MODULE 3 – DERIVATICES OF FUNCTIONS

Differential Calculus

I. MODULE CONTENT
1. Rules of Differentiation
2. Derivatives by Increment
3. Chain Rule and Power Rule
4. Higher Order Derivatives
5. Implicit Differentiation
6. Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
7. Hyperbolic, Logarithmic, and Exponential Functions
8. Transcendental, Parametric and Partial Differentiation

II. MODULE OVERVIEW

This lesson provides the students an understanding the derivatives of different types of functions and its
increment. It also includes different property of differentiation.

III. LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Evaluate the derivative of a given functions by its increment.
2. Calculate derivative of different types of functions.

IV. COURSE CONTENT

3 DERIVATIVE OF FUNCTIONS
L
3.1 DERIVATIVES
In the geometrical approach, it is a slope of a curve. In the physical approach, it is the rate of change of
one variable with respect to the other.
Note: Every time you get the derivative of a function, you are actually determining the slope of the tangent
line at point 𝑥 = 𝑎.
Increments
The increment ∆𝑥 of a variable 𝑥 is the change in 𝑥 as it increases or decreases from one value 𝑥 = 𝑥0 ,
to another value 𝑥 = 𝑥1 in its domain. Here ∆𝑥 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 and we write 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥.
If the value 𝑥 is given an increment ∆𝑥 from 𝑥 = 𝑥0 (that is if 𝑥 changes from 𝑥 = 𝑥0 to 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) and
a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is thereby given an increment ∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 ) then 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥0 )
∆𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
=
∆𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Is called the average rate of change of the function on the interval between 𝑥 = 𝑥0 and 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥.
The Derivative of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to x at the point 𝑥 = 𝑥0 is defined as:
∆𝑦 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 ) 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
lim = lim 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Note: 𝑓′(𝑥) (read as “𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥”), y’ (read as “𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒”), and (read as
𝑑𝑥
“𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥”) are all notations for the derivative of a function.

Page |1
EXAMPLE
Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
Solution:

𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 − 2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 1

∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 − 2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 1 − 𝑦

∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 − 2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 1 − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)

∆𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 − 2∆𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1

∆𝑦 2𝑥∆𝑥 (∆𝑥)2 2∆𝑥

= + −
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
∆𝑦
= 2𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2
∆𝑥
∆𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 0 + 2
∆𝑥
∆𝒚
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
∆𝒙

EXAMPLE
Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2

Solution:
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 + 2

∆𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 + 2 − 𝑦

∆𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 + 2 − (3𝑥 2 + 2)

∆𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2 + 2 − 3𝑥 2 − 2)

∆𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥∆𝑥 + 3(∆𝑥)2 + 2 − 3𝑥 2 − 2)
∆𝑦 6𝑥∆𝑥 3(∆𝑥)2
= +
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
∆𝑦
= 6𝑥 + 3∆𝑥
∆𝑥
∆𝑦
= 6𝑥 + 3(0)
∆𝑥
∆𝒚
= 𝟔𝒙
∆𝒙
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3𝑥 2 + 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 6𝑥

Find the derivatives of the following functions:

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
𝑥−1
2. 𝑦=
𝑥+1
3. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
5. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2
6. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3
7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5
3𝑥−2
8. 𝑦=
4𝑥−3
9. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6
10. 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 + 3
11. 11.𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3
Page |2
 3𝑥+4
12. 𝑦=
5𝑥−3
13. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3
𝑥−2
14. 𝑦=
2𝑥+3
15. 𝑦 = 12𝑥 + 5

3.2 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATING FUNCTIONS

Differentiation
Recall that a function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if the derivative f’(x0) exists. A function is said
to be differentiable on an interval if its differentiable at every point of the interval. The functions of
elementary calculus are differentiable, except possibly at isolated points, on their intervals of definition.
The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation

1. Constant Rule
𝑑
𝑐=0
𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2

Solution: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = 2(3)𝑥 2 𝑓′(𝑥) = 5(2)𝑥
𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟎𝒙

2. Constant Multiple Rule

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑢 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE
(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2

Solution: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = 2(3)𝑥 2 𝑓′(𝑥) = 5(2)𝑥
𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟎𝒙

3. Power Rule
a. 𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

Solution: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = (3)𝑥 3−1 𝑓′(𝑥) = (2)𝑥 2−1
𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙

b. 𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑛(𝑢𝑛−1 ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)2 𝑓(𝑥) = (8𝑥 + 2)2

Solution: Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)2 𝑓(𝑥) = (8𝑥 + 2)2
𝑓′(𝑥) = (2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)2−1 (2𝑥 + 2) 𝑓′(𝑥) = (2)(8𝑥 + 2)2−1 (8)
Page |3
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 2) 𝑓′(𝑥) = (2)(8𝑥 + 2)(8)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑓′(𝑥) = (2)(8𝑥 + 2)(8)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 128𝑥 + 32

4. Sum and Difference Rule

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢±𝑣 = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 − 7

Solution: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 − 7
𝑓′(𝑥) = (3)𝑥 3−1 + (2)𝑥 2−1 + 0 𝑓′(𝑥) = (2)2𝑥 2−1 − (1)13𝑥 1−1 − 0
𝑓′(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑
5. Product Rule
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4) Let: 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 4
𝑓′(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 1)(1) + (𝑥 − 4)(2)

𝑓′(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 − 8

𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) Let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)(1) + (𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 2)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 4
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑

6. Quotient Rule
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

EXAMPLE
2𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥) =
4𝑥 + 1

Solution:

Page |4
 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 4𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 + 1
(4𝑥 + 1)(2) − (2𝑥 − 3)4
𝑓′(𝑥) =
(4𝑥 + 1)2
8𝑥 + 2 − 8𝑥 + 12
𝑓′(𝑥) =
(4𝑥 + 1)2
𝟏𝟒
𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏

EXAMPLE
2𝑥 − 3
(𝑥) =
4𝑥 + 1

Solution:
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 3𝑥
3𝑥
(4𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥) − (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6)(3)
𝑓′(𝑥) =
(3𝑥)2
12𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 18
𝑓′(𝑥) =
9𝑥 2
6𝑥 2 − 18
𝑓′(𝑥) =
9𝑥 2
6(𝑥 2 − 3)
𝑓′(𝑥) =
9𝑥 2
2(𝑥 2 − 3)
𝑓′(𝑥) =
3𝑥 2
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔
𝒇′(𝒙) =
𝟑𝒙𝟐

Find the derivative of the following functions:

1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = (5𝑥 2 + 8)2
2
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 + 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 4 + 10
(𝑥−4)2
3. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2
2𝑥
4. 𝑓(𝑥) =
√9−𝑥 2
3
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = (4𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 2 + 2)2
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1
4 3 2 1
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = + + +
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
2
8. 𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥+3
2𝑥
9. 𝑓(𝑥) =
√9−𝑥 2
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( 3 − 𝑥 2 )( 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 )
11. 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 2 + 5)2
12. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2
13. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 15
2 3 4
14. 𝑓(𝑥) = + +
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥3
15. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5
4 8 7
16. 𝑓(𝑥) = + +
𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥4
17. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + 10𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5
1 2 3
18. 𝑓(𝑥) = + +
2𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
19. 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 + 3
20. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 8
Page |5
3.3 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS; THE CHAIN RULE
For two functions f and g, the function given by formula f(g(x)) is called composite function. If f and g are
differentiable, then so is the composite function, and its derivative may be obtained by either of two
procedures. The first is to compute an explicit formula for f(g(x)) and differentiate.

EXAMPLE
If f(x) = x2 +3 and g(x) = 2x +1
Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (2𝑥 + 1)2 + 3

𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)2 + 3 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
The derivative of composite function may also be obtained with the following rule, The Chain Rule.

𝐷𝑥 ((𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)

EXAMPLE
If f(x) = x2 +3 and g(x) = 2x +1
Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2

𝐷𝑥 ((𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2𝑔(𝑥) ∙ 2

𝐷𝑥 ((𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))) = 4𝑔(𝑥) = 4(2𝑥 + 1) = 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒

Alternate Formulation of Chain Rule.

Write y = f(u) and u = g(x). Then the composite function is f(u) and f(g(x)), and we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒: = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE
Find dy/dx, given y = u3 and u = 4x2 - 2x + 5
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (3𝑢2 )(8𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝟑(𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟐 )(𝟖𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE
𝑑𝑦 𝑢2 − 1 3
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 , 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = √𝑥 2 + 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 +1
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2𝑥
= 2 =
𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 3(𝑥 2 + 2)2⁄3

Page |6
 3
𝑑𝑦 4 √𝑥 2 + 2
= 2
𝑑𝑢 2⁄
((𝑥 2 + 2) 3 + 1)
3
𝑑𝑦 4 √𝑥 2 + 2 2𝑥
= 2 ∙ 2⁄
𝑑𝑥 2⁄ 3(𝑥 2 + 2) 3
((𝑥 2 + 2) 3 + 1)

𝑑𝑦 8𝑥
= 2
𝑑𝑥 2⁄
3 ((𝑥 2 + 2) 3 + 1)

3.4 HIGHER DERIVATIVES

Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function of x, and let its derivative be called first derivative of the function.
If the first derivative is differentiable, its derivative is called second derivative of the function and its
denoted by one of the symbols y” or f”(x) , d 2y/dx2. In turn, the derivative of the second derivative is called
third derivative of the function and denoted by one of the symbols y”’ or f’”(x) , d 3y/dx3. And so on.

Notations for the Higher-Order Derivatives

Name Notation

dy d
The First-Order Derivative f ', y ', , [ f ( x)], D1 f ( x)
dx dx

d2y d2
The Second-Order Derivative f '', y '', , [ f ( x)], D 2 f ( x)
dx 2 dx 2

d3y d3
The Third-Order Derivative f ''', y ''', 3
, 3
[ f ( x)], D3 f ( x)
dx dx

dny dn
The nth -Order Derivative ( n  4 ) f (n) , y (n) , , [ f ( x)], D n f ( x)
dx n dx n

Assume y = f ( x) and f ', f '', f ''', ... f ( n ) exist.

EXAMPLE
Find f”(x), given y = x3
Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑥3

𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2
𝒚" = 𝟔𝒙

EXAMPLE
Find the fourth derivative of the function y = 3 x .

Solution:
1
3
𝑦 = √𝑥 = 𝑥 3
1 1 1 2
𝑦′ = 𝑥 3−1 = 𝑥 −3
3 3
1 2 −2−1 2 5
𝑦′′ = ⋅ (− ) 𝑥 3 = − 𝑥 −3
3 3 9
2 5 −5−1 10 −8
𝑦′′′ = − ⋅ (− ) 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 3
9 3 27
10 8 8 80 11 80 80
𝑦 (4) = ⋅ (− ) 𝑥 −3−1 = − 𝑥 − 3 = − 11 =− 3
27 3 81 81 ⋅ √𝑥 11
81𝑥 3

Page |7
 Find the fourth derivative of the function

d2y
1. Find for y = 5x³ + 4x² + 6x + 3
dx 2
2. Find
d2
dx 2
x2 +1 
x 10 x 5
3. Find f ( x ) where f ( x ) =
iv
+
90 60
4. Find a formula for f n(x) where f(x) = x-2

3.5 IMPLICIT DIFFER ENTIATION

An equation f(x, y) = 0, on perhaps certain restricted ranges of the variables, is said to define y implicitly
as a function of x.
The derivative of y’ maybe obtain by one of the following procedures:
a. Solve, when possible, for y and differentiate with respect to x. Except for very simple
equations, this procedure is to be avoided.
b. Thinking of y as a function of x, differentiate both sides of the given equation with respect to
x and solve the resulting relation for y’.

EXAMPLE
𝑑𝑦
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = −4
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 −5 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 5) = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙
= 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓

EXAMPLE
𝑑𝑦
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 √𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑 1 𝑑
(𝑥𝑦)2 = (𝑥 + 3𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥𝑦)−2 (1 ∙ 𝑦 + 𝑥 ∙ ) = (1 + 3 )
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 −1 −1 1 −1 −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑥 ∙ ) = (1 + 3 )
2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

√𝑦 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ = (1 + 3 )
2√𝑥 2√𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√𝑦 𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦
−1 =3 −
2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑦 𝑑𝑥

√𝑦
−1
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
3−
2 √𝑦

Page |8
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 − 2√𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 6√𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 6√𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒚 − √𝒙𝒚
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟔√𝒙𝒚

Find the derivative of the following functions:

1. x2 − y2 = 1
2. xy = 1
3. x3 + y 3 = 1
4. x + y =1
5. 16 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 400
6. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 9
7. 3 x 2 y + 2 xy 3 = 1
8. ( x − 1) y 2 = x + 1
9. 2 xy − y 2 = 3
2 2
10. x 3
+y 3
=1

Find the slope of the curve at the given point:

11. x 2 + y 2 = 25 ; ( 3, −4 )
12. xy = −8 ; ( 4, −2 )
13. x 2 y = x + 2 ; ( 2,1)

= 4 ; (16,16 )
1 1
14. x 4
+y 4

15. xy 2 + x 2 y = 2 ; (1, −2 )
1 1
16. + = 1 ; (1,1)
x +1 y +1
17. 12( x 2 + y 2 ) = 25 xy ; ( 3, 4 )
18. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 7 ; ( 3, 2)
1 1
19. + = 2 ; (1,1)
x3 y 3
20. xy 5 + x 5 y = 1 ; ( −1, −1)

Page |9
3.6 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
A. Finding the slope by Derivatives where
𝑦 ′ = 𝑚 − 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (2, 1)
Solution:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (2, 1
𝑦 ′ = (3)(2)𝑥 2 + 3
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2 + 3
𝑦 ′ = 6(0)2 + 3
𝑦′ = 3

EXAMPLE
2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
𝑦= 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (2, 1)
𝑥2
Solution:
2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
𝑦= 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (2, 1)
𝑥2
(𝑥 2 )(2 + 4𝑥) − (2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 )(2𝑥)
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 2 )
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 − (4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3)
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 2 )
2𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 )
2 3
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 2 )
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝒚′ =
(𝒙𝟐 )

Find the slope of the following functions:

1. . (𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1 ; at point (2,1)

2𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ; at point (1,0)
𝑥 −2
3
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 3 ; at point (1,0)
2𝑥2
4. 𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥−3
; at point (2,0)
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 2; at point (2,4)
3

6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2; at point (2,1)

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 5; at point (1,0)
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 8; at point (2,1)
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 2 ; at point (3,2 )
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 1; at point (2,0)
𝑥 3 +3𝑥+2
11. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2
; at point (1,2)
12. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 9; at point (3,2)
5𝑥
13. 𝑓(𝑥) =
5𝑥 2 −10
; at point (2,0)
2
14. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5; at point (9,8)
𝑥+1
15. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2
; at point (7,5)

P a g e | 10
B. Finding the Point where Tangent is Parallel to x

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 1
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 1
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − (2)(6)𝑥 + 12
3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 12
𝑦′ =
3
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2)
0 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥=2 𝑥=2

𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = 23 − 6(2)2 + 12(2) + 1
𝑦 = 8 − 24 + 24 + 1
𝑦=9
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 (2, 9)

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 10

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 10

𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2 − (2)(3)𝑥 − 9

𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9

𝑦′ = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)

0 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 = 3 𝑥 = −1

𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = −1

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 10 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 10
𝑦 = 33 − 3(3)2 − 9(3) − 10 𝑦 = (−1)3 − 3(−1)2 − 9(−1) − 10
𝑦 = 27 − 27 − 27 − 10 𝑦 = −1 − 3 + 9 − 10
𝑦 = −17 𝑦 = −5
(3, −17) (−1, −5)

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 (3, −17) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1, −5)

Find the points of the following functions wherein the tangent is parallel to x:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 14
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 8
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 8
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 6
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 + 32𝑥
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 12

P a g e | 11
 8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 2
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
11. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1
12. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 1
13. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 19
14. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 + 30𝑥 2 + 45𝑥 + 25
15. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9
16. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4

C. Finding the vertex of the Parabola by means of Derivatives and checking by putting to the
Standard Form

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = 16𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 10

Solution:
𝑦 = 16𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 10 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = −1

𝑦′ = (2)(16)𝑥 + 32 𝑦 = 16𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 10

𝑦′ = 32𝑥 + 32 𝑦 = 16(−1)2 + 32(−1) + 10
𝑦′ = 32(𝑥 + 1) 𝑦 = 16 − 32 + 10
0=𝑥+1 𝑦 = −6
𝑥 = −1 (−1, −6)

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 (−1, −6)

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 3

Solution:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 3 If 𝑥 = 3
𝑦 ′ = (2)(2)𝑥 − 12 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 3
𝑦′ = 4𝑥 + 12 𝑦 = 2(3)2 − 12(3) − 3
𝑦′ = 4(𝑥 − 3) 𝑦 = 18 − 36 − 3
0=𝑥−3 𝑦 = −21
𝑥=3 (3, −21)

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 (3, −21)

Find the vertex of the parabola of the following functions:

1. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 16𝑥 + 8
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 2
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 8𝑥 + 3
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥2 + 12𝑥 + 5
2
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 2
2
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 2
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 8𝑥 + 4
2
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 3
2
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 7
2
11. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 3
12. 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 1
2
13. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 8
2
14. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 3

P a g e | 12
3.7 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢) = sec 2 𝑢 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥) = −csc 2 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢) = −csc 2 𝑢 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(csc 𝑥) = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 (csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = cos(3𝑥 2 + 2) + sin 𝑥 2
Solution:

𝑦 = cos(3𝑥 2 + 2) + sin 𝑥 2

𝑦 ′ = − sin(3𝑥 2 + 2)(6𝑥) + cos 𝑥 2 (2𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = −6𝑥 sin(3𝑥 2 + 2) + 2x cos 𝑥 2

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = cos(sin 𝑥 2 )
Solution:

𝑦 = cos(sin 𝑥 2 )

𝑦 ′ = − sin(sin 𝑥 2 )( cos 𝑥 2 )(2𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 2

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = 5 sec 2 𝑥 2
Solution:

𝑦 = 5 sec 2 𝑥 2

𝑦 ′ = 5(2)(sec 𝑥 2 )(sec 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 2 )(2𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = 20𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 2

Find the derivative of the following functions:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛√4𝑥 + 2
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan (2 − 𝑥 2 )
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin2 (5𝑥 + 3)
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = √sec 3𝜃
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2tan2 (5𝑥 + 2)
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 5𝑥 + cos 5𝑥
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 7𝑥 + cos 8𝑥
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos √6𝑥 + 3
11. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥
12. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 2 (2𝑥 − 1)

P a g e | 13
 13. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 45 𝑥 + cos 50 𝑥
14. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan √8𝑥 + 26
15. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥
16. 𝑓(𝑥) = − csc 2 (1 + 2𝑥)2

3.8 DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢′
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = (𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢′
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) = − (𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢) = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢′
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) = (𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2
𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢′
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥) = − (𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢) = −
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2
𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢′
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = (𝑎𝑟𝑐 sec 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1
𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢′
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 csc 𝑥) = − (𝑎𝑟𝑐 csc 𝑢) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = arc cos(3𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑥 2
Solution:

𝑦 = arc cos(3𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑥 2

6𝑥 2𝑥
𝑦′ = − +
√1 − (3𝑥 2 + 2)2 √1 − (2𝑥)2

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = arc sin(3𝑥 4 + 1)
Solution:

𝑦 = arc sin(3𝑥 4 +1)

12𝑥 3
𝑦′ =
√1 − (3𝑥 4 + 1)2

Find the derivative of the following functions:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥2 + 3)
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
3𝑥2
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑧
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = arctan(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cos 3𝑥
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan √𝑥 2 − 2
5
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan
𝑥
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cos(3𝑥 2 + 6)
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 6𝑥
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑥
2−𝑥
11. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan
2+𝑥
12. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cos(2𝑥 2 + 9)
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 2𝑥
13. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot 2𝑥
14. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 8𝑥
15. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥
P a g e | 14
3.9 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 (𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
(ln 𝑥) = (ln 𝑢) = [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
(log 𝑏 𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑒 = (log 𝑏 𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑒 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE
2
𝑦 = 𝑥3𝑒 𝑥
Solution:
2
𝑦 = 𝑥3𝑒 𝑥
2 2
𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥)
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 (3 + 2𝑥 2 )

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 ln 𝑥
Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑥 4 ln 𝑥
1
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 4 ( )
𝑥

Find the derivative of the following functions:

1. (𝑥) = 𝑒 cot 𝑡
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 2
3
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 tan 2𝑥
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑒𝑥
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 tan 𝑥
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 4𝑥+2
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑒 4𝑥+2

3.10 DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥) = sech2 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢) = sech2 𝑢 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑥) = −csch2 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢) = −csch2 𝑢 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑥) = sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 (sech 𝑢) = sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(csch 𝑥) = − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 (csch 𝑢) = − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 [ (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Definition of Hyperbolic Functions
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 1
sinh 𝑥 = csch 𝑥 =
2 sin ℎ 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 = sech 𝑥 =
2 cosh 𝑥
sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = sinh 𝑥
Solution:
𝑦 = sinh 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = cosh 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦= ( )
2

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = tanh(4𝑥)
Solution:
𝑦 = tanh(4𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥[sech2 (4𝑥)]

EXAMPLE
𝑦 = ln(sinh 𝑥)
Solution:
𝑦 = ln(sinh 𝑥)
1
𝑦′ = (cosh 𝑥)
sinh 𝑥
cosh 𝑥
𝑦′ =
sinh 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = coth 𝑥

Find the derivative of the following functions:

1. (𝑥) = cosh(2𝑥 2 )
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln sinh 𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = sech(1 + 3𝑥)
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = tanh2 (2𝑥 2 + 3)
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = sinh 𝑥
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = cosh 0
7. Prove that sech 0 = 1
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln sinh 𝑥 2
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 + 2 cosh 𝑥 − sech 𝑥
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = cosh √𝑥

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