NFC 17102 - Lightning Protection - Protection of Structures and Open Areas Against Lightning Using Early Streamer Emission Air Terminals

1 NF C 17-102 : 1995
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NF C 17-102
French standard
July 1995
Classification index : C 17-102
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Lightning protection
Protection of structures and open areas against lightning

using early streamer emission air terminals.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
French standard approved by AFNOR General Manager's decision
dated June 5 1995 to become effective as from July 5 1995.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
correspondence No IEC publication or CENELEC harmonised document
corresponds to this standard.
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analysis This standard describes the main measures for protecting buildings
against direct lightning strokes using an early streamer emission
lightning conductor. The principle of protecting buildings against
lightning is based on the electro-geometrical model.
descriptors Lightning, air-termination systems, down-conductors, earthing

conductors, earth termination systems.
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changes
corrections
2 NF C 17-102 : 1995
FOREWORD
This standard provides information for the state-of-the-art design of a satisfactory lightning
protection system for structures (building, fixed facilities...) and open areas (storage areas,
leisure or sports areas...) using an early streamer emission lightning conductor and provides
instructions as to the methods to be used for achieving such protection.
As in the case with anything related to the natural elements, a lightning protection system,
designed and installed in accordance with this standard, cannot guarantee absolute
protection to structures, persons or objects; however, applying this standard will significantly
reduce the risk of protected structures being damaged by lightning.
The decision to provide a structure with a lightning protection system depends on the
following factors: lightning stroke probability, severity and acceptable consequences. The
selection is based on the parameters contained in the risk assessment guide (Appendix B to
this standard). The risk assessment guide also indicates the appropriate protection level.
Examples of structures which may need a lightning protection system are:
- buildings open to the public,
- tower blocks and, generally, high structures (pylons, water towers, lighthouses, etc.),
- buildings and warehouses containing dangerous materials (explosive, flammable or toxic

materials, etc.),
- buildings containing highly vulnerable or valuable equipment or documents (such as

telecommunication facilities, computers, archives, museums, historical monuments).
From the structure design stage onwards and then during the installation, particular attention
should be paid to:
- take into consideration all the items which are to be used for making up a lightning
protection system which meets the requirements of this standard by requesting professional
advice from those involved in the sector: designers, builders, installers, users, etc.
- plan the complementary use of conductive items in the structures to be protected.
The measures stated in this standard are the minimum requirements for a statistically
effective protection.
3 NF C 17-102 : 1995
1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope and object
1.1.1 Scope
This standard is applicable to the lightning protection using early streamer emission lightning
conductors of common structures of less than 60-m high and of open areas (storage areas,
leisure areas, etc.). It includes the protection against the electrical consequences due to the
lightning current flow through the lightning protection system.
NOTES:
1. This standard does not cover the protection of electrical equipment or systems
against voltage surges of atmospheric origin which are transmitted by networks
entering the structure.
2. Other standards describe lightning protection systems using simple rod lightning
conductors, stretched wires and meshed conductors.
Some Administrations, public services or operators of hazardous installations may
have adopted specific regulations.
1.1.2 Scope
This standard provides the information for the design, construction, inspection and
maintenance of lightning protection systems using early streamer emission lightning
conductors. The purpose of these lightning protection systems is to safeguard persons and
property as effectively as possible.
1.2 Reference standards
The following standards contain provisions which are referred to herein and thus applicable
to this standard. At the time of publishing, the stated issues were current. Any standard is
subject to revision and the parties involved in agreements based on these standards are
urged wherever possible to use the latest issues of the documents listed below:
NF C 15-100 (May 1991) Installations électriques à basse tension : Règles

NF C 90-120 (October 1983) Matériel électronique et de télécommunications -
Antennes individuelles ou collectives de radiodiffusion sonore ou visuelle : Règles
NF C 17-100 (February 1987) Protection of structures against lightning - Requirements.
1.3 Definitions
1.3.1 Lightning flash to earth:

An electrical discharge of atmospheric origin between cloud and earth, consisting of one or
more current impulses (return strokes).
1.3.2 Lightning stroke:

One or more lightning discharges to earth.
1.3.3 Striking point

A point where a lightning stroke contacts the earth, a structure, or a lightning protection
system.
1.3.4 Protected volume:

Volume of influence of the early streamer emission lightning conductor within which the early
streamer emission lightning conductor is the striking point.
1.3.5 Lightning flash density Ng

Yearly number of lightning flashes per km².
1.3.6 Return stroke density Na

Yearly number of return strokes per km². A lightning stroke consists, in average, of several
retrurn strokes. See map in Appendix B.
4 NF C 17-102 : 1995
1.3.7 Lightning protection system (LPS):

The complete system used to protect structures and open areas against the effects of
lightning. It consists of an external lightning protection installation and of an internal lightning
protection installation, if any.
1.3.8 External lightning protection installation (ELPI):

An external lightning protection installation consits of an air-termination system, one or more
down-conductors, and one or more earth termination systems.
1.3.9 Internal lightning protection installation (ILPI):

An internal lightning protection installation consists of all the devices and measures reducing
the electromagnetic effects of lightning current within the volume to be protected.
1.3.10 Early streamer emission (E.S.E.) lightning conductor

A lightning rod equipped with a system which creates the initiation advance of the upward
leader when compared with a simple rod (S.R.) lightning conductor in tthe same conditions.
1.3.11 Leader initiation process:

Physical phenomenon between the inception of the first corona and the continuous
propagation of an upward leader.
1.3.12 Initiation advance (ΔT):

Mean gain in time of initiation of the upward leader of the E.S.E. lightning conductor when
compared with a S.R. lightning conductor in the same conditions and derived from the
evaluation test. This is expressed in µs.
1.3.13 Natural component:

A conductive part located outside the structure, sunk in the walls, or situated inside a
structure and which may be used to replace all or part of a down-conductor or as a
supplement to an ELPI.
1.3.14 Equipotential bonding bar:

A collector used to connect the natural components, ground conductors, earth conductors,
screens, shields and conductors protecting electrical telecommunication lines or other
cables, to the lightning protection system.
1.3.15 Equipotential bonding:

An electrical connection putting ground conductors and conductive parts at the same
potential or a substantially equal potential.
1.3.16 Equipotential conductor:

A conductor providing for equipotential bonding.
1.3.17 Dangerous sparking:

An electric arc produced by a lightning current within the volume to be protected.
1.3.18 Safety distance (S):

The minimum distance for which no dangerous spark can be produced.
5 NF C 17-102 : 1995
1.3.19 Interconnected reinforcing steel:

Natural components within a structure which provide an electrical path resistance smaller
than 0.01 Ωand can be used as down-conductors.
1.3.20 Down-conductor:
Part of the external lightning protection installation designed to conduct the lightning current
from the E.S.E.lightning conductor to the earth termination system.
1.3.21 Test joint/Disconnect terminal (or measurement terminal):

A device used to disconnect the earth termination system from the remainder of the system.
1.3.22 Earth electrode:

A part or group of parts of the earth termination system which provides direct electrical
contact with the earth and disperses the lightning current to earth.
1.3.23 Earth termination system:

A conductive part or a group of conductive parts in intimate contact with and providing an
electrical connection with earth.
1.3.24 Earth termination system resistance:

Resistance between the test joint and earth: it equals the quotient of potential increase,
measured at the test joint with respect to an infinitely remote reference, and of the applied
current to the earth electrode.
1.3.25 Surge protective device (S.P.D.):

A device designed to limit transient surge voltages and to provide a path for the current
waves. It contains at least one non linear component.
1.3.26 Transient surge voltage of atmospheric origin:

Overvoltage lasting a few milliseconds only, oscillatory or not, usually strongly damped.
1.3.27 Protection level:

Classification of a lightning protection system which expresses its efficiency.
NOTE: This definition should not be confused with that used with lightning arresters.
1.3.28 Equivalent collection area of a structure Ae

A flat ground surface subjected to the same number of lightning flashes as the structure
under consideration.
1.4 Stormy phenomena and lightning protection system by E.S.E. lightning conductor
1.4.1 The storm phenomena and the need for lightning protection
The need for protection is determined according to the lightning flash density of the area
being considered. The probability of a structure being struck by lightning over a one-year
period is the product of the lightning stroke frequency times its equivalent collection area.
The lightning flash density is given by the formula Ng = Na/2.2, Na is given in the map
situated in Appendix B.
The structure protection appropriateness and the protection level to be used are given in
Appendix B.
NOTE: Other requirements (statutory requirements or personal considerations) may

lead to the decision being taken to adopt protection measures for reasons other than
statistical ones.
6 NF C 17-102 : 1995
1.4.2 Characteristic lightning parameters and associated effects
Lightning is mainly characterised by parameters related to the electric arc between the cloud
and the ground, hence those related to the lightning current flow in the arc and the
conductors.
The most important parameters are the following:
- amplitude,
- rise time,
- decay time,
- current variation rate (di/dt),
- polarity,
- charge,
- specific energy,
- number of strikes per discharge.
The first three parameters are independent in terms of statistics. Any amplitude may be
encountered, for instance, with any decay time (see the world-wide data presented in the
tables in Appendix D).
As an electrical phenomenon, lightning may have the same consequences as any other
current flowing through an electrical conductor or any other current flow through a bad
conductor or an insulator.
The expected effects of the characteristic lightning parameters are as follows:
- optical effects,
- acoustical effects,
- electro-chemical effects,
- thermal effects,
- electro-dynamic effects,
- electro-magnetic radiation.
The thermal and electro-dynamic effects are taken into account when sizing the different
components of the lightning protection system. The electro-magnetic radiation effects
(flashover, inductions, etc.) are taken into consideration in article 3.
The remaining effects have no appreciable effect on the design of a lightning protection
system. All the effects are described in Appendix D.
1.4.3 Components of a lightning protection system
A lightning protection system consists of an external lightning protection installation (ELPI)

and, if necessary, of an additional internal lightning protection installation (ILPI).
7 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Figure 1.4.3
The external lightning protection installation consists of the following interconnected items:
(a) One or more ESE lightning conductors

(b) One or more down-conductors
(c) A test joint for each down-conductor
(d) A lightning conductor earth electrode for each down-conductor
(e) Disconnectable connector
(f) One or more connections between earths
(g) One or more equipotential bars
(h) One or more equipotential bars through antenna mast arrester
The internal lightning protection installation consists of:
(i) One or more equipotential bonding(s)

(j) One or more equipotential bonding bar(s)
The equipment of the electrical installation are:
(k) Earth termination of the structure

(l) Main earth terminal
(m) One or more surge protective device(s).
8 NF C 17-102 : 1995
2. EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION INSTALLATION (ELPI)
2.1. General
2.1.1 Design
A prior survey should be conducted to determine the protection level to be considered, the
E.S.E. lightning conductor location(s), the down-conductor path(s), the earth termination
system location(s) and type(s).
Architectural constraints may be taken into account in the lightning protection system design
but this may substantially reduce the lightning protection system effectiveness.
2.1.2 Prior survey
The prior survey is divided into two parts:
(a) Assessment of the lightning strike probability and selecting the protection level using the
data in Appendix B.
(b) Location of all the elements of the lightning protection installation.
This information should take the form of a specification, stipulating:
- structure sizes;
- relative geographical position of the structure: isolated, on a hilltop, amidst other buildings
which are higher, of the same height or lower;
- frequency with which the structure is occupied by people whose mobility is restricted or
otherwise;
- risk of panic;
- difficulty of access;
- service continuity;
- structure contents: presence of persons, animals, flammable materials, sensitive
equipment such as computers, electronic or high-value or irreplaceable apparatus;
- roof shapes and slopes;
- roof, wall and load-bearing structure types;
- metal parts of the roof and large external metal items, such as gas heaters, fans, stairs,
antennae, water tanks;
- roof gutters and rainwater pipes;
- salient building parts and types of materials (metal or non-conductive material);
- most vulnerable points of the building;
- lay-out of the building metal pipes (water, electricity, gas, etc.);
- nearby obstacles which may affect the lightning path, such as overhead electrical lines,
metal fences, trees, etc.;
- environmental conditions which may be highly corrosive (salt air, petrochemical plant,
cement works, etc.);
The structural points considered as vulnerable are the salient parts, particularly towers or
spires, chimney stacks and flues, roof gutters, edges, metal masses (air exhausters, main
wall cleaning system, guardrails, etc.), staircases, equipment rooms on flat roofs.
2.2 Air-termination systems
2.2.1 General principles
An early streamer emission lightning conductor consists of a pointed air terminal, a triggering
device and a support rod with a down-conductor connecting system.
9 NF C 17-102 : 1995
The area protected by an E.S.E. lightning conductor can be determined using the electro-
geometrical model, such as the one used in Appendix A, and the E.S.E. lightning conductor
initiation advance as defined in 2.2.2.
The E.S.E. lightning conductor should preferably be installed on the highest point of the
supporting structure. It should always be the highest point within the area that it protects.
2.2.2 Initiation advance
An E.S.E. lightning conductor is characterised by its initiation advance which is

demonstrated during evaluation tests. Such tests compare an early streamer emission
lightning conductor against a simple rod lightning conductor situated in the same conditions.
The initiation advance (ΔT) is used for computing the protection radius. This is expressed as
follows:
ΔT = TSR - TE.S.E. lightning conductor, where:
TSR is the mean instant of continuous propagation (initiation) of the upward leader of a
simple rod lightning conductor.
TE.S.E. lightning conductor is the mean instant of continuous propagation (initiation) of the
upward leader of a early streamer emission lightning conductor.
2.2.2.1 E.S.E. lightning conductor evaluation test
This test procedure involves assessing the initiation advance of an E.S.E. lightning
conductor. The natural conditions are simulated in the high-voltage laboratory by adding the
superimposition of a permanent field, representative of the ambient field during a storm, and
of an impulse field, representative of the downward leader approach.
NOTE: In-situ correlation tests are in the process of being defined.
2.2.3 Positioning of the E.S.E. lightning conductor
2.2.3.1 Protected area
The protected area is delineated by the envelope of revolution having the same axis as the
E.S.E. lightning conductor and defined by the protection radii corresponding the different
heights h under consideration (see figure 2.2.3.1).
Figure 2.2.3.1. Protection radii
hn is the height of the E.S.E. lightning conductor tip relative to the horizontal plane passing through the top of
the element to be protected.
10 NF C 17-102 : 1995
RPn is the E.S.E. lightning conductor protection radius at the height under consideration.
11 NF C 17-102 : 1995
2.2.3.2 Protection radius
The protection radius of an E.S.E. lightning conductor is related to its height (h) relative to
the area to be protected, to its initiation advance and to the selected protection level. (See
Appendix A.).
Rp = h(2D - h) + ΔL(2D + ΔL) with h ≥ 5m.

(Equation 1)
When h < 5m, the graphic method is applied using the curves in 2.2.3.3.a, b and c.
Rp is the protection radius.
h is the E.S.E. lightning conductor tip height relative to the horizontal plane passing through
the top of the element to be protected.
D is : 20m for protection level I,

45m for protection level II,
60m for protection level III.
ΔL: ΔL(m) = v(m/µs) ⋅ ΔT(µs), where:
(Equation 2)
ΔT is the initiation advance determined by the evaluation tests (see 2.2.2.1) as defined in
Appendix C.
2.2.3.3 Selection and positioning of an E.S.E. lightning conductor.
A prior survey is conducted to determine the required protection level (see para. 2.1.2) for
each lightning protection system installation.
The required protection radius Rp for the protection of the structure is then determined
using equation 1 or the curves in figures 2.2.3.3.a, b, c for h ≥ 5m, and using the curves in
figures 2.2.3.3. a), b) or c) for h < 5m for protection levels I to III as follows:
- level I: graph of figure 2.2.3.3.(a)
- level II: graph of figure 2.2.3.3.(b)
- level III: graph of figure 2.2.3.3.(c)
When the graphs are used, the protection radius Rp is determined by locating required
height h and ΔL for the E.S.E. lightning conductor under consideration in the appropriate
graph.
NOTE: The ΔL values in the graphs are non-restrictive examples.

12 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Radii of protection for h = 20 to 60m

D (m)
20
ΔL (m) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
h (m) Rp (m)
20 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00
25 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00
30 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00
35 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00
40 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00
45 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00
50 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00
55 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00
60 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00
D (m) is the striking distance or rolling sphere radius.

ΔL(m) is the initiation advance of the E.S.E. lightning conductor considered.
h(m) is the height difference between the air terminal tip and the horizontal plane considered.
Rp(m) is the protection radius in the horizontal plane considered.
Figure 2.2.3.3. (a)

Radii of protection of the E.S.E. lightning conductors
Level of protection I (D = 20 m)
13 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Radii opf protection for h = 20 to 60m

D (m)
45
ΔL (m) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
h (m) Rp (m)
20 43.30 48.99 54.54 60.00 65.38 70.71 75.99 81.24 86.46 91.65
25 45.83 51.23 56.57 61.85 67.08 72.28 77.46 82.61 87.75 92.87
30 47.70 52.92 58.09 63.25 68.37 73.48 78.58 83.67 88.74 93.81
35 48.99 54.08 59.16 64.23 69.28 74.33 79.37 84.41 89.44 94.47
40 49.75 54.77 59.79 64.81 69.82 74.83 79.84 84.85 89.88 94.87
45 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00
50 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00
55 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00
60 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00

Figure 2.2.3.3. (b)

Level of protection II (D = 45 m)
14 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Radii of protection for h = 20 to 60m

D (m)
60
ΔL (m) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
h (m) Rp (m)
20 51.23 57.45 63.44 69.28 75.00 80.62 86.17 91.65 97.08 102.47
25 54.77 60.62 66.33 71.94 77.48 82.92 88.32 93.67 98.99 104.28
30 57.66 63.25 68.74 74.15 79.53 84.85 90.14 95.39 100.62 105.83
35 60.00 65.38 70.71 75.99 81.24 86.48 91.65 96.82 101.98 107.12
40 61.85 67.08 72.28 77.46 82.61 87.75 92.87 97.98 103.08 108.17
45 63.25 68.37 73.48 78.58 83.67 88.74 93.81 98.87 103.92 108.97
50 64.23 69.28 74.33 79.37 84.41 89.44 94.47 99.50 104.52 109.54
55 64.81 69.82 74.83 79.84 84.85 89.86 94.87 99.87 104.88 109.89
60 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00 105.00 110.00

Figure 2.2.3.3. (c)

Level of protection III (D = 60 m)
15 NF C 17-102 : 1995
2.2.4 Materials and dimensions
The E.S.E. lightning conductor part(s) through which lightning current flows should be made
of copper, copper alloy or stainless steel. The rod and the air terminal tip should have a
conductive cross-sectional area larger than 120 mm².
2.2.5 Positioning
2.2.5.1 E.S.E. lightning conductor

The E.S.E. lightning conductor tip should be at least 2 metres higher than the area that it
protects, including antennae, cooling towers, roofs, tanks, etc.
The down-conductor is attached to the E.S.E. lightning conductor by a connecting system
located on the support rod. This connecting system consists of a suitable mechanical device
providing long-lasting electrical contact.
If the external installation for a given structure comprises several E.S.E. lightning
conductors, these are interconnected by a conductor complying with the data in table 2.3.4,
unless it has to be routed over a structural obstacle (cornice, parapet wall) with a positive or
negative level difference in excess of 1.50m (see figure 2.2.5.1).
Figure 2.2.5.1
When E.S.E. lightning conductors protect open areas such as playing fields, golf courses,
swimming pools, camping sites, etc., they should be installed on specific supports such as
lightning poles, pylons, or any other nearby structures which enable the E.S.E. lightning
conductor to cover the area to be protected.
2.2.5.2 Elevation masts

The E.S.E. lightning conductor height may be increased by means of an elevation mast. If
the E.S.E. lightning conductor is steadied by conductive guy lines, these should be
connected at the bottom attaching points to the down-conductors, by means of conductors
complying with table 2.3.4.
2.2.5.3 Preferred installation points

The architectural features favourable to the E.S.E. lightning conductor installation should be
taken into account during the lightning protection system design. Usually, these features are
high structural points, such as:
- equipment rooms on flat roofs;
- gables,
- metal or masonry chimneys.
2.3 Down-conductors
2.3.1 General principles

Down-conductors are designed to let the lightning current flow from the air-termination
systems to the earth termination system. The down-conductors should be installed outside of
the structure, except in the cases mentioned in 2.3.3.1.
2.3.2 Number of down-conductors

Each E.S.E. lightning conductor should be connected to the earth termination system by at
least one down-conductor. Two or more down-conductors are required when:
16 NF C 17-102 : 1995
- the horizontal projection of the conductor is larger than its vertical projection (see figure
2.3.2).
- ELPIs are installed on structures higher than 28m.

The down-conductors should be installed on two different main walls.
A <28m and A > B : 1 down-conductor
A > 28m or A<B : 2 down-conductors
A: Vertical projection of down conductor

B: Horizontal projection of down conductor
Figure 2.3.2. Number of down-conductors
2.3.3 Routing
The down-conductor should be installed in such a way that its path is as direct as possible.
The down-conductor routing should take into account the earth termination location (see
2.5.2). It should be as straight as possible along the shortest path without sharp bends or
upward sections. The bend radii should not be less than 20 cm (see figure 2.3.3). For the
diverting of down-conductors, bends formed edgewise should preferably be used.
17 NF C 17-102 : 1995
The down-conductors should not be routed along or across electrical conduits. However,
when electrical conduit crossing is unavoidable, the electrical conduit should be placed
inside a metal screen which extends 1m beyond the point of crossing. The screen should be
connected to the down-conductor.
18 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Routing round parapet walls or cornices should be avoided. Provisions should be made to
ensure that down-conductor paths are as direct as possible. However, a maximum height
increase of 40cm is permissible for passing over a parapet wall with a slope of 45° or less
(see figure 2.3.3 e).
l = length of the loop in metres;

d = width of the loop in metres.
No risk of dielectric breakdown if the requirement d > l/20 is met
Figure 2.3.3. LPS down-conductor bend shapes

19 NF C 17-102 : 1995
The down-conductors should be attached on the basis of three fixings per metre. The fixings
should be suitable for the supports and their installation should not alter the roof water-
tightness. The fixings should allow for possible thermal expansion of the conductors.
All the conductors should be connected together by means of clamps of the same material,
or by solid rivets, soldering or brazing. Drilling through down-conductors should be avoided
wherever possible.
Down-conductors should be protected against the risk of impact by installing sleeves up to a

height of 2m above ground level.
2.3.3.1 Internal routing
When external routing is impracticable, the down-conductor may be routed inside a specific
service duct running along the full height or part of the height of the building.
Insulating non-flammable internal ducts may be used when their internal cross-sectional
area is 2000mm² or more. The proximity requirements stated in chapters 2 and 3 should be
complied with in all cases.
The down-conductor system effectiveness may be reduced by internal routing. The project
manager must be aware of the reduced lightning protection system effectiveness, inspection
and maintenance difficulties, and the risks resulting from the entry of voltage surges into
structures.
2.3.3.2 External cladding
When the outside of a building or structure has a metal cladding or stone or glass curtain-
walls, or in the case of a fixed cladding item, the down-conductor may be attached behind
the cladding to the concrete wall or the load-bearing structure.
In such a case, the conductive cladding components and the supporting structure must be
bonded to the down-conductor at the top and bottom ends.
2.3.4 Materials and dimensions
Down-conductors consist of strips, braided cables, or round sections. Their minimum cross-
sectional area of 50mm² is defined in table 2.3.4.
Down-conductors
Material Remarks Minimum dimensions
Bare or tin-plated electrolytic Recommended for its good Strip: 30x2mm
copper (1) conductivity and corrosion Round section: 8mm dia. (2)
resistance. Braided cable: 30x3.5mm
18/10 - 304 stainless steel Recommended in certain Strip: 30x2mm
corrosive environments. Round section: 8mm dia. (2)
A 5/L aluminium To be used on aluminium Strip: 30x3mm
surfaces (cladding, curtain- Round section: 10mm dia. (2)
walls).
Table 2.3.4
The use of insulated coaxial cables as down-conductors is not permitted. The use of
insulating sheaths or coatings around down-conductors is not permitted except for the cases
described in 5.2.
NOTES:
(1) Tin-plated copper is recommended in view of its physical, mechanical and
electrical properties (conductivity, malleability, corrosion resistance, etc.).
20 NF C 17-102 : 1995
(2) As the lightning current has an impulse characteristic, the flat conductor is
preferred to the round conductor since its outside surface area is larger for a given
cross-sectional area.
21 NF C 17-102 : 1995
2.3.5 Test clamp/Disconnect terminal (or test terminal)
Each down-conductor should be provided with a test clamp used to disconnect the earth
termination system for measuring it. The test clamp should bear the term "lightning
conductor" and the symbol .
Test clamps are usually installed on the down-conductors at height of about 2m above
ground level. When lightning protection systems have metal walls or are not provided with
specific down-conductors, test clamps are inserted in between each earth electrode and the
metal building item to which the earth termination system is connected; the test clamps are
installed inside inspection chambers which bear the symbol .
2.3.6 Lightning flash counter
When a lightning flash counter is provided, it should be installed on the most direct down-
conductor above the test clamp and, in any case, at height of about 2m above ground level.
2.3.7 Natural components
Some conductive structural components may be used in place of an entire down-conductor

or part thereof, or supplement the down-conductor.
2.3.7.1 Natural components which can be used in place of the entire down-conductor or
part thereof
Generally, external interconnected steel frames (metal structures) can be used as down-
conductors in so far as they are conductive and their resistance is 0.01 Ω or less.
In such a case, the upper end of E.S.E. lightning conductors is connected directly to the
metal frame whose lower end is to be connected to the earth termination systems.
The use of a natural down-conductor should meet the equipotential bonding requirements
stated in chapter 3.
NOTE: As natural components may be modified or removed without the fact that they
belong to a lightning protection system being taken into account, specific conductors
should be preferred.
2.3.7.2 Natural components which can be used to supplement down-conductor(s)
The following items can be used to supplement the lightning protection system and be
connected to it:
(a) interconnected steel frames providing electrical continuity:

- internal metal structures, concrete reinforcements and metal structures sunk into walls,
subject to specific connection terminals being provided for this purpose in the upper section
and lower section (at least in three points at each level);
- external metal structures which do not run over the entire structure height.
NOTE: When prestressed concrete is used, special attention should be paid to the
risk of mechanical effects due to the lightning current flowing through the lightning
protection system.
(b) metal sheets covering the area to be protected, provided that:

- long-lasting electrical continuity is provided between all the parts;
- metal plates are not coated with insulating material.
NOTE: A light coat of protective paint, a 1mm thick asphalt film or a 0.5mm thick PVC
film is not considered as an insulation.
(c) metal pipes and tanks if made of material 2mm thick or more.
22 NF C 17-102 : 1995
3 EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING OF METAL PARTS AND INTERNAL LIGHTNING

PROTECTION INSTALLATION
3.1 General
When lightning current flows through a conductor, differences of potential appear between
this conductor and nearby earthed metal parts. Dangerous sparks may be produced across
the ends of the resulting open loop.
Depending on the distance between the ends of the open loop (down-conductor(s) and
earthed metal part), equipotential bonding may or may not be achieved. The minimum
distance at which no dangerous sparks can be produced is known as the safety distance s
and depends on the selected protection level, the number of down-conductors, the material
between the loop ends, and the distance from the metal part considered to earth connection
point.
It is often difficult to provide for insulation during the installation of the lightning protection
system (through lack of information needed to take a decision), or to provide for long-term
insulation (structural changes, work, etc.). Equipotential bonding is therefore frequently
preferred.
However, equipotential bonding is not provided in some cases (flammable or explosive

piping). The down-conductors are then routed further away than the safety distance s (see
3.2.1(c)).
3.1.1 Equipotential bonding
The equipotential bonding should be provided wherever possible at the closest point by an
equipotential conductor, a lightning arrester or a spark gap, between the down-conductor or
the E.S.E. lightning conductor draining the lightning current and the component to be put at
the same potential and located on the structure, in the structure walls or inside the structure.
3.1.2 Safety distance
The safety distance is the minimum distance at which no dangerous spark is produced
between a down-conductor draining the lightning current and a nearby earthed conductive
mass (see figure 4.5).
The insulation with respect to dangerous sparks is achieved when the distance d between
the lightning protection system and the conductive item considered is more than ds.
ki
Safety distance: s(m) = n . . l(m)
km
(Equation 3)
where:
- n is the number of down-conductors for each E.S.E. lightning conductor before the contact
point considered:
n = 1 for one down-conductor,
n = 0.6 for two down-conductors,
n = 0.4 for three or more down-conductors.
- ki is a factor related to the selected protection level:

ki = 0.1 for protection level I,
ki = 0.075 for protection level II,
ki = 0.05 for protection level III.
- km is a factor related to the material used between the two loop ends:
km = 1 for air,
km = 0.5 for a solid material which is not a metal.
23 NF C 17-102 : 1995
- l (in meters) is the length along the down-conductor(s) from the point where the proximity is
to be considered to the nearest equipotential bonding point.
24 NF C 17-102 : 1995
NOTES:
(1) When the nearby conductive part is not electrically earthed, it is not necessary to
provide an equipotential bonding.
(2) In the case of reinforced concrete structures with interconnected reinforcing steel
and in case of steel frame structures or of structures equivalent screening
performance, proximity requirements are usually met.
3.2 Equipotential bonding of external metal masses
In most cases, a connection using an equipotential conductor is possible. If it is not possible

or authorised by the competent authorities, the connection must be made using a surge
protective device.
3.2.1 Equipotential bonding using an equipotential conductor
Equipotential bonding should be provided at the following locations:
(a) Above the ground and underground.

All the structure earth terminals should be interconnected as provided for in paragraphs 4.4
and 4.5.
(b) Whenever the proximity requirements are not met: when d<s.
In such a case, the acceptable equipotential conductors should be of the same type as those
used to make down-conductors (table 2.3.4). They should be kept as short as possible.
In the event of a lightning protection system separated from the structure to be protected, the
equipotential bonding should be made at ground level only.
(c) In the case of gas service pipes located downstream of the insulating sleeve, s=3m.
3.2.2 Equipotential bonding using a surge protective device

An antenna or a small post supporting electrical lines should be bonded at the nearest to the
down-conductor, via a antenna-mast spark-gap type surge protective device.
If pipe lines (water, gas, etc.) with insulated parts are laid within the space considered, such
insulated parts should be by-passed by the surge protective device.
3.3 Equipotential bonding of metal parts sunk into walls
The guidelines stated in paragraphs 3.2.1(a) and (b) are still applicable in so far as
connecting terminals have been provided for this purpose in the relevant batches. Special
attention should be paid to water-tightness problems.
NOTE: For existing structures, the competent authorities should be contacted.
3.4 Equipotential bonding of internal metal parts: internal lighting protection installation
Equipotential conductors should be used to connect internal metal parts to an equipotential

bonding bar made and laid out in such a way as to allow easy disconnection for inspection
purposes. The minimum cross-sectional area of such conductors should be 16 mm2 when
they are made of copper or aluminium, or 50 mm2 when they are made of steel. The
equipotential bonding bar should be connected to a point as close to the structure earthing
circuit as possible. For large structures, several equipotential bonding bars may be installed
provided that they are interconnected. Each equipotential bonding bar should be made of
copper or the same material as the equipotential conductor and its minimum cross-sectional
area should be 75 mm2.
For electrical or telecommunication systems, using screened conductors, or conductors

installed inside a metal conduit, earthing the screens or metal conduits usually provides
sufficient protection.
If not, the active conductors should be bonded to the lightning protection system via surge
protective devices.
25 NF C 17-102 : 1995
4 EARTH TERMINATION SYSTEMS
4.1 General
One earth termination system is provided for each down-conductor.
To allow for the impulse characteristic of the lightning current and to enhance current
draining to earth, while minimising the risk of dangerous voltage surges within the protected
volume, it is also important to pay attention to the earth termination system shape and
dimensions and also to the earth termination resistance value.
Earth termination systems should meet the following requirements:
- the resistance value measured using a conventional equipment should be 10 ohms or less.
This resistance should be measured on the earthing termination insulated from any other
conductive component.
- the wave impedance or inductance value should be as low as possible in order to minimise
the back-electromotive force which is added to the ohmic potential rise occurring during the
lightning discharge. For this purpose, earth termination systems having a single excessively
long horizontal or vertical component should not be used.
The use of a single vertical termination system deeply buried to reach a humid layer of soil is
thus not advantageous unless the surface resistivity is particularly high.
It should however be noted that such drilled earth termination systems have a high wave
impedance when the depth exceeds 20 metres. This calls for the use of a greater number of
horizontal conductors or vertical stakes which must always be perfectly interconnected from
an electrical standpoint. Similarly, copper conductors should be preferred to steel conductors
whose cross-sectional area required to achieve equivalent conductivity makes their use
impracticable.
Earth termination systems should be made and laid out as stated above and in section 544
of standard NF C 15-100.
Unless there is a real impossibility, earth termination systems should always be directed
outward from the buildings.
4.2 Earth termination system types
The earth termination system dimensions depend on the soil resistivity in which the earth
termination systems are installed. The resistivity may vary to a considerable extent
depending on the soil material (clay, marl, sand, rock, etc.).
The resistivity can be assessed from the table below, or measured using a suitable method
with an earth ohmmeter.
Once the resistivity is known, the length of an termination system can be determined using
the following simplified equations:
Linear horizontal termination system Vertical termination system
L = 2ρ/R (Equation 4) L = ρ/R (Equation 5)
where:
L is the termination system length (in m)

ρ is the soil resistivity (in Ω.m)
R is the desired resistance value (≤10 Ω)
26 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Soil Resistivity in Ω.m

Swampy terrain a few units up to 30
Silt 20-100
Humus 10-150
Humid peat 5-100
Soft clay 50
Marl and compact clay 100-200
Jurassic marl 30-40
Clayey sand 50-500

Siliceous sand 200-3000
Bare stony soil 1500-3000
Grass covered stony soil 300-500
Soft limestone 100-300

Compact limestone 1000-5000
Cracked limestone 500-1000
Schist 50-300
Mica schist 800
Granite and sandstone depending on alteration 1500-10000

Granite and sandstone little altered 100-600
Table 4.2
For each down-conductor, the earth termination systems should at least consist of:
(a) conductors of the same material and cross-sectional area as the down-conductors,
except for aluminium, arranged in crow's foot fashion and buried at a minimum depth of 50
cm.
Example: three 7-8-metre long conductors, buried horizontally at a minimum depth of 50 cm;
or
b) a set of several vertical stakes totalling a minimum length of 6 metres.

- arranged in line or as a triangle and separated from each other by a distance equal to at
least the buried length;
- interconnected by a conductor which is identical to or has characteristics compatible with
the down-conductor, and buried in a trench at a minimum depth of 50 cm.
NOTE: The recommended lay-out is the triangle.
D: Down-conductor
B: Building foundation loop earth
P: Lightning earth termination system
Figure 4.2. Typical earth termination system diagrams

27 NF C 17-102 : 1995
4.3 Additional measures
When the high soil resistivity makes it impossible to achieve an earth termination system
resistance lower than 10 ohms using the above standard protective measures, the following
additional measures may be used:
- add natural material with a lower resistivity around the earth conductors;
- add earth rods to the crow's feet or to the stakes already installed;
- augment the number of earth termination systems and interconnect them;
- apply a treatment which reduces the impedance and features high current draining
capacity;
- when all the above measures are adopted and a resistance value of less than 10 ohms
cannot be obtained, it can be considered that the earth termination system provides
acceptable lightning current draining when it consists of a buried termination system at least
100m long, assuming that each vertical or horizontal element is not more than 20 m long.
4.4 Earth termination system interconnection
When the building or the protected volume has a foundation earth termination system for the
electrical system in compliance with article 542.2 of standard NF C 15-100, the LPS earth
termination systems should be connected to it by a standard sized conductor (see tables
2.3.4 and 4.6).
For new installations, this measure should be taken into account as from the design stage,
and the interconnection to the foundation earth circuit should be made right in front of each
down-conductor by a device which can be disconnected and located in front of an inspection
chamber bearing the symbol .
For existing buildings and installations, the connections should be made preferably on the
buried parts and it should be possible to disconnect for inspection purposes.
When the interconnection is made inside a building, the interconnecting conductor should be
routed in such a way that no currents are induced in nearby cables or equipment.
When several separate structures are included in the protected volume, the E.S.E. lightning
conductor earth termination system should be connected to the buried equipotential earth
network interconnecting all the structures.
4.5 Proximity requirements
The LPS earth termination components should be at minimum distances away from any
buried metal pipe or electrical conduit.
The minimum distances are indicated in table 4.5 hereunder:
Buried services Minimum distances

Soil resistivity ≤ 500 Ω.m Soil resistivity > 500 Ω.m
Electrical conduit HTA 0.5 0.5
Electrical conduit LV without 2 5
earth termination system
Earth termination system 10 20
LV mains supply
Metal pipes for gas 2 5
Table 4.5
These distances are applicable only with conduits which are not electrically connected to the
main equipotential link of the building.
Note: In the case of non metal conduits, compliance with a minimum distance is not
required.
28 NF C 17-102 : 1995
4.6 Materials and dimensions
The materials and the minimum dimensions for the earth termination systems are given in
the table below.
Earth termination systems

Material Recommendations Minimum dimensions
Bare or tin-plated electrolytic Recommended for the good Strip: 30x2mm
copper (1) conductivity and corrosion Round section: 8mm dia.
resistance. Grid made of wire with a min.
cross-sectional area of 10 mm2
Solid stake: 15mm dia., 1m lg
Tubular rod: 25mm O.D., 1m lg
Copper-plated steel (250µm) Rod: 15mm dia., 1m lg
18/10 - 304 stainless steel Recommended in certain Strip: 30x2mm
corrosive soils. Round section: 10mm dia.
Rod: 15mm dia.
Hot-galvanised steel (50µm) Reserved for provisional short- Strip: 30x3.5mm
term installations because of Round section: 10mm dia.
its poor corrosion resistance. Rod: 19mm dia., 1m lg
Table 4.6
NOTE: (1) Tin-plated copper is recommended in view of its physical, mechanical and
electrical properties (conductivity, malleability, corrosion resistance, etc.).
5 ANTICORROSION PROTECTION
5.1 General
The corrosion of metals depends on the type of metal used and on the characteristics of the
metal environment. Factors such as fungus, soluble salts (electrolytes), degree of ventilation,
electrolyte temperature and changes make the conditions highly complicated.
The contact of dissimilar metals associated with electrolysis phenomena due to the
environment increases corrosion in more anodic or active metal and decreases corrosion in
more cathodic or inert metal. Corrosion in more cathodic metal should be prevented. The
electrolyte for this reaction may be a humid soil, or condensation retained in cracks.
5.2 Precautions and measures to be taken
In order to reduce corrosion, it is necessary to:

- avoid the use of unsuitable metals in an aggressive environment;
- avoid contacts between dissimilar metals with different galvanic couples;
- use conductors of appropriate gauges and corrosion-resisting fasteners;
- provide protective coatings in critical cases as appropriate to the external influences.
To meet the above requirements, the following precautions are given as typical examples:
- the minimum thickness or diameter of a conductive item should comply with the provisions
of this standard;
- aluminium conductors should not be buried or embedded directly in concrete, unless they
are provided with a suitable long-lasting sheath;
- copper/aluminium joints should be avoided wherever possible. If unavoidable, joints should
be made using suitable two-metal connections.
- copper is usually suitable for earthing, except under certain acid conditions, when exposed
to oxygen or sulphate.
- when there are sulphuric or ammoniacal fumes, a coating may be used on the down-
conductors;
Note: The use of insulating material of thickness less or equal to 0.5 mm is admitted.
29 NF C 17-102 : 1995
- conductor fasteners should be made of stainless steel or a suitable synthetic material

under corrosive environmental conditions.
6 SPECIAL MEASURES
6.1 Antennae
An antenna on the roof of a building increases the lightning stroke probability and is the first
vulnerable item likely to receive the lightning discharge.
When this is an individual or collective radiobroadcasting receiver antenna, complying with

the standard * , the antenna support mast should be connected through a surge protective
device or a spark gap to the down-conductors of the installation by a standard conductor
unless the antenna is outside the protected area or on another roof.
A common support mast can be used under the following conditions:

- the common support mast consists of adequately strong tubes which do not need guy lines;
- the E.S.E. lightning conductor is attached to the tip of the mast;
- the E.S.E. lightning conductor tip is at least 2 m above the nearest antenna;
- the down-conductor is attached by a clamp which is fastened directly onto the rod;
- the antenna coaxial cable is routed inside the mast antenna.
In the case of a lattice mast, it is preferable to route the coaxial cable through a metal tube.
6.2 Thatched roofs

In this case, the E.S.E. lightning conductor should preferably be installed on the chimney if it
exists. The down-conductor should be an 8mm diameter annealed-copper round conductor
which should be routed along the roof ridge on stand-off insulators with a clear space of 20-
25cm and down on thatch gutters.
6.3 Factory chimneys

As factory chimneys are very tall and smoke and hot gasses ionise the air, they are highly
prone to being struck by lightning.
The upper part of the chimney should be provided with a E.S.E. lightning conductor,
preferably using materials suited to the corrosive atmosphere and exhaust temperature, and
located on the prevailing wind side.
For chimney height 40 metres high or more, two down-conductors minimum should be
installed diametrically opposed with one being located on the prevailing wind side. These
down-conductors should be interconnected at the upper end and at the base of the chimney
by an horizontal conductor. Each down-conductor should be provided with an earth
termination system.
The external and internal metal items should be connected to the nearest down-conductor
under the same conditions as those stated in Chapter 3.
6.4 Flammable and explosive material storage areas

In compliance with the current regulations, tanks containing flammable fluids should be
earthed but such an earth connection does not provide adequate protection against
atmospheric discharges. A thorough additional survey is therefore necessary.
E.S.E. lightning conductors should be erected on masts, poles, pylons, or any other structure
outside the safety area so as to be above the installations to be protected. Their location
should take the protection radii into account in accordance with this standard.
*Matériel électronique et de télécommunications - Antennes individuelles ou collectives de

radiodiffusion sonore ou visuelle : Règles (Standard NF C 90-120 - October 1983, published by
Union Technique de l'électricité).
30 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Earth termination systems should be oriented away from the storage installations. The
E.S.E. lightning conductor and protected installation earth termination systems should be
equipotential.
NOTE: The Ministerial Decree dated January 28, 1993 concerning the lightning
protection of certain classified installations makes the installation of lightning stroke
counters compulsory.
6.5 Religious buildings
Steeples, towers, minarets and belfries are prone to being struck by lightning because of
their prominence.
The main prominence(s) should be protected with E.S.E. lightning conductors connected to
the ground by a direct down-conductor routed along the main tower.
A second down-conductor following the nave ridge should be provided when one or more of
the following conditions is met:
- the total steeple height exceeds 40 metres;

- because of its length, the nave extends outside the E.S.E. lightning conductor protection
area.
In this case, the second down-conductor should originate from the summit of the main tower.
When a church is fitted with two down-conductors, and the end of the nave is fitted with a
non-metallic cross or statue, the cross or statue will be provided with a strike point.
Both LPS earth termination systems and the electric earth are preferably interconnected by
an earth conductor.
Some religious buildings have electric bells. The electrical power supply is protected against
voltage surges by lightning arresters complying with article 3.
Figure 6.5. Religious building

31 NF C 17-102 : 1995
6.6 Structures of altitude
Mountain restaurants, refuges, cableway stations are particularly prone to being struck by
lightning. The E.S.E. lightning conductors may be installed in compliance with the provisions
of this standard, paying special attention to the equipotential bonding and earth termination
systems.
6.7 Open areas, leisure or sports areas
Play fields, camping and caravan sites, swimming pools, racecourses, motor racing circuits,
amusement parks, etc.
The E.S.E. lightning conductors are installed on flagpoles, floodlight masts, pylons, or any
other existing structure. Their number and location depend on the type and area of the
surfaces to be protected in compliance with the provisions of this standard.
6.8 Trees
Certain isolated trees are potentially prone to lightning strikes because of their height and
shape.
Wherever the risk of lightning strike involves hazard to close structures (e.g., nearby
building), or historical or aesthetic interests are involved, the tree may be usefully protected
against lightning by installing an E.S.E. lightning conductor at its top in compliance with the
provisions of this standard.
The easiest way to install the down-conductor which does not hinder the tree's growth and
damages it as little as possible is to use a conductor in the form of a flexible braided cable
secured by suitable fasteners taking the most direct path possible along the tree trunk.
7 INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE
LPS maintenance is essential since a number of components may lose their effectiveness
over time due to corrosion, weather, mechanical impacts, and lightning. The mechanical and
electrical characteristics of an LPS should be maintained throughout the LPS life in order to
meet the standard requirements.
7.1 Initial inspection
Once the E.S.E. lightning conductor installation is completed, it should be inspected to make
sure that it complies with the provisions of this standard.
The purpose of this inspection is to make sure that:

- the E.S.E. lightning conductor is 2 metres or more above the entire protected area;
- the materials and the gauges used for the down-conductors are suitable;
- the down-conductors are routed, located and electrically bonded as required;
- all the installation components are firmly secured;
- the safety distance(s) is(are) respected and/or equipotential bondings are provided;
- the earth termination system resistance values are correct;
- the earth termination systems are interconnected.
This inspection should be performed visually under the conditions stated in part 6 of
standard NF C 15-100.
However, where a conductor is entirely or totally hidden, its electrical continuity should be
tested. Such a test should conform to part 6 of standard NF C 15-100.
32 NF C 17-102 : 1995
7.2 Scheduled inspection
The inspection frequency is determined by the protection level. The following inspection
intervals are recommended:
Normal interval Intensified interval

LEVEL I 2 YEARS 1 YEAR
LEVEL II 3 YEARS 2 YEARS
LEVEL III 3 YEARS 2 YEARS
NOTE: The intensified interval is recommended in a corrosive atmosphere.
An LPS should also be inspected whenever the protected structure is modified, repaired or
when the structure has been struck by lightning.
NOTE: Lightning flashes can be recorded by a lightning flash counter installed on one
of the down-conductors.
7.2.1 Inspection procedure
A visual inspection should be performed to make sure that:

- no extension or modification of the protected structure calls for the installation of additional
lightning protective measures;
- the electrical continuity of visible conductors is correct;
- all component fasteners and mechanical protectors are in good condition;
- no parts have been weakened by corrosion;
- the safety distance is respected and there are enough equipotential bondings and their
condition is correct.
Measurements should be taken to verify:
- the electrical continuity of hidden conductors;

- the earth termination system resistance values (any variation should be analysed).
7.2.2 Inspection report
Each scheduled inspection should form the subject of a detailed report containing all the
findings of the inspection and the corrective measures to be taken.
7.3 Maintenance
Any faults found in the LPS during a scheduled inspection should be corrected as soon as
possible in order to maintain its optimal effectiveness.
33 NF C 17-102 : 1995
APPENDIX A
(Normative)
PROTECTION MODEL
A 1 ATTACHMENT PROCESS DESCRIPTION
A 1.1 Striking point determination
The formation or arrival of a stormy cloud creates an electrical field (ambient) between the
cloud and the ground. This electrical field may exceed 5 kV/m on the ground, thereby
initiating corona discharges from ground reliefs or metal parts.
The lightning stroke begins with the formation of a downward leader within the stormy cloud
which propagates in steps towards the ground. The downward leader conveys electric
charges which causes the ground field to build up.
An upward leader develops from a structure or an object linked to the ground. The upward
leader propagates until it joins the downward leader and the lightning current flows through
the resulting channel. Other upward leaders can be emitted by several ground structures.
The first one which joins the downward leader determines the lightning striking point (Fig.
A1).
Figure A1
NOTE: This description only concerns the negative downward lightning stroke, which
is the only application case of the electro-geometrical model. This type of lightning
stroke is by far the most frequent.
A 1.2 Leader propagation velocity
Recent experimental data obtained from the nature shows that the average velocities of the
upward and downward leaders are comparable during the attachment phase and the
velocity ratio vup/vdown is close to 1 (between 0.9 and 1.1).
Assuming that v = vup = vdown = 1 m/µs (average measured leader velocities), where:
vup is the upward leader velocity,

vdown is the downward leader velocity,
v is the common velocity.
34 NF C 17-102 : 1995
A 2 ADVANTAGE OF AN E.S.E. LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR IN TERMS OF PROTECTION
A 2.1 Initiation advance
An E.S.E. lightning conductor is built to reduce the average statistical time related to the
upward leader initiation. An E.S.E. lightning conductor features an initiation advance as
compared with a simple rod lightning conductor installed under the same conditions. This
gain in time is assessed in a high-voltage test laboratory as recommended in paragraph
2.2.2.1 and Appendix C to this standard.
A 2.2 Gain in length of the upward leader
The gain in upward leader length ΔL is given by ΔL(m) = v(m/µs) . ΔT(µs).
The protected volume is determined from the protection model described above on the basis
of the electro-geometrical model.
A 3 MODEL OF PROTECTION
A 3.1 Protection radius of a S.R. lightning conductor
In the case of a simple rod, according to the electro-geometrical model, the lightning striking
point is determined by the ground object which is the first one to be located at a distance D
from the downward leader even though this object is the flat ground itself. The distance D
between the strike point and the upward and downward leader joining point is known as the
"striking distance": this is also the development length of the upward leader.
Therefore, it appears as if a fictitious sphere of radius D was centred on and moving rigidly
with the downward leader head.
Considering a simple rod of height "h" relative to the reference surface (building roof,
ground, etc.), there are three possibilities (see figure A 2):
Figure A 2. Fictitious sphere method
- if the sphere comes into contact with the vertical rod (A') only, the vertical rod will be the
strike point,
- if the sphere comes into contact with the reference surface and not with the vertical rod, the
strike point will be on the ground at S only,
- if the sphere comes into contact with both the simple rod and the reference surface at the
same time, there are two possible strike points: A' and C', but the lightning discharge will
never strike the hatched area (see figure A 3).
35 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Figure A 3
The striking distance D is generally given by the following equation:

2/3
D(m) = 10.I , where
I is the peak current of the first return stroke in kiloAmperes (kA).
A 3.2 Protection radius of an E.S.E. lightning conductor
In the case of an E.S.E. lightning conductor of initiation advance ΔT, and with ΔL = v.ΔT, the
possible strike points are A and C (Figure A 4) with a protection radius Rp, such that:
h (2D - h) + ΔL (2D + ΔL)

Rp =
where :
D is the striking distance

ΔL is the upward leader length gain defined by ΔL = v.ΔT
h is the E.S.E. lightning conductor tip height above the surface to be protected.
Rp is the E.S.E. lightning conductor protection radius
ΔT is the initiation advance of the E.S.E. lightning conductor.
Figure A 4
36 NF C 17-102 : 1995
APPENDIX B
(Normative)
LIGHTNING RISK ASSESSMENT GUIDE AND

SELECTION OF PROTECTION LEVEL FOR AN ELPI
B 1 GENERAL
The lightning risk assessment guide is intended to assist the design manager in the analysis
of all the criteria used to assess the risk of damage due to lightning and to determine the
need for protection and the required protection level. Only the damage caused by a direct
lightning stroke on the structure to be protected and the lightning current flow through the
LPS is covered.
In many cases, the need for protection is obvious. Examples are:
- large crowd;
- service continuity;
- very high lightning stroke frequency;
- tall or isolated structures;
- building containing explosive or flammable materials, or irreplaceable cultural heritage.
Some typical consequences of a lightning stroke on several types of common structures are
listed in table B 1 for information.
Structure Structure type Lightning consequences

classification
Private house Perforation of electrical installations, fire and
equipment damage normally limited to objects
close to the lightning strike point or path.
Farm Risk of fire and dangerous sparks.
Risk consequent to power failure: cattle dying
as a result of the loss of ventilation control and
food distribution.
Risk of step voltage.
Common structures Theatre, school, Risk of panic and fire alarm failure resulting in
(see note) hypermarkets, delayed fire fighting.
sports areas
Bank, insurance Same as above plus problems related to
companies, patients in intensive care units and evacuation
business of handicapped persons.
companies
Industry Additional effects depending on the factory
contents, ranging from minor damage to
unacceptable damage and production loss.
Museums and Irreplaceable losses in cultural heritage.
archaeological sites
Table B 1
NOTE: Sensitive electronic equipment may be installed in any type of structures and
can be easily damaged by voltage surges due to lightning.
37 NF C 17-102 : 1995
A risk assessment method is proposed in this guide, it takes into account the lightning risk
and the following factors:
1. Building environment
2. Type of construction
3. Structure contents
4. Structure occupancy
5. Lightning stroke consequences.
The building location in the environment, and the building height are taken into consideration
for the computation of the exposure risk.
In some cases however, certain criteria specific to a given structure cannot be assessed and
may prevail over any other consideration. Protective measures can then be applied which
are more stringent than those resulting from the application of the guide.
The selection of the suitable protection level for the ELPI to be installed is based on the
expected direct lightning stroke frequency on the structure or the area to be protected and
on the accepted yearly lightning stroke frequency Nc.
B 2 Determination of Nd and Nc
B 2.1 Lightning flash density Ng
The lightning flash density is expressed as the yearly number of lightning flashes per km²
and can be determined by:
- using the stroke density map Na in figure B4. In this case, Ng = Na / 2.2
- consulting a lightning location network,
- using the local isokeraunic level Nk : Ng max = 0.04 Nk1.25 ≅ Nk / 10
The value Ng max takes into account the maximum lightning density and the precision of
detection.
Nk 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ng max 0.3 0.7 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.7
NOTE: The map of figure B4 shows the stroke density. The constant 2.2 is the
average ratio of the number of strokes to the number of flashes.
B 2.2 Expected frequency Nd of direct lightning to a structure
The yearly average frequency Nd of direct lightning to a structure is assessed using the
following equation:
Nd = Ng max. .Ae ⋅ C1 10-6/year, where: (Equation 6)
Ng is the yearly average lightning flash density in the region where the structure is located
(number of lightning flashes/year/km2);
Ae is the equivalent collection area of the isolated structure (m2);
C1 is the environmental coefficient.
The equivalent collection area is defined as the ground area having the same yearly direct
lightning flash probability as the structure.
According to table B2, the equivalent collection area Ae for isolated structures is defined as
an area of ground surface which has the same annual frequency of direct lightning as the
structure. It is the area between the lines obtained by the intersection of the ground surface
38 NF C 17-102 : 1995
and 1:3 slope line passing through the top of the structure and revolving around the structure
(see figure B3).
39 NF C 17-102 : 1995
For a rectangular structure with length L, width W and height H, the collection area is then
equal to:
Ae = LW + 6H (L + W) + 9πH2 (Equation 7)
The topograohy of the site and the objects located within the distance 3H from the structure
significantly affect the collection area. This effect is taken into account by applying
environmental coefficient C1 (table B2).
Relative structure location C1

Structure located within a space containing structures or trees of the same 0.25
height or taller
Structure surrounded by smaller structures 0.5
Isolated structure: no other structures within a distance of 3H 1
Isolated structure on a hilltop or a headland 2
Table B 2. Determination of environmental coefficient C1
- When the equivalent collection area of a structure entirely covers that of another structure,
the latter is disregarded.
- When the collection areas of several structures are overlapped, the corresponding
common collection area is considered as a single collection area.
NOTE: Other more sophisticated methods may be used to assess the equivalent
collection area with greater accuracy.
Figures B 3. Typical computations
1°) For a rectangular building, the collection area is: Ae = L x W + 6H (L + W) + 9πH2

40 NF C 17-102 : 1995
2°) Building with a prominent part

The equivalent area of the prominent part encompasses all or part of the lower part:
2.1. Ae = 9πH2
2.2
B 2.3 Tolerable frequency (Nc) of lightning to the structure
B 2.3.1 General
The values of Nc are assessed through the analysis of the damage risk, taking account of
suitable factors such as:
- type of construction;
- structure contents;
- structure occupancy;
- lightning stroke consequences.
B 2.3.2 Determination of Nc
As indicated above, four determining factors, given by coefficients C2, C3, C4 and C5, are to
be assessed using tables B 5 to B 8.
41 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Let C = C2 ⋅ C3 ⋅ C4 ⋅ C5 Nc is expressed by Nc = 5.5.10-3/C

42 NF C 17-102 : 1995
C2, structural coefficient

Roof Metal Common Flammable
Structure
Metal 0.5 1 2
Common 1 1 2.5
Flammable 2 2.5 3
Table B 5
C3, structure contents

No value and non flammable 0.5
Standard value or normally flammable 1
High value or particularly flammable 2
Exceptional value, irreplaceable or highly flammable, explosive 3
Table B 6
C4, structure occupancy

Unoccupied 0.5
Normally occupied 1
Difficult evacuation or risk of panic 3
Table B 7
C5, lightning consequences

Service continuity not required, and no consequences on the environment 1
Service continuity required and no consequences on the environment 5
Consequences on the environment 10
Table B 8
NOTE: Specific regulations may impose other values for Nc in some cases.
43 NF C 17-102 : 1995
B 3 PROTECTION LEVEL SELECTION METHOD
The tolerable lightning frequency Nc is compared with the expected lightning frequency Nd.
The result of this comparison is used to decide whether an LPS is required and, if so, the
protection level to be used:
- If Nd ≤ Nc, the LPS is not required systematically.

- If Nd > Nc, an LPS of effectiveness E ≥ 1 - Nc/Nd should be installed and the associated
protection level selected in table B 10.
The LPS design shall meet the specifications given in the standard for the selected
protection levels.
When an LPS with an effectiveness factor E' smaller than the computed factor E is installed,
additional protective measures should be taken. Typical additional protective measures are:
- measures limiting the step or contact voltage;

- measures restricting fire propagation;
- measures reducing the effects of voltage surges induced by lightning on sensitive
equipment.
A practical method for selecting the protection level is given in figure B9.
Table B10 gives the critical effectiveness values Ec corresponding to the limits between the
protection levels and the protection levels corresponding to computed effectiveness E.
Data input Computation Result

Equations
Equivalent collector area: L=
Ae = LW + 6H (L + W) + 9πH2 W= Ae =
(for a rectangular volume) H=
H² =
Expected direct lightning stroke frequency on a structure: Ng max =
Nd = Ng max.⋅Ae⋅C1⋅10-6 Ae = Nd =
C1 =
Accepted direct lightning stroke frequency on a structure: C2 =
Nc = 5.5⋅10-3/C where C = C2⋅C3⋅C4⋅C5 C3 =
C4 = Nc =
C5 =
C=
- If Nd ≤ Nc: THE PROTECTION IS OPTIONAL.
- If Nd > Nc: THE PROTECTION IS REQUIRED:
.Determine the required protection level by computing the effectiveness E = 1 - Nc/Nd.
.Install an ELPI with a protection level corresponding to computed E using table B10 below.
Table B 9. Determination of protection requirement and protection level
Computed effectiveness Associated protection level Peak current Initiation distance

E I (kA) D (m)
E > 0/98 Level I + additional measures – –
0.95 < E ≤ 0.98 Level I 2.8 20
0.80 < E ≤ 0.95 Level II 9.5 45
0 < E ≤ 0.80 Level III 14.7 60
44 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Table B 10
45 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Figure B4 - Map of lightning stroke density Na

in France
This map is based on statistical data coming from measures collected since 1987 by the
national network of lightning detection.
46 NF C 17-102 : 1995
APPENDIX C
(Normative)
E.S.E. LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE
C 1 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
The effectiveness of an E.S.E. lightning conductor is assessed by comparing the upward

leader initiation time emitted by the E.S.E. lightning conductor against the upward leader
initiation time emitted by an S.R. lightning conductor.
For this purpose, the SR lightning conductor and E.S.E. lightning conductor are assessed
one after the other under the same electrical and geometrical conditions during laboratory
tests simulating the natural conditions of the upward leader initiation (positive upward
leader).
C 1.1 Ground field simulation
The natural ground field existing before a lightning stroke affects the conditions of corona
formation and of existing space charges. The natural ground field should therefore be
simulated: its value ranges from 10 kV/mm to 25 kV/m.
C 1.2 Impulse field simulation
To reproduce the natural phenomenon as closely as possible, the ground field build-up is
simulated by a waveform the rise time of which ranges from 100 µsec to 1000 µsec. The
8
waveform slope within the upward leader initiation region should be between 2.10 and
9
2.10 V/m/s.
C 2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
C 2.1 Positions of lightning protection systems to be compared
The upper plate/air-termination distance should be sufficient for the upward leader to
propagate in free space and, in any case, over a length greater than 1 m (d ≥ 1m). The
objects to be compared should be placed in the same electrical environment which is
independent of their locations: they should be tested one after the other and centred on
ground above the plate and their height should be the same.
C 2.2 Dimensions of experimental set-up
The upper plate/ground distance (H) should be greater than 2 m. The ratio h/H of the air-
termination height to the plate height above ground level should range from 0.25 to 0.5. The
smaller horizontal dimension of the upper plate is the upper plate/ground H distance.
Configuration 1 Configuration 2
47 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Figure C 1
48 NF C 17-102 : 1995
C 3 PARAMETERS TO BE CHECKED - MEASUREMENTS TO BE TAKEN
C 3.1 Electrical parameters
- Applied voltage waveforms and amplitudes (ambient field calibration, pulsed voltage wave,
associated current, etc.);
- Continuous polarisation setting;
- Initiation setting on the reference equipment (simple rod lightning conductor): initiation
probability equal to 1.
C 3.2 Geometrical conditions
The distance d should be strictly the same in each configuration: it should be checked before
each test.
C 3.3 Climatic parameters
The climatic conditions should be recorded before and after testing in each configuration
(pressure, temperature, absolute humidity).
C 3.4 Number of lightning strokes in each configuration
The number of lightning strokes should be statistically adequate in each configuration, e.g.
about one hundred lightning strokes in each configuration.
C 3.5 Initiation time
The criterion adopted for assessing the effectiveness of an E.S.E.lightning conductor is its
capacity to initiate an upward leader before an SR lightning conductor under the same
conditions. The average upward leader initiation time T is measured for each usable
lightning stroke on the SR lightning conductor and then on the E.S.E. lightning conductor.
C 4 EFFICIENCY OF THE E.S.E. LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
C 4.1 Experimental Assessment of the average initiation times
The upward leader initiation times measured during usable shocks on an SR lightning
conductor and an E.S.E. lightning conductor are used to compute the average initiation
times T'SRLC and T'ESELC in compliance with the selected experimental curve parameters.
C 4.2 Reference waveform
The reference waveform is defined by a rise time TR of 650 µsec and a shape as shown in
the graph of Figure C2.
49 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Reference waveform
Figure C 2
50 NF C 17-102 : 1995
C 4.2 Determination of the initiation advance of the E.S.E. lightning conductor
The experimental curve is plotted on the same graph as the reference waveform to which is
assigned the same field value EM as the experimental field EMexp.
Lines are dropped from T'SRLC and T'ESELC onto the rererence curve and the ordinates of
the intersection points give the E field values. The initiation times are obtained by projecting
lines from the E values to the points where they intersect the reference curve; the associated
values on the x-axis gives the initiation advance ΔT (µsec) = T'SRLC and T'ESELC .
Figure C 3
NOTE: The method proposed above can be used to determine a ΔT value in a

laboratory. Using the upward leader initiation fields which only depend on air-
termination height h, a ΔT value independent of d can be determined. This
transposition is accomplished using the continuous leader starting threshold field
model developed by Rizk & Berger.
51 NF C 17-102 : 1995
APPENDIX D
(Informative)
TYPICAL LIGHTNING PARAMETERS AND ASSOCIATED EFFECTS
D 1 TYPICAL LIGHTNING PARAMETERS
D 1.1 Impulse component waveforms (discharges) of a lightning stroke
Figure D 1 shows a few lightning current waveforms. Such lightning currents have been
recorded at the San Salvatore Mount research station in Switzerland. Tables D3 to D15
show the cumulated frequency distributions of the lightning characteristics.
Negative and positive lightning currents measured on San Salvatore Mount at Lugano
(Switzerland)
Figure D1. Examples of lightning currents
D 1.2 Distribution of the different lightning parameters
A considerable number of parameters are used to describe the lightning impulse (or
impulses in case of negative lightning), including in particular: current amplitude, rise time,
decay time, charge and specific energy.
These parameters refer to the actual lightning stroke waveforms as measured to compute
the distribution statistics. Initially, the amplitude, decay time and rise time may be considered
as defined as in a laboratory. The charge corresponds to ∫ idt and the specific energy to ∫
i²dt. The usefulness of these parameters is explained below.
The steepness (steepest current slope in kA/µsec) is also sometimes a useful data for
characterising an impulse though it is related to other parameters already defined: rise time
and amplitude.
The total lightning flash, including the impulse(s) and the following current flowing in the
interval between two impulses is essentially characterised by its total duration.
52 NF C 17-102 : 1995
D2 THERMAL EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING PARAMETERS
The parameters mentioned in the foregoing do not generally have the same effects or failure
modes as regards the different types of equipment.
The current amplitude is useful for addressing the voltage surge problems and mechanical
load problems generated by lightning.
The rise time is only used to address the voltage surge problems.
The decay time is related to mechanical loads in that it is used to determine the
electromagnetic force application time; it is mainly representative of the lightning stroke
energy in connection with the amplitude. To represent this energy, the amplitude/decay time
binomial can be replaced by:
- Specific energy ∫ i²dt (amplitude and decay time) when the LPS component dimensions are
considered (connectors, conductors, etc.);
- Charge ∫ idt (amplitude and decay time) in the case of the characteristics of surge
protective devices connected to lightning protection systems (E.S.E. lightning conductor +
earth-termination system) or metal melting at the lightning strike point.
D 2.1 Thermal effects related to charge quantity Q
Thermal effects are observed in lightning protection installations especially when the air-
termination systems have sharp tips on which melting is sometimes observed over a
maximum of a few millimetres. In the case of flat surfaces (sheet-metal plates), evidence of
melting is found which may result in complete piercing.
An exceptional lightning stroke (300 C) is capable of piercing sheet-metal plates of up to 2-

3mm thick.
This accounts for the minimum thickness requirement when a metal plate is used or likely to
serve as a lightning collector (e.g., 4 mm for iron, 5 mm for copper).
Low-intensity discharges with a long duration may readily cause ignition. As lightning
discharges are usually accompanied by a continuing current, lightning strokes are seldom
cold. Even dry wood can be ignited by this kind of lightning with long-lasting continuing
currents.
Poor contacts are particularly dangerous points along the lightning current path. Contact
resistance values of a few thousandths of an ohm already generate enough heat to melt
appreciable quantities of metal producing sparks. When a readily flammable material is
located near such poor contact points, indirection ignition may result. This kind of sparking is
particularly dangerous in premises exposed to a risk of explosions and in explosive
manufacturing plants.
D 2.2 Thermal effects related to current integral ∫ i²dt
When the lightning current enters a metal conductor in which it can propagate, the resulting
heat dissipation obeys the Joule's law which involves the square of the current i², current
flowing time t and ohmic resistance R.
Significant thermal effects are therefore encountered especially at high-resistance points.
The direct-current resistance measured on a conductor should not however be taken as the
resistance value R. Lightning currents are short shock waves which produce a skin effect as
in the case of high-frequency currents, i.e., the current flow is confined to a thin conductor
surface layer a few tenths of a millimetre thick, as measured in direct current, which
corresponds to the total cross-sectional area.
53 NF C 17-102 : 1995
There are no visible consequences of this heating, in spite of the skin effect, when the
conductor gauge is large enough. Temperature rises up to the melting point temperature
only occur in conductors having a small gauge or high resistivity. Melting effects are often
observed, for instance, in antenna cables and wires. On the other hand, cases of melting are
seldom observed on larger gauge wires of a few millimetres in diameter (such a barbed
wires). Melting has never been seen in lightning conductors having the gauge recommended
in this standard.
On the other hand, the current flow in poor conductors releases a large amount of energy in
the form of heat. This is why the water contained in wood, concrete and similar materials is
heated up and vaporised. The entire phenomenon lasts a very short time and, as a
consequence of the subsequent pressure rise, trees, wooden masts, beams and walls burst.
Explosive effects of this kind more particularly occur in places where moisture has
accumulated (slits, vessels full of sap) or the current density has risen significantly, i.e., at
the points of current entry or exit between a material having a poor conductivity (cement)
and a material having a high conductivity (attaching clamps of a damaged lightning down-
conductor, electrical conduit cramps, water and gas pipe steel clamps).
D 2.3 Electrodynamic effects
Significant mechanical loads may occur only when sections of the lightning current path are
laid out one relative to the other in such a way that one of them is located within the
magnetic field generated by the other. In this case, the load increase is inversely
proportional to the distance between these sections. Small turns are subjected to
considerable enlarging loads. Considering a 10cm diameter ring made of 8mm diameter
wire, a very heavy lightning current of 100kVA will apply a force of 1200N to each centimetre
of the periphery. With a 2m diameter, the force would drop to 140N. Due to the reciprocal
interaction between the lightning current in a conductor and the Earth's magnetic field,
mechanical effects of only about 10N per metre of conductor can be produced; such effects
are trivial.
In addition to these repulsion forces, which may distort conductors in rare cases, there are
also strong attraction forces between parallel lightning current paths when they are quite
close. In this way, thin tubular antennae are crushed and parallel conductors knock together.
D 2.4 Potential differences and arcing
The surprising profusion of spark traces observed after a violent lightning stroke, sometimes
even in buildings provided with lightning protection systems, can be explained by two effects
well known in electrical engineering: the earth-termination potential rise, which mainly
depends on the peak intensity (amplitude) of the drained current, and the induction
phenomena which mainly depend on the di/dt gradient (leading edge steepness) of this
current.
D 2.4.1 Earth-termination potential rise
Due to the earth-termination resistance R, resulting from the resistivity of the soil itself, there
is a potential difference between the LPS down-conductor and nearby points while the
current is flowing. The total potential rise relative to the unaffected remote ground (therefore
remaining at the conventional zero potential) is expressed by Ohm's law:
U = RI
A 100 kA current flow through a 5-ohm earth-termination system will cause a potential rise in
the lightning current draining system of 500 kV relative to remote ground points.
54 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Such a potential rise is actually distributed in the ground according to a law which depends
on the type of earth-termination system and the soil characteristics.
All the conductive parts of the structure which are connected to the earth in any way (heating
systems, pipe lines, electrical systems, cable armours) are also subjected to a potential rise
if they are not interconnected. The only way to prevent insulation breakdown is to provide an
electrical connection through down-conductors to independently earthed parts. In this way,
these become integral parts of the lightning protection system and can therefore drain part of
the lightning current according to branch circuit laws. Their connection to the down-
conductors make them an integral part of the LPS.
As no conductive connections to live electrical lines can be made, this standard

recommends the installation of voltage surge protective devices known as lightning arresters
(varistors or spark gaps). However, these lightning arresters should then be sized to
withstand a non-negligible portion (from a few per cent up to 50 per cent, approximately, in
the worst case) of the lightning current striking the LPS.
NOTE: Given the frequencies involved in lightning phenomena, the earth-termination system
impedance should be taken into account in addition to the measured earth-termination
system direct-current resistance.
D 2.4.2 Induction phenomena
Shorter distance between down-conductor and metal building structures
An LPS down-conductor forms open loops with the various metal structures of a building
(water pipes, central heating system, electrical power lines, etc.). These loops will be
subjected to induction phenomena and electromotive forces will appear between their open
ends. This standard allows for this phenomena in article 3.
55 NF C 17-102 : 1995
TABLES D2 TO D14
These tables are extracted from IEC 1024-1, Part 1, Section 1, Guide A, " Selection of
protection levels for lightning protection systems"
Basic values of lightning current parameters

Cumulative frequency distribution
Lightning stroke Cumulative frequency

98 % 95 % 80 % 50 % 5%
First negative strokes 4 20 90
Subsequent negative strokes 4.6 12 30
Positive flashes 4.6 35 250
Table D2 - Peak current (kA) (min 2 kA)

95 % 50 % 5%
First negative strokes 1.1 5.2 24
Subsequent negative strokes 0.2 1.4 11
Negative flashes 1.3 7.5 40
Positive flashes 20 80 350
Table D3 - Total charge (C)

95 % 50 % 5%
First negative strokes 1.1 4.5 20
Subsequent negative strokes 0.22 0.95 4
Table D4 - Impulse charge (C)
First negative strokes Cumulative frequency

95 % 50 % 5%
Total rise time 1.8 5.5 18
Rise time between:
30 % and 90 % of peak current 1.5 3.8 10
Table D5 - Front time duration (µs)

56 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Subsequent lightning strokes Cumulative frequency

95 % 50 % 5%
Total rise time 0.2 1.1 4.5
Rise time between:
30 % and 90 % of peak current 0.1 0.6 3.0
10 % and 90 % of peak current 0.2 0.8 3.5
Table D6
Positive flashes Cumulative frequency

95 % 50 % 5%
Total rise time 3.5 22 200
Table D7

95 % 50 % 5%
First negative strokes 30 75 200
Subsequent negative strokes 6.5 32 140
Table D8 - Stroke duration (µs)

95 % 50 % 5%
First negative strokes 6.0 x 102 5.5 x 104 5.5 x 105
Subsequent negative strokes 5.5 x 102 6.0 x 103 5.2 x 104
Positive flashes 2.5 x 104 6.5 x 105 1.5 x 107
Table D9 - Specific energy (J/Ω)
First negative strokes Cumulative frequency

95 % 50 % 5%
Maximum rate of rise 9.1 24 65
Average steepness between:
10 % and 90 % of peak current 1.7 5 14
Table D10 - Rate of rise (kA/µs)

57 NF C 17-102 : 1995
Subsequent negative strokes Cumulative frequency

95 % 50 % 5%
Maximum rate of rise 10 40 162
Average steepness between:
Table D11
Positive flashes Cumulative frequency

95 % 50 % 5%
Maximum rate of rise 0.2 2.4 32
Table D12

95 % 50 % 5%
All negative flashes 0.15 13 1100
Subsequent negative strokes 31 180 900
Table D13 - Total flash duration (µs)

95 % 50 % 5%
Multiple negative strokes 7 33 150
Table D14 - Time intervals between strokes (ms)

58 NF C 17-102 : 1995
APPENDIX E
(Informative)
PROTECTING PEOPLE AGAINST ELECTRICAL SHOCKS
E 1 GENERAL
People standing outdoors run the greatest risk of being struck by lightning, whether directly
or caused by the step voltage. For people inside a structure, the hazards are due to:
(a) the abrupt potential rise in items connected to lines leading from the outside such as
power lines, telephone lines, outdoor TV antenna cables;
(b) metal objects within the structure which may also be brought to high potentials: contact
voltage.
The measures stated in this standard to prevent dangerous sparking are designed to reduce
the risks run by people inside structures.
E 2 PERSONAL BEHAVIOUR
To protect themselves against lightning, individuals should take the following minimum
precautions:
(a) look for a shelter in a place covered by an earthed roof is or an all-metal shelter;
NOTE: Conventionally manufactured tents do not provide protection.
(b) when there is no shelter nearby, reduce one's height (crouch down) and surface area on
the ground (join the two feet) and do not touch any earthed object with the hands;
(c) do not ride a bicycle or a horse. Do not remain in an open-top car;
(d) do not walk or swim in water;
(e) keep away from high places, or tall or isolated trees. If the vicinity of a tree cannot be
avoided, stand beyond the foliage limits;
(f) do not touch or stand next to metal structures, metal fences, etc.;
(g) do not carry any object which extends above the head (umbrella, golf club, tool, etc.);
(h) do not use or minimise the use of cord telephones;
(i) do not touch any metal object, electrical appliances, window frames, radio sets, TV sets,
etc.
E 3 FIRST AID
The first aid to be given is the same as in the case of electric shocks or burns. Artificial
respiration should be administered immediately by a first-aid worker. Such action and other
emergency first-aid may save the injured person.

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1 NF C 17-102 : 1995

Classification index : C 17-102

Protection of structures and open areas against lightning

descriptors Lightning, air-termination systems, down-conductors, earthing

Examples of structures which may need a lightning protection system are:

- buildings open to the public,

- buildings and warehouses containing dangerous materials (explosive, flammable or toxic

- buildings containing highly vulnerable or valuable equipment or documents (such as

- plan the complementary use of conductive items in the structures to be protected.

1.1 Scope and object

1.2 Reference standards

NF C 15-100 (May 1991) Installations électriques à basse tension : Règles

1.3.1 Lightning flash to earth:

1.3.2 Lightning stroke:

1.3.3 Striking point

1.3.4 Protected volume:

1.3.5 Lightning flash density Ng

1.3.6 Return stroke density Na

1.3.7 Lightning protection system (LPS):

1.3.8 External lightning protection installation (ELPI):

1.3.9 Internal lightning protection installation (ILPI):

1.3.10 Early streamer emission (E.S.E.) lightning conductor

1.3.11 Leader initiation process:

1.3.12 Initiation advance (ΔT):

1.3.13 Natural component:

1.3.14 Equipotential bonding bar:

1.3.15 Equipotential bonding:

1.3.16 Equipotential conductor:

1.3.17 Dangerous sparking:

1.3.18 Safety distance (S):

1.3.19 Interconnected reinforcing steel:

1.3.21 Test joint/Disconnect terminal (or measurement terminal):

1.3.22 Earth electrode:

1.3.23 Earth termination system:

1.3.24 Earth termination system resistance:

1.3.25 Surge protective device (S.P.D.):

1.3.26 Transient surge voltage of atmospheric origin:

1.3.27 Protection level:

1.3.28 Equivalent collection area of a structure Ae

NOTE: Other requirements (statutory requirements or personal considerations) may

1.4.2 Characteristic lightning parameters and associated effects

The most important parameters are the following:

The expected effects of the characteristic lightning parameters are as follows:

1.4.3 Components of a lightning protection system

A lightning protection system consists of an external lightning protection installation (ELPI)

(a) One or more ESE lightning conductors

The internal lightning protection installation consists of:

(i) One or more equipotential bonding(s)

The equipment of the electrical installation are:

(k) Earth termination of the structure

2. EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION INSTALLATION (ELPI)

2.1.2 Prior survey

The prior survey is divided into two parts:

(b) Location of all the elements of the lightning protection installation.

This information should take the form of a specification, stipulating:

2.2 Air-termination systems

2.2.1 General principles

2.2.2 Initiation advance

An E.S.E. lightning conductor is characterised by its initiation advance which is