates have to be able to ...
That's/Xis a pre-requisite/an essential requirement.
Use the past perfect continuous to talk about an
ongoing action or situation in the past that is still DESIRAB LE
continuing up to another time in the past. (I imagine) it would be helpful to have (done) ...
The researchers had been focusing too narrowly - It'd be a good thing if he/she had (done) ...
that's why we stopped them. It would be an advantage if he/she had (done) ...
That/X would probably give them an edge.
Use the future continuous to talk about temporary
actions in progress at a particular time in the future. VOCABULARY
We'll be working on the prqject all next week.
m 1s~UES IN EDUCATION
THl PERFECT ASPECT assessment, critical thinking, curriculum, dumbing
down, elitism, informed decisions, interpersonal skills,
Use the perfect aspect to look back from one time to
knowledge base, plagiarism, rote learning, streaming,
another. traditional teaching
PR ESENT PERFECT
This looks back from now to a time before now. It Ill !ff PORTING WHAT OTHER SA\
often focuses on completed actions or situations. argue, claim, commi=nt, conclude, deny, point out, suggest
We've already interviewed ten people for this post.
Bl SUFF IXES (ADJECT VESl
The present perfect continuous focuses on the affectionate, allergic, ambitious, analyti cal, educational,
duration of the action. empathetic, famous, fiction al, infectious, influential ,
We've been interviewing all morning. logical, passionate, persuasive, powerful, speculative,
successful, toxic

ABBI FYI/"\ TICJN~

BA, BULATS, CV, IELTS, MBA, MSc, PhD, TOEFL

126
 EXTRA PRACT C~

1 Complete the sentences with the correct Ill 4 Complete the sentences with words or phrases
continuous form of the verbs in brackets. from V1.
1 Mercedes_ (wo rk) as a teaching ass ista nt since she 1 Th e subjects stud ied in a school/college a re ca ll ed
a rrived here two years ago. ~e .
2 I _ (try) to finish my assignment all through the 2 If yo u rep rodu ce o th er people's work a nd claim it as
pl a ne journey, but it was too turbulent. you r own, yo u are guilty of _ _ _ .
3 Th e rea rra nged lectu re _ (ta ke) place next Friday at 3 TV broadcasters a re often acc used of because
5.00 p.m. programmes are n' t intel lectua l enough.
4 Working conditions in th e factory _ (improve) 4 is often critic ised because it does not
before the new manageme nt sta rted . enco urage independent thinki.ng.
5 Th e whole family _ (stay) with Ra lph 's pa re nts 5 It is necessa ry in a la nguage co urse to have frequent
until the building work is completed. _ _ to measure students ' progress.
6 The security guard _ (lock) the office when the 6 Some schools practise ___ , that is, they have
burglars forced their way past him. groups of different ab ilities for some subjects.
I know I failed the test because I _ (not
co nce ntrate) in Professo r Willi a ms' lectures . m 5 Replace the underlined phrases with reporting
verbs from V2 in the correct form.
2
Choose the correct forms to complete the 1 The teacher put fo rward the idea that we mi ght want
e ntences. to review the perfect aspect fo r the test.
1 By th e time the strike at the ca r plant was over,
severa l of the workers already fo und I had already 2 Th ey were abo ut to leave when Nikki brou ht to our
found new jobs . atte ntion th at we still had ten minutes left.
1 Ala n will have negotiated I been negotiating dea ls
wi th the USA for 40 years when he retires.
3 In this presentation I' ll make the point strongly that
3 Th at office block has been I was e mpty since 2012.
we need to invest mo re in ed ucat io n.
4 They have closed I been closing the produ ctio n
depa rtme nt for five days a lready this month.
5 We rea\\y wanted to have I having finished all the 4 \he µresident says it is not true tnat ne was in\IO\\led
work by now. in any arms dea\s.
6 The co mpany had recruited I been recruiting
graduate trainees for over 20 yea rs when the scheme 5 After studying your app li catio n, we have dec"ided
was e nded. after co nside rat io n that you would be the best person
for the position .
3
Read the advert and complete the sentences
w ith phrases from KL. 6 Sc ie ntists in Fra nce state that it is tru e that they have

University of West Hampton

The Languages Department curr~ntly has .
(Ii' n:I m
found a cure for ca nce r.

6
Complete the definitions with an adjective
a vacancy for a lecturer in English Language Studies.
formed from a word in the box.
T he ~uccessful candidate must: .
. be a native or bilingual speaker o~ Eng_hs~1. affection ambition empathy infect ion
have a first degree in English or_Lm~1stics. persuade speculate
have a postgraduate qualificat10n ma related
s ubject. 1 Someone who shows you in a ge ntl e way th at the y
The following are also desirable: ca re about yo u is ___ .
. knowledge of at least one other ~anguage. 2 A. theory which is based o n guesswork rath e r than
experience in the higher educat10n sector. facts is
interest in the development of the English language. 3 Someone who is determin ed to be su ccessful in li fe
is
T erms and conditions on application.
4 An illn ess w hi c h is sp read eas il y is.___ .
5 Someone who is ab le to understan d other peop le 's
1 _ _ the app li ca nt speaks English fluently. feelings a nd problems is ___ .
2 _ _ _ studied English or lin gui stics. 6 An a rgum e nt which ca n make you think differently
3 _ __ compl eted a postgraduate degree. about something is _ __
_ __ coul d speak a nother la nguage.
5 _ __ wo rked in higher educatio n.
6 ___ were interested in the development of the
Eng lish la nguage.

127
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE
But don't use couldn't to talk about a general

I
GRAMMAR
possibility in the future; use might not.
ARTICLES
The weather could not be good tomorroVv·. x
Use the indefinite article (a/an):
Th e weather might not be good tomorrow . ../
• to introduce something for the first time.
Madagascar is an island off the coast of southern Africa. Use must (but not mustn 't) and can 't (but not ca n)·
expre ss a logical deduction, for something you are
a/an and one
certain about.
A/An and one are not usually interchangeable.
Antonia must be here. Her coat's here.
One+ noun means ' not more than one/one only'.
Jamie can 't be here. He went out two minutes ago.
One egg is not enough to make a cake. (= I need
two or three.) ADVI CE/OB LI GA TION/ PROH IBITI ON
An egg is not enough to make a cake. (= I also need Use should or ought to for advice.
other ingredients.) You should/ought to go to bed earlier.
Use the definite article (the): Use should, must or have to for obligation.
• to refer to something mentioned before. We should arran ge our visas soon .
Madagascar is an island off the coast of Afri ca . The
Must and have to are stronger than should. Have to is
isl and is well known for .. .
used for rules and obligation from 'outside'.
• to refer to something obvious from the context You have to pay th is fine w ithin two weeks.
(common knowledge),
Use don't ha ve to or don 't need to when there is no
Can you pass me the pepper?
obligation.
• to refer to something unique. We don't have to w_ ear smart clothes to the party .
Doesn 't the moon look beautiful tonight?
Prohibition is negati ve obligation. Use can 't or
• with a superlative phrase. mustn't for this.
It's the best holiday we' ve ever had! We can't go in there - it' s fo r staff onl y.
You mustn't speak to the driver when the bus is moving.
• with the names of some countries and
geographical features.
The islands are in the Pac ific O cean.
KEY LANGUAGE
Use the zero article (no article):
1111 STATING YOL 10
I'd like to make my posit ion very clear (about this).
• with general plural and uncountable nouns, and
Xis an absolute priori ty/is not negotiable.
abstract nouns.
It's vital to have X if you want to .. .
Islands often attract tourists because of the number of
It simply isn 't possible to .. .
beaches in a small area.
Conservation is an important issue now. CLARIFYING
• with people's names and continents, countries, If I understand you correctl y, (you ' re saying) ...
cities, mountains and lakes. It seems you will/won 't .. .
Turkey is th e only country to straddle two continents : What exactly do you mean ?

.
Europe and Asia . I understand where you ' re coming from ...
OK, you've been very clear about ...
l!fl MODAL VlRBS· PRESENT AND FUTURE
AB ILITY /POSSI Bl LITY
VOCABULARY
Use can/be able to for ability/possibility. Ill TRAVEL COLL') ~
Peopl e can swim from this beach . ancient monument, baking temperatures, boutiqu e hotel,
W e won't be able to save Balandra Beach . budget airline, carbon footpri nt, last-minute deal,
loc<!I delicacy, organi sed excursion
PERM ISS ION/REQUESTS/ REFUSAL
Use can, could or may for permission and can or DI MULTl -WORD
could for requests. Use won 't for refusal. avoid getting ripped off, get away from it all,
'Can I borrow the ca r to night?' 'Yes, you can. ' get back to nature, go off the beaten track, let your hair
Could you hold my bags for a moment? down, live it up, lounge around by the pool, soak up th e
I won't give up . atmosphere, steer clea r of th e tourist traps, take in the
sights
LIKELIHOOD/ DEDUCTION
Use can, could, may or might to express a likelihood THE NATUP PLO
in the present or future. archipelago, biod iversi ty, ecosystem, endemic, feral,
The co untry may/might/could be moving towards lava, reserve, tectonic plate
touri sm.
Antoni a might be in her offi ce.

128
 EXTRA PRACTICE
•
Complete the text with a/an, the or - (zero article). 5 Complete the advert with collocations formed
_;:.- year I had 1_ _ _ very different holiday; some from the words in the boxes. Use one word from each
nds and I went on 2 _ __ 'yoga retreat' on 3_ _ _ box in each gap.
~·h coast of 4 _ _ _ France. 5_ _ _ retreat itself was
~ m a ting - it consisted of about 6_ _ _ fifty huts for ancient baking boutiqu e local organised
J people behind a really peaceful, quiet beach. We
delicacies excursion hotel monuments
d th ree hours of yoga every morning on 7_ _ _ beach
then we went for 8 walks in 9 hills temperatures
ind the coast in the afternoon, or just relaxed.
_ __ instructor who took us for yoga was fantastic
- 50 knowledgeable. 11 _ _ _ holiday was only a week
~· I felt both calm and invigorated when I got back. It's
ai nl y 12_ _ _ most relaxing holiday I've ever had!'

Find and correct one mistake in each sentence.

A lot of people are becoming more interested in the
eco-tourism these days.
I'm not sure if Karen's here at the moment. Hold on a
minute, and I' ll check if she's in a kitchen.
I didn't realise you wanted to go on the excursion
too. I only booked a ticket.
\Ve stayed in a great hotel in Florida. While a hotel
w as in a built-up area, it was very quiet.
People are trave lling less because a lot of the
pac kage holidays are more expensive this year as a
res ult of the rise in fuel costs.
W e' ve been sav ing up for years to go on a really
special holiday - we want to go to Galapagos Islands.
Land of 1_ _ _ , such as the Pyramids and the Sphinx
3 Choose two correct options in each sentence. Two weeks in Egypt this summer from as little as 400
As we become more aware of climate change, more euros - one week in a(n) 2_ _ _ on the Mediterranean
people can I may I might choose not to fly because coast and another sampling the ancient history of Cairo
of the environm ental damage. and the delicious 3_ _ _ in its restaurants. Or, if you .
The play has started. You ca n't I mustn't I prefer. a three-day 4_ _ _ down the Nile with one of
don't have to go in until th ere' s a brea k. our tour guides - what better way to escape the
5_ _ _ in July and August?
My pen 's run out of ink. Can I Will I Could I borrow
one of yours?
'Suki's on holiday this week.' 'That isn't I can't be I
mustn't be true - she's got an interview on Friday.'
m6 Find phrases in V2 with these meanings.
It' s v.,ery likely that he will win a major tennis 1 avoid places where there are a lot of visitors: _ __
tournament soon but it may I could I might not be 2 go to a place which doesn't attract a lot of peopl e: _ _
this year. 3 relax at the hotel, sunbathing and swimming: _ _ _
4 vis it famous places: _ __
Complete the conversation with phrases from KL. 5 not pay extortionate prices: _ _ _
I booked a holiday with you last month, but I'm 6 have a good time and lose your inhibitions: _ __
afra id I can ' t go now. I' d like a refund.
That' s a shame. When is the holiday for? m7 Choose the correct words to complete the
The flight leaves on Tuesday . sentences.
O h, I see. If 1 _ correctly, you want your money 1 One day I' d love to buy a boat and go island-
bac k for a holiday departing in five days? hopping across the Indonesian archipelago I reserve.
Tha t' s right. 2 Shortly after Mount Etna started erupting, tectonic
\Veil, I' m afraid that isn't possible. plates I lava could be seen flowing down th e side of
I don't understand . What 2 ? the volcano.
I' m saying that it >_ at this stage. 3 Lime disease is feral I endemic to the local area .
O h, it 4_ give me a refund. Is that correct? 4 The government created a nature reserve I ecosystem
I can' t give you a refund. You'll have to go to your here last year to protect the local bird population.
insurance company . 5 This area is a thriving ecosystem I reserve, w ith
Insurance ? hundreds of species of animal and plant life.
You don 't have insurance? But it's 5 insurance 6 There are lots of endemic I feral dogs on the island
' hen you book a holiday . which have been abandoned.

129
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE

GRAMMAR Use should/ought to have+ past participle to expres:

past necessity or criticism. .
UBOFDI JATE CLAUS S You reall y shouldn't have missed the exam.
A sentence consists of one or more clauses. These may We ought to have called your family in advan ce -
simply be two main clauses, joined by and, but or or.
th ey mi ght not be in.
Th e contract was signed by all parties and the
meeting ended. This can also express regret.
The contract was signed and the meeting ended I should have taken the job th ey offered me; I'd be a
are two main clauses. director by now.

A sentence often consists of a main clause and Use needn 't have+ past participle to say that we di d
a subordinate clause, joined by a subordinating something, but it turned out not to be necessary or
conjunction such as when, because, although, if. there was no obligation.
Many people couldn't get to the conference because I booked the ti ckets in advance but I needn't have
the train drivers were on strike. done so as there we re lots of empty seats.
'I 've brought an umbrell a for you too.' 'Oh, you
When subordinate clauses begin sentences, they are
needn't have done that. I' ve got my own .'
often separated by commas.
If you' re ever in Geneva, let's visit CERN. Compare with didn 't need to+ infinitive. When

I
Let's visit Cern if you ' re ever in Geneva. we use this, we don't know whether the action
happened or not.
Commas are not used before 'that' clauses.
We didn't need to book ti ckets as the concert wasn ' t
It's quite natural that you should be concerned very popular.
about the LHC experiments.
A main clause can stand by itself. In the second
KEY LANGUAGE ·
example above, Many people couldn 't get to the STATING OBJECTIVES
conference makes sense on its own. Our main objective is to .. .
One of our main goals will be to ...
A subordinate clause can 't stand by itself: because Your priority is to .. .
the train drivers were on strike only makes sense Your target must be to ...
when the main clause completes the meaning. We aim (also) to .. .
Subordinate clauses are dependent on a main We would like to .. .
clause; they often express a notion that explains That/X should be a key objective.
or completes something in the main clause, e.g. a
reason or a condition. · GIVING ~TRONG "[WICE
• cause/reason (because, as, since) It would be advisable for you to .. .
• result (so) I think you ought to ...
• condition (if, unless, provided) It's essential to .. ./It's vital that you ...
• purpose (to, so that) I'd strongly advise you to ...
• time (before, when, while ) I strongly recommend you to ...
• relative (who, which ) I urge you to ...
• reported speech (that)
VOCABULARY
M DI 1- PEPFECT Of PENDENT PREPOSITIONS
A modal perfect is a modal verb+ have+ past ability .to, fascination with , great at, love of, obsession
participle. with , passion for, proud of, reluctance to
Use must/can 't/couldn 't have+ past participle to
ADJECT IVES OF CHARACl
express certainty about something in the past.
aloof,, charismatic, cultured, devious, dogmati c, emotional,
He must have been rea ll y happy wh en he found out
hospitable, meti culous, pragmati c, self-effacing
his exam result.
Sh e can't have arrived - her coat isn 't here. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
M arcel couldn't have written this - his English isn't cultural awareness
good enough. diplomatic meetin g/imm unity/posting/crisis/negotiation s/
IJ The opposite of must ha ve done is can 't/couldn't incident
II have done. It expresses impossibility. intern ati o nal meeti nglconfl ict/awareness/posti ng/
com mun ity/crisi s/negotiations/i ncident
Use may/might/could have+ past participle to overseas con fl ict/posti nglcommun ity/crisis/ i ncident
express a degree of possibility in the past.
summit meetin g/negotiations
They might have cancelled the cl ass - there w as no
on e th ere.
I could have finished my degree but I was too lazy.

130
 EXTRA PRACTICE a
1111 Join the sentences using the words in brackets. A: Oh yes. We 3_ _ _ to read a lot about it over the
summer.
Make any other changes necessary.
B: And I'd 4 _ _ _ advise you to tread carefully -
1 Alex joined the diplomatic service. She wanted to
people get upset about this kin d of thing.
live in different countries . (so that)
A: We know. One of our main 5 will be to
reduce people' s over-sensiti vity. We want to get
2 The people were very disillusioned. The election some good guest lecturers in.
turnout was extremely low. (because) B: Yes, that should be a key 6_ _ . We ll, good luck!

3 The most successful candidate was the young 4Complete the sentences with the words in the
woman. She had the best qualifications. (who) boxes. Use one word from each box in each gap.

cultural fa sci nation internation al overseas

4 I left university last June. I didn't get a permanent job
proud reluctance
until April this year. (but)
awareness of postings relations to w ith
5 The police searched for some conclusive evidence.
The suspect was questioned. (while)
1 My father was in the diplomatic servi ce and had lots
of ___ to interesting places.
6 The people in this city are very welcoming . You 2' I've always had a great ___ insects.
must respect their desire for privacy. (provided) 3 Many American people have a(n) ___ tra\ el
outside their own country .
4 Li~ing in a multicultl!ral environment, it' s important
2Read the situations and complete the
to have good ___ .
sentences (a-e) using modal verbs. 5 It' s fine to be _ _ _ one' s country and its
1 Robert has never had very much money. He doesn 't achievements, without being jingoistic.
have a very good job and he hasn ' t got many 6 In today's globalised world,__ are more
qualifications. Suddenly he started spending a lot important than ever.
of money and buying expensive things, and then it
stopped. m_ 5 Complete the puzzle with adjectives. Use the
a He _ _ _ got a better job because he isn ' t wel I clues to help you.
qualified and because the spending· stopped.
b He ___ come into money somehow.
c He _ __ won the lottery.
d He ___ inherited money from a relative.
e He ___ spent it all so fast- he _ __ saved 2 3
some for the future.
2 You are going to a concert with some friends and
4
you want to eat first. Your friend Jo is late, so you
find a restaurant but don't have time to eat much
l"Jecause you're late for the concert. You rush to get
there, only to find that the concert is cancelled.
a Jo _ __ arrived late - she knew we wanted to eat.
b We _ __ rushed to get to the concert after all. 5
c We ___ spent more time over the meal and
enjoyed ourselves more.
6
d The concert hall ___ sent a message to our
I,
mobile phones.
e Someone in the band ___ fallen ill suddenly to 1 cold and distant, not friendly
cancel the concert at short notice. 2 friendly, welcoming and generous
3 someone who is s-ensible and praqical
s/ 3
Complete the conversation. Write one word in
4 someone who is self-___ does not pu sh
each gap.
themselves forward
.\: We want to run a new course on cultural awareness. 5 interested in art, music, literature, etc .
Our main 1_ _ _ is to get the students to appreciate 6 having a natural ability to attract, interest and
differences. impress other people
B: That' s very laudable. I think you 2_ _ _ to consider
the content carefu 1ly though.

131
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE

GRAMMAR Use be due to when you expect something to

happen at a particular time.
OHf ) I LIM L The plane is due to land at half past six.
There are two different types of linkers: the
conjunctions we use to link two sentences or clauses· Use be about to w hen you know that something i
(e .i. and, when, if) and tne ad'Jetn<;; \Ne u<;;e to maKe imminen\.
a link across two sentences (e.g. in addition, then, LUC) is over nine months pregnant- she's abou
however). have the bab

These conjunctions and adverbs perform a number BE 0 1 - O L., - OF+ -INC FO RM

of different functions.
be on + noun - of+ -ing form ·
Use be on the point of/on the verge of+ -ing whe n
somethin g is imminent; it is similar to be about to.
additive and as well as (this), We can ' t stop the procedure now - the surgeon is o
furth ermore, the point of operating.
in addition,
moreover, BE+ INFINITIVE
simil arly Use be+ infinitive in a fo rmal context to talk about
decisions, obligation an d requirements.
contrastive although, but, even so, . The meeting is to be held in the boardroom and
even though , however, Janine is to take the minutes .
while, whilst, in contrast,
whereas, yet nevertheless, This ca.n be used for p rohi b itions in the negative.
nonetheless, on The patient is not to be given anything by mouth.
the other hand, It can also be used fo r events that are fixed.
otherwise Interest rates are to come down to two percent.
causal as, because, as a result,
This structure is not used in informal conversation .
since consequently,
for this reason ,
therefore
KEY LANGUAGF
- ----
temporal after, as, as soon after that, m JUSTIFYING OPI
as, before, since, meanwhile, One reason I favour X/doing Xis .. .
until, when, subsequently So you can see that this .. ., can't you?
while/whilst By this, I mean that .. .
That is exactly the kind of thing ...
If we do X, people will inevitably ...
Notice the difference between the use of the
The fact that X happen s means that Y is fully justified
conjunctions and the adverbs:
While I accept that X would be .. ., it'd also be ...
Sonja'was rarely ill even though she ate junk food
You may well ask ...
and took Iittle exercise.
Sonja ate junk foods and took little exercise.
However, sh e was rarely ill. VOCABULARY
HEAL fH COLLO ) S
Linking adverbs are often used in more formal
blood pressure, chest pai n, flu virus, heart attack, heart
situations than conjunctions.
surgery, high salt intake, immune system,
We decided to have a meeting to get to know one
infant mortality, life expectancy, maternity ward,
another while they were putting up the exhibition.
omega-3 oils, prem ature ageing, tanning salon
The exhibition was being constructed when we
arrived . Meanwhile, we held an introductory meeting. H ALTHCAP
alternative medi cine, conventional medicine, consultan
FUTU E FOPHS WITH 81-
doctor, doctor's su rge ry, general practitioner (GP),
BE+ ADJECTIVE/ADVERB+ INFINITIVE have a check-up, have an operation , have a scan/an
X-ray, hospice, hospi tal ,' lack of funding, ·long waitin g
Use the following phrases to suggest certainty that
lists, outdated equipment, palliative care, paramedi c,
something will happen: be bound to, be certain to,
pharmacist, ph armacy, post-operative infection,
be sure to. preventive medi ci ne, see the doctor, surgeon
Sun ita is bound/certain/sure to pass her exams -
she' s studied so hard. mTHE LAN r JF EMO ION
If you are less certain, use be likely to. antagonised, disillu sioned, disorientating, elated,
Ryan is likely to specialise in heart surgery, but he exasperating, exhi la rating, inspiring, invigorating,
isn' t sure yet. rejuvenated, relieved

132
 EXTRA PRACTICE 4 =
•
---

m 1 Join the sentences using the words in brackets. Match the sentence halves.
1 Jamie called for an ambulance. The ambulance 1 The fact that your GP refers you
arrived ten minutes later. (after) 2 That is exactly the kind of thing
.3 One reas on I favour putting this to the vote
2 Sarah qualified as a doctor. She never worked in 4 While I accept that a high salt intake is unhealthy,
medicine. (although) 5 So, you can see that
6 If we chan ge the rules aga in,
3 I' m on holiday the first week of June. I can't attend a it's somethin g I enjO\.
the conference. (as) b I've told you to avo id on numerous occasions.
c we can't be of an more as istance,. can't you?
d is a sign that he is prepared to ad mit he doesn't know.
4 My classmates got jobs very quickly. It took me six
e the people will ine itabh call us in decisive.
months to get a job. (w hereas)
f is that we need to knO\\ that our mem bers agree.

5 Joe met Maria three months ago. He has been very Ill 5 Complete the sentences \ ith the wo rds in the
happy for three months. (since) boxes. Use one word from each bo in each gap.

6 There aren't enough people at the meeting. We can't blood chest immune infan life
take any votes. (since) premature

ageing expectancy mortality pain

Complete the sentences to make them more formal. pressure . system
Use a linking adverbial.
1 My family all came to my graduation and my tutor 1 _____ _ is higher now in developed countri es
came too. than it has ever been.
My fa~ily attended _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 2 Constant exposure to the sun can result in
of the skin .
1 The doctors won't operate on Mr Jacobs because he 3 You shouldn't take your ______ readin
when you are under stress .
is hugely overweight.
Mr Jacobs is extremely _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 4 Taking a vitamin C tablet every day helps to boo ~
the
5 Older people need to take ______ seriously
3 We were delayed for an hour on the bus while the
as it could indicate heart problems.
procession went past.
6 Simple treatments like rehydrating children with
The procession passed _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
stomach upsets can reduce _____ _ .

A lthough I'm interested in alternative medicine, I ID 6 Find the following in V2 .

prefer to visit my GP for serious problems. 1 six practitioners: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
I' m interested in alternative medicine. _ __ __

2 four places: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
3 Replace the underlined parts of the sentences
· ith future forms. Make any other changes necessary. 3 three diagnostic treatments: _ _ _ _ __ _ __
These painkillers should not be taken by children .
4 three problems with a health service: _ _ _ _ __
Yo ur father will definitely like your present. He's
fa scinated by vintage cars.
DI 7 Find an adjective from V3 for each situation.
How might you feel ...
We' re expecting our first guests to arrive at the
1 after a day at a luxury spa? _ __
church at about 3.30 p.m.
2 if your blood test show!; no serious problems? _ __
3 if you pass all your exams with an A grade? _ __
His plane will land at any moment - look, you can
How would you describe ...
ee it in the sky!
4 a lecture by someone who is successful in a field
you're interested in? _ __
It's probable that Paul will bring the baby over at the 5 a cold shower on a really hot day? _ __
eekend. 6 a city you don't know where all the streets look the
same?
' is itors should report to reception upon arrival.

133
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE

GRAMMAR CLEFT SENTEN CES

A cleft sentence means splitting one cla.use into two.
FUTURE IN THE PA~T
We do this to emphasise part of the sentence. There
We sometimes need to talk about the future but from
are two types of cleft sentences:
a point in the past, e.g.:
two days ago: I'm going to buy a laptop tomorrow. It clefts emphasise the object of the clause. So, to
today: I was going to buy a laptop yesterday. emphasise her dreadful behaviour in this sentence:
I really object to her dreadful behaviour.
WAS/WERE CO/NC TO
Use was/were going to when the future action we can make her dreadful behaviour into a separate
happened. it clause:
When \ \ast saw Ginny, she was going to start her It's her dreadful behaviour (that) l really obiect to.
new iob the next day. Wh- c\ehs emphasise the \/erb o' the c\ause. \ o
But we often use it with actions that did not happen. emphasise would like in the following sentence,\
Michael was going to study law at Oxford before he can make it into a separate wh- clause.
had the car accident. We'd like to inspect your kitchens.
What we'd like is to inspect your kitchens.
We can also use it to make excuses.
We were going to get in touch but we've been so With wh- clefts, we use to be to link the two clauses.
busy.
If the verb in the original sentence is in the present
WAS/WERE TO or past simple, we form the wh - cleft with do/did.
Use was/were to in formal contexts to talk about The companies maximise their profits.
decisions, obligations and requirements (see be to What the companies do is maximise their profits.
+infinitive, Unit 4), usually for actions that were not
fulfilled. KEY LANGUAGE
The ministers were to meet at the Paris Fashion Show
but it was cancelled after the bombs.
m DISCUSSING HYPO..,. -lETICAL IDEAS
Suppose we did (have a cafe), wouldn't that .. . ?
WOULD It'd mean that we'd have to ...
Use would when the action definitely happened. I'm not sure how (feasible) that'd be.
Madonna's childhood was quite poor but she would If we were to ... , we'd .. .
become one of the richest women on the planet. I was wondering if we might ...
We'd need to .. ., otherwise we'd ...
We can also use phrases with nouns and adjectives (Surely,) It'd be better to ...
that express the future (see Unit 4) with was/were . If we (had a special range), but still ... ,we'd ...
They were due to catch the 11.20 train. I don't know There'd be a chance to ...
if they did. Admittedly, that'd mean ...
Marcus was bound to be chosen for the job.
VOCABULARY
11!11 EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
There are different ways of changing the word order Ill CONSUMER COL OCATIONS
.
of a sentence in English to make it more emphatic. advice, boom, choice, co nfidence, demand, goods,
issues, price index, products, society, spending, trends,.
INVERSION
Inversion means changing the position of the subject watchdog
and verb to put the verb first. This is common with a
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES FORMED W ITH
number of negative adverbs, e.g. not only, no sooner,
NOUNS
never, scarcely, at no time, little.
eye-catching, hand-made, high-quality, life-long,
No sooner had the doors opened than the customers
pre.sent-day, smoke-free, time-consuming,
flood ed in the shop.
world-renowned
Never in my life have I been so offended!
Little did Val know that Colin had already planned
the holiday.
m SUFFIXES (NOUN · l
activist, consciousness, co nvenience, emergence,
Note that when we use inversion with the present or obsession, popularity, sustainability, violation
past simple, we have to use the do auxiliary.

134
 EXTRA PRACTICE

1 Choose the correct forms to complete the Bl 5 Read the definitions and complete the
entences. In three sentences both forms are possible. collocations.
1 The letter said that all new recruits were going to I 1 the level of satisfaction with the economy, demonstrated
were to report to reception on arrival. in how much is spent: consumer _ __
2 The guard shouted at us to hurry as the train was 2 a I ist of prices of products to show increase/decrease
bound to I was about to depart. in the cost of living: consumer _ __
3 The Minister was to I was due to address the 3 questions/topics which co ncern co nsumers:
committee first thing in the morning. consumer
4 Alice was going to I would join the Dior fashion 4 the kind of things that consumers buy: consumer _ __
house but she decided against moving to Paris. 5 the range and variety of products available for
5 It was clear from the outset that Noel would I was to consumers: consumer
become the President's successor.
6 Once Nadal had been knocked out, everyone felt 6 Replace the underlined words with compound
that Federer would probably I was likely to win the adjectives. Make any other changes necessary.
tournament. 1 Don 't complete new forms for every student; it takes
too long.
Work in pairs and discuss your answers to Exercise
1. What is the difference in meaning between the
2 Famous Formula 1 driver Felipe Massa announced
forms in the sentences where both options are correct?
his participation in the Monaco Grand Prix today .
Ill 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first. 3 He has a very noticeab le tattoo on his left shoulder.
1 The staff had no idea that the company was going to
close . 4 This hotel is an environment where cigarettes can't
Little _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ be consumed.

2 Steve ran the London Marathon in a rabbit costume.

What· 5 Tissane chocolates are crafted by our ow n
----------------~

chocolatier, Pierre Didier.

3 My accountant alerted me to the tax problems.
It was _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _~
4 Nobody has ever been that rude to me b~fore. 7 Complete the sentences with a word formed
Never _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ from a word in the box. --·
5 The humidity is really difficult to bear.
active conscious convenient emerge
What ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
popular violate
6 The humidity is really difficult to bear.
It _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __
1 The investigation showed that the company's
4Use the prompts to write sentences expressing working practices ca used several ___ of
hypothetical ideas. employees' human rights.
1 I I not-sure I profitable I that I be 2 The President's was confirmed when the
election results came in.
3 After the fall, Ben lost ___ for a few seconds, but
2 there I be I chance I attract new customers
he wasn't seriously injured.
4 A lot of people like the ___ of shopping on line
3 I I wonder I I I redesign I window display instead of going to the supermarket.
5 The last few decades have seen the of China
-l if we I empl oy I only grad uates I we still I need I as a m.a jor world power.
train them 6 During the protest, several ___ were arrested for
vandalism .
5 suppose we I have I weekly meetings I that I create I
se nse of involvement?

6 we I need I clear I jdeas with Head Office I they I

not approve I funding

135
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE

GRAMMAR Form compound adjectives by using a hyphen

between each word used to describe the nqun.
lilJ THE PASSIVE : She has a six-month-old baby.
Form the passive with a form of be+ past participle.
Use the passive in the present and past continuous, Nouns can also be used as pre-modifiers. Form
but avoid other continuous forms. compound noun s by joining two nouns, either as on e
His behaviour is being monitored. word, with a hyphen, or as two words.
pseudoscien ce ex-president address book
Form the infinitive of the passive with to be+ past
participle. Use adverb+ adjective collocations to give more
We expect the work to be finished next week . information about the noun.
Scientists ha ve announced a newly developed vaccine.
Form the passive after modals with be (without to) +
past participle. A phrase introduced by a preposition can be used as
A cure for cancer might be discovered in our lifetime. a post-modifier.
I' ll meet you at the cafe on the corner of 42nd Street.
There is a perfect form of the passive infinitive: to
have been+ past participle. Full and reduced relative clauses can also be used in
The students were hoping to have been awarded this way.
their degrees by now. That's the woman (who is) responsible for our
European sector.
Form the passive of -ing forms with being+ past
participle (e.g. after prepositions). Similar to these are clauses formed with a present
We congratulated her on being promoted. participle or a past participle.
Who's -the man giving a speech at the moment?
11 Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. Football is a popul ar sport played all around the world.
Ill The train vvas arrived on time. x
Use that to introduce a who le clause (subject+ verb+
The passive is often used because the agent is
object) after the noun .
obvious or unknown or unimportant. It is also
What do you think of the idea that we could a.II be
sometimes used to avoid naming the agent, perhaps
living on another planet some day?
to avoid blame or responsibility.
The keys seem to have been mislaid. To introduce the purpose of a noun, use a to- infinitive.
They brought in an expert to examine the damage.
11 If we want to give the agent, we use by:
Ill You will be contacted by customer serv"ices. KEY LANGUAGl:
We can also use the passive to manipulate the order
of information in a text. (In English we prefer to start
1311 CRITICISING
But what about ... ?
a new sentence with something that has already been It's a major disadvantage.
mentioned). Since when have .. . ?
This new software is revolutionary. Apex Solutions
designed it. x 1111 ACCEPTING CRITI CISM
This new software is revolutionary. It was designed That's a fair point.
.
by Apex Solutions . ../
We can choose to put longer subjects at the end of a
I have to agree with you there .
OK, I'm not going to argue against you (on that one).
sentence by using the passive. It's true that ...
The new software was designed by a developer at
OFFERING COUNTER-ARGUME NTS
Apex Solutions who had worked for Microsoft.
But really, it's up to ...
The passive is also used to describe processes. That's a fact of life, you just have to ...
The mixture was heated to 100 degrees . You're absolutely right, but ...

CO I LEX NOUN PHRASES VOCABULARY

Complex noun phrases are used to describe the noun
in a sentence. They either appear before the noun DESCRIBING TECHNOLOGY
a museum piece, behind· the times, cutting-edge,
(pre-modifiers) or after the noun (post-modifiers).
had its day, innovative, new-fangled, obsolete, outdated,
The most common pre-modifiers are adjectives. redundant, retro, revolutionary, state-of-the-art,
When more than one adjective is used, they appear superseded, the last word in
in a certain order: opinion-+ size-+ shape-+ age-+
colour-+ origin-+ material -+ purpose. ID COLLOCATIONS
The museum has a beautiful old French collection of academic assessment, code sequence, complex data,
antiques. diagnostic test, false results, health system,
quality control, research subject, test tube

136
 EXTRA PRACTICE IE
1 Rewrite the sentences in the passive. 4 Complete the sentences. Write
1 Technicians at our Milton Keynes factory assemble all the parts . one word in each gap.
1 Since _ __ have po li ticians been
2 CCTV cameras are always monitoring us in this offics. honest about their intentio ns?
2 OK, it' s _ __ that th e product is
expensive, but I think peopl e w ill still
3 Builders equipped the building with cutting-edge technology.
want to buy it.
3 That's a fair _ __ - I have to accept
4 We require you to include all relevant documents with the you ' re right about that.
application form. 4 All right, I' m not going to _ __
against you on that poin t.
5 Would you mind our cameraman recording your presentation? 5 You ' re absolutely ___ about that,
but I think you're missing the most
6 We expected them to have made the final decision by now. important point.

5 Find words/phrases in 1 wi th
2 Choose the correct options (a or b) to complete the text. these meanings.
I had an interview in the most incredible building yesterday. It's the 1 describes a person who is not a\ are
new Department of Defence .headquarters, and 1_ _ _ • It' s a nigh-rise of or using current ideas or technology:
building and 2 _ _ _ .On arrival, 3_ __ to the 'security suite', where
4 5
_ _ _ and _ _ _ against government records. Once that is done, 2 based on styles and fashi on of the
6
_ _ _ for an appropriate level of security. From then on, when you recent past: _ __
go to particular departments, you just look into the camera as 7_ _~ 3 something new which you don't like or
and it opens automatically. If a door is not security-sensitive, 8_ __ • trust:
4 something so valuable or intere ting
1 a an architect who specialises in hi-tech systems designed it
it should be displayed to the public:
b it was designed by an architect who specialises in hi-tech systems
2 a it towers over the surrounding office blocks
5 replaced by something new and more
b the surrounding office blocks are towered over by it up-to-date: _ __
3 a a guard meets visitors and takes them
6 completely new and leading to gr~t
b visitors are met and taken improvements: _ __
4 a someone sca nned th eir eyes
b their eyes are sca nn ed Ill 6 Complete the sentences \ ith the
5 a an official checks the im ages words in the boxes. Use one word from
b the images are checked each box in each gap.
6 a officials issue a pass
b .a pass is issued aca demic complex di agn o tic
7 a you approach a door health research test
b a door is approached
8 a body heat alone activates it assessment data subject
I:) it' s activated by body heat alone system test tube

Ill 3 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

1 The sample is placed in a(n) ·_ _
1 ingredient I food I it' s I is I which I used I an I most I fast I in where the reaction can be ob en ed.
2 It was an interesting th eor , but a· er
2 drug I potentially I the I new I side-effects I has I lethal proper _ _ _ , it proved to be false.
3 The initial research threw up a lot oi
3 salt I needs I flavour I it I give I this I to I some I soup which need to be anal · ed
carefully.
4 Ben agreed to be a(n) _ _ in trials of a
4 suggestion I this I I I his I liked I that I together I all I work I we I on
new ·medicine.
5 Doctors carried out a(n) _ __ to try
5 white I vase I they I me I a I porcelain I gave I beautiful and find out what w as wrong wi th her.
6 The government w as credited w ith
6 restaurant I town I it' s I lovely I a I the I old I in making dramatic im provements to
the
bacteri a I type I modern I in I most I it' s I of I a I found I homes

8 woman I Sarah I the I to I spea king I who' s?

137
 GUAGE REFERENCE

GRAMMAR SECOND CONDITIONAL

if+ past, would/could/might+ infinitive
ml QUANT\FIERS
Use quantifiers before a noun to indicate the amount Use the second conditional to talk about an unr .
or quantity of the noun. A few quantifiers describe possibility in the future or an unreal situation in·
precise quantities, e.g. both, no. Most, however, present or future, and to give advice.
describe vague quantities, e.g. some, several, many, If I got the job, I'd have to move away.
much, (a) few, (a) little . Note how they are used: If we had more money, we might stop work.
If I were you, I'd finish my degree.
+singular
countable noun THIRD CONDITIONAL
if+ past perfect, would/could/might+ have + past
no, either, every no, any, both, no, (a) Iittl e,
participle
(a) few, a lot of, a lot of, some,
some, several, much, most, all Use the third conditional to talk about unreal
many, most, all situations in the past, i.e. situations that are contrar\
to the facts, to express regrets and to criticise oth er_
If I hadn't been talking on my mobile, the police
To talk about things in general, use quantifier+ noun.
might not have stopped me.
We received several packages this morning.
If you hadn't argued with my mother, we would have
To talk about something specific, use quantifier+ of 'had a nice evening.
+ thelmylour/theseletc. +plural noun.
MIXED CONDITIONALS
We received several of the packages you'd sent.
We use the clauses from the second and third
0 With a// and both, we do not need of: conditionals to talk about present or past results of
MWe received both/all the packages you 'd sent. unreal situations.
a if+ past perfect, would/might/could+ infinitive

i
We do not use no+ of the. We have to use the
pronoun none: If he hadn't left me, I'd still be happy now.
None of the letters arrived. b if+ past, would/might/could+ have+ past participle
Sometimes we use a quantifier+ noun/pronoun as
If I loved him, I wouldn't have left him .
the subject of a sentence. Most are followed by a
plural verb. KEY LANGUAGE
Most of the volunteers are available. APPROVING IDEAS
All the books have been signed by the author .. Sounds like a great idea!
I think it's a really good suggestion.
Note that every, much and little are followed by a
It's a good project, in my opinion.
singular verb.
Ever)'. delegate is expected to attend. 1111 EXPRESSING DOUBlS
With no and none, we can use either a singular or a I'm not too keen on this one.
plural verb. I can see some real problems.

.
None of the students was/were prepared. Will it really work?
I just don't think it's feasible .
liPI CONDITIONALS
These are the most common conditional forms: 1111 OFFERING COUNTER ARGUMENTS
It could be a very expensive option.
ZERO CONDITIONAL But X might not be such a big problem.
if+ present, present/imperative Some of the projects must be for the long term.
Use the zero conditional for actions that happen It may not cost as much (money) as you think.
every time a condition is fulfilled, and for
instructions. VOCABULARY
If you press Fl , the help menu appears. 111 IDIO S WITH HAND
If the alarm sounds, leave the room at once. a safe pair of hands, giye someone a hand, hand in
FIRST CONDITI ONAL hand, have (got) my hands full , my hands are tied,
on hand, time on my hands, turn my hand to anything
if+ present, will!c,anl maylmight!should +infinitive
Use the first conditional to talk about real
ID EXPRESSIONS OF L At\JTITY
a bunch of, a co uple of, a great deal of, a large quantity
possibilities and for promises, warnings, etc.
of, a pair of, a slight majority of, a tiny proportion of
If it's raining tomorrow, we won't go to th e beach.
If yo u come here agai n, I'll call the police. IRREGULAR LUP L'J
analysis - analyses, criterion - criteria, hypothes is -
hypotheses, phenomenon - phenomena, thesis - th eses
138
 I
EXTRA PRACTICE

1
Find and correct nine mistakes with quantifiers 4 We _ _ (not se ll ) o ur o ld hi-fi if yo u _ _ (te ll)
in the report. us th at yo u wanted to keep it !
5 It's about tim e for a career cha nge, so if the hospital
Creative writing course - end-of-year report _ _ (offer) me that job, I think I _ _ · (take) it.
This year's presentation of the course has been the most
successful so far. m4 Complete the text with phrases a-f.
Results Th anks for your prese ntation of th e new organic
All of students passed the course and exam cos metic range . Personally, I think 1 _ _ _, but I
Most them (33/40) achieved a grade 3 or better have some reservations. First, 2_ __ with the pric ing
Few (9/40) passed with a grade 1 structure . It 3_ _ _ for our usual ma.rket, whi ch doesn' t
Both the course tutors agrees that the results reflect the aptitude spe nd a hu ge amo unt o n cos metics. 4 _ __ to expect
of the students. They agreed that most of this year's group have ou r customer base to switc h to a product that' s 20 per
put in much hours and deserved their excellent results. ce nt more expensive, so we need to exp lore a different
Student feedback mark et. But 5 _ _ _ such a b ig problem as we sell into
Only a little end-of-year feedback forms have been some very upmarket stores. Yes, I like this idea and think
received so far (further information to follow) . Of the we shou Id research it further. 6 . What do the rest
students who have responded , several has commented that of you thi nk?
this course is the most interesting they have taken so far.
Every student who have responded has praised the tutors a cou ld be a very expensive option
for their knowledge and enthusiasm for their subject. No of b ·1ca n see some problems
he respondents so far feel that the course is too difficult. c It' s a good project, in my opinion
d that might not be
2
Choose the sentence (a or b) that best e it's a reall y good sugges~ion
describes the meaning of each conditional sentence. f I don' t think it' s feas ib le
1 If I were you, I wouldn't bother to read her latest novel.
a I th ink you shou ld read the book.
Bl 5 Replace the underlined phrases with id ioms
with hand. Make any other changes necessary.
b .I don't think you should read the book .
1 Can yo u help me? I ca n't do this alo ne.
1 We would have got you a ticket if they had n't all
2 Give that to Fiona to do. She's someone we can tru t
so ld out.
to do a job witho ut making mi stakes.
a We got you a ticket.
3 Look, I' m not very busy. Let me finis h that repo .
b We didn't get yo u a ticket.
4 Let's ask Gemma to help. She's really versatil e.
The rubbish collecto rs don 't see the bin if you leave 5 I' m afra id I can ' t do anything for you because of my
it in the garden. · position. You co uld talk to personnel. ·
a They never see the bin in these c ircumstances . 6 Yes, I've got one of th e driving licence appli cation
b They so metimes don 't see the bin. quite near. Here we are.
Ii the flight to Dubai was delayed, we' d have to wa it
2-+ hours for our co nnection. 6 Complete the sentences with the words in
a We think the flight will be delayed. the box.
b We don ' t think the flight wi ll be delayed.
bun ch great pair proportion quantity slight
The•course won't take p lace if we don 't have enough
enrolments.
a We need a ce rtain number of students for the 1 Th ere has been a _ __ deal of specu lation c;ibout
co urse to take place. who wi ll get the manager' s job.
b We ca n run the cou rse with any number of students. 2 When I opened the curtains this morning there was a
_ _ _ of doves sittin g o n the window ledge.
b She' d probab ly have a job by now if she' d fini shed
3 A large ___ of rain fe ll during the storm, w hich
her teach in g qualifi cation.
led to flash floods.
a Sh e has a j ob.
4 A tiny _ __ of the people interviewed said
b She doesn 't have a job.
they wo uld be happier if their country became
Complete the conditional sentences with the independent. .
co rrect form of the verbs in the brackets. 5 Look! I bought a lovely _ _ of grap~s at the
superma rket.
1 I _ __ (join) an amateur operat ic club if I _ _ _
6 Rece nt polls show the government is onl y sup ported
(ca n) si ng better, but my voice isn't great.
by a _ __ majority of voters.
1 The personne l department ___ (not over look) yo u
if we _ __ (have) you r details on file, but we don 't
appear to have them .
3 It' s quite easy. If you ___ (put) the coi ns in and
___ (p ress) the green button, the machin e _ __
(pr int) the ticket.

139
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE

GRAMMAR PREPOSITIONAL VERBS

Ill VER6 PATTEPN5 Prepositional verbs always have an object (a noun,
a pronoun or an -ing form), and the object always
When one verb follows another, it may appear in the
infinitive or -ing form. follows the preposition.
The child had broken into several houses before he
VERB (+ OBJECT) + INFINITIVE WITH OUT TO was caught.
Few verbs are followed by the infinitive without to, Th· _ _ ob e . Let me look into it.
mainly modal ver'os, ver'os ot perception te.g. see,
watch, hear ), help, make and let . ·n° made redundant- he jus
We saw the president's plane land .
The police made the protestors move back. Adverbs of mann er and degree .can come between
My boss let me leave work ea rly today. the verb and prepo ition, but not immediately after
Note the passive of make and let . the preposition .
The protestors were made to move back. We need to deal quick ly wi th this issue . ../
I was allowed to leave work early today. We need to deal v<ith quickly this issue . x

With verbs of perception, the -ing form can mean These adverbs, and mo st others, also can come at the
either the action is still ongoing or is complete. I end of the clau se.
watched him interviewing the film star. We need to deal ''ith thi s issue quickly.
Please look into the prob lem immediately.
The infinitive means the action is complete. I I got through the course eventually, on my third attempt!
watched him interview the film star.
VERB(+ OBJECT) + TO-INFINITIVE KEYlANGu GE
Many verbs are followed by the to-infinitive, often IDBEINGC .J
verbs of wants, desires, recommendations, (e.g. want, We need to think th is (one) through.
need, agree, appear, promise). There are also many If you don't (get th e facts straight), he could (take us
that have an object (e.g. want, allow, advise, invite, to court).
recommend, urge, tell). If Xis the case, we could be in hot water/t rouble.
The ed itor promised not to run the story. X is a very sensitive issue.
We invited the minister to appear on the show. If we get our facts wrong, it' ll have a bad effect on
our reputation .
VERB(+ OBJECT)+ -INC
It's just speculation on our part.
Some verbs are followed by the -ing form, often
We need to hold fire on this one.
verbs of liking/disliking (e.g. like, enjoy) or verbs of
It could land us in court.
thought (e.g. consider, imagine). Most of these can
have an object.
I can't stand having to wait for people!
VOCABULAR
Can·you imagine being trapped in a lift? n- E
The school doesn't mind students bringing their own ~~~.... c c lation figures,
lunch . hit, libel laws,
ite, source,
VERB (+ OBJECT) + PREPOSITION + -INC e\\i ng figures
Many verbs are followed by a preposition. If another
verb is used after the preposition, it is in the -ing form .
The director succeeded in raising the money for the
documentary.
They criticised the editor for printing lies.
DIDEP[ JS ITIONS
VERB+ -INC OR TO-INFINITIVE focus·on, allow time for, feel free to, go around, begin
Some verbs can be followed by either the by, si gn up for
to-infinitive or the -ing form, with little change in
meaning (e.g. begin, continue, like) .
I continued to work/working as though nothing was
wrong.

140
 I
EXTRA PRACTICE

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form m Match the sente nce halves.
of the verbs in brackets. 1 If we don 't oet our facts stra ight,
1 Working on a newspaper, I really enjoy ___ (see) 2 Let' s th ink about the impl ications of this -
the publication process from start to finish . 3 We need to hold fire on this
2 The newspaper urged its reade rs ___ (not vote) in 4 This is just speculation on our part
the forthcoming European election. 5 Have you covered every possibili ty here?
3 The corporation will continue ___ (b roadcast) 6 We could be in very hot water
controversial programmes . a it's a very sensitive issue.
4 With your health problems, you really need to consider b We really need to think this one through.
___ (not spend) seven days a week in the office. c the actor involved could sue us.
5 The travellers were made _ __ (empty) their bags d if what you say is really the case.
on the airport tarmac. e so we'd better not publish it.
6 Is everything OK with Kyle? He appears _ _ (be) f until we've heard from our lawyers.
rather short-tempered today .
7 The minister was criticised for ___ (not reveal) the 4
Complete the sentences with the words in the
extent of the budget deficit. boxes. Use one word from each box in each gap.
8 Several paparazzi watched the two cars _ __
(crash) into each other and did nothing to help. c1t1zen circulation go libel off the
pop~lar figures
Ill 2 Rewrite the sentences using a suitable prepositional
verb from the box and making any changes necessary. record journalism laws press vira l

co me across come up deal with get over 1 It's not easy for newspapers to print untrue stori es
get through look at look into look like
about people because of ___ .
2 The rise of social media has led to an increase in
1 The error in your account has been noted . We will used in news broadcasts.
investigate it immediately. 3 The ___ always sells more than the broadsheets.
4 The journalist told me my remarks were _______, then
2 Please observe the animal's behaviour very closely. printed the whole interview.
5 Harry never expected his video to ___, reaching
over four million views.
3 We're back and we survived the week at Aunt Doreen's!
6 Some broadsheets have increased their b
changing their format to a smaller size.
4 Your investigators need to handle this delicate matter
carefully. 5
Complete the text with suitable words from V1
and V2. Use one word only in each gap.
5 Most healthy people recover from this illness with no
adverse effects. I started life as a journalist on a very low-quality
1
_ _ _ newspaper in the late 1990s. I hated it beca use I

felt it had no princip les: the 2 _ _ _ checked every report

6 The.editor's suggestion arose entirely unexpectedly - from his journalists and he would change them to make
out of nowhere. them more sensational if necessary. The articles were
often based on 3_ _ _ rather than hard facts, and some
7 If you find my old reading glasses in the study, can of its reporters had no respect for people's 4 _ _ _ , · no
you hang on to them? matter who they were. The important thing was always to
get the 5 _ _ _ before the other newspapers, and to send
a 6 _ _ _ out with a camera to get the most salaci ous
8 Your sister really resembl es Cameron Diaz! It's
photos possible. Well , I did it for two years, but then I was
uncanny.
lucky to get a job on a 7_ _ _ • I'm still there, and I'm
now a regular 8 _ _ _ , writing in depth about any medica l
stories in the news.

Bl 6 Find and correct one mistake with prepositions

in each sentence.
1 I'd like to begin with telling you about the project.
2 If you have any questions, feel free for interrupt w ith them.
3 I'm going to allow five minutes at the end to questions.
4 First, I'm going to focus at the background to the situation.
5 Please take one of the handouts going on.
6 You didn't know you were signing up at a talk on physics.

141
 GUAGE REFERENCE
GRAMMAR Ill P C , U~ING NOUNS
Ill ADVERBS OF DEG It is possibl e to introduce reported speech with a
noun, e.g. claim. The ' rules' of reported spe.ech
Adverbs of degree can be used to either intensify or
soften the meanin g of the word they qualify. They remain the same.
can qualify verbs, adjectives or adverbs. Patri ck claimed he had come into the country
lega lly, but it wasn't true. (claim= verb)
They always come directly before the word they qualify. Patrick's claim that he had come into the co untry
Th e measures annou nced hardly address the problem lega ll y wasn't true. (claim = noun)
at all.
You r suggestion is totally impractica l. There are many nouns that can introduce reported
This ju venile is quite likely to offend aga in. speech, e.g. accusation, advice, answe'r, argument, claim,
complaint, denial, excuse, explanation, observation,
Common intensifying adverbs of degree are: very, point, remark, response, statement, suggestion.
really, extremely, totally, utterly, entirely and highly. I asked my tutor about my bad marks. His
Of these, on ly really, totally, utterly and entirely can explanation th at my wo rk showed little independent
qualif verbs . research was fair, I suppose.
Th e di rector is extremely angry at the situation.
All the applicants were highly qualified. KEY LA~GUAGE
Common softening adverbs of degree are quite, I l l.BA fl. CING AN ARGUMEl'olT
slightly and fairly. These do not qualify verbs. Having said that, ...
It's slightly inconvenient that you 've changed the time Although we're here to ... , I think that .. .
of the lecture. That's all fair enough but it's simply too .. .
We do not use the same adverbs of degree to qualify Certainly Xis important, bu't I still think that ...
all adjectives. We use different adverbs with gradable While accepting X, we mustn 't I shouldn't ...
adjectives and ungradable adjectives. Admittedly, X would be ...
I see what you 're saying, but .. .
Gradable adjectives represent points on a scale (e.g.
hot and ·cold). Ungradable adjectives represent the VOCABULARY
limits of the scale (e.g. boiling and freezing).
Ill IDIOMAT ( \. b PHRASES
The table shows common adverbs of degree used bring something to a halt, draw attention to yo urself, ·
with the different types of adjective. know something is amiss, make a scene, mind your own
\J\).S\\\~ss, s\\\~\ '!\)\).~ ~1?.'Sj)\)1\-S\\:i\\\\\1?.<:. 1 \o.\<.e <:iorne\'rimg \m
granted, wash your dirty linen in public ·

abso lu te ly, entirely, really, JUSTICE S (5'..T

very, extremely, fa irl y,
ca re system, commu ni ty serv ice, (non-)custodia l
really, slightl y tota ll y, utterly
sentence, deter, deterrent, juvenil e delinquency,
punishment, rehabilitation, yo ung offender, youth co urt
So we say very important but absolutely essential,
extremely tired but utterly exhausted, etc. m NOUN CO VCP
complex, do, hopeful, international, loca l, mention,
Many adverb-adjective co mbinations are quite
must, trust
fixed collocations, e.g. highly qualified, completely
different, fully convinced.
The adverb quite has different meanings according
to whether it is used with a gradable or ungradable
adjective.
It's quite important. = It's fairly important.
It's quite essential. = It's abso lutely essenti al.

142
 EXTRA PRACTICE

1
Choose the correct words to complete the 4 Complete the conversation with phrases from KL
:entences. In one sentence both words are possible. A: Ca n we ta lk about the proposed deten ti on centre
Don't fo rget to se nd that co urt report. It's very I now? A lot of us are un happy about that.
absolu tely important th ey rece ive it to morrow. B: We ll, 1_ _ _ to discuss general comm unity issues,
2 I entirely I extremely ag ree w ith all yo ur po in ts. I thin k we sho ul d leave that un til the re leva nt
3 The defenda nt has ad m itted the assau lt so it's planning office r is avai lab le.
slightly I highly likely he' ll get a custod ial se ntence. A: Mmm, I 2 but we rea ll y wa nt to make our
4 We shoul d look ca refu ll y at the fi nal ca ndidate - she views known and express o ur co ncern s.
was highly I very qua li fied. B: I understand, and 3_ _ _, but it's si mp ly too ea rly
5 I know the manager shouted at you, b ut don't worry, to get into discussion .
he was j ust slightly I extremely co ncerned about the A: Yes, it's ea rl y and that's prec ise ly w hy we want to
dea dline. discuss it now. 4 _ _ _ is im po rta nt, but ca n't we
6 W hat do you think about the new project? I rea lly I register our mi sgivings now?
very be lieve that we shoul d sponso r it. B: OK, w hat are your misgivings?
7 Hi s med ication mu st be taken for fourtee n days and A: We ll , we rea ll y don' t want cri m in als in our vill age.
it's qui te important I essentia l that you f ini sh the B: Th at's a va li d view, and 5_ _ _ op ini ons like these,
co urse or they won't be effective. I' m sure yo u' ll understand we at t he co un cil mu stn't
8 Let's not have an argument now. I' m really I utterly listen onl y to yo ur views ...
ex hausted after work.
9 Los ing those docu ments is fa irly / extremely 1111 5 ·complete the text with w o rd s from V1 and V2.
an noy in g, but we've got copies so it' s not rea ll y a
prob lem. We've had a lot of problems with 1_ _ delinquency in
10 You' re in serious trouble, so thin k very I tota lly our area. Young people hang arou'nd on street corners and
carefull y before yo u answe r thi s question. cause problems. Only last week I saw two lads breaking
things in my neighbour's front garden. I didn't want to
Iii 2 Complete the reported statements. make a 2_ _ but I equally didn't want to 3_ _ my
1 ' I d idn't stea l the b ike !' responsibility to my neighbour. I complained to them
Sam denied that but it was n't true. about their behaviour, but they, of course, told me to
2 'You r mu sic is rea ll y loud.' 4
_ _ my own business, so I called the police. The officer

O ur neighbo ur comp lained that ,and she was said that even if he arrested them, a 5_ _ would only
qui te right. give a 6_ _ sentence, such as 7_ _, which, in his i
3 ' I' ll be on time to morrow, honestly. ' opinion, was no 8_ _ _ at all to other young people. i
Janet insisted that she ___ 1 but it was ill -fo un ded:
4 'We shoul d close ea rl y today .'
O ur manager suggested that___ , w hi ch was a ID 6 Find words/ phrases in V2 with these meanings.
relief. 1 imprisonment: _ __
5 ' Lu cy's pur on a lot of we ight.' 2 a cr imin al under the age of 18: _ __
Ma rk rema rked that whic h was cruel. 3 pun ishm en t that preve nts f urther c ri me: _ __
4 pun ishm ent of wo rkin g (un pa id), e.g. street
Rewrite t~e reported statements in Exe rcise 2 using clea ning: _ __
nouns. 5 refo rm ing offe nders: _ __
1 Sam's deni al that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 6 jud icial process fo r yo ung people: _ _ _

2 O ur neighbour's _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ DI 7 Choo~e the correct words to complete th e

sentences.
3 Janet' s _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 1 The money left to Dea n was he ld in a special trust I
complex unti l he was 18.
4 Our ma nager's _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 2 If invited to dinner, ta lking a sma ll present is a do I
must.
3 If you want to know wher~ to go out in the area, it' s
5 Mark's _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ best to ask a hopeful I local.
4 I've j ust jo ined the gym at my loca l leisure
international I complex.
5 The ca mpaign did so we ll that we even got a
mention I do in the national news.

143
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE

GRAMMAR CONVER. ATIONAL ENGLl~H

Ill NON-FINITE CLAUSES Conversational English differs from written English
in a number of ways and to the extent that we talk
A non-finite clause contains a non-finite verb, i.e. a
verb that has no indication of person or tense. about the grammar of conversational English . These
Arriving late, we failed to find a hotel. are the most common features of conversational
English:
In this example, the non-finite clause is arriving late
1 overlaps - two speakers talking at the same time,
and the non-finite verb is arriving. A non-finite verb
usually when one interrupts another in order to say
usually relates to the subject of the main clause (we)
something
and we know the time/tense from the verb in the
2 listener responses - supportive comments such as
main clause (past).
Really? Co on, I know what you mean
Non-finite clauses express different relationships 3 hesitation and use of sounds such as er and um
with the main clause (e.g. time, reason, condition, 4 repetition of words and phrases
result). In this case, it is reason. 5 discourse markers such as well, you know, I mean,
Because we arrived late, we failed to find a hotel. like, which give a speaker time to organise his/her
thoughts
There are three main types of non-finite clause.
6 simple clause structure, adding clauses to each
-INC CLAUSES other, often independent clauses with and, but
In these clauses the non-finite verb is active. and or (also called 'the add-on strategy'), or simple
The company reduced its overheads, cutting 60 jobs. dependent clauses introduced by a conjunction such
(i.e. with the result that it cut 60 jobs) as because or if
7 using direct quotes, as if playing a character
Present participle clauses can also replace relative
8 reformulations - when a speaker starts a sentence
clauses.
but then either can 't finish it or changes to say
Did you hear the fox calling in the garden last night?
something else or express himself/herself in a
(i.e. the fox that was calling)
different way
PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
In these clauses the non-finite verb is passive. KEY LANGUAGE
Handled carefully, this glassware should last a INFORMAL PHRASFS
lifetime. (i.e. if it is handled carefully) That is, ...
a
This type of clause can also replace relative clause. And as for ...
The police have identified the driver killed in the But then again, ...
crash. (i.e. the driver who was killed ) Oh, and before I forget, ...
Anyway, ...
INFINITIVE CLAUSES I reckon (that) ...
An infinitive clause is formed with to+ infinitive. It You know, ...
usually expresses a purpose or result. By and large, ...
They installed dim lighting to improve the ambience ... , that kind of thing.
in the shops. So, all in all, ...
'l!e came home early (only) to find that everyone
had left. VOCABULARY
This type of clause can also replace a relative clause. PERFORMANCE REVIEWS: NOUNS
Walcott was the only player to score a goal. adaptation, bill, choreographer, company, duo, tale,
When an infinitive clause expresses purpose, it can venue, virtuoso
come before the main clause.
To improve the ambience in the shops, they installed
Ill PERFORMANCE REVIEWS: COMPOUND
ADJ CTIVES
dim lighting.
award-winning, awe-inspiring, British-born,
llNote that non-finite clauses are usually used in laughter-packed, live music-enhanced, out-of-the-way,
• formal writing. R&B-influenced, Ran;ibert-trained, sample-heavy,
star-studded

ACADEM IC VERBS
analyse, distribute, emerge, enable, erode, indicate,
reinforce, reveal
 EXTRA PRACTICE I
1 Choose the correct form of the verbs. B: That's right. But I •reckon a lot of people watch
movies on their laptops and tab lets, I me<).n, 4 if they
1 Playing I To pla y with the Berlin Philharmonic was
want to be ... it' s just conveni ent.
James' lifetime ambition.
C: Sure, but it's such a small screen, I defi nitely
2 Playing I Played his first performance with the Berlin .
prefer watching things on a big screen . bAnd as for
Philharmonic, James' felt he'd reached the pinnacle of
watching movies on MP3 players, we ll ...
his career. 5
A: Go on.
3 Playing I Played by a virtuoso, the violin is truly the
C: Well , 6 it's ... it's just ridiculous! They' re so sma ll ,
king of instruments.
cthat is, you can 't get any nuances from th e image
4 We hurried to get to the theatre on time, only found I 7
because it's too small, and it's easy to be distracted
to find the performance had been cancelled .
and the sound isn 't great . . . ·
5 Found I Finding by a nurse on the hospital steps, the
A: Good point, dbut then again, surely the point of M P3
baby was named Florence.
players is that the sound is very good.
6 Luke dropped the course on the technology of music,
C: Oh, I don 't know. •Like I said, I just kno w I prefer
to find I finding it too difficult.
the big screen! 1Anyway, what's on TV ton ight -
2 Replace the underlined parts of the sentences with anything good?
non-finite clauses.
1 The theatre raised its ti cket prices so that it could fund
m4 Match the meaning of the phrases in bold (a-f)
in Exercise 3 with the more formal expressions below.
the renovation.
as I explained earlier which means that
2 When we arrived at the hotel, we discovered that moving on with regard to believe however
they'd given us a suite.
1111 5 Replace the und~rlined words in the text it h
3 We bought the tickets on line, then we found that we the correct form of wo rds with similar meanings fr om
had paid twice as much as our friends! V1 and V3.
Last night's performance of the Maidenhead Youth .
4 The organisers will identify and destroy tickets that Ensemble was a marvel and has served to isup~ort rh1
have been produced illegally. newspaper's view that we need to invest more '.n the
arts movement for the young. The 2group consists of a
5 Do you remember the name of the actor who was small orchestra and the 3programme included a su ~rb
playing that role at the time? · solo by the young piano 4genius from Ma~low'. Adrian
King. This was followed up by a modern version o.f
6 Mario was the only student who thanked me for the Rachmaninov, which was second to none.
extra tuition.
The 6place for the concert was a local church, ":'hich made
for a very atmospheric evening, and the acoustics 7made
7 Because the show proved to be a success, it was given
it possible for us to appreciate the ~olos as m~ch as .the -
an extended run at the Royal Theatre.
full ensemble pieces. With groups like this it is possible tor
people like young Adrian to Bcome out as fu~e star and
8 If rou water these plants regularly, they will provide
tomatoes for several months.
that is why they need local arts council fundmg.

1 4 7
3 Match the underlined parts of the conversation 2 5 8
(1-8) with the features of conversational English in the 3 6
box.
ID 6 Complete the sentences with compou nd
overlap Iistener response hesitiation adjecti-ves from V2.
repetition discourse marker add-on strategy 1 The bill for tonight at the comedy club prom i es a(n)
reformulation ___ evening.
2 With such a(n) ~cast, the new shO\· is certain
A: I've just been reading this article about the internet to be a sel I-out.
changing entertainment completel y, 1you know, like, 3 Don ' t miss the opportunity to see thi s ___ film -
we download movies and that kind of thing. it well deserved its si x Oscars.
B: Mmm, I'm not sure what I think about that, really. I 4 The circus performer's abilities on th e high wire are
mean, I downl oad movies sometimes but I still watch truly _ __ and have to be seen.
them on 2 TV .. . 5 The _ _ _ singer, raised and ed ucated in London,
C: Yeah , and at the cinem a. At least I still watch them could perform with any of th e sou l greats.
at the cinema. It's a better and, 3 er, more complete 6 The perform ance is what w e have co me to expect
experience. from this spectacular ___ ballet dancer.

145
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE

GRAMMAR TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

These have an object. A noun object Ca!J either
Ill AL TERNATl\rlS TO IF come between the verb and the particle or after the
There are several different expressions that we can
particle.
use in conditional sentences other than if.
I feel obliged to turn down your offer.
UNLESS I feel obliged to turn your offer down .
Unless means if not, but we can only use it in 'real' However, a pronoun object has to come between the
conditions, not in imaginary conditions where the verb and the particle.
result is contrary to known facts: I' m sorry that I had to point it out to you . ../
I' ll get you a ticket unless it' s too expensive. ../ I' m sorry that I had to point out it to you. x
I'd stay here unless I got a good job abroad. x
They'd join us no·w unless they were so busy. x Note where we can place adverbs.
Please fill this form in carefully . ../
PROVIDED/ ON (THE) CONDITION (THAT) , AS LONG Please fill in this form carefully . ../
AS, ASSUMING Please fil l this form ca refully in . x
We usually use these conjunctions with the first Please fill in ca refull y this fo rm . x
conditional. They suggest that a condition is Please fill careful ly this form in. x
necessary.
I' ll lend yo u the car provided (that) yo u bring it back In relative clauses, the adverb cannot come before
this evening. .the relative pronoun, unlike prepositional verbs.
It was your suggestion, which I took up . ../
We often use but for with the third conditional. It is a It vv·as your suggestion, up which I took. x
preposition and so has to be followed by a noun .
But for her quick thinking, we would have had a KEY LANGUAGE
serious accident. (= If it hadn' t been for ... )
DD SETIING THE AG~NDA
SUPPOSING, WHAT IF, IN CASE Let's talk about ...
We use these mainly with the second conditional to I propose we discuss .. .
speculate about imaginary conditions. They are quite
informal. l!I RESPOND! G1 OHERS
Supposing yo u cou ld take a month off work, where Sounds OK to me./Yeah, that's fine.
would yo u go? Well, I'm sorry, but that's not acceptable.
We're not happy about (the terms you offer).
W e use in case to suggest a course of action in a We're not prepared to (invest in the project) unless
possible situation. It is different from if: . (you improve your offer).
I' ll take an umbrella in case it rains. (= I don' t know if I'm sorry, we were looking for (a much higher stake).
it will rain, but I' ll take an umbrell a.)
I' ll take an umbrella if it rains. (=In the situation VOCABULARY
wh~re it is raining, I' ll take an umbrella.)
BUS I LSS A, D ~ ONOMIC TERMS
We use even if to emphasise a condition or to assets and li ab ilities, boom and slump, cred itors and
suggest that it's unexpected. debtors, imports and exports, income and expenditure,
Even if I passed my exams, I still wouldn't go to mergers and acquisitions, mortgages and loa ns,
u~iversity. (I probably won't pass the exams .) profit and loss, suppl y and demand
Whether or not introduces two possible conditions.
We can use the phrase together or split it:
IB CON FUSI JG \i OROS
affect.:... effect, creditor - debtor, debt - loan,
I' m go ing to become an econom ist, whether or not
lend - borrow, prin ciple - principal
yo u think it's a good idea.
I' m go ing to become an econom ist, whether yo u SUFFIXES (r OLJ1 '\ 2)
think it's a good idea or not. abstention, adm ission, clarification, co l Iis ion, confusion,
decision, discrimination, elimination, extension,
PH '\ L VERB~
indi cation, instigation, negotiation, permission
Phrasal verbs co nsist of verb+ adverb/particle. They
can be transitive or intransitive.

INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

Intransitive phras al verbs do not have an object (and
can therefore not be pa ss ive). They are often used in
instructions and commands.
Stand up.
Come back.
Watch out for the foxes.

146
 EXTRA PRACTICE
•
11 · "
1 Complete the conversations with alternatives Bl 3 Complete the conversation with phrases from KL.
to if. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. A: Are we all here? Good. OK, first, 1 1 _ _ _ the
1 A: Can I leave early to pick up my son? budget for the new magazine.
B: Yes, _ __ that you finish the urgent work. B: Yeah , 2_ _ _ •
2 A: Are you going to apply for the job? C: Actually, we' d like to suggest a different order.
B: Yes, _ __ it would mean that I' d have to move. 3
_ __ about the schedule first, as in Desi gn, w e' re
4
I don' t want to move again. _ __ the timescale you ' re proposing.

3 A: ___ you could invite anyone at all to dinner, A: OK, the schedule, then . We' ve proposed a deadline
who wou ld it be? for copy on the 15th of each month and then a di sc
B: Oh, David Beckham, no question! to printer date of the 29th.
4 A: That agent hasn' t called, and I have to go now. C: Well , I'm sorry, 5_ _ _ . We can ' t design a
B: Leave the details with me he ca ll s later. 192-page magazine in two weeks.
5 A: You can go to the club this evening ___ you ' re A: I realise it's tough, but it' s a current affairs magazin e,
back by 11 .00 p.m. so we have to produce it quickly.
B: OK, thanks, Dad. B: Well , we appreciate that, but we were 6_ _ _ a
6 A: How will you vote in the meeting? much longer turnaround, say 28 days. Can w e look
B: Against. I don' t think we should sel l, _ __ they at getting closer to that ...
offer the full price.
7 A: I think Smiths may offer you your old job back. 4Choose the correct word for each gap and
B: They needn ' t bother. I wou ldn't go back there complete the sentences.
_ _ they offered to pay me double! 1 I check my personal accounts each month to ensure
8 A: It was lucky that the airport official was there. my _ _·_ isn't higher than my _ __ . (incom e,
B: Yes, _ his help, we might have missed the flight. expenditure) ·
2 It's essentia l to reduce manufacturing output wh en
2 Put the words in the correct order to make _ __ outstrips ___, and spare output can ' t be
sentences with phrasal verbs. Sometimes more than sold. (supply, demand)
one answer is possible. 3 A successful economy is likely to have higher levels
1 smoking I my father I up I recently gave of _ __ than ___ . (imports, exports)
4 Some people say the secret to a successful business
2 that road I the potholes I for I in I out I watch is to demand payment from your ___ within
30 days but pay your _ _ only after 60 days.
(creditors, debtors)
3 the offer I down I you ' d I turn I politely I better
5 For every economic ___ , there's likely to be a ·
depressing ___ round the corner. (boom, slum p)
4 information I interesting I that's I found I out I who I it? 6 The company has huge debts, both in the form of
___ on its properties and ___ for purch asing
5 when I played I up I the national anthem I is I stand expensive equ ipm ent. (mortgages, loans)

6 very efficiently I the meeting I up I set I assistant I your m5 Choose the correct words to complete the
sentences.
7 the issue I bring I which I want I that' s I I I up I to 1 I really need to pay off my credit card loans I debt.
2 I' ve forgotten to bring my calculator. Can you
borrow I lend me one?
8 it I you I the agenda I fit I can I into?
3 In case of fai lure to repay the loan, the creditor I
debtor could lose their home.
4 I' d advise you to be dis creet I discrete abo ut thi
project - it's confidential.
5 The affects I effects of slavery lasted wel I beyond the
19th century.
6 W e' re pleased to announ ce the appointment of Mike
Ri chards as our new p!inciple I principal.

m6 Read the definitions and complete the wo rds.

1 the act of starting something: ___ ion
2 a crash between two vehicles: ion
3 making som ething bigger or longer: ___ ion
4 not voting for or against somethin g: ___ ion
5 being officially allowed to do something: ___ ion
6 the removal or destruction of somethin g: ___ ion

147
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE

GRAMMAR ominali atio n i common in formal writing. We use

it for a number of reasons:
r ' 2 (SUBSTITUTION)
hen we construct a text, whether spoken or It can comb ine two clauses so is more economical.
\ ritte n, we use a number of devices to ensure Th e un ivers ity dec ided to expand its physics
that we avoid repeating things too much and also department, w hich attracted greater funding.
to ensure the flow of the text. Two of these are Th e un iversity's decision to expand its science
substitution and ellipsis. department attracted greater funding.

Substitution means replacing one word or phrase It can be u ed to a oid mentioning who does an
with another. The most common form of substitution action.
is substituting a pronoun for a noun (nominal Th e go ernmen clo ed the mine and made 300
substitution) . miners redu ndant.
John's arrived. He's in the living room . The closure oi the mine resu lted in 300
We take plastic completely for granted. The material redundancies .
has been with us for 75 years now and it is here to It can be used to ummarise a previous point.
stay. This wonder stuff has so many uses ... Protestors have prevented traffic from moving throu gh
We often use different nouns for the same thing in the centre again toda . This situation cannot be
order to avoid repetition (lexical substitution) . allowed to continue. (this situation= protestors
preventing traffic from moving through the centre)
We can also use words like one, ones or the sort to
substitute nouns. Nominalisations are often fol lowed by a preposition
This course is too expensive. I need to find a (e.g. postponement of, arrival at, wait for).
cheaper one.
KEY LANGUAGE
If we want to avoid repeating a verb or a verb phrase,
we use the auxiliary do (verbal substitution). m RFFERRING TO WHAT OTHER PEOPLE HAVE SAID
As (Steven) said, ...
I need to write up the experiment but I'll do it
tomorrow. (do= write) What (Steven) said about ...
If I understand you correctly, yo u're saying ...
We can use so or not to replace whole clauses, with If I could just pick up on something that (Steven) said
do or with other verbs (clausal substitution). about ...
They said we were required to complete the form, and (Steven) claimed that ... , suggesting that .. .
we did so. (= completed the form) With regard to (Steven's) argument that .. .
Can we afford to ignore this problem? I think not. Perhaps we should return to what (Steven) said,
(= I think we can't afford to ignore this problem. ) which was .. .
Ellipsis (zero substitution) means omitting something
completely. We can omit nouns after words like VOCABULARY
some, the other and comparatives. ID GEOLOGICAL rr
He wants to go to one lecture and I want to go to the canyon, crater, erosion, flash flood, geyser, ice ca p,
other. meteor, reservoir, subsurface, tsunami
We were offered two rooms and we chose the
bigger. I'll I FORMAL PHR/ I
anti-plastic brigade, bonkers, bother, have something up ·
In repeated verb phrases we can usually omit the
to here (I've had it up to here) with, rant, spout (v),
main verb rather than repeat it.
tree-hugger, (be) wheeled out
'She should n't have apologised. It wasn't important. '
' I disagree. I think she should (have).' Bl COLLECTIVE NC.
a bunch of, a group of, a flock of, a herd of, a pack of,
\TION
a set bf, a shoal of, a swarm of
Nomin al isation means using a noun rather than a
verb or an ad jective.
Th e com mittee postponed the meeting ...
The postpon ement of the meeting (by th e
committee) ...
The tiny bab was perfect. It astou nded him.
The perfection·of the tiny baby astounded him.

148
 EXTRA PRACTICE

11111 Find eight examples of substitution and five

examples of ellipsis (zero substitution) in the text.
m4 Complete the sentences. Write one word in
each gap.
In Questions Now, we discussed clim ate change. We 've
There 's a lot of publicity about recycling these days and had a lot of phone ca lls on this topic.
whenever I see some I wonder if it really does a lot of 1 If I cou ld _ __ on ___ Mr Davies said, it seems
good. I'm all for helping the environment - of course I there have been no tests to check coastline erosion ...
2 Mr Davies _ _ _ this was already happening, _ _
am - but sometimes I wonder whether all the different
that he had reliable information .
rubbish and recycling collections are really.useful I mean, 3 Perhaps we ___ to ___ the f irst speaker said,
we have a bin for household waste and one for green; co nnected with the warming climate . .
we have a small bin for compost for our own garden and 4 With ___ the minister's argument that we aren't
another that goes to council compost We've got a box prepared for the effects of climate change, ...
for glass, another container for plastic and a third for 5 If I ___ you you're saying that you don't
think climate change is a serious issue?
paper. But is all this rubbish really separated out once it's
collected I Sometimes I doubt it Then of course there's Ill 5 Find words in V1 with these meanings.
the waste that we're supposed to take to the recycling 1 the process by which something is gradu all y
centre. I do this all the time, but then each time I go to destroyed by wind, rain or the sea: _ __
the cen t re I wonder if I should have, b_ecause I use the car, 2 a deep va ll ey with steep sides of rock: _ __
and that just causes pollution. 3 a very large wave caused by an earthqu ake or oth er
disturbance:
4 a natural spring w hi ch sends hot water and steam
into t he air from the grou nd:·_ __
2 Improve the texts. Change repetitions using
5 a piece of metal or rock that travels through space:
substitution.
1 Our loca l co unci l has proposed fitting microchips 6 an artificial lake where water is stored before being
in all ou r rubbish bins. Th e microchips detect if the used: ·
w rong type of ru bb ish is put in the bins. Residen ts
would be really angry if the co uncil put mi crochips ID 6 Replace the underlined words / phrases in the
in the bins, and residents have said they would conversation with informal ones.
refuse to comp ly w ith the proposal. A: You know, 1 I really can't tolerate any more of the e
2
2 Apparently, incinerators are the best way of getti ng aggress ive arguments yo u get in the press again
rid of non -recyclab le rubbish so the co unci l wants taking the kids to school by car.
to install an incinerator here. The problem with B: I know what yo u mea n. I hate these peopl e v. ho
incinerators is that in cin erato rs can produce toxic 3
talk incessa ntl y about parents ca using congestion
fumes and obviously people living nearb y don't like in the streets morning and evenin g, as if no one el e
the fact they produce toxic fumes. goes out then.
A: Yeah , and they seem to think we're 4 in sane dri\ ·ng
3
Rewrite the sentences using nouns formed the kids around . Don't these 5 environ menta lh

1
.
from the underlined words.
The images have been computer enhanced, which
concern ed people rea lise that we wouldn ' t 6 expend
time and effort getting the car out if we did n' t ha\e
makes them much sharper. to because of the distance?
1 3 5
2 4 6
2 We were amazed that Selina recovered so fast from
the illness.
ID 7 Match the sentence halves and compl ete the
endings (a-f). with nouns.
3 The food here is excellent, making the restaurant
1 Jonathan gave Sue a bunch of
good value for money.
2 We were lucky enough to see a herd of
3 Can yo u bring a spare pack of
4 The hijacker threate ned the flight attendant, w hi ch 4 That farmer has a large fldck of
terr ifi ed the passe ngers. 5 Th e cruise takes us around the whole group of
6 We need to get a new set of
5 The factory is capab le of producing 1,000 cars per a ___ to go with the new dinin g tabl e.
week, which makes it very profitable. b _ __ to the games evening?
c ___ for her b irth day.
6 The president arrived and he was greeted by crowds d _ __ in the mid-Aegean Sea .
at the airport. e ___ and they' re really vicious.
f on the safari.

149
 E EXPERT
CAT10 AND EMPLOYMENT TOURlSM AND CONSE.RVAT\ON
ou are going to watch an interview with Helen 1a Read the description of Lonely Planet and an \'
Kempster, a careers consultant. Before you watch, the questions.
work with a partner and discuss the questions.
1 In what ways do you think Helen helps people find Lonely Planet is the most
a job? successful publ isher of
2 What do you think are the best ways of preparing for travel guides in the world .
a job interview?
Founded in e 1970s with
2 ~ Watch the interview and number the topics just one 9 e guide for
Helen discusses in the order she talks about them. budget tra e e-s Asia, it
now produc es gu debooks
a what's important when writing a CV
and apps fo r dest nati ons
b different ways she helps people find a job
c two main types of interview questions in 195 countri es. n ni ne
d her most important advice for people looking for work different lang uages.
e how to ·prepare for an interview

3 Watch the interview again. Are the statements true

(T) or false (F)?
1 What qualitie do \OU th ink Lonely Planet looks for
1 The Careers Group only finds jobs for people who in their writer ?
have recently graduated. 2 What type of informiltion do you think Lonely Planet
2 Helen helps create specialised training programmes guidebooks offer?
within academic departments. 3 What do you thin k are the benefits of travel,
3 The most important thing for people with little according to Lonel Planet?
experience is how they look.
4 :You should create just one CV with all your skills 1 b ~ Watch an interview with Noirin Hegarty, the
and experience and use this for each job application. Managing Destination Editor for Lonely Planet, and
5 You should prepare how you are going to answer check your answers.
ce rtain questions in an interview.
6 Interview questions are based around.what you can offer
2 Watch the interview again and choose the correct
answer (a, b, or c).
the company and your reasons for applying for the job.
7 Competency-based questions use example situations 1 What is Lon ely Plan et's ta rget market?
to test your problem-solving abilities. a adventurou s tra ellers on a budget
8 When preparing for an interview, you need to do b people going on hart tr ips
more than just finding out what the company does. c a 11 types of tra ellers
2 Which type of in formatio n is not mentioned as
4a Match the competency-based questions with the something Loneh Planet provides?
skills in the box that they are asking about. a planning your trip
b tips on find ing work w hile travelling
creaiivity flexibi Iity independence
c what to do if \OU have a problem
leadership teamwork
3 Researchin g a book in olves
a one author and one editor.
1 Tell us about a situation in which you developed a b · an author tra\elling for three to nine weeks.
new way of doing something. c using Loneh Planet' contacts to arrange
2 Tell us about a time when you worked with a group accom modation ior authors .
of peop le to solve a problem.
4 What does i'-o'rin a\ about collecting information?
3 Describe a situation in which you had to guide a
a They onl\ loo' a new destinations.
group of people to success. What did you do to
b Th e allocate more ti me and money to
motivate them?
lesser-kno 'n de tinations .
4 Describe a situation in which you had to change
c It's an on oin' , \ear-round process.
the way yo u were doing something. What did yo u
change and how did it improve the situation? 5 How does Lone( Planet dea l with the impact of
5 Tell us about.a time when you went against the mass tour i m?
usual way of doing things. Why did you feel this was a It won't pro ide information on some activities,
necessary? su ch a dolphin tours.
b It aims to hO\\ both sides of the story and let the
4b Choose one of the questions in Exercise 4a and reader decide.
prepare your own answer to it. c It avoid recommendi ng places which are not
4c Work with a partner and share your answers. current!) touri t attractions.

150
3
1
Work in small groups and discuss the questions.
Do yo u agree that travel is a force for good?
II HEALTH AND CARE
Wh y?M'hy not? 1 You are going to watch an interview with Neil Shah,
2 How ca n we practise responsib le tourism? M ake a Director of the Stress Management Society. Before you
li st of thin gs a responsib le tour ist does. watch, discuss the questions with a partner.
1 Wh at are some stressfu l aspects of modern-day li fe
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS w hi ch we ren't around 20 or 30 years ago?
2 W hat attitudes do peop le have towards stress in your
1 You are going to watch an interview with Brendan co untry?
Paddy, Head of Communications for the Disasters 3 W hat are some of the hea lth issues whi ch may be
Emergency Committee (DEC). Before you watch, work Ii n ked to stress?
with a partner and discuss the questions. 4 W hat ca n you do to allevi ate stress in your life?
5 W hat ca n companies do to manage th e tress their
1 Wh at do yo u think the DEC does?
empl oyees face?
2 Wh at do yo u think Brendan's job in vo lves?
3 W hat difficu lties do yo u thin k the DEC faces? 2 .,. Watch the interview. How does Neil answer
the questions in Exercise 1?
2 .,. Watch the interview and tick the four topics
Brendan talks about. Were your ideas from Exercise 1 3a Without watching again, try to complete th e notes.
correct?
1 W here he works Nowo. c1 o.ys people o. r eV'l 't o.ble to _ _ with the o......,ovV'lt
2 W hat his job invo lves of iV'lfor.....,C3tioV'I they foce every c1o.y.
3 Successful intern ational co ll aboration
2 Vo.rt of the pr ob le....., is tho.t we ho.veto c1e o.I w 7h _ _
4 Politica l probl ems o.t the so. me ti ....., e
5 Common misconcepti ons about intern ational aid
6 Wh at he doesn't like about hi s job 3 IV\ wester !'\ COV V\trie s people fo.ce pr ob leW\S w - y, VI 's-,ff
7 Wh at ~ e likes about his job _ _ ' T hey _ _ their _ _ vp o.V'lc1 co.r ry OV\ . .
Y Eo.sterV'I cvltv res ho.ve t r o.c1itioV'lo.lly _ _ wel -oe "~
3a Work in two groups. Watch the video again and
5 Stress leo.ves yov opeV\ to illV'l ess o.s it ho.rW\S
make notes on the questions below. yov r _ _ _ _ .
Group A
(, _ _ __ is o. 9oo c1 wo.y to o.l levio.te stress o.s -
1 Wh at's the most importa nt thing for Brenda n w hen
pr oc1vces che.....,ico.ls which W\o.ke yov f eel h o. pp1er
co mmun icatin g w ith th e pub li c? . VI V'l c1 _ _ .
2 Wh at types of loca l orga nisati o ns do their member
agencies w ork w ith ? 7 [ .....,p loyee W\Oro. le, pr oc1 vctivity, _ _ VIV'lc1 ovtpv-
3 In wh at situati on is it especiall y importa nt to invo lve o. re wo.ys of W\e o.sv r iV'I ".) who.t's ho.ppe V'liV'l:;i iV'I °'"'
or 90.V'liSo.tio n.
loca l peopl e in the project?
4 W hat two thin gs make Brendan's job difficul t g A ho.ppy wo rkforce will work ho. r c1e r, whic h W\eo.V\ S
someti mes? there 's o. c1i r ect _ _ _ _ in W\o.kin:;i the ir lives ess
stressf vi.
Group B
1 W hat ~h a nn e l s of comm unication does Brendan use
w hen communicating with the publi c?
2 Wh at's the most importa nt starting po int w hen 3b Watch the interview again and check your ans\ .ers.
dea ling w ith cultural differences? 4a Which of these situations would you fin d mo t
3 Wh at are the benefits of buying things loca ll y rather stressful? Why?
than shipping them from abroad, accordin g to
1 You have important exa ms soon and yo u' re
Brenda n?
ex h a u s ~ed from staying up late every night stud\ ing.
4 W hat impresses Brenda n about peopl e w ho have
2 You are co nsta ntly distracted by notifications on
been affected by traged ies?
social netwo rks, email s and text message . You fi nd
3b Compare your notes with other students in your it d ifficul t to foc us on anything for very long and fi nd
group. it hard to switch off. .
3 You manage a large tea m of peop le. Staff sul'\ eys
3c Work with a partner from the other group and revea l that many employees in your team are
share your information. unhappy and feel they need more support.
4 Work in small groups and discuss the questions.
4b Work in groups and discuss the questions.
1 How ca n other co untries help those affected by 1 W hat measures coul d yo u take to reduce the stress
disasters, apa rt from by send ing money? ca used by the situations in Exercise 4a?
2 Wo ul d you like to work for an intern ational ai d 2 Have you been in any simi lar stressful situations?
agency ? W hy?M' hy not? How did you cope?

151
;;;~
~ MEET THE EX PERT
II FASH ION AND CONSUMERISM PEOPLE AND IDEAS
1 Work in small groups and discuss the questions. 1 Work in small groups and discuss the questions.
1 What types of technology can yo u think of that you 1 W hich of these methods do yo u use to lea rn, share
ca n wear? Do you use any of them? or disc uss knowledge and ideas?
2 What types of wearable technology would you like • watching talks/ lectures/webinars online
to see in the future? • us ing Wikipedia
• read ing books, magazi nes and journals
2a You are going to watch an interview with fashion
• attendi ng ta lks/lectures
designers Francesca Rosella and Ryan Genz, who
• asking questions on social media
create wearable technology integrated into clothes.
Before you watch, try to match the words and phrases 2 Do you u e any other ways of learning or sharing ideas?
from the interview with the descriptions.
2 ... Watch an interview with Mairi Ryan,
1 wires Head of Public Events at the Royal Society for the
2 a cond uctor encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce
3 seamless (RSA). Tick the four topics Mairi talks about.
4 an evening ·gown w ith electro- luminescent thread
1 how they get involved with the loca l community
5 the Twitter dress
2 the types of talks they organ ise
6 an interface between you and other people
3 ·a current project
a what they didn 't want to have in clothes 4 taboo subjects
b what they designed for a ce lebrity to wear to a 5 how to measure the success of a ta lk
launch party 6 a memorable speaker .
c how they want their clothes to look 7 the society's plans for the future
d how they see the funct ion of c lothes in the future
e what you need to make electricity move from one 3a Watch the interview again and make notes on
point to another Mairi's answers to these questions.
f the .first dress Francesca designed 1 What's the main purpose of the RSA?
2 What other events do they organise, besides lectures?
Watch the interview and check your answers.
3 What three qualities do they look for in potential
3 Watch the interview again. Are the statements true, speakers?
false or not given? 4 Who do they have wo rkin g on their current project?
1 Francesca and Ryan design their clothes to last for 5 What chall enge do they hope to address with their
5-10 years. current project?
2 Th ey spent a lot of time in the beginning looking for 6 What three ways do th ey use to measure the success
new materials which cou ld conduct electricity. of a talk?
3 Fran cesca became interested in wearable technology 7 Why was Mairi nervous about meeting Jodie Williams?
when she was at university. 8 What was the main message of Jodie's talk?
4 Wh en they graduated, they were told there were no
3b Work with a partner and compare your notes.
jobs for people researching wearable technology.
5 Nic~l e Scherzinger was amazed when she saw the 4a You are going to talk about a subject you know well
dress functio ning for the first time. or an issue you feel strongly about. First make notes about
6 Most of their custo mers are female. what you are going to say. Use these ideas to help y,ou.
7 It's more important for clothes with wearable • Choose a subject (e.g. something you have studied)
techn o logy to look coo l than normal clothes . or an issue (e.g. reducing global poverty).
8 They believe that with weara ble technology, the • What are the current issues/most important things to
clothes of the future wi II make us fee l safer. know?
• What future chall enges are there?
4a Work in pairs. Design your own piece of wearable
• What advice would you give to someone studying/
technology. Use these questions to help you.
getting involved in this area?
• What type of clothing is it?
• What is its fun cti on? 4b Work in groups. Take turns to tell your group about
• What type of material will you use? your subject/ issue. Answer any questions they have.
• Who is it for?
• What spec ial features does it have?

4b Present your designs to the class. Which design do

you like best?

152
 JOURNALISM AND MEDIA LAW AND SOCIETY

Which of these things do you use social media for? 1 You are going to watch an interview with Nik
vVo rk in groups and compare your answers. Is there Peachey, an educational consultant talking about body
rnything else you use social media for? language. Before you watch, work with a partner and
putting up photos of you rself having fun discuss the questions.
sharing links to music or videos 1 What kind of things do people communicate through
sharing memes body language?
watching TV programmes 2 What relevance, if any, do these gestures have in
gossiping your cu lture?
keeping in touch with friends and fami ly a shaking hands
b ti lting your head
l ~ Watch an interview with Dr Nell Haynes, an c making eye co ntact
rnthropologist who studies how we use social media. d stand ing in close proximity to someone
'lumber the topics Nell discusses in the order she talks e kissing someone on the cheek
1bout them.
different ways people.use social media Watch the interview. What does Nik say about
J why she uses social media each of the gestures in Exercise 1?
her current research project 3 Watch the interview again and choose the correct
:J the impact of social media on mainstream media answer (a, b or .c) .
the impact of socia l media on people's lives
1 What does Nik say about body language?
3a Without watching again, try to complete the notes. a We think about it carefully and consciou sly.
b It's the most important part of communi cati on .
c We don't think about it very often.
T he c:v n'"e"'t pv-ojec:t is "' ( "') _ _ stv c1 y of how soc: 1c>. I 2 Nik says that the rules of someone's own cultu re
Mec1 ii>. is vs d c>.YOvV\ c1 the wo v-1'1 . a are not easy for them to break.
T hey c>. v-e i"'tev-vi ewi "' ".J people "'"' c1 _ _ _ _ how b sometimes mean you have to disrespect people.
they vse soc:ic>. I VV1ec1 ii>.. c are easy for th em to fol low.
' Ve op le v-ov "'c1 the wo v-lc1 vse soc:ic>. I Mec1 ii>. J iffev-e"'tly 3 Nik thinks we communicate our attitude
c>.S theiv- _ _ c>. V\ c1 _ _ iV'flve "'c:e the wi>.y 1V\ w h 1c:h a without thinking about it.
they vse it
b deliberately.
c more through the things we say than the things we
I"' so VV\e c:o v "'t...-ies yov "''J pe ople vse soc: ic>. I VV\ec1ii>. t o
do.
st i>. . .- t _ _ _ _.
4 Nik doesn't like people standing too close to him
Ve op le w ho live VV\ v "'J "' "'e live s vs e soc: ic>. I VV1ec1 ·1c>. t o
because
show"'( "') -~ of e:;:pe"' s·1ve c: c>.v-S "' "'J ho VV\e S.
a he finds it aggressive.
b Soc:ic>. I VV1ec1 ii>. hi>.s VV\ c>. Je VVli>. i"'stv-e i>. VV\ Me c1ii>. bec:oVV\e b he thinks it's rude.
VV\OY-e _ _ c he fee ls uncomfortable.
7 Nowi>. c1 i>.yS the. c1efi"'iti o"' of whi>.t soc:ic>. I VV\d ii>. is 5 What does Nik say you can teach people?
(c>."' c1 is"''t) hi>.s be c:oMe _ _. a how to I isten
'i3 \2.e i>. c1 i"''J "' "' c>. v-tic: le VV\e i>. V\ S "' otjvst _ _ the _ _ b how to position their body
bvt c>. ISo shi>. . .- ·1"'') it with f...-·1eV\c1 S c nothing at all about body language
'j The VV\ OSt c:o MVV\ OV\ vse s of soc:i c>.I VV1ec1 ii>. c>.v-e to _ _ 6 Nik explai ns some of the ways he's taught bod
<?.V\c1 - - - - · language. Which of these things does he not
I"' "'"' "' "'th v- opo lo9ic:c>. I stv c1 y, it's iMpo v-ti>. V\t t o _ _ mention?
whi>.t pe op le _ _ c>.S w ell c>.S i"'tev-view theVV\. a a TV programme
b a computer
c photos

3b Watch the interview again and check your answers. 4 Work in groups and discuss the' questions.
1 What aspects of body language are most important
i Work in groups and discuss the questions. in your culture?
What are the benefits of social media? Do you think 2 Have you ever experienced peopl e from another
there are any negative effects? cu lture using different body language to ours ? How
How do you think the way people use social media did it make yo u feel?
will change in the future?

153
 T THE EXPER
m SCIENCE AND NATURE
3 Watch the interview again and complete the notes.

1 Match the words in the box with their meanings.

arterial disease biodegradable biomassfeedstock 2 V r-ofessor ~ ree""'oV\ t c:oVV1 p0tr-e s sy l'ltheti c: l:> io lo y-c
landfill microbe 9
c:r-e 0tt1V19 _ _ fo r-yov r- _ _ _ _ .
7 T he 0t1\M or°' Dios eV\so r- is fir- st to fiVld 0t ( V\)
1 a condition in which a blockage forms in one of the iVI t h e Dody.
main blood vessels in the body Y _ _ _ _ is r-e spo l'l si l:>le f o ,..- 70 per-c:eV\t of de0tths
2 an extreme ly small living organism, only viewable
'7 A SiVV1i10t r- d evic:e to th0t t w hi ch help s VV\Olod:.
under a microscope
0tdene s c:ovld l:> e v sed for- the tr-e0ttVV1eV1t
3 raw material to fuel an industrial process
of - - - - - ·
4 plant and animal matter used to provide energy
5 a place where waste is buried under the ground b At t h e \Mo\M eV\t \M ost c: heVV1ic:0tl s 0tV1d plOtSti c:s 0tr-e
6 describes material which can be broken down by VV1 0t C1e
1
-r ,..-o\M pe t r-o le v \M 0tV\d _ _ ...
natural processes 7 ·· · 0t V1 "1 e p r-oh /elM w ith th ;5 i5 fh c;1 t if'5 V\Of
ll Af iGE M e<11wi5 hMe fo clesi9n <11(n) _ _ _ c
2 ~ Watch an interview with professors Richard VV10tc: h ine wi.:.h 0t pv r-p os e.
Kitney and Paul Freemont, Directors of the Centre
for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, and answer the 9 "L0t st ye0tr-'s -e 0t\M d ecided to w or-k w ith SoVVldh ir
whi c:h is 0t(V\) _ _ - life pr-oole\M .
questions.
1 What is synthetic biology? 10 They w0tV1 Tec1 o c: r-eV1te o r-9V1V1i SVV1S tho.t _ _ _
a the modification of man-made substances at cell l0tV1dfill we>.S e DY Dr-eoiki V19 it do w V1 0tV1d pr- od vc: ~
SoVV1ethiV19 Vi ew
level
b artificially modifying the DNA and cells of living
things
c · using patterns found in nature to create synthetic
materia ls
2 Which three processes below are mentioned as
applications of synthetic biology?
a creating artificial limbs for animals
b making something which detects a defect in the
body and repairs it
c creating microbes to produce artificial
alternatives to natural resources
d using petroleum and oil to create new
substances
e creati ng microbes which turn non-recyclab le
waste into recyclable waste

4 Wor~ in groups and discuss the questions.

1 What benefits cou ld each of these applications of
synthetic biol og ha e? How important do you
think each on e is?
• creating bi ofuels· (fuels created from living matter
e.g. oil from sugar ca ne)
I • making chemica ls fro m agricu ltural waste
• making vaccines more efficient
• cloning plants
• creatin g synthetic ce lls
2 Do you think it's a good idea for humans to
geneticall y modify things? What are the ethica l
issues which surround synthetic biology?

154
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 23) LESSON 11.3 EXERCISE 11(PAGE111)
STUDENT A STUDENT A
Mayor You are a Sales Representative who has recently done
You lead the meeting. You should ask: very. wel l. You recently became Salesperson of the Year.
• Ricardo Hernandez to state his position regarding You think you should have:
the project and to explain the advantages of the • a ten percent salary raise.
project to the local Granville inhabitants. • a top-of-the-range new company car to impress your
• the other members of the meeting to state their clients.
position and give their reasons. • to work two days a week from home (for phone
• if anyone has any questions they would like to put to sales).
Ricardo Hernandez. • more time for training courses and staff
Try to have a full and frank discussion. At the end of the development.
meeting, say whether or not you will recommend the Negotiate with each other and try to get a good
Council to support Ricardo Hernandez' s project. outcome. Begin by putting yourself in the other person ' s
shoes.
LESSON 4.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 43)
LESSON 11.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 113)
STUDENT A
GROUP A ·
Skin cancer INVENTORS
Skin cancer is caused by too much exposure to the Read the information and prepare for the negotiation.
sun: UV radiation damages the skin cells, leading to Decide:
premature ageing, possibly cancer. It can be fatal. • what your priorities are.
Fair-skinned people are most susceptible. • what concessions you can make.
Skin cancer facts • what strategy and tactics you wi ll use in the
second most common cancer amongst people negotiation .
aged 20-39
You want Ariel Capital :
• skin cancer rates rising dramatically: increased
number of foreign holidays, excessive use of sun beds Finance
more male sufferers than female; men less likely to • to give you at least $500,000. In return, you will
visit their doctor to check skin problems offer them a thirty-percent stake in your compan y.
Ways to lessen the risk of getting skin cancer You do not want to give up control of your
• avoid direct sun, especially between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. company.
avoid burning in the sun; use T-shirt and hat Support
children need extra protection • to provide and pay for a managing director to run
use high fact~r sunscreen the company during the first year.
rei;>ort changes to your skin - such as moles that • to recommend an accountant who can look after the
change shape - to your doctor financial affairs of the company.
• to offer ongoing advice on any problems whi ch w ill
arise during the first year.
LESSON 5.4 EXERCISE 4 (PAGE 53) • to agree to your partner being in charge of all the
company's marketing.
STUDENT A • to pay for a ~ourse on international marketing for
You think All Seasons should target the under-30s. your partner.
Why? How would you attract these people to the shops? You are prepared to offer Ariel Capital an additional five
What new facilities would be good to have? What would percent stake in the business (thirty-five percent in total )
make All Seasons a destination store for them? if they will provide ongoing management support and
All Seasons would have to sell more up-to-date fashion. advice after the first year.
How could this be achieved? Would it be better to sell Facilities
disposable fashion at low prices or quality clothes at • to help you find factory space to produce the device
higher but reasonable prices? in large quantities and to hire a supervisor tci manage
How could you use the internet? Think about on line services production of the MLSD.
and on line presence. Would· social media be of use? Long-term planning
In general, you think the shop should change direction • to help you build up your company so that
radically, rather than offer special ranges aimed at eventua ll y you will become the chairman and
particular groups, but still serving a general market. managing director of a major international firm,
\V hat would the disadvantages be of targeting the family offering a range of high-tech products.
ma rket, or the over-40s?

155
 U ICATION ACTIVITIES
LE SO 12.4 EXERCISE 6a (PAGE 123) LESSON 5.4 EXERCISE 4 (PAG E-
STUD ENT A STUDENT B
A senior member of the National Academy of Science You think All Seasons should focu s 011
You are intensely pro-science and believe that its purpose i'S to expand the family market and not worry about
human knowledge and to advance human society. teenagers and young adults. Why?
Look at all the discussion questions and prepare your points of view. How would you attract these people to the
shops? What new facilities would be good
You are chair for the discussion of the first question .
to have? What would make All Seasons a
desti nation store for them?
LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 23 )
A ll Seasons would have to sell more
STUDENT B up-to-date fashion. How could this be
Ricardo Hernandez achieved ? Would it be better to sell
disposable fashion at low prices or quality
Try to persuade the peopl e at the meeting that your project will be
clothes at higher but reasonable prices?
good fo r the island.
• You w il l in vest $1,000,000,000 in the project. You think it would be a good idea to have
• Th e in vestment will generate $200,000 annually for the island. special ranges aimed at particular groups,
• It will create 650 new jobs. e.g. young mothers and small children,
• It will bring 400 percent more tourists to the island each year. · within the family market.
• It will raise the profile of Granville Island internationally. How could the internet be used in your
You can offer: strategy? Think about on line services and
• to build a primary school, shops and 100 houses for local online presence. Would social media be
residents . of use? ·
• to protect the environment where possible. You will have to cut down What would the disadvantages be of
mangrove trees to clear the area, but will replant mango trees in other targeting teenagers and young adults or
parts of the island. the over-40s?

LESSON 4.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 43) LESSON 11.3 EXERCISE 11

STUDENT B
(PAGE 111)
STUDENT B

Healthy eating You are the Sales Manager and boss of

the salesperson. You want to keep your ·
Healthy diet reduces the risk of heart disease and cancer.
Salesperson of the Year, but the company
'Superfoods' help fight serious illnesses, e.g. berries and
as a whole has had a difficult year. You
tomatoes. think:
Food that contains omega-3 oils, e.g . oily fish, helps maintain
• the company can only afford a four
a healthy brain and memory.
percent increase in salary.
Facts about healthy eating habits • the salesperson should have a
Les~ than twenty-five percent of the population aged 12-64 standard model car like everyone else.
eat the recommended five portions of fruit and vegetables • working from home should be limited
per day. to one day.
Only twelve percent of children eat five or more portions • there is no budget for training at the
moment.
of fruit and vegetables per day.
Less than half of the population eat oily fish at least once Negotiate with each other and try to get a
a week. good outcome. Begin by putting yourself
in the other person's shoes.
What is a healthy diet?
at least five portions of fruit and vegetables each day
plenty of fibre, such as cereals and wholemeal bread
limited amounts of red and processed meats, e.g. ham, bacon
• food rich in omega 3 at least once a week

156
LESSON 11.4 EXERCISE 6 LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 23)
(PAGE 113) STUDENT C
GROUPB Head of the Wildlife Society
ARIEL CAPITAL NEGOTIATORS You represent the c"onservationists, bird lovers, farmers and fishermen
Read the information and prepare for the in the area .
negotiation. Decide: You are totally agai nst the project because:
• what your priorities are. • cutting down the mangrove trees and clea rin g the waterfront area
• what concessions you can make. wi 11 seriously affect fish stocks.
• what strategy and tactics you wil l use • the eighty different species of birds in the area will be t~reatened.
in the negotiation . The Granville dove cou ld become extinct.
You want: • a rare turtle will no longer come to White Sands beach to breed.
Finance Find out:
• to offer finance in the range of • what Ri cardo Herna ndez will do to protect the environment.
$300,000-$500,000 in return for a • if the ramblers wil l have access to the beach.
stake of at least forty percent. Ideally,
you would like to have a control ling LESSON 4.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 43)
interest in the company (over fifty
percent). STUDENT C

Support
• to introduce a management structure Physical fitne ss
in the firm by appointing a managing Regular exercise helps prevent obesity. Being overweight
director, fina ncia l director, marketing increases the risk of heart disease and some cancers.
and production manager within the Physical fitness facts
first yea r.
• to provide <?ngoi ng advice and • Thirty-five percent of men and forty-one percent of women
expertise to help the company to are inactive.
expand and become international. Obesity causes around 12,000 cases of cancer each year.
Physical activity has declined in girls by forty-six percent and
Facilities
in boys by twenty-three percent in the last five years.
• to outsource the production of the
device either to a local firm or to an How much exercise should you do?
overseas manufacturer in China or • Just thirty minutes of exercise, five days a week, will keep
Ind ia. This would reduce costs and
you healthy.
increase profits on the product.
• You must balance the energy you take in from food with the
Long-term planning energy you burn through activity.
• to persuade the inventors to focus on
inventing new high-tech products to
add to the firm 's product range.
• to grow the compa ny until it is large LESSON 5.4 EXERCISE 4 (PAGE 53)
and profitable enough to be sold - in STUDENT C
5-10 years' time. You think All Seasons should focus on th e over-40s. Wh y?
How would you attract these people to the shops? What new facil ities ·
LESSON 12.4 EXERCISE 6a wou ld be good to have? What would make All Seasons a destination
(PAGE 123) store for them?
STUDENT B All Seasons wo ul d have to sel l more up-to-date fashion. How cou ld
A member of the public - a taxi driver this be ach ieved? Would it be· better to sell disposable fash ion at low
prices or quality clothes at higher but reasonable prices ?
You are generall y positive about science
and the improvements it makes to our How could the internet be used in your strategy? Th ink about on line
lives. services and online presence. Would soci al media be of u e?
You are chair for the discussion of the In general, you think the store should change direction radically,
second question . rather than offer special ranges aimed at particular groups.
What would the disadvantages be of targeting the famil y market or
teenagers and you ng adu lts ?

157
 UNICATION ACTIVITIES
LESSON 12.4 EXERCISE 6a (PAGE 123) How co uld the clothes be more up-to-date?

STU D ENT C What' s the best way forward with the website? How
cou ld the online presence be improved?
A journalist
You speak from a personal point of view, and you
LESSON 12.4 EXERCISE 6a (PAGE 123)
always question people's arguments closely- you like
strong and healthy discussions. STUDENT D
Look at all the discussion questions and prepare your A member of the public - a shop manager
points of view. You are generall y sceptical of the claims made
You are chair for the discussion of the third question. by scientists, particu larly when they claim new
developments wi ll be safe.
LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 23) Look at all the di scussion questions and prepare your
points of view.
STUDENT D
You are chair for the discussion of the fourth question .
Journalist
You represent the opinions of your readers. You are
LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 23)
against the project.
Over sixty percent of your readers are against STUDENT E
Hernandez' s project. Chamber of Commerce representative

They believe that the natural beauty of this part of the You represent busin ess peop le on the island. You
island will be destroyed, resulting in fewer tourists support Hernandez's project.
visiting the area. Business people beli eve the proj ect will:
Ramblers are particularly worried as they think • help to rebuild th e isla nd's economy following the
Hernandez will stop them from exploring the area. damage done by Hurrica ne Barbara.
Readers fear that access to White Sands beach will be • solve the unemployment problem for young people.
restricted Dr that Hernandez will make people pay to go • completely rejuvenate this part of Granville, which
on some areas of the beach. has been an under-deve loped area on the island for
many years.
Readers fear that Hernandez will lose interest in the
resort once it has been built. Business people would like Hernandez to:
• invest more in local community projects, e.g. build a
library, a cinema or a youth club.
LESSON 5.4 EXERCISE 4 (PAGE 53) • point out that human beings are more important
STUDENT D than birds!
You are the Chief Executive of All Seasons.
Initially, you .would prefer to offer specialised ranges LESSON 12.4 EXERCISE 6a (PAGE 123)
of products and still cater for the general market, rather STUDENT E
than to completely change market.
A member of Earthwatch, an eco-pressure group
What would the advantages and disadvantages be of
You want science to work to benefit the world as a
targeting tl'le under-30s, the over-40s and the family
whole, and think that it should not harm or exploit the
markets?
natural world .
What would make the shops more attractive to shoppers
Look at all the discussion questions and prepare your
in those different market segments?
point of view.
You are chair for the discussion of the fifth question.
LESSON 6.1 EXERCISE 2 (PAGE 56)
-..:..,.___, _ _, , -_.,.__ _ •• ••rT-l•T-IA•l-~lr-
·--- ~ ·--•"T6'TLLI-""~==-·

( QUIZ ANSWERS
~ ·--. w.- w • •~ --· - • ..,..._._ ...,•• •- • • • .....,.._ _ _..._...~..-. _ e ._..•~'""':"---
1 Score 1 for each item. You are a real technophile! However, you may be a slave to your
2 a=3 b=2 C=l 18+ machines!
3 a=2 b=3 C=l
4 Score 1 for each itern . .......................::===-~~-.....~-.----..,.~-----...~--~
~! !b l=! !2il~c!!=!iO!r.-id~="':~3 l~1.Q, -Q-1J9
You find technology useful, but it doesn't rule your life.
E' a=l b=3 c=2 d=O IJ
5 a=3
a=1 b=2 C=l ..
a=2 b=J C=l You may be a bit of a technophobe. Some aspects of technology
a=l b=2 C=3 worry you, but you still get things done!
. . . . .CiJla::a:.1.:.t.:.11..-~~. .~~~~

158
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

LESSON 1.5 EXERCISE 4 (PAGE 14)

THE LOGICIAN
Characteristics Characteristics

You tend to jump in and have a go. You like things to make se nse .
You like to get things over with. You like to know the reasons behind things.
You like to see if things work. You are organised in you r ap proach to study.
You like to get onto the next thing quickly. You enjoy tackling complex probl ems.

THE DREAMER THE SEARCHLIGHT

Characteristics Characteristics

You think a lot about the subject. You.find everything interesting .

You like to research things thoroughly. You like to see the big picture .
You put off practical aspects such as writing. You have bits of information on lots of th ings.
You have no idea where time goes. You find it hard to select what .is rele vant.

LESSON 4.1 · EXERCISE 4b (PAGE 36)

MOVING TO THE COUNTRYSIDE: charity organisation. Raise GOING ON HOLIDAY WITH A

The environment is a key factor funds for disadvantaged children GROUP OF YOUR BEST FRIENDS:
in determining our happiness. in developing countries or Having a break will lower
Noise and pollution don't do it work for world peace. But you your stress levels, but more
any good at all. The rural idyll - shouldn't set your sights too importantly, quality time \\ith
clean air, peace and quiet - will high all at once. Start small, with friends is essential for long-term
increase your sense of well-being achievable short-term goals. happiness. But don't save it all
- but watch out for the birds' A RELAXING DAY FISHING: A up for a once-a-year jamboree.
dawn chorus! day away from it all is great for The more the better .
GETIING MARRIED: It's a fact tackling stress. And to be really TIDYING UP YOUR ROOM, FLAT
- maiTied p~ople are happier, happy, we have to keep our OR HOUSE: Create some living
especially man-ied men! stress levels under control. space by getting rid of all the
Propose now. BEING SLIM: Maintaining a clutter. It's not sexy work, but
healthy weight is a key ingredient · it'll be very satisfying and the
GOING TO THE GYM : Yes, it's
of health and happiness. But the sense of achievement i sure to
tedious, but physical activity can
road to happiness isn't lined with raise your happiness level .
instantly boost your happiness
levels . If you don't fancy crash diets. WINNING ONE MILLION EUROS:
building your muscles, at least TAKING AN EVENING CLASS The jury's out on this one. You'll
build some exercise into your IN SOMETHING YOU REALLY definitely get rich quick. But
daily routine - a long energetic WANT TO LEARN: How to kill will it mak~ you happy? Some
walk will do the trick. two birds with one stone. You experts think no - full- top:
can learn a new skill, such as Others argue it will, but not in
SUPPORTING A GOOD CAUSE:
the short term - the impact on
There's no doubt that, u:i life, pottery, car maintenance or
a foreign language; as well as your well-being, they believe,
having a sense of purpose and
realising a personal ambition. takes one to two year to show
helping other people lead to
Both boost happiness. up. The verdict? True happiness
increased happiness. Join a
probably lies elsewhere.

159
"'
COMMUNICATION ACTIVIT ES
~!·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_,

LESSON 4.5 EXE RCISE 16 (PAGE 45)

Year
100
Life expectancy in optimistic and pessimistic scenarios: history and
forecasts for selected country groupings
90

80

70

60

so

40 '--~~~'--~~~-'-~~~-'-~~~-'-~~~-'-~~~_..~~~--'-~~~---''--~~~.__~~--'

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
">Ol• he n As l 3 Sub-Saharan Africa High-income countries
- Optimistic - Optimistic - Optimistic
Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic
Th e W orld Hea lth Report, 2008

LESSON 6.1 EXERCI SE 2 (PAGE 56)

TECHNOLOGY QUIZ
.. - ..._,•r~

How many pieces of

G

~ 4 Which of the following do you

• 7 How do you feel about online
technology do you have with • have? shopping/banking?
you at the moment (on your •
~ a a smartphone a It's great.
person/in your bag)? 0 b a GPS/sat nav b I do it sometimes, but the
c a tablet computer security worries me.
·2 How do you feel when you I
have to use a new piece of
technology, e.g. a phone, a
camera, a machine, etc.?
a excited
• G

~
d
e
f
g
a social media page
a blog
your own website
a Twitter account
c

8
c

a
b
I don't do it.

Do you read ebooks?.

Yes, now and again.
Yes, all the time.
b indifferent 5 How do you prefer to consume c No, I prefer to hold a real
c an xious (buy)/listen to music? book.

3 You have a new electronic

a on CD • 9 Which of the following best
b as downloads
gadget. Do you: describes you, technologically
c on vinyl
a read the instructions speaking?
d streamed over the internet
carefully befo re use? a set in your ways
b lea r(l how to use it by trial 6 On holiday, do you take b moving with the time s
and erro r? photos with: at the cutting edge
c get someone to show you a a digital camera?
how it works? b a tablet computer?
c a camera phone?
d a disposable came ra?

160
LESSON 6.4 EXERCISE Sa (PAGE 63)

What they are What it is

3D printers were invented in 1986 by Chuck Hull of Surveillance and identity technology is used by governments
3D Systems. 3D printers have the ability to construct and police forces to monitor people's movements and
solid objects by building them up, layer by layer, from communications. It may also be used by compan ies,
plastic or metal. Larger machines are able to print institutions and individuals.
a dozen different materials to make an object. 3D Some of its uses
printing is an important technology which is having a The NSA (National Security Agency) in the United States and
big economic impact. security and intelligence services in many countries practise
Some of their uses global surveillance. They collect data on foreign nationals and
The printers are being used in a wide range of citizens in their own countries and share the information with
industries from industrial design to jewellery and security organ isations in other countries.
fashion. They are mainly used: Other uses include the following:
to make models and quick prototypes of designs. COV cameras monitor and record behaviour in public spaces.
to make spare parts for domestic appliances. Poli.ce forces keep records of an individual's DNA in order
to provide components in complex equipment. to match people to DNA found at crime scenes.
to make small batches of products such as Mobile telephone companies and internet service providers
jewellery. are required to keep all communications data for several
Examples: yea rs so that the police can investigate who someone has
been communicating with.
NASA recently tested a rocket with a 3D-printed
fuel injector. Printing allowed it to be made with ID cards with key biometric information - for example,
fingerprints - are issued to citizens in order to identify
ju~t 2 parts instead of 115.
Printed parts are used to make pharmaceutical illegal immigrants and prevent ID theft and frau d.
and papermaking equipment and aircraft turbines. Criticisms
3D printers are being used to make replacement The NSA and other organisations pra ctising globa l
hips and knees in the medical equipme~t industry. surveillance are accused of infringing people's right
Criticisms to privacy.
Some people say that the potential of 3D printing Governments could store information and use surveillance
to change our lives has been exaggerated. in ways that go against the interests of the people.
3D printing is time-consuming and at present it is CCTV cameras mean that people have lost persona l
privacy in public areas.
not a.fast process.
3D-printed parts are not as strong as traditionally Benefits
manufactured parts. CCTV cameras help identify criminals and make people
Benents feel safer.
3D pri nters have revolutionised industrial design. Camera networks provide real-time information which
They have made manufacturing cheaper and more increases the safety of transport networks.
efficient. Doors and locks activated by fingerprint or iris recognition
They enable spare parts to be made quickly. increase people's security.

161
 ICATION ACTIVITIES
LESSON 6.5 EXERCISE 10 (PAGE 65)
Suggestions for dealing with cultural stress
a · is
(figures refer to percentages)
=·=::· 'lg 1s short for hydraulic fracturing. It is a technique to recover
~ a d gas from shale rock. It is a process of drilling into the.earth and ITEMS E G WC NWC
..is 'lg a high-pressure mixture of water and chemicals to release the gas Appoint a counsellor
36.0 28.7 22.6 12. 7
nsid e. The rock is fractured (broken) apart by the high-pressure mixture. for each student.
illions of ga llon s of water are used to crack the underground rock so Provide each
chat fossil fuels can flow out. student with a
40.2 11.5 17.6 30.7
second-year U.S.
Some of its uses
student as a mentor.
to produce gas and oi l
Recommend
to produce uranium in the future
students to share a
to increase groundwater wells room with a U.S. 15.6 9.3 18.2 56.9
to prepare rock for mining student in their first
Criticisms year. I
Fracking uses huge amounts of water which decreases water supplies. Offer free, weekly I
It produces harmful chemicals that may contaminate the area English language
around the sites. classes for all 10.7 28.3 18.9 42.1
It is a threat to air quality, cciuses noise pollution and has a harmful internationa l
effect on wildlife and people's health.
students. I
Arrange for students
Benefits to visit fami lies in the 5.6 7.2 2.6 84 .6
Fracking enables firms to access difficult-to-reach sources of oil and gas. city at weekends.
It has gre atly boosted production of gas in the USA.
Send counse ll ors
It will produce gas for many countries in the future. The USA wi ll to places where
have secure suppl ies of gas for the next 100 years. students gather
after classes and
82 .9 5.8 8.3 3.0
offer informal
free, confidentia l
What they are co nsu ltations on a
Electric cars use electric power from battery packs in ve hicles. The packs drop-i n basis.
are rechargeable. Well-known makes include the Tesl.a Roadstar and
Reva, wh ich is the top-selling electric car in Europe. Other carmakers, LESSON 7.1 EXERCISE 2b (PAGE 66)
such as General Motors and Toyota, are producing hybrid cars. These
combine petrol and diesel with an electric motor. The market for electric in the dark
cars is expected to grow rapidly in the future. on the outside
Where they are used if they are tinned tomatoes
All over the world. The top five countries for pure electric cars are Japan in the ground
(twenty-eight percent), the USA (twenty-six percent), Ch in a (sixteen a leg (also: a snail)
percent). France (eleven percent) and Norway (seven percent).
Some of their uses
His horse was called Friday.
In Canada, they are allowed on city streets, but not on motorways.
In Israel and Portugal, French carmaker Renault and Nissan, its
LESSON 7.1 EXERCISE 9c (PAGE 67)
Japanese partner, are installing recharging and battery replace men t
networks nationwide. Discuss you r ideas using these criteria.
The San Francisco Bay area (USA) will become one of the world 's • number (How many new uses did you
think of?)
lead in g ce ntres for electric vehicles. Th e plan is to switch the
• origin ality (How unusual were the uses
transport system from being powe red by traditional fossil fue ls.
you gave?)
Criticisms • flexibility (How many uses did you think
Electric cars are not as qui ck or pract ica l to re charge as other cars. of? (e.g. Paperclip earrings (jewel lery) and
Th ey are not really suitable for long-d istance driving. bookmark (reading) are two different uses.)
There are prob lems of refuelling in remote locations. • detail (How much information did you
Benefits give about the new uses?)
They have lower carbon dioxide emissions than traditional cars and
low fuel consumption.
They are less noisy and smoothe r to drive than petrol-driven cars.
They use renewable sources of power.

162
LESSON 8.5 EXERCISE 6c (PAGE 85) LESSON 9.5 EXERCISE 10b (PAGE 95)

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LESSON 9.2 EXERCISE 2 (PAGE 88) Wrafh (1"17"1) (p. 2& 7)

· ~GE OfCRIMINALRESJfo't.isiiiiiiTY LESSON 10.5 EXERCISE 8 (PAGE 104)

'(Below this age, ch ildren cannotbe dealtwith as criminals.)
• Make sure you know what the topic of the seminar is
7 Pakistan, the USA (in most states) beforehand.
• Think about what you know about the topic - and what
9 Ethiopia, Iran (g irls only)
you don't know. Write down a few of the things you need
10• Thailand, Ukraine, the UK to know more about.
• Read any relevant lecture notes you have. Read any
12 Japan, Belize, the Netherlands, Turkey material (articles, etc .) your teacher has.given you or
14 Germany, Italy, Russia, China recommended. Research the topic in the library, on the
internet, etc. Make notes of important points.
15 Iran (boys only) • Work out a position on the topic. What's your opinion?
16 Belgium, the Democratic Republic of the Congo Are you for or against?

18 . ... •
•
Prepare some questions you can ask in the seminar.
Consider working with another student from the same
seminar group to discuss your ideas together . Or meet
with other students to form a study group - you can
practise participating in seminars to give you more
confidence for the actual seminar.

163
~,=== COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
LESSON 11 .1 EXERCISE 7a (PAGE 107) LESSON 11.2 EXERCISE 2a (PAGE 108)
STUDENT B
Your decisions
·15~ ~.airtra .de 1 f:airg~· ·
1

(this year) (next year)

education and training % %
11
N~gji~k. ~ ~nfm~_~ju_~~ci_s .v9~Q.l:?l~ __ I
defence (army, air force, etc.) % % By Philip Booth. Institute of Economic Affairs
law and order (police, Private certification schemes are the unsung heroes
prisons and the legal system) % % of a market economy. They are far more effective than
infrastructure (roads, state regulation. It is therefore with ·a heavy heart that I
railways, etc.) % % have always had reservations about Fairtrade-labelled
products. The foundation pounces on critics with its
healthcare % %
well-oiled publicity machine, always responding with
investment in industry anecdotes. But doubts remain.
(subsidies) % %
There are many ways in which poor farmers can get
environment (e.g. recycling, better prices. They can do so through speciality brands,
traffic reduction, etc.) % % via traditional trade channels and using other labelling
social services (for children/the il")itiatives. Does Fairtrade help? The evidence is limited,
elderly/the unemployed, etc.) % % but even proponents of Fairtrade would argue that only
about fifty percent of the extra money spent by consumers
public service jobs % %
is available to spend on social projects, and others have
arts and culture % % suggested a figure much closer to zero. No clear evidence
has been produced to suggest that farmers themselves
international development
(reducing world poverty) % % actually receive higher prices under Fairtrade.
Fairtrade cannot help all farmers . Some poorer or
remote farmers cannot organise and join up; others
cannot afford the fees ; still others will be working for
LESSON 11.5 EXERCISE 10(PAGE115) larger producers who are excluded from many Fairtrade

To

Dea r Karl,
[email protected]
r product lines. Against that background, 'Fairtrade .
absolutism' does not sit well. Fairtrade schools have to
do everything possible to stock Fairtrade products, but
what about speciality brands produced by individual
farmers? What about Rainforest Alliance products? Are
I've received some feedback from members of the poor producers to be expected to pay the costs involved
audience who attended yo ur recent presentation to join every labelling scheme?
to our loca l distributors. Unfortunately, there were Fairtrade is a brand that promotes itself the way all
some negative comm ents about your presentation. brands do. As noted , the brand is prominent in schools.
In terms of yo ur technique, some participants It is worrying that its PowerPoint presentation shows
me'1 tioned that you arrived late and that you graphs of commodity prices that stop in 2001 and
seemed to lack confide nce. They felt this was graphs of the coffee price relative to the Fairtrade
possibly because you had not fully prepared minimum price that stop in 2006. The picture since then
you r talk. Also, some people in the back row had tells a different story. This is marketing, not education.
difficulty hearing you . One person comp lai ned Fairtrade may do some good in some circumstances, but
that you rushed your presentation towards the end; it does not deserve the unique status it claims for itself.
another that you fai led to make eye co ntact.
As far as the content of your talk is co ncerned,
some people felt they were not informed about the LESSON 12.1 EXERCISE 1c (PAGE 116)
unique selling points of the new product. Also, I 1 Earth is about twice as big as Mars. (diameter of
understand that you had prob lems with the order Earth = 12,756 km; 9iameter of Mars= 6,792 km)
of your slides. 2 Earth (ave rage temp of Earth = 14 degrees Celsius;
Finally, it seems that yo ur answers to questions average temperature of Mars= -63 degrees Cels iu s)
were not very cq nvin cing. 3 Earth (Earth : 107,2 18 km/ h; Mars: 86,676km/h)
In view of the comme nts, I think you mi ght find 4 Mars (Earth: 24 hours; Mars: 24 hours+ 40 minutes)
it usefu l to fo ll ow one of our short courses on 5 Earth (Mars has 62.5% less gravity than Earth )
presentation techniques in the near future. 6 Mars (Mars: 2 moons; Earth: 1 moon)
7 Earth (Earth: 78% nitrogen. Mars : 2% nitrogen)

164
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
LESSON 1.1 RECORD ING 1.1 world of work. V: Certainly. BULATS is a business lan guage
P: How do you mean, Bob? Can you testing service, er, for people who need to
P = Presenter, J =Jim, N = Nancy, B = Bob
elaborate? use a foreign language in tlieir work.
P: OK, thank you, Miranda and the rest of the
B: Well, yes. Education at all levels should be I: Ah, thank you. OK, cou ld you tell us abou t
panel, for those opening rem arks. And now
much more practical, er, less theoretical. the internship?
I think we can go to our first caller, who is
Jim, a salesman from Brighton. Hello, Jim.
As an employer, I'm not looking for V: Well , my internship was actually at the
academics and eggheads. I want good place I did my work experience - the Bank
What do you think?
team players who can write a decent letter of Foreign Trade - and, luckily, they
J: Yeah ... good morning. Well, I think all
or ema il - you know, people who have invited me back to work for them after I
formal education is a waste of time and
practical skills like meeting deadlines and finished my PhD.
money. It's the ... it's the 'university of life'.
the ability to prioritise tasks, people who I: Does that mean all yo ur work experience,
that's important - you know, learning
are competent and who can be trained up . including your internship, has been in one
things the hard way by doing them and
It's amazing the sort of stuff I see on place? H ave you done any other work?
making mistakes. Experience, that's what
app lication forms. I must say, I see very V: Well, I've had a number of holiday jobs.
counts; that's how you learn to make
little of the er, the cr itical thinking sk ill s I've been a waiter and I've also worked as
informed decisions, not by reading books .
which people like, er, Nancy talk about. I a shop assistant.
I mean, obv iously, you need to be able to
think we need to go back to more I: Right. I'd probab ly include that in your CV
read and wr ite. Numeracy and literacy and
traditional teaching methods. I don't think in future.
all that are important, but all those subjects
any of these modern techniques actually V: Sure, thanks for that advice. I'd applied for
like Chemistry and er .. . Geography, how
work. a number of work pl acements before I got
useful are they in the modern world? They
P: Right. Thank you, Bob. Well, plenty to the one in the bank. I'd just like to add that
don't rea lly help anyone's ca reer
think about there. Let's get some I'm quite proud th at I was offered a job
prospects. Life skills, the things that really
comments from the panel a.bout what after my work pla cement and I rea lly
matter, can't be taught in schoo ls.
they've heard. Cristina, let me come to you enjoyed working at the Bank of Foreign
P: Yes, I take your point, Jim.
first, because ... Tracie. I was very happy there. But after my
J: Al l that learning stuff by heart which I had
PhD I'm looking for a ne11 challenge and
to do at school, rote learning, just like LESSON 1.3 RECORDING 1.2 the opportunity to use my English in
parrots, what a waste of time! School is full
I = Interviewer, V = Vadim Britain.
of show-offs and smart alecs who want to
I: Thank you, Vadim. That was an excellent Mm, right, yes. Now, before we go into
show how many facts they know in exams,
presentation and I was particularly your curre nt job respon sibilities in deta il, I
but you really learn by being out there in
interested in the marketing surveys and need to check one last thing. I'm sorry, but
the world and making you r own way.
other marketing activities you were I seem to have lost your reierences. Is it
Everyone has the same chance in life - or
invo lved with in your job. Now, I know OK if we phone your referee ?
at least they shou Id.
you're flying back to Russia this evening. V: Yes, no problem. I have their phone
P: OK, thank you, Jim. And now I think we
Hopefully, we wi ll have finished the numbers.
can go to Nancy in Cambridge ... er, who
interv iew by 3 o'clock, so you shou ld have I: OK, so why do you think you are suitab le
is a university lecturer, I believe. Go
. lots of time to catch your flight. I'd just like for this job?
ahead, Nancy.
N: Thank you. I have to say that I totally to start by checking some of the details on
LESSON 1.4 RECORDING 1.3
disagree with the previous caller. your CV. Can yo u tell us what you've been
doing since you left yo ur job as a financial L = Lisa, H = Howard
Education is about accumu lati ng a body of
knowledge which contributes to an analyst? L: We've got three possibl e candidates fo r the
individual's development and helps create V: Well, since December 2013, erm I've been internship at UNESCO. They all have
a sense of identity. It's really the most writing my doctoral thesis and studying at slightl y different strengths, so I think it may
important th.ing: a broad education with a St Petersburg State University of Economics come down to who's best at interview.
strong knowledge base. Also, if you think and Finance. Shall we run through UNESCO's
about it, a high-quality education system I: OK. I'd like to come back to that in more requirements for this internship?
contributes to the economy as a whole. detail later. Having read your CV, we'd H: Yeah, let's do that.
The bette.r educated the population is, the like to know more about your internship L: OK, well, the first thing is academic
more people go to university, the more it and exchange programmes, especia ll y as qualifications. It's abso lutel y essentia l that
benefits the who le country . you haven't had a lot of actua l work candidates are doing a postgraduate
P: Mmm, I think many people would agree experi ence in marketing. degree. In other words, a second uni ve rsity
with you there, Nancy. So a university V: Sure. I've been on two exchange degree or higher. ·
education is important, then? programmes: one in Finland and ci ne in H: OK, so having an undergraduate degree
"' Yes, certain ly. For me, subject knowledge Germany. I studied mainly business definitely isn 't enough.
and the abi lity to use it, er, self-awareness subjects and also some Finnish, although L: Exactly . They'll have to be enrolled in a
and mental agi lity are all very important the programme was in English. One of the master's degree or already have one.
qualities which are developed at subjects I stud ied was Marketing.. Th e H: OK . What about languages?
university. The experience of campus life is programme in Germany also included L: Well, they must have an excellent
at the heart of creating all-rounders who International Marketing, but it was taught knowledge of one of the wo rking
have the capacity for independent study in German, so, if I'm honest, that was quite languages of the organisation - that means
and can think for themselves. That's what difficult for me. I studied German at 1ea ll y good English or French, ora l and
education is all about. schoo l, but I dropped it before I had taken wr itten.
P: OK, Nancy, thank you for your any exams. Luckily, my English is fairly H: Right, so that's a prerequisite.
contribution. And now, er, we can go to advanced, erm and I have an 8 in IEL TS, L: Yes.
Bob, a company director· in London . Hello, which is a really good score. I really H: How about work experience ?
Bob . What's your view? enjoyed the exchange programme and my L: Well , they don't mention that specifically,
8: Good morning. I have to say I have a quite only regret is that I didn't study more but it's obviously an advantage to have
different view to the previous ca llers. Erm, German. some work experience, preferably with an
for me, the problem with education in this I: You mentioned your IELTS score. We international organisation.
co untry is that it just doesn 't teach the right know about that, but can you tell me what H: Yes, that's true. You haven't mentioned
stuff- that which is actually useful for the BULATS is? computer skills.

165
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
L: W ell, ca ndidates are expected to be ab le that you do this. it's the way I grew up and that attracted me to.
to use office-related software. Th at's fairly Make sure you include all \Our erm, my fi eld; and as a result of that, I went to
standard. points'. They're the things )OU can -er the University of O xfo rd to study Zoo logy.
H: Anything else? will really impress theemp!o\er. Fore I finis hed my first degree there. Er, after th at,
L: No, but w e' ll be looking for some you could say, ' I've hfd three \ears I was lucky enough to becorne a guide in th e
ev idence of a spec ial cultural or scientific experi ence in th e newspaper indus and 'a Ga lapagos Isl ands. I did that for about
interest. It is UNESCO, after all . voted Fin ancial Journalist oi the '!ear n 2006. eighteen months and as a result of that
H: Yes, quite. By the way, how long is the I speak Spanish and English and can ta' e experience, which was rea lly quite a
internship ? notes quick ly in shorthand .' In o her \ Or _ life-changing experi ence, I went to the
L: It must be between one and four months . highlight your strengths and what \OU can University of Pennsylvania to study Ecology
So they're not that long. offer the employer. and Evolution.
H : OK. Shall we take a look at the candidates Er, that took me about six yea rs to finish that
Now, be ca reful about the length oi he
now? coverin g letter. If you make it too sho and once I had finish ed th at, I embarked on a
probabl y leave out important iniorma io career almost immed iately, moving straight
LESSON 1.5 RECO RDING 1.5 into co nserva ti on biology and then
not 'sell yourself' properl y. But ihou ma
A = Anna, H = Hayato too long, the reader may get bored and su bsequently into things like park
A: I' m lea rnin g English beca use I love the not read it properly. Remember that me ma nagement and resea rch management; and
language and I' m fascinated by the culture. employers have to rea d th ousands of e that's basica ll y how I became a
When I was at school, I learnt about every yea r, so th e letter needs to be cone se conservationist.
Shakespeare and the Qu een and the Tower and persuasive
LESSON 2.2 RECORDING 2.3
of London, and I dreamt of co ming to And don 't put th e same thin gs in ever)
England. Now I' m in London and I want to covering letter yo u write. Custom ise each I = Interviewer, G = Dr Graham Watkins
improve my English so I ca n understa nd letter so that the qualities and·skill s you I: Wha t are th e key threats from tourism to
English books, like Pride and Prejudice and menti on - yo ur strong points - are targeted a co n ervation areas?
Sherlock Ho lmes, the class ics, and follow th e specific job you've appli ed for. You ma\ G: I think the first thing to say about tourism i
all the English film s and te lev ision. I go to include different points, depending on th e that in many situation s it's a very positive
the theatre here twice a month. It's job. thi f']g. It ca n help conservation quite
wonderful to see a play by Shakespeare at And finally, sign your letter and print your ubstantiall y, but there are also many
the National Th eatre. I wa nt to become name under the signature. examples in the world, for exa mple in th e
rea lly flu ent and speak like an English Well, everyone, that's about all I'd like to say Caribbean, where tourism also ca uses
person. I enjoy lea rning languages and other ... ca uses problems and has direct
about cove rin g letters. Good luck in yo ur job
trave l a Jot. I've visited several foreign impacts on the environment. Er, many of
hunting. I hope you've found this talk
cou ntries. the reefs in the Ca ribbea n have seri ous
interesting and useful.
I think I' m a good traveller beca use I try to problems as a result of pollution from th e
fit in w herever I go . I' ve developed good LESSON 2.1 RECORDING 2.1 large hotels. So, w hen you have mass ive
cross-cultural skills and because of this, de\'elopment of tourism, it ca n create
I always manage to integrate into the 1 A holiday is all about getting away from it ub ta ntial problems, er, for the wildlife in
culture of the co untry I' m visiting. all. he particula r area . Th ere are other areas
H: What's motivating me to learn English?
2 I just want time away from work when I ''here to urism ca n also ca use w hat are,
Simple. I work in the export department of feel I ca n really let my hair down. \OU could say, are more hidden .:. have
an intern ational clothing company. I' m 3 I just love going somewhere new and more hidden co nsequences. For exa mpl e,
attending an English co urse in my soaking up the atmosph ere. in the Galapagos Islands, where you have
co mpan y to improve all my skills, so I ca n 4 We live in a big ci ty, although I grew up in a growth in tour ism, an explosion in
pass an English language proficie ncy test. If the country, so getting back to nature is tour i m that has basically resulted in more
I pass th e test, I' ll get promoted and ea rn important. planes and more cargo ships arri ving in the
more money. That's my main motivation. 5 I love to really live it up on holiday. I like islands and bri nging with them w hat we
I've never been good at learnin g languages to blow what money I have in a short time. call inva ive species. These are spec ies
and I' m not particularly interested in I save all yea r and then have a really good that are not from the Galapagos that cause
English dr its culture, but I' m ambitious time. serious problems for the Galapagos
and very career-m inded. I have to travel a 6 We' re keen on finding unusual places species. It's one oi the major reasons wh ) •
lot in my job to visit suppli ers, and I often - going off the beaten track. th e Galapagos is in so much trouble at the
need to co mmun icate w ith customers in 7 Steering clear of the tourist traps is our moment. So, in su mmary, I'd .say that
English. So I' m also try ing to improve the main priority when booking a holiday. tourism can be positive, but needs to be
leve l of my English to beco me more flu ent. 8 I don' t rea lly like to do very much on managed effectively to make sure th at it
It' ll help me to do my job better. So, to holiday. Just lounging around by th e pool remains positive, er, for the co nservation
answer you r question, my main goa l is to is enough. th e area to w hich people go .
pass the language test and get a higher 9 Th e mai n thing is to avoid getti l'}g ripped
sa lary, but off, so I try not to look like a tourist. LESSO . 2.2 RECORDING 2.4
I also need to improve my English 10 I love seeing new things and taking in the
I = Interviewer, G = Dr Graham Watkins
language skill s to perform better in my sights.
J: Shoul d we stay away from conservation
work. ereas?
LESSON 2.2 RECORDING 2.2
G: No, I don't thi nk so. ·1 think, as I've
LESSON 1.5 RECORDING 1.6 Er, I became a conserva ti oni st in part beca use mentioned, many of, er, to urism ca n be
OK then, I've told yo u how to organise a of my fa mil y background. M y father was an very positive for co nservation areas . I thi n
cover ing letter and what to include in it. Now agri cultural scientist and travelled throughout it's more an issue oi how we visit those
let me give yo u some advice. the world. One of my brothers was born in areas.
Africa. I was born in, er, British Guiana and I think it's important for people to see other
First, focus on the empl oyer's needs and show
throughout our yo ung life we, er, were parts of the wor ld and also to see these
how yo ur qualities and skills match what
co nstantl y exposed to my fa th er's pictures, incredible sights that have becom e
they're looking fo r. And try to avo id starting
particularly of Africa, whi ch were .. . a strong conservation areas, but I also think, er, iL
every sentence w ith ' I'. I mean, yo u have to
effect on me. So the first reason, I th ink, is that very importa nt to make sure that w hen yoc..
talk about yo urself, but do try to vary th e way

166
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
visit those areas, you minimise yo ur impact course is central to your plans, but would L: Well, some people need to see what they
and not just th e direct impact; so yo u don't you be willing, if necessary, to sca le down are thinking. And for them, 'visual
take away anything from the island, well, this part of th e proj ect? thinking' is a good technique to use. It
from th e pl aces you visit, yo u don' t ca use R: Sca le down? Wh at do you mean exactly ? helps them to develop new ideas. This is
any problems for the w ildli fe and the L: Well, would you be prepared to reduce the how it works: in the ce ntre ofa bit of
pl aces th at yo u visi t, but you also become size of the course to a"nine- hole course, paper, you put some kind of pi cture - an
integrated into the loca l society. instead of eighteen holes? Of course, we'd image representing the topic. Th en from
And so the best forms of tourism are those onl y ask you to do that if it was absolutely the ce ntral image, you draw, say, five or
forms of tourism th at actua lly contr ibute to necessary. six bran ches which move away from the
what we call susta inable development, R: I'd like to make my position very clear centre. At th e narrow end of each branch,
which mea ns th at you, er, co ntribute by about this, Miss Bradshaw. The size of the you write a sub-topic of the main topic.
making sure that the companies you' re course isn' t negoti able, I' m afrai d. It simpl y Beneath ea ch sub-top ic, yo u ca n write
going with are ... tend to be loca lly isn 't possibl e to shorten its length. It's my data which supports your sub-topics . Er,
owned, they tend to empl oy loca l peopl e, dream to bui ld the greatest golf cou rse in this way, you bu ild up a map to help yo u
th ey intend to purchase items loca lly and the world here on this is land. But I ca n't go organise your essay.
be fu lly integrated into loca l society . ahead if S: Mmm, interesting. But I don' t think the
If you vis it under those c ircumstances, I have to build a shorter co urse. You see, techn ique's good fo r me; I' m not really a
where you're both co ntributing to it's vita l to have a full-length , eighteen- very vis ual thin ker. How about the third
sustainabl e development of the area and ho le course if yo u want to attract the top approach?
co ntributing to co nservation , I think yo u' re go lfers in the wor ld to play here. Also, I've L: This approach is call ed 'question and
having a positive impact. If you're not co mmissioned a famous golf course answer' . It's a relati ve ly new tec hnique
visiting under those circumstances, then I arch itect to design the layout of the co urse. and it can help you to come up w ith good
would suggest that yo u rethink yo ur, your He certainly won't want to des ign anything ideas quickly . Er, with this technique, you
tr ip. th at isn't championship length. I hope yo u think of as man y questions as you can
see my point of view. about the topi c, erm w ithout worry ing at
LESSON 2.4 RECORDING 2.5 L: Mmm, I understa nd where yo u' re co ming this stage about th e answers. The questions
Wi ll Granville Isl and have the finest golf from. So, it seems yo u won' t co mpromise may help yo u to identi fy problems relat ing
co urse in th e world in three years' time? That's on that point, ri ght? to yo ur topi c. You th en choo e the best
what everyon e is talking about. R: Exactly. A full-l ength course is an absolute questions and th en are read to sta rt
priority. I co uldn't go ahead without yo ur think ing about what the an wer are.
Ri ca rdo Hernandez, Chief Executive of
agreement on that. However, you may prefer to delay
Hern andez Enterprises, has announced th at
L: OK, you've been very clea r about th at. I discussion of the answers to a later session .
he's made a pr9vis iona l offer to buy the
just hope it won 't prevent yo u from Erm one of your questions might'be, 'What
Roberts Estate and to develop it as a sports
rea lising yo ur dream. is the rel ationship between the ideas I' ve
complex. Thi s w ill be subject to the usual
R: I hope not, too. But you know, there are noted down? ' Thi s question could help you
planning approval. Mr Hernandez pl ans to
other co untries I ca n go to if I' m turn ed to work out a logical stru cture fo r the
bui ld a championship eighteen-hole go lf
down here! I don 't want to, but if I have to, essay . OK?
co urse on the site. In addition, he intends to
I wi ll. S: Well, th anks! I' ll think about w hat you've
build a tennis complex, an Ol ympi c-s ized
to ld me and decide whi ch tech nique to
sw imming pool, four blocks of timeshare LESSON 2.5 RJ:CORDING 2.7 use for my essay.
apartments, forty vil las and a twelve-storey
L = Lecturer, S = Student L: That' s it, Erika, choose a techn ique ~hi c h
hotel. There would also be housing for
L: OK, Erika , you have to write an essay works for you, one yo u' re comforta ble
hundreds of staff.
about the effects of tourism on with.
Mr Hernand ez is certain to meet strong
opposition to his plans. The 3,000-acre estate co nservation, but yo u don't know how to
LESSON 2.5 RECORDING 2.8
overlooks the sea and it's in a prim e area of sta rt, ri ght?
the island. It's ecologica lly sensitive beca use S: Yes, I've read the essay titl e, but I seem to As yo u know, many animals and plants face
it's a favourite area for rambl ers and also one be stuck at the moment. Just don't know ex tinction beca use their hab itat is bei ng
of th e few sites for the nationa l emblem of our how to get started . destroyed or they're being hunted b\ human
is land, the Gra ~vi ll e dove, one of ou r most L: OK, I think the best way forward for yo u is beings. Take the exampl e of the African
endangered species. to do some brainstorming about th e topic. elephant, th e world's largest land animal. The
S: Brainstorm ing. OK, how do you go about elephant population of Africa has suffered a
To build the waterfront vi ll as, Mr Herna ndez
it? ca tastrophi c decline in recent year : A century
plans to remove a large number of mangroves,
L: Wel l, th ere are three approaches you ago, there were million s of el ephants, twe nty
whi ch will undoubted ly affect fish stocks.
could use. It's up to yo u w hi ch one yo u yea rs ago there were about one million, but
Ma ngroves are vita l for th e ecosystems in the
prefer. today there may be as few as 400,000. The
area. Another probl em is th at the estate is
S: Ri ght. Can yo u tell me a bit about them, Afr ica n elephant is an end angered pecies
close to White Sands beach, which is a
pl ease? . and w ill become extinct unl ess solutions are
breed ing ground for turtles. Thi s beautiful
L: Sure. Th e first way is a technique ca lled found to protect it.
beach has always been a major attraction fo r
'free association' . It's reall y good for Why is the Afr ica n eleph ant population
to urists. Environmentalists say the resort w ill
generating ideas about a topi c and declining so rapidl y? Well , most elephants
discourage tourists from visiting th e beach and
developi ng supporting arguments. How have been kill ed for their ivorv tu ks, which
w ill have a negative impact on th e turtl e
popu lation.
does it work? Well, yo u li st everything you are m~de into jewellery or-so~venirs. A lso, the
ca n think about that relates to the topic - tusks and bon es are ohen ground down to
W ill Hern andez's plan become reality? Who
things yo u' ve lea rnt in class or from your make medicines. And although the sa le and
knows? Much wi ll depend on discussions
reading, or simply ideas that co me to yo u trade of ivory and other elephant products is
betwee n interested groups and. the Herna ndez
when yo u think about the top ic. Even if the banned in a number of countr ies, many
O rga nisation.
ideas don 't appea r to be very practical or eleph ants are sti ll shot ill ega llv by poachers .
ESS ON 2.4 RECORDING 2.6 real istic, you should still note them down. Also - and this is a very important point -
Er, that' s free assoc iation. increas ing populations have mea nt that
• = Lo uisa Bradshaw, R = Ricardo Hernandez S: Right, I've got that. What about the other human beings are encroachin g on land that
Let' s talk about your plans for the golf approaches? used to be the natural habitat oi the elepha nt.
course. I know that building thi s go lf

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LESSON 3.2 RECORD ING 3.1 went out there, but I didn't have time. I to mention. I'd strongly advise yo u to set
suppose I cou ld have found a loca l Russian to up an Emergency Action Com mittee as
Many international organisations are known
give me lessons, but I just didn't have the soon as poss ib le. Your top management
by abbrev iations, or shortened forms of
motivation at that point. should be in vo lved, as we ll as the
phrases. You usually say each letter separately,
with the main stress on the last letter. So the It must have been at least a year before I fe lt Ministers of the Environment in the
International Ol ympic Committee, the happy in Moscow. I attended a cultural co un tr ies along the coastline. I know
organisation which organises the modern awareness co urse and I graduall y began to yo u've been very busy since the sp ill and
O lympic Games, is known as the IOC, with understand Russian culture better, lea rnt more you haven' t had much time to deal w ith
the stress on the final letter - C. Similarly, with Russian words and made some wonderfu l the public relations side of things . But, you
the IMF, the Internationa l Monetary Fund, the fr iends. I created my own wor ld and as soon ought to organ ise a press co nference in th e
as I'd done that, we were sent to Canberra, very near future. I mean, as soon as you've
stress is on the F - the IMF being the
Australia, for a new posting! So, to be honest, devised a cred ible action pl an. Th ere are
international organisation that's meant to
I guess I have mixed feelings about being an journa lists from' all over the wo rld here and
oversee the global financial system. Some
ambassador's wife. they're crying out for information from
abbreviations use the first letter of each word
yo u. Of course, I ca n understand why you
to form a new word. And this type of
LESSON 3.4 RECORDING 3.4 haven 't made a statement yet.
abbreviation's ca lled an acronym. Acronyms
0 = UN Official, C = Chairperson of oil company C: Well, actua ll y, I'm just about to issue a
are pronounced as words rather than saying
short statement. But I only wa nt to talk to
each letter. So, the United Nations O: You're worried about the image of your
the international press corps w hen I' m ful h
Educationa l, Scientific and Cultura l compa ny, Ms Leiterman. I can understand
briefed on w hat action we' re tak ing. It's
O rganisation is known as UNESCO. UNESCO that, but at this time you need to be ver.
always a bad thing to hold a press
is a specia lised agency of the United Nations clear about your objectives and how to
co nference before you have al I the facts .
which tries to contribute to peace and security achi eve them .
Yo u can get into a lot of difficu lties that
by promoting international co ll aboration . C: I understand that. Of co urse, ou r image a
way.
through education, science and cu lture. a responsible co mpany is important, bu t
O: True! Look, I know you've uh, got a lot on
CERN, the wor ld's largest particle physics ou r main objective now is to develop a
yo ur plate, but all the same, I strongly
laboratory, is another acronym . It origina lly strategy to prevent the expansion of th e oil
recommend you visit the parts of the
stood in French for Conseil Europeen pour la flow.
coastline that are most affected . It' d be
Recherche Nucleaire, or the European Council O: Of course, you' re ri ght. Your priority must
good for your public relations and you
for Nuclear Research . However, the name be to co ntain the oi l spill, so you' ll have to
might learn quite a lot from yo ur visit.
changed in 1954 when the word council was act quickly and efficiently. It's vita l that
C: Yes, that's a good idea. I' ll try to organise a
changed to organ isation. However, this meant you have a realistic plan of action as soon
vis it as soon as possible.
the new acronym would've been OERN, as possible. I know you're working on that.
which seemed rather awkward. So they But there's something else you shou ld be LESSON 3.5 RECORDING 3.5
decided to keep the origina l acronym, CERN. doing.
c: Oh yes? How do yo u become an active li stener? Well,
LESSON 3.3 RECORDING 3.2 O: Well, I appreciate it's a very difficult I'd say there are five things you have ~o do -
.situation for you, Ms Leiterman. So I urge five ways to behave, if you like - w hen you 're
Most people can't begin to understand how
you to get as much outside help as you can listening to someone.
you feel when you're sent from New York to
Tokyo, to Abu Dhabi, to Moscow, without a to deal with it. Firstly, pay careful attenti on to what they're
C: Of course,' I rea li se that. I' m wel l aware we a\ i ng. You must foc us on the person speaki n
rea l break. You get a stra nge feeling of
helplessness, as if you're no longer in contro l haven't got the expertise or the resources and not be distracted in any way. Make eye
and labour to dea l with the sp ill on our contact - that's ve ry important. Li sten and try
of your li fe.
own. So one of our main goa ls wi ll be to to get the message they're send ing you .
You see, w hen yo u arrive in each new place,
invo lve the international com munity. Second ly, show the speaker that yo u are
yo u don't have any friends there. You feel
O: You're ri ght. It's essential to bring in some Ii tening. Use your body language to do this.
insecure, isolated, not part of the local scene
international compa nies for the clea n-up You can, yo u can nod occasional ly, and er,
at all because you probably don't understa nd
tasks, even though it could be very show by your posture that yo u're being
the cu lture very well. So you gradua ll y bui ld
expensive. And it'd be adv isab le to get attentive. You shou ld look relaxed and
up a li fe for yourself and then, just w hen
some help from UN orga ni sations as well receptive to w hat the person's say ing. You can
yo u've done that, you 're sent somewhere else,
as the governments of the cou ntries that you can use verbal signals to show interest, b\
where you have to start all over aga in .
are most affected. sa ing things like ' Yes,' 'U h huh,' '.Rea lly?' and
Er, it's important to be positive when your C: Yes, I' m cou nting on th eir support and so on.
partner gets a new overseas posting. It helps to financial help . Next, give the speaker feedback. You're
remember that although yo u were unhappy o : And there's another pi ece of advice I'd like focusi ng on the speaker rather than your own
when you arrived in the last country where to give you, Ms Leiterman. It wou ld be ideas, so yo u may need to reflect on w hat is
yo ur partner was posted, er, yo u were in tears ve ry helpful to in vo lve the International being said and ask questions . For examp le,
by the time you left because you knew you Maritime Organisation and MAP,-the you may paraphrase what the speaker has sai d
would miss so much of what yo u liked about Mediterranea n Action Plan group. Th at us ing phrases like 'So w hat you're saying is ...
that country. should be a key objective as they'll ha ve a or ' If
Our last posting was to Moscow - we'd lot of experience to offer yo u. And then I understand you, yo u're saying .. .'. Or you
previously been in Saudi Arab ia. It would 've there's the European Union; you' ll need may •ask questions to check your
helped if I'd been to Russia before. My their help as well. understanding, fo r example, 'What exactly do
husband had been th ere several times before C: Yes, we can't do without the support of the you mean ... ?' or ' Have I got thi s ri ght? You 're
we got married, but I'd always spent my EU, that's for sure. We aim also to set up saying .. .' . Now, having said that, it's
hol idays in France and Ita ly, and I'd never meetings at regul ar intervals to monitor important not to interrupt too often. Wait until
been to Eastern Europe before. Er, I found it progress - we're agreed that good he or she finish es. It's really annoying if you 're
rea ll y tough at first. It wasn't just the freezi ng com munications are an important trying to get across a message and someone
co ld weather in January - fifteen degrees objective for us. We want to keep keeps on interrupting you.
be low zero and lots of ice on the pavements everyone in th e company fully in formed And fina lly, respond in a positive, constructi ve
- I also felt, er, really lonely at first. I know I about what we' re doing. way. Show that you value the information
should have learnt some Russian before we O: Abso lutely. There's one other point I'd like you've received. Give your opinions, but don't

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be aggressive w hen doing so. Don't put down yo u are on th e po int of becoming members of C: O h yes. Th e second point I wa nt to ma e
the person speakin g, even if yo u don't agree one of th e most demanding of all professi ons . is that almost half of the popul ation eat
w ith him or her. Respond in an honest and A profession that makes a rea l difference to more th an th e dail y recommended amour"
direct w ay. peopl e's lives. You should trea t this as a of sa lt, w hi ch is six grams a day. So you
Now then, if yo u put into practice the advice tremendous opportunity, whi ch not everybody ca n see th at thi s affects a large num ber of
I've given you, yo u' ll sh ow th at yo u're an has. You do. • peop le, can't yo u? Thirdly, changing sa lt
acti ve li stener and this w ill help you to So, you' ll need to be adaptabl e and fl ex ibl e, consumption hab its has a quick and
become a better co mmunicato r. and to think on your feet. You are go ing to tangible effect. By thi s I mean th at within
lea rn th at being a nurse is a full-tim e job - just four weeks of reducing yo ur salt
LESSON 4.2 RECORDING 4.1 literall y. You are nurses wh eth er or not you 're co nsumpti on, yo ur bl ood pressure will be
in uniform. Your fa mil y, fri ends an d low er. That's exactly the kind of thing that
We're always hea rin g cri es for change to our
neighbours w ill ca ll you fo r help in a cri sis. peopl e wa nt to see - an immediate result
nati onal hea lthca re system, and right now the
Erm, in the earl y yea rs of your ca reer, you' ll of their actions. Bas ica lly, a si mple and
oppos ition are ca lling fo r a huge increase in
experi ence unce rtainty, anxiety and fati gue. sli ght change to lifestyle ca n have a
expenditure on healthca re, to be fin anced
For all th at, these yea rs are sure to be some of dramati c effect.
through both increased taxation and
th e most ex citing in yo ur life. Relish them. N: Fair enough, and quite co nvincing. Have
co mpulsory personal pri va te insurance. Th ese
yo u had any thoughts about the shape th at
would be huge costs for us to bear - cos ts New technologies are due to revolutionise th e
th e ca mpaign could take?
whi ch, in these diffi cult times, no one ca n way healthcare is deli vered, but yo u mustn't
C: Yes, I have. So obviously, the main aim of
afford. Th ey cla im th at buildin g more lose si ght of the human dimension .
th e ca mpaign is to get peop le to reduce
hospital s, bu ying the latest medica l equipment Although yo u' ll face many challenges, yo u're
th eir sa lt intake. Firstly, we need to make
and spending more on medi cines wi ll vastl y especiall y well pl aced to dea l with them. No
sure th at peopl e can fi nd out how much
improve the hea lth of th e nati on. Of co urse, previous generati on of nursing professionals
sa lt th ey're consumin g; and I thi nk thi s
thi s seems to be a stron g argument, bu t the . has had you r level of training. You are the first
mea ns that w e have to lobby the food
stati sti cs demand ca ution and I say th at there's generation of a new kind of nurse, w ith new
industry for improved labelli ng on food
a better and actu all y cheaper way to improve skills, for new rol es .
packaging and, secon dly, we also need to
the hea lth of the nati on. I've offered some advice, but I'd also like to press the food companie to reduce the sa lt
Th e Worl d Hea lth O rganisation hea lth reports ask you some questi ons . Here's one: yo u' ll be content of processed food - you know th e
revea l that th e co nnection between w orkin g with peopl e wh o are in pain or w ho kind of thin g: mi crowave mea ls, crisps,
expenditure on hea lth and key hea lth are grieving . Some of th ese peopl e are bound etc. If w e do th ese two things, peop le w ill
outco mes is not as direct as th e oppositi on to want you to com e al ong with th em on th eir inevitabl y be eating less salt an d also
chooses to claim. Spending more does not emoti onal roll er coaster rid es. Now, how do th ey' ll be abl e to monitor the ir salt intake.
mea n better hea lth for the peopl e. Wh en we yo u intend to mainta in a balance between Thirdl y, we, of course, have to run a major
look at the Un ited States, w e see a co untry th eir needs and yo ur own? How are you going publi city ca mpaign to info rm the pub lic
which spends th e most per person on to avoid burning out? Who's going to ca re fo r about the effects of salt. In thi s ca se, the
hea lthca re and w hich has the most up- to-date th e ca rers ? fac t th at th e probl em's so w idespread
tec hnology and medi cine. H owever, Here's another questi on: the longer we work, means a TV adve rti sing campai gn's.full y
comparati ve studi es rank th e USA at only the harder it is, som etimes, to keep up our justifi ed. Whil st I accept that it'd be
forty-s ixth in th e wo rld for hea lthca re success, ea rl y idea lism . If yo u're co nfronted w ith expensive, it'd be the most direct way to
w ith a spend of $6,5 43 per c itizen. unsatisfactory workin g co nditi ons and reach such a large ta rget audience. A key
Countri es ranked more highly include South bureaucracy, if you don't get the level of part of th e strategy here would be to have
Ko rea, Chil e, erm Venezuela and th e UK. respect you think yo u deserve from yo ur a humorou s approach to make the
Th ese co untries spend signifi ca ntly less per co-workers, if th e medi a report th at you have message memorabl e.
person than th e U SA. Er, for exa mpl e, Chile, lost yo ur sense of vocati on, how are yo u to P: OK, and I guess yo u' d have a poster
w hich is ranked much hi gher, at thirtee nth in keep ali ve th at idea li sm th at pro mpted you to ca mpaign as we ll, and an intern et
the wo rl d, spends $1,075 per person and do this work in the first place? presence of some sort, wouldn' t you?
Venezuela spends half thi s and is twenty-s ixth Wh en th e goin g gets tough, remember why C: Absolute ly. And on the intern et we' ll
in the world . Remember, that compares with you entered nursing. You have chosen thi s provide fa ct sheets and have some biogs
$6,543 in th e VSA, forty-s ixth in the world . profession beca use yo u wa nted to hea l th e written by peopl e who are reducing the ir
We must lea rn from thi s. Spending more sick and help th e suffe rin g. You are dedicated salt intake. You know th e kind of thing:
money, w hile useful , I' m sure, does not to improving hea lth and sh owing concern for w eekl y updates about th e changes in their
actu ally brin g th e best hea lth resu lts. Th at's a others. You are co mmitted to publi c service. diet, how their hea lth is improving, etc.
fact. So ju st w hat is it about th ese countri es, These are some of th e nobl est aims it is. Finally, th e whole ca mpaign wo uld be tied
many of th em in South Am eri ca, and their possibl e to have. togeth er by our main ca mpaign tool - Sid
approach towa rd s national hea lthca re? How The qualification you 're about to rece ive is th e Slug!
do th ey produce good nation al hea lth at much ri chly deserved and a passport to a lifetim e of N: Sid the Slug? Do yo u mean an animated
less cost? How should we change our own fulfilment. slug?
system? Well, let me give yo u those answers . Congratul ati ons and best w ishes for th e future. C: Exactl y. You may we ll ask w hy a slu g, and
th e answ er is that salt kil ls slugs. And so
LESSON 4.3 RECORDING 4.2 LESSON 4.4 RECORDING 4.3 Sid th e Slug w ill highlight th at direct lin k
Th ank yo u fo r inv iting me to be w ith yo u here between ea ting too much salt and th e
C = Charlie, N = Nishi, P = Peter
this mornin g, as you ce lebrate w hat is ce rta in in<'.rea sed risk of fatal heart attack s. And
C: Ri ght. W ell , my proposa l is th at w e launch
to be one of the most importa nt days in yo ur also, this gives us the ail-important humour
a major ca mpaign to reduce peopl e's that I talked about. W e ca n ha ve Sid being
lives . First of all , let me say th at I' m going to
current ly hi gh levels of sa lt co nsumption .
be ni ce to yo u, as I' m ve ry likely to need yo ur tempted by all th ose things whic h are hi gh
N: Salt consumpti on?
services one day. in sa lt, only to see him fa ll ill as a
C: That's ri ght. One rea son I favo ur this
Yo u have worked hard to be w here yo u are co nsequence. Or we cou ld have him
ca mpaign is th at ea ting too mu ch salt is a
now and I wa nt to co ngratu late you on yo ur turnin g his back on that kin d of food,
significa nt ri sk factor in developin g high
success. And it's fa ntasti c to see ma ny male telling us w hy he always goes fo r lettu ce
blood pressure, w hi ch ca uses nea rl y
graduates among yo u today, a huge increase over a packet of cri sps. Of co urse, we' ll
200,000 deaths each yea r.
on the numbers of onl y a few years ago. Now need a sloga n - perhaps 'We' re all Sid at
P: OK, so is thi s a bi g prob lem?
heart .' I like that beca use it makes th e

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conr.ec:; on ' • blood pressure. Oh, and describe yo ung men w ho don' t wa nt to get Surely, it's because these agreements are
Jn ; t1e ' eb ote id' ll host the site and marri ed or even have a gir lfriend . Instead, not worth the paper they' re printed on. It's
answer user enquiries and so on. So w hat they prefer to spend their money on the enforcement of th ese rul es that fashion
do yo u think? personal grooming and manga . chains have to focus on and co mpani es are
P: Th e consequence of all this is a population not doing enough on th at front.
LESSO N 5.1 RECORD ING 5.1 that' s ageing and shrinking. What are the D: In defence of the industry, it's not easy to
P = Presenter, M = Mika Ando, so luti ons? Some Japanese are suggesting a check workin g co nditions in sma ll remote
C = Caroline Ishikawa,) =jun Tanaka move away from this rampant materialism factori es all over the wo rld .
P: Japan is one of the most highl y developed to more traditional Japanese cultural S: Yet they seem to be abl e to check the
consumer societies in th e worl d. Some va lues, w ith a greater emphasis on the quality of their displays in their shops all
people even ca ll it a hyper-co nsumer family. But others just wa nt to get on with over the wor ld ! What the companies do is
culture. And for a long time brands, some more retail th erapy. maxim ise their profits, not improve the ir
especia ll y luxu ry brands, have been workers' lives. ·
important to the Japanese. Even in the LESSON 5.3 RECORD ING 5.2 D: Yes, but remember, the suppliers are
cu rrent economi c climate and after the N = Narrator, M = Mark Hambl ing independent companies who have a
devastating tsunami of 2011 , Japan is still N: In India, in a hot, airless factory and for the co ntract w ith the fas hion house. We can 't
respon sible for nine percent of the world's sixteenth hour tod ay, Amitosh ca refull y be held so responsibl e for the way they
lu xury purchases. Mika Ando has her own sews some tiny p lastic beads onto the treat th eir staff; technically, they're not our
advertising agency, TokyoMA, located in blouse he is makin g. No sooner has he workers.
the trendy Omotesanclo district of central attached one than he picks up the next M: OK, we ll, er, perhaps we should move on
Tokyo. She exp la ins w hy brands are so from the thousands in th e bag. The blouse and deal w ith the whole size zero
important to the Japanese. bears th e label of an internationall y famous question . Sarah?
M: You have to look as if yo u come from a fashion chain. Amitosh, whose name S: Indeed, and not only is thi s about the
middle-c lass fa mil y. Erm, but one of the· means happiness, is only ten yea rs old. hea lth of the models, but also about the
problems we have here, espec iall y in large In Pari s, the shockin gly skinny male model psychologica l hea lth of yo ung women -
cities like Tokyo, is that the va lue of land is wa lks moodil y down the catwa lk . and men, all over the world. Th e co ntinual
astronomi ca ll y high. So mos t people, even Littl e does he rea lise that he is about to use of very thin models is harmful to young
those w ith good jobs, live in ve ry small spark a huge debate about fash ion, peop le. It leads to both men and wo men
apa rtm ents . So people want to show th eir mode ls, men and anorexi a. Not onl y has hav ing a very poor body image and, I
status by mea ns of clothes, shoes and bags. the use of thin models long been believe, directly lea ds to the ever-
This is rea ll y where brand va lue co mes co ntrove rsi al, but it has also been revea led increa sing preva lence of anorex ia and
from . recently th at men account for twenty-five unheal th y dieting. .
P: Criti cs of tliis co nsumer society - many of percent of all ea tin g di sorder cases. D: W ell, tha t has always been a hard thing to
them Japanese - believe it's far too In London, the cas h tills ring incessantl y as prove. You mustn 't forget that the slimmer
materi alistic. But how did Japa n get to this shoppers grab the latest bargain outfits to look is both attractive and popular. Our
point? Professor Futaba Ishikawa is a repl ace the ones they bou ght only a month ow n researc h shows that people feel more
hi storian from Ueno Gakuen University. ago. At no time are they awa re of the effect positive towa rds cloth es that are model led
C: Aher the devastation and defeat of the this fast fashion is having on the on such models rather than on people w ith
Second World War, Japan was determined environment. full er figures. Also, the clothes hang much
to rebuild . By the 1980s, it had become M: Three different snapshots of the fashion better on a thi n model - designers wa nt
extremely successful at developing indu stry and in each one you have a thei r w ork to be shown as we ll as possibl e,
adva nced manu facturin g techniques in a victim. Al l of which begs the question, you know, and a thinner model is perfect
wide range of industries. Th e growth rate does the fashion industry do enough to be for that. Many designers see themselves as
was phenomenal. The Japanese had sociall y responsible? To discuss thi s, I have artists and, you know, yo u wo uldn' t expec
money to burri and consumeri sm became w ith me in the studio Sarah Maitland from to see a Picasso in a ga llery with the lights
a sport, a hobby. But it wasn't to last. Th e the ca mpaign grou p Making Fashi on Better turn ed off, wou ld yo u?
spendi ng excesses of the 1980s were and Di ana Spooner from the Fashi on S: Th at's just so irresponsible. Fashion isn 't
brought to a sudden halt when th e bubble Industry Association. art; it's a globa l industry and its imagery
burst in th e-early 1990s. direct ly affects people's hea lth and sense
P: From th e mid- l 990s, however, Japa n LESSON 5.3 RECORD ING 5.3 of self and identity, and at the moment th e
began to recover and consp icuous industry's crea tin g unreasonable and
M = Mark Hambling, D = Diana Spooner,
co nsu mpti on boun ced back. But not all S = Sarah Maitland dangerous expecta tion s in both wome n
co nsumers were equal ly influential. By th e and men. What's even more dangerous is
M: So Diana, that's a fa irl y damning
mid-naughti es, one group in particular had th e immed iate effect this has on the
introduction to the wo rkin gs of the fas hion
emerged as the most important of all models. It's w idely recognised th at models
industry. What's you r response?
- yo ung women aged between eighteen frequent ly ruin their health in order to suit
D: Well, it may have been damn ing, but it' s
and thirty. They maintain th eir spending the w hims of the designers and the
the fa irness of your introducti on that I
power by living off their parents. Jun industry.
question. I think yo u' ll find that the fas hion
Tanaka is a socio logist who is con cerned D: Well, on that point, the industry's taking
industry as a who le has been taking steps
by this phenomenon. steps to help models look aher th eir hea lth.
to improve things.
J: Men 's ea rnin gs have decreased, so these For example, we make sure that hea lthy
M: Such as?
clays wo men don't want to get married . It fodd is always ava il able at shoots and
D: Well , to take the exa mple of swea tshops,
would mean a lowering of th eir standard of shows and some agencies are providing
almost all major fas hion chains now make
living. Thi s has profound implica tions for hea lth check-ups, and I shou ld say, not al l
their suppliers and manufacturers sign
fami ly li fe in Japan. What we are seeing thin models are unhealthy; many of the
agreemen ts which detail the rul es for fa ir
now is a situa ti on in w hi ch consumerism girls are naturally just built that way.
employment, co nce rnin g everything from
outwei ghs having children. It's actuall y S: But that' s ju st mi ss ing th e point aga in -
child labour to work ing hours.
more attractive to be a co nsumer than to w hat's important is not providing a few
S: If that's the case, how come we still keep
have kids. A para I lel phenomenon is carrots at a photoshoot. I mean, it' s not
hea rin g about the appa lling conditions that
affect ing men. In recent years, peop le have that kind of shallow change that I' m talking
workers face all over the wor ld when
started using the term 'herbivores' to about. W hat you need to do is change th e
producing products for multinationals?
who le approach of the industry towards

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body size. interesting idea, but surel y, it'd be better to that country. I also wa nt to point out how
M: W ell , on th at po int about deeper changes, ta rget one part of the market mu ch more important mobil e technologies are in busin e
perh aps we should now cons ider the effect aggress ively. Admittedl y, that'd mean and ed uca ti on. Just think about how much
fas hion, particularly co ntemporary fast taking a big risk and possibl y losing some sa lespeop le use mobile technology. Th ey
fashion, has on the environment. of our traditional customers. But then we'd make presentations from th eir laptops or
have to think about how·we go about how tab lets, or remotel y using WebEx. Th ey check
LESSON 5.4 RECORDING 5.6 we go about ... stock levels and place ord ers from their phon e
C = CEO, M = Mandy, S = Sean C: OK, save those thoughts for later. I've got while they're on customer sites. Th ey ca n even
just a co upl e more points to make. Firstl y, make sure they get to appointm ents on time
C: First of all , I' ll run through th e feedback
our website is extremely limited, with just using apps which help them avoid traffic
from the co nsultant's report, which
basic store information, a limited selection delays en route. And as yo u all know, in
basically divides into four main areas: our
of items fea tured and a store locator. It's so edu cation , mobile technology has greatl y
shops and their facilities, the product
outdated. We must foc us on our web improved co mmuni cation between students
range, ou r key markets and our intern et
strategy and do much more with, and over, and teachers. Wh at is ce rtain is that in the
presence.
th e internet. You know, would social yea rs to come, mobile technologies w ill pl ay
It seems that our shops are seen as dull and
med ia be useful ? Whatever, we need to an increas ingly important role in the
dated in appearance. Basically, th ey don't
develop our on line presence and services. economic growth of develop ing countri es.
offer a pleasant shopping experi ence. For
In a way, th at connects to th e final point,
exampl e, bookshops often have cafes LESSON 6.4 RECORDING 6.2
w hich is about the shops' brand identity.
inside th em nowadays, whereas we don't
As you kn ow, we currently are ... P = Presenter, K = Katherine, R = Ricardo,
even have seating areas for peop le to rest
M =Marie
in. All of thi s is exacerbated by poor
LESSON 6.4 RECORDING 6:1 P: Are there any questions? Yes, Katherine?
standards of customer servi ce. Overa ll ,
shopping in our stores is not an uplifting or Good afternoon . Tod ay I' m go ing to talk about K: You've made a good case fo r mobile

relaxing experience. Now, any co mments?· mobil e technologies. In my opinion, they're technology. But what about the bad effects
M : Th at all has a rin g of truth , but I think we the modern technologies that've brought the of th e technology? You know, yo u just
should be ca reful how we change things. most benefits to mankind. I' ll start by ca n't get away from it. Lots of business
Suppose we did have a cafe, wo uldn't that mentioning some interesting stati stics which I people check their emails late at night.
just reduce our sales space? And also, it'd think support my case. After that, I' ll take a Young peopl e co nstantl y check Facebook
mean that we'd have to have food storage closer look at the impact of these technologies and other social media. It's a kind of social
and preparation fac ilities . M ost of our on deve loping co untri es and on business. pressure, I think.
shops are in restri cted hi gh-street locatio ns Finall y, I' ll answer any questions yo u may P: Mm, that's a fa ir point, Katherine. It's

- I' m not sure row feasible that'd be. have. certa inly the downside of mobile
C: Indeed, but we'll lea ve such discussion till OK, th ere's no doubt that mobil e technologies technology.
later in the meeting. Ri ght ... erm moving have become widespread throughout the K: It's a major disadvantage, I'd say . Also, it's

on to our product range, on the positive world. I mean, look at th e facts - they great working on yo ur laptop or tablet or
side, our clothes are seen as good quality. spea k for themselves, don 't they? The global whatever, but they' re expensi ve to bu y and
The fab ri cs are good an d the clothes are population is roughl y seven billion and the are often stolen. I lost my laptop a week
long- lasting. However, they're not seen as total number of mobil e phone subscriptions after I'd bought it. Some guy stole it while
up-to-date in terms of look and design, and globa ll y is 5.4 billion. Impress ive? Incredibly I was in th e cinema. That's happened to a
they're not cheap, although this is impressive, I'd say; and it's happened in a lot of my friends, yo u kn ow.
balanced by the impress ion of quality. Oh, fa irly short time period. And that's not even P: Sorry to hea r that. It's true that mobile
and er, our accessories and homewa re cou nting all the pay-as-you-go phones in devices tend to attract thieves - that's a
ranges are clearly limited . circu lation . fact of life, yo u just have to be super
S: Ca n I just say something here? Right ... here are some other amaz ing figures. ca refu l. Any other questions? Yes, Marie?
C: Sure. · M: Well, yo u kn ow, I think Katherine 's got a
M ob ile phone penetration in low-income
S: Well, if we were to copy new designs by co untries is almost forty-five percent; it's over point about the bad effects. I don' t think
major designers rather than use our own seventy-si x percent in lower middl e class mobile devices are good for children and
in-house des igners, we'd ce rtainl y be more co untri es and almost one hundred percent in teenagers. They spend far too much time
up-to-d ate. Mi~d you, we'd need to middl e- and upper-income co untries . on their mobil e phones and tablets, they
produ ce the clothes quickly then, chatter away for hours when w hat they
And I' ll finish with the words of one
otherwi se we'd still be behind the times. should be doing is getting outdoors and
com mentator who said: ' No other technology
C: W ell , we'd need to look into th at ca refully. doing a sport or, I don't know, goi ng to a
has been in the hands of so many people in so
OK, moving on to our markets, at the gym, whatever.
many co untri es in such a short space of time.'
moment we cate r fo r everyone; we aim our P: Mm, yea h, I have to agree w ith yo u there,
Th at's food for th ought, isn't it? And you ca n't
clothes at all ages and at a ve ry genera l I suppose. But rea ll y, it's up to the parents
argue aga inst it.
market. Th e co nsultants wo nder if this to step in if their children are spen ding too
OK, let's look at some specific exa mples. much time on their phones.
market really ex ists anymore; exactly who Mobile technology has brought co untless
are our customers? Yes, Mandy? M: You think so? Since when have teenagers
benefits to al I of us, but for th e purposes of listened to their parents ?
M: Just on that point, I was wondering if we
this presentation I' m focusing on the benefits P: OK, I'm not going to argue aga inst yo u on
might introduce an element of to developing co untri es and to business
spec iali sation rather than make a total that one. Yes, Ri cardo? You have a
people. In deve loping countri es mobil e
change. question?
technologies are now used to co mmuni ca te R: Yeah, I'd like to ask yo u about poor
C: How do yo u mea n exactly? in fo rm ation about hea lthca re, weather
M : W ell , if we had a spec ial range, say one for co untri es. You think the increased use of
co nditions and natural disasters, like ce ll phones - mobil e phones - in those
kids, but still offered a w ide general range hurri ca nes and fl ood ing. Peop le get thi s kind
for customers, we'd differentiate ourselves co untri es is a good thing - that's what you
of informati on quickly nowadays thanks to sa id. But is it true? I disagree with yo u on
from other stores w ithout losi ng our mob ile technology. Another exa mple is in
curre nt custo mer base. Th ere'd be a that point. Sure ly, what most poor
Kenya, where there's a very successful system co untri es need is clea ner water, better
chance to market the spec ial range and use ca lled M-Pesa fo r transferrin g money via
this as a way to get peop le into our shops. sanitati on and more medical centres, more
mobile phones. It's incred ibl y useful because schoo ls - that sort of thing, not more
S: Erm, Mandy, I think a specia l range is an
lots of people don't have bank accounts in

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