Philippines under Imperial Spain

Colonial Period
 Objectives
• East Meets West
• Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry
• The Magellan Expedition
• Maluku and the Philippines
• Treaty of Zaragoza
• Spanish Expeditions
• Spanish Settlements in the Philippines
East Meets West
• Colonial Motto – Gospel, Gold and Glory
• 2 imperial powers
a. Spain
b. Portugal
Spices accented the bland taste of meat and fish
while preserving them in the absence of
refrigerator. “Black Pepper” – most expensive
spice
 Lusitanian Hispanic Rivalry
• Portugal – first country to use innovation in
seamanship and boat building with the
establishment by Henry “the Navigator”.
• First navigational school – Sagres Point in 1419
• Between 1451 and 1470 – Portuguese discovered
the island of Azores in Atlantic (the stage in
discovering Americas and circumnavigation of the
west coast of Africa)
• As a result, the Portuguese travelled east (water
route) and reached Africa and later India, winning
the race of spices and wealth of the East
• Spain, however, with the help of Florentine
Map maker Paolo Toscanelli discovered
westward sea to India, instead made a landfall
in Guanahani Island in 1492. (Christopher
Columbus). The event triggered dispute
between Spain and Portugal.
• King of Portugal – King John
• King of Spain - King Charles
• Pope Alexander VI initiated and issued in May
1493, the “Inter Caetera” giving Spain the
right over any islands discovered by
Columbus.
• Fixed imaginary border drawn from the north
and south poles, - 100 leagues. (1 league =
5.57 kilometers) from Spain, west of the Cape
Verde Islands (Senegal). Both nations agreed
to propagate the tenets of Christianity in their
newly-found lands.
• Treaty of Tordesillas, followed the papal bull,
granting the New World to Spain, while Africa
and India to Portugal. However, the treaty
shifted the demarcation line 370 leagues
farther west, thus, assigning Brazil to Portugal.
This was a veritable Portuguese gain.
 Magellan Expedition
• Magellan, a Portuguese serving the Spanish
Royalty, saw action for his country in the West,
first in India with Alfonso de Almeida in 1505,
with the distinction, the fall of Malacca in
1511.
• He suggested to reach Maluku (Spice Islands)
by sailing westward but rejected by the King
of Portugal, thus, went to Spain with the help
of Ruy Faleiro and was aided by King of Spain
resulted the discovery of the Philippine Islands
• From Sanlucar, Spain in 1519, on the board
five very antiquited ships (Trinidad,
Conception, Santiago, San Antonio and
Victoria) with a crew of 235 men. They sailed
around the southern tip of South America,
across the vast pacific Ocean after 98 days of
sailing northwesward, Magellan finally
reached the Philippines on March 17, 1521.
• Samar (March 17, 1521)
• Leyte (March 18, 1521) – landed in the island
of Homonhon and saw the first Filipinos who
brought them food.
• Limasawa (March 28, 1521) – Due to a strong
storm led to a rich kingdom with plenty of
food, gold, forests rich field and mountains.
• At Limasawa (Magellan undergone blood
compacts with Filipino Kings)
➢ Raha Kolambu
➢Raha Siagu
• First mass took place, eastern morning on March
31, 1521 led by Fr. Pedro de Valderama (Spanish
chaplain)
• At sunset of the same day, Magellan planted a
huge cross and name the islands “Islas the San
Lazaro”
• Afterwards, Magellan went to Cebu and arrived
April 7, 1521. He met the King of Cebu Raha
Humabon.
• April 14, 1521, they held a mass and placed a
cross similarly to Limasawa. Humabon’s name
was changed to King Carlos while his wife to
Queen Juana. They were given a beautiful image
of child of Jesus (Santo Nino)
• King of Mactan
➢Raha Lapu-Lapu
➢Raha Zula
• At dawn, April 27, 1521, Magellan invaded
Mactan with 60 men. However, he was
defeated and killed in battle, as a
consequence of his intervention. Only one
ship in fact the smallest of them, Victoria,
completed the voyage back to Spain in 1522,
arriving in Seville, led by Juan Sebastian del
Cano. A mere 18 Europeans and four Malays
survived.
 Important Repercussion of the
Magellan Expedition
• It was through this trip that the Europeans
first learned of the existence of the Philippines
• It was proved that the earth wasround
• It established the vastness of Pacific Ocean
• It proved that the East Indies could be reach
by crossing the Pacific
• It showed that the Americas was really a land
mass entirely separate from Asia
Spanish Expeditions in the
Philippines
 Loaisa Expedition
• 7 ships and 450 men
• 3 years after the return of Victoria to
Spain
• Garcia Jofre de Loaisa
• The Expedition left the Port of
Coruna, Spain on July 24, 1525
• The commander died, Loaisa in mid-
ocean and 3 ships were lost before it
reached the pacific ocean
The last commander of Loaisa
expedition was Hernando de la Torre.
The expedition tried to go to cebu but
due to winds led to Tidore

Waited for help from Spain, meanwhile

busy in fighting Portugese who were
also colonizing Maluku/Moluccas
 Cabot Expedition
• A year after the departure of Loaisa from
Coruna, Spain – King Charles I sent another
expedition to the east and it was headed by
Sebastian Cabot (Italian Navigator)
• 4 ships and 250 men
• Sailed from Seville on April 3, 1526
• During the trip to South America mutiny
aroused by the Spanish Captains due to the
poor meals, however, it was eventually
suppressed
• After the mutiny, they continued
their voyage and reached the Plata
River/Argentina and thought that it is
the passage leading to the passage –
stayed for 3 years due to Indian
Hostility
• Discourage by their failure to find the
way to the pacific, Cabot returned to
Spain in August 1530
 Saavedra Expedition (1527)
• 3 ships and 120 men
• Alvaro de Saavedra
• Left from Zaguatanejo, Mexico
• It was the first Spanish expedition to the
Philippines to be fitted out on American
Soil
• Saavedra carried a letter from Cortes to
the Cebuano ruler apologizing for the
rude misconduct of Magellan’s men in
1521.
• Saavedra reached Mindanao specifically
in Surigao del Sur.
• Twice he returned t oSpain but failed
and died at sea on October 9, 1529

• Treaty of Zaragoza
For 8 years since the return of the
Victoria to Spain, Spain and Portugal
quarrelled over the Maluku claiming the
ownership of these islands, thus, to settle
the rival claims, they concluded the Treaty
of Zaragoza on April 22 1529
• Spanish King sold the Maluku for 350,
000 duats.
• From 379 leagues shifted to 297 ½
leagues (lack of geographical
knowledge)
 Villalobos Expedition (1542)
• For 13 years, Spain respected the Treaty of
Zaragoza.
• The King, however, prepared an expedition
from Mexico to Philippines
• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
• 6 ships and 370 men
• Sailing from Navidad on Nov. 1, 1542
• He reached Mindanao on Feb. 2, 1543 naming
Mindanao as “Cesaroi Caroli” in honor of King
Charles I
• Sailed to Saragani, afterwards, sent search
parties to other islands to look for food –
Naming the archipelago as “Las Islas Filipinas”
(in honor of King Phillip)
• He went to other islands where more
misfortune harassed him and died to the fact
he was caught by Portuguese laying in the
archipelago (1546)
 Legaspi Expedition (1564)
• Miguel Lopez de Legaspi – appointed as
adelantado and general.
• 4 ships and 380 men
• Fr. Andres de Urdaneta – chief navigator and
spiritual adviser of Legaspi
• Prominent members
a. Melchor de Legaspi (son)
b. Felipe de Salcedo (grandson)
c. Guino de Lavezaris (survivor of
Villalobos expedition)
• The expedition sailed from Navidad on
Nov. 1, 1564
• Making a brief stop-over in Guam and
reached Cebu on Feb. 13 1565
• Owing to Cebuanos Hostility, he sailed
to Samar, Leyte and Limasawa.
• At Bohol, he conducted a blood
compact between 2 Filipino chieftains
a. Katunaw
b. Gala
 Conquest of Cebu
• From Bohol, he sailed to Cebu arriving on
April 27, 1565
• King Tupas (son of Humabon) of Cebu
defied the Spaniards, however, due to the
advanced artillery arms of Spain, the latter
lost.
• However, due to the “Policy of
Attraction”(treating the people justly) by
legaspi, in short period of time, Legaspi
befriended Tupas.
 First Spanish Settlement
• When the Spaniards landed unopposed,
they then immediately proceeded to the
establishment of the first Spanish
settlement. It was a triangular town, which
Legaspi named as the “City of the Most
Holy Name of Jesus” in 1525.
Discovery of Return Route to Mexico

• After the first settlement in Cebu.

Legaspi prepared San Pedro voyage
to Mexico
• The voyage was headed by Fr. Andres
Urdaneta and its primary objective is
to discover the return route to
Mexico.
• On June 1 1565, the voyage left Cebu
through San Bernandino Strait to the
Pacific sailing Northeastern direction
until they found the American
Continent. Upon Reaching California,
the voyage sailed again southward and
reached Acapulco in Oct. 8, 1565
• Thus, Fr. Urdaneta discovered the return
route to Mexico and he eventually was
considered as a “Hero of Mexico” for his
accomplishment. Further, with the
discovery, the success of Legaspi
Expedition spread throughout Europe.
 First Reinforcement from Mexico
• First Military reinforcement from Mexico in
Cebu (Oct 1566) – a galleon “San Geronimo”.
Legaspi was very happy knowing the
successful voyage by Urdaneta.
• 2 Galleons arrived in Cebu (Aug. 20, 15670
a. Felipe de Salcedo
b. Juan Salcedo
Both of them are grandsons of Legaspi. As a
result, he was able to send various parties in
exploring Leyte, Samar, Negros, and
Mindanao.

2 Purposes
a. To secure Food
b. To establish a friendly relations with
the Datu of other islands.
• Other exploring parties were
commanded by Captain Martin de
Goyti, reserved in Samar – a Mexican
Indian named “Juan” survior of
Villalobos expedition lived the island for
more than 20 years. However, he died
due to much drink of native wine
“Tuba”
• Later, 1569, Captain Felipe Salcedo was
sent back to Mexico to carry dispatches
for Mexican viceroy and the Spanish
King. His brother Juan Salcedo help his
grandfather Legaspi.
• The peaceful alliance in Cebu did not
solve the problem. Legaspi therefore
sent his trusted officers to scout the
neighboring islands. But, they only
obtained little to satisfy their needs.
• Because of the shortage of food, Legaspi
moved to Panay and founded the
second settlement in the Philippines.
• Panay comes from the Spanish name
“Pan-nay” which means there is food.
 Conquest of Other Islands

• In 1569, Captain Luis Enriquez de Guzman

went to Ibalon (Albay) – he is the first white
man to see Mount Mayon
• 1570 – Juan de Salcedo – punished Muslim
pirates who were preying Panay villages
• With their force, Salcedo destroyed the
Muslims in Ilin and Lubang (islets in
Mindoro)
• The conquest of Mindoro brought the
Spaniards closer to the entrance of
Manila Bay
 First Conquest of Manila
• In May 8, 1570 – Marshal Martin de Goiti
and Juan de Salcedo together with 120
Spaniards and 600 Visayans left Panay to
Manila.
• At that time – Manila was a rich Muslim
Kingdom under Raya Sulayman.
• At first, they refused to submit but
gradually they were suppressed by the
Spaniards. After the victory, Goiti returned
to Panay to regroup. (People were still
hostile)
 Second Conquest of Manila
• Lakandula of Tondo – Sulayman’s uncle
realizing the artillery of Spaniards, he
welcomed Legaspi. It was a bloodless affair.
Sulayman persuaded Lakandula to Spanish
rule, thus, Manila fell into Spaniards without
a fight.
• The other parts of the country were
conquered not so much by force, but by the
zeal of the first missionaries. The Spaniards
remained in their local settlements while
the missionaries who went and befriended
the people and stayed with them even
outside settlements.