Page 390 13 Reinforced concrete framed buildings 13.1 TYPES AND STRUCTURAL ACTION Commonly used single-storey and medium-rise reinforced concrete framed structures are shown in Fig. 13.1. Tall multistorey buildings are discussed in Chapter 14. Only cast-in-situ rigid jointed frames are dealt with, but the structures shown in the figure could also be precast. The loads are transmitted by roof and floor slabs and walls to beams and to rigid frames and through the columns to the foundations. In cast-in-situ buildings with monolithic floor slabs the frame consists of flanged beams and rectangular columns. However, it is common practice to base the analysis on the rectangular beam section, but in the design for sagging moments the flanged section is used. If precast slabs are used the beam sections are rectangular. Depending on the floor system and framing arrangement adopted the structure may be idealized into a series of plane frames in each direction for analysis and design. ‘Such a system where two-way floor slabs are used is shown in Fig. 13.2; the frames in each direction carry part of the load. In the complete three-dimensional frame, torsion ‘occurs in the beams and biaxial bending in the columns. These effects are small and it is stated in BS8110: Part 1, clause 3.8.4.3, that it is usually only necessary to design for the maximum moment about the critical axis. In rectangular buildings with a onc- way floor system, the transverse rigid frame across the shorter plan dimension carries the load. Such a frame is shown in the design example in section 13.5. evan, seen @) () Fig. 13.1 (a) Single storey; (b) multistorey.Page 391 Loads @ ) © Fig. 13.2 (a) Plan; (b) rigid transverse frame; (c) side elevation; (4) column; (e) T-beam. Resistance to horizontal wind loads is provided by 1. braced structures—shear walls, lift shaft and stairs 2. unbraced structures—bending in the rigid frames The analysis for combined shear wall, rigid frame systems is discussed i In multistorey buildings, the most stable arrangement is obtained meen shear walls in two directions. Starwell, lit shaft, permanent partition walle eit &s specially designed outside shear walls canbe used to resist the horizontal land Shear walls shouldbe placed symmetrically with espect othe building axes, Irwin, not done the shear walls must be designed to resist the resulting torque. The vontis® floor slabs act as large horizontal diaphragms to transfer loads at floor levele noes shear walls, BSB110: Part 1, clause 39.22, should be noted: itis stated the overall stability of a multistorey building should not depend on unbraced shear wat alone. Shear walls ina multistorey building are shown in Fig. 13.2. rs re uations for multistorey buildings may be separate pad or strip type, However, Tenge Composite raft and basement foundations are more usual. For rat type foundations the column base may be taken as fixed for framePage 392 analysis, The stability of the whole building must be considered and the stabilizing ‘moment from dead loads should prevent the structure from overturning. —_ Separate pad type foundations should only be used for multistorey buildings if foundation conditions are good and differential settlement will not occur. For single- storey buildings, separate foundations are usually provided and, in poor soil conditions, pinned bases can be more economical than fixed bases. The designer must be satisfied that the restraint conditions assumed for analysis can be achieved in practice. If a fixed base settles or rotates a redistribution of moments occurs in the frame, 13.2 BUILDING LOADS The load on buildings is due to dead, imposed, wind, dynamic, seismic and accidental loads. In the UK, multistorey buildings for office or residential purposes are designed for dead, imposed and wind loads. The design is checked and adjusted to allow for the effects of accidental loads. The types of load are discussed briefly. 13.2.1 Dead load Dead load is due to the weight of roofs, floors, beams, walls, columns, floor finishes, Partitions, ceilings, services etc. The load is estimated from assumed section sizes and allowances are made for further dead loads that are additional to the structural concrete. 13.2.2 Imposed load Imposed load depends on the occupancy or use of the building and includes distributed loads, concentrated loads, impact, inertia and snow. Loads for all types of buildings are given in BS6399: Part 1. 13.2.3 Wind loads Wind load on buildings is estimated in accordance with CP3: Chapter V: Part 2. The following factors are taken into consideration: 1. The basic wind speed V depends on the location in the country. 2. The design wind speed V, is VS;S253 where Sis a topography factor normally taken as 1, Sz depends on ground roughness, building size and height above the ground and S; is a statistical factor, normally taken as 1. The ground roughness is in four categories in which cate; is fon i nt ‘gory 3 is a lo suburbs of a city, The building size isin three classes, O°atiOn in thePage 393 either the greatest horizontal dimension nor the ildi larger, reatest vertical dimension exceeds 50 m, Class C buildings Ber ‘The height may refer to the total height of the building Pa Be en under consideration, Ina multistorey building the wind loa four floors tind the factor Sy should be increased at every floor or every three Or (Fig. 13.3(b)). 0 Bs the dynamic pressure q=0.613 V,? Nim’ is the pressure on fay ey th wind and is modified by the dimensions of the building and by openings building. 4, Pressure coefficients are given for individual surfaces. External pressure coefficients Cpe that depend on dimensions and roof angles are estimated for ‘external surfaces. Depending on whether openings occur on the windward or leeward sides, intemal pressure or suction exists inside the building. Tables and guidance are given in the code for evaluating external and internal pressure coefficients Cre and Cyi. 5. The wind force F on a surface is Class B refers to a building where F(Coe Cig are added algebraically. The loads on the surfaces of a where 4 is the area of the surface and Cpe and force acts normal to the surface. Distributed building are shown in Fig. 13.3(a). 6. Force coefficients Cr are given to find the wind load on the building as a whole. The wind load is given by F=Cgde Cris the force coefficient and 4. is the effective frontal area of the building. The use of force coefficients is an alternative to determining wind loads on individual surfaces. This method is used for multistorey buildings. See Fig. 3.13(b) where the wind load is applied as point loads at the floor levels, Wind loads should be calculated for lateral and longitudinal directions to obtain loads on frames or shear walls to provide stability in each direction. In asymmetrical buildings it may be necessary to investigate wind from all directions. 13.2.4 Load combinations Separate loads must be applied to the structure in appropriate directions and various types of loading combined with partial safety factors selected to cause the most severe design condition for the member under consideration, In general the following load combinations should be investigated.Page 394 wind @) (b) Fig, 13.3 (a) Loads distributed on surfaces; (b) loads applied at floor levels. (a) Dead load G,timposed load Ox 1. All spans are loaded with the maximum design load of 1.4G,+1.60.; 2. Alternate spans are loaded with the maximum design load of 1.4Gi+ 1.60 and all other spans are loaded with the minimum design load of 1.0G. (b) Dead load Gy+wind load Wy. If dead load and wind load act in the same direction or their effects are additive the load combination is 1.4(Gi+M.). However, if the effects are in opposite directions, e.g. wind uplift, the critical load combination is 1.0G,-1.4¥i. (0) Dead load Gy+timposed load Qx+wind load Ws The structure is to be loaded with 1.2(G:+ Ox+ Wi). 13.3 ROBUSTNESS AND DESIGN OF TIES Clause 2.2.2.2 of the code states that situations should be avoided where damage to a small area or failure of a single element could lead to collapse of major parts of the structure, The clause states that provision of effective ties is one of the precautions necessary to prevent progressive collapse. The layout also must be such as to give a stable and robust structure, The design of ties set out in section 3.12.3 of the code is summarized below.Page 395 13.3.1 Types of tie The types of tie are 1. peripheral ties 2. internal ties 3. horizontal ties to columns and walls 4. vertical ties The types and location of ties are shown in Fig. 13.4. 13.3.2 Design of ties Steel reinforcement provided for a tie can be designed to act at its characteristic strength. Reinforcement provided for other purposes may form the whole or part of the ties. Ties must be Properly anchored and a tie is considered anchored to another at tight angles if it extends 12 diameters or an equivalent anchorage length beyond the bar forming the other tie. Column ties Verticot tie ) Fig. 13.4 (a) Plan; (b) section,J J Page 396 13.3.3 Internal ties Internal ties are to be provided at the roof and all floors in two directions at right sles. They are to be continuous throughout their length and anchored to peripheral ties The ties may be spread evenly in slabs or be grouped in beams or walls at Spacings not greater than 1.5J, where [is defined below. Ties in walls are to be within 0.5 m of the top or bottom of the floor slab. “The ties should be capable of resisting a tensile force which is the greater of or 1.0F, where gx+qe is the characteristic dead plus imposed floor load (kN/m?), Fi is the lesser of (20-4ng) of 60 KN, no is the number of storeys and /; is the greater of the distance in metres between the centres of columns, frames or walls supporting any two adjacent floor spans in the direction of the tic. 13.3.4 Peripheral ties ‘A continuous peripheral tie is to be provided at each floor and at the roof. This tie is to resist F;as defined above and is to be located within 1.2 m of the edge of the building or within the perimeter wall. 13.3.5 Horizontal ties to columns and walls Each external column and, if a peripheral tie is not located within the wall, every metre length of external wall carrying vertical load should be tied horizontally into the structure at each floor and at roof level. The tie capacity is to be the greater of 2/; or (1/2.5)F; if less or 3% of the ultimate vertical load carried by the column or wall where J is the floor-to-ceiling height in metres. Where the peripheral tie is located within the walls the internal ties are to be anchored to it. 13.3.6 Corner column ties Comer columns are to be anchored in two directions at right angles. The tie capacity is the same as specified in section 13.3.5 above. 13.3.7 Vertical ties Vertical ties are required in buildings of five or more si ‘ E d storeys. Each col Toadbearing wali tobe tied continuously from foundation toroof,Page 397 imate dead and to the ultimat ing a tensile force equal ibe tel] beeen abe Oia ans ne floor. or imposed load carried by the column or wall from 13.4 FRAME ANALYSIS 13.4.1 Methods of analysis The methods of frame analysis that are used may be classified as it i indard 1, manual methods such as moment distribution or using solutions for sta frames a ae 2. simplified manual methods of analysing subframes given in section Pe o code (these are set out in section 34.2 here and are shown in Fig. 33) Paras 3. computer plane frame programs based on the matrix stiffiess method of analy (refer to standard textbooks on structural analysis [12, 13]) All methods are based on elastic theory, BS8110 permits redistribution of up to 30% ‘of the peak elastic moment to be made in frames up to four storeys. In frames over four storeys in height where the frame provides the lateral stability, redistribution is limited to 10%. 1 eid frame analysis the sizes for members must be chosen from experience or cstablished by an approximate design before the analysis can be carried cut because the moment distribution depends on the member stiffness. Ratios of stiffnesses of the final member sections should be checked against those estimated and the frame Should be re-analysed if it is found necessary to change the sizes of members significantly, It is stated in BS8110: Part 1, clause 2.5.2, that the relative stiffness of members may be based on one of the following sections, 1. the gross concrete section ignoring the steel 2, the gross concrete section including the reinforcement on the basis of modular ratio i. the transformed section that includes the whole ofthe concrete 3. the transformed section consisting ofthe compression are of concrete and the reinforcement on the basis of modular ratioPage 398 Example 13.1 Simplified analysis of concrete framed building—vertical load ‘The application of the various simplified methods of analysis given in section 3.2 of the code is shown in the following example. (a) Specification Fig. 13.5(a). The The cross-section of a reinforced conerete building is shown in Fig 12.500), The frames are at 4.5 m centres, the length of the building is 36 m and the column ba: are fixed. Preliminary sections for the beams and columns are shown in Fig. 13.5(b). The floor and roof slabs are designed to span one way between the frames Longitudinal beams are provided between external columns of the roof and floor levels only. The loading is as follows: for the roof total dead load=4.3 kN/m? imposed load=1.5 kN/m* and for the floors total dead load=6.2 kN/m? imposed load=3.0 kN/m* ‘The wind load is according to CP3: Chapter V: Part 2. The location is on the outskirts. of a city in the northeast of the UK. The materials are grade 30 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement. Determine the design actions for the beam BFK and column length FE for an internal frame for the two cases where the frame is braced and unbraced. Results for selected cases using only the simplified method of analysis from BS81 10: Part 1, section 3.2, are given. () Loading The following load cases are required for beam BFK for the braced frame. Case] 1.4G,+1.6Q, on the whole beam Case2 —_1.4G,+1.60, on BF and 1.0G, on FK Case3_1.0G, on BF and 1.4G,+1.6Q, on FK. For the unbraced frame, an additional load case is required: Case 4 1.2(G,+Q,) on the whole beam The characteristic loads are as follows, For the dead load, Roof 4.3*4.5=19.4 kN/im Floors 6.2*4,5=27,9 kNim. For the imposed load, Roof 1.5%4,5=6.8 kN/m Floors 3.0*4.5=13,5 KN/m.a r rr 1 Floors: cs ae 0 ee : Bc iL] “| sroeral ‘Storey 2 ‘storey 3 @ oo) Fig. 13.5 (a) Cross-section; (b) assumed member sections. The dead load on column GF just above first floor level is ont 7x4.5(4.3+6,2)+(0.3*0.4440.3*0.38) *7%24+(0.37+0.3%0.4)4%24=392.3 KN and the imposed load is 74,5(1.5+3)=141.8 KN In accordance with BS6399, Table 2, the axial load in the column due to imposed load may be reduced by 30% for a column carrying three floors including the roof. The design loads for beam BFK for case | are shown in Fig. 13.6. The wind loads are calculated using CP3: Chapter 5: Part 2: Basic wind speed 1;=45 m/s Topography factor S; and statistical factor S> both 1.0 Ground roughness 3 Building size Class B The heights for estimating Sp, the) factors, the design wind speeds and the dynamic pressures are shown in Table 13.1. The force coefficient for the wind blowing laterally for thy =36/14=2.6=b/d hw =13.5/14=0.97 is C=1.13, from CP3: Chapter V: Part 2, Table 10. The wind ressul id charactersti wind loads forthe frame are shown in Fig. 13.7. Pressures an (©) Section properties ‘The beam and column properties are given in Table 13.2. Distribution factors are calculated for the particular analysis.Page 400 E F s]2 (Oc emf en] enon wae] [er ans [33 60 [7h oH we ” fe 2 MT aL wefan] we Fig. 13.6 Table 13.1 Wind load data ooo ney Location H(m)__ Sy __v=5,¥ (m/s) g-0.613 V2? (kN/m) Roof BS 08 36 0.79 Second floor 1s 0.77 347 0.74 First floor 73 07 31S 0.61 1B 0792045 a 03K a 193 x0-MhxbneS di = 15-05 Ki s 143 0-616. 75045 | 2 GTN § ati osykNm? one) eno? Fig. 13.7 Table 13.2 Section properties Member Length | (mm) Moment of intertia I (mm) Stiffness Kal/ Column FE 3500 4.1THIO" 75 Column GF 4000 1.6%10 4.0%10° Beam FK 8000 72x10 9.0%10° Beam BF 6000 T2*1? 12.01084 Page 402 4 (@) Subh lysis for braced frame maceod ‘ The RRneeCu aes of the beams at first floor level a es ar eae eel below that level with ends fixed. The frame is analysed for 1 cases given in (b) above, Pes The distribution factors at the joints of the subframe are, for joint B for joint F FB:FG:FK:FE-0. and for joint K KL:KF:KJ=0.19:0.44:0.37 The design loads are 1.4G+1.6Q,=1.4%27.9+1,6%13.5=60.66 KN/m 1,06,=27.9 kN/m The fixed end moments are, for case 1 (1.4Gy+1.6Qx on the whole beam), span BF=60.66%67/12=181.98 kN m span FK=60.66%87/12=323.2 kN m The moment distribution for case | is shown in Fig. 13.6. The shear force and bending moment diagram for beam BFK and the bending moment diagram for column FE are shown in Fig. 13.8. Analyses are also required for cases 2 and 3, (©) Continuous beam simplification The beam BFK can be taken as a continuous beam over supports that provide no restraint to rotation. The load cases are the same as for the subframe analysis above, The shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam are shown in Fig. 13.8(), Analyses are also required for cases 2 and 3 The moments for column FE are calculated assuming that column and beam ends remote from the junction considered are fixed and that beams have one-half their actual stiffness. The bending moment diagram for the column for case 1 loads is also shown in Fig, 13.8. Referring to Fig._13,8(b), the beam ends B and K must be designed for hogging moments that will arise from the monolithic construction of the beams and columns, These moments should be taken to be equal to those found from the subframe analyses for the asymmetrically loaded outer columns. m Example 13.2 Wind load analysis—portal method ‘The analysis for vertical loads can be made in the same way as for the braced frames “SiR any ofthe subframe methods given. The load inthis case is .2(Gx+,), ‘The analysis for the wind load is made forthe whole frame assuming points ofPage 403 2620 to ‘Shear Ferre Oogon nn m2 3094 24) 64 no Bending Moment w Diograr we 766 192 @ a8 1164 () Shears hi Moments = Kim Fig. 13.8 (a) Subframe analysis; (b) continuous beam simplification.Page 404 shear in ontaflexure at the centres of columns and beams Inthe portal meth a tei spans. each storey is assumed to be divided between the bays in acca oC CE The shear in each bay is then divided equally between the col umn height. Beam ‘moments are the column shear multiplied by one-half the column height. Bests moments balance the column moments. The extemal columns only SS which is found by dividing the overturning moment at any level by fe " for wind building. The application of the method is shown in the analyses of the frame loads shown in Fig, 13.7. . The moments in the first and second storey only are calculated (Fig. 13.9). The wind loads from Fig. 13.7 have been multiplied by 1.2 to give shears in Fig. 13.9. For the second storey the shear is 9.7+18,1=27.8 KN. Divide between bays in proportion to spans: Bay BF shear=6*27.8/14=11.9 kN Bay FK shear=15.9 KN The column shears are as follows: Column BC 5.95 kN Column FG 0,5(11.9+15.9)=13.9 kN Column KL 7.95 kN The column moments are as follows: Column BC $.95%2=11.9 kN m Column FG 13.92=27.8 kN m Column KL 7.95%2=15.9 KN m The moments for columns in the first storey can be calculated in a similar way: Column AB 26.8 kN m Column EF 62.4KNm Column JK. 35.6kNm ‘The beam moments balance the column moments: Joint B ‘sum of column moments=26,8+1 1.9 =38.7 KN m=Mop Joint K sum of column moments=51.5 KN m=Myp Joint F sum of column moments=27.8+62.4 =90.2 KN m sum of beam moments=38.7+51.5 =90.2 KN m The moments are shown in Fig, 13.9. = Example 13.3 Wind load analysis—eantilever method The axial loads in the column are assumed to be proportional to the distance from the Centre of gravity of the frame, The columns are taken to be of equal area. Refer to Fig. 13.10. The centre of gravity of the columns is (8+14)/3=7.33 m from column MJ. The column forces are12:95kN Moment - kt ‘Shear ~ kN Fig. 13.9 at D, 6.67F; at H, 0.67F; atM, 733F Take moments about X; DM,=0: 8.03%240,67F%6.67-1.33Fx14=0 F=0.164 kN ‘The separate column forces are at D, 1.09 KN; at H, 0.11 KN; atM, 1.2 kN ‘The shear in beam DH is 1.09 KN and in beam HM 1.2 kN. ‘The shear in the column is found by taking moments about the centre of the beams, eg. Column D shear=1,09x3/2=1.64 kN Column M shear=1.2x4/2=2.4 KN Column H shear=8,03~1.64-2.4=3.99 KN ‘The forces in the other two sections XY and YZ are found in the same way. These are shown in Fig. 13.10.Page 406 tro ig 13.10Page 407 ‘The column and beam moments are found by multiplying the appropriate shear force by one-half the member length. For example, Column FE My=Mp=18,83%2.75=51.78%1.2=62.1 KN m Beam BF = My=My=10.17*3=30.51%1.2=36.6 KN m BeamFK = Mp=My=11.22x4=44,88*1.2=53.8 KN m The final moments are multiplied by 1.2 to give the design moments. Compare moments with those obtained by the portal method. m 13.5 BUILDING DESIGN EXAMPLE Example 13.4 Design of multi-storey reinforced concrete framed buildings Specification The framing plans for a multistorey building are shown in Fig. 13.11. The main dimensions, structural features, loads, materials etc. are set out below. (a) Overall dimensions The overall dimensions are 36 mx22 m in planx36 m high Length, six bays at 6 m each 36m Breadth, three bays, 8 m, 6m, 8m 22m Height, ten storeys, nine at 3.5 mtone at 4.5 m (b) Roof and floors The floors and roof are constructed in one-way ribbed slabs spanning along the length of the building. Slabs are made solid for 300 mm on either side of the beam. (c) Stability Stability is provided by shear walls at the lift shafts and staircases in the end bays. (@) Fire resistance Alll elements are to have a fire resistance period of 2h. (©) Loading condition Roof imposed load 1.5 kN/m? Floors imposed load 3.0 KN/m? Finishes—roof 1.5 kN/m? Finishes—floors, partitions, ceilings, services 3.0 kN/m*Column spacing ae Pr 6 ot 6m = 36m of one-way A Fioped stob cian |—sneor walls é (a) 235m 9 ot 35m ar (b) Fig. 13.11 (a) Floor and roof plan; (b) elevation. Parapet 2.0 kNim 6.0 kN/im External walls at each floor The load due to self-weight is estimated from preliminary sizing of members, The imposed load contributing to axial load in the columns is reduced by 0% for a building with ten floors including the roof.Page 409 (0 Exposure conditions External moderate Internal mild (g) Materials Concrete grade 30 Reinforcement grade 460 h) Foundations Pile foundations are provided under each column and under the shear walls. Scope of the work The work carried out covers analysis and design for 1. transverse frame members at floor 2 outer span only 2. an internal column between floors 1 and 2 The design is to meet requirements for robustness. In this design, the frame is taken as completely braced by the shear walls in both directions. A link-frame analysis can be carried out to determine the share of wind load carried by the rigid frames (Chapter 14). The design for dead and imposed load will be the critical design load case. Preliminary sizes and self-weights of members (a) Floor and roof slab The one-way ribbed slab is designed first. The size is shown in Fig. 13.12. For design refer to Example 8.2. The weight of the ribbed slab is 2x24{(0.5x0.275)-(0.375*0.215)]=2.73 kN/m? (b) Beam sizes Beam sizes are specified from experience: depth=span/15 =500 mm, say width=0.6xdepth =400 mm, say Preliminary beam sizes for roof and floors are shown in Fig. 13.12. The weights of the beams including the solid part of the slab are: roof beams, 24[(0.3: *0.45)+ (0.60.275)]=7.2 KN/m and floor beams, 8.8 KN/m. (©) Column sizes Preliminary sizes are shown in Fig. 13.12. The self-weights are as follows. Floors | to 3 0.55°x24=7.3 kN/mPage 410 Tl 3 g 15. @) if 1 oD 200__| teot_= 200 Fors ~ 40 oo . Infernal Columns Floors 1 to 3 $50x S50 Floors 3 to 650% 450 Flows 6 to root 400» 400 External Columns Floors 1 to 3 650% uso © F's: 13.12 (a) Roof and floor slab; (b) roof and floor beams; (c) columns,Page 411 Floors 3 to7 0.45?x24=4,9 kN/m Floor 7 to roof 0.4724=3.8 KN/m Vertical loads (a) Roof beam The dead load (slab, beam, finishes) is (2.73%5.1)#7.24(1,5%6)=35 kN/m ‘The imposed load is 6x1.5=9 kN/m (b) Floor beams The dead load is (2.73x5)+8.8+(3x6)=40.5 kN/m and the imposed load is 6x3=18 kN/m (©) Internal column below floor 2 The dead load is, 7[35+(40.5*9)]+3.5[7.3+4(4.9+3.8)]=2939.7 KN and the imposed load is. 70,5[9+(18%9)]=598.5 KN The imposed load has been reduced 50%. Subframe analysis (@) Subframe The subframe consisting of the beams and columns above and below the floor level 1 is shown in Fig. 13.13. (b) Distribution factors ‘The distribution factors are JointsBandM ——_Kna:Ke:Kyc=0.43:0.23:0.34 Joints E and H Kep:Keo‘Ken:Ker=0.1:0.43:0.14:0.33 ‘The distribution factors are shown in the figure.Page 412 85.5 kim Fig, 13.13 (a) Subframe; (b) case 1, all spans 1.4G,+1.6Q,; (c) case 2A, maximum load on outer spans; (d) case 2B, maximum load on centre span.Page 413 2018 1596 ee (©) Loads and load combinations (i) Case 1 All spans are loaded with the maximum design load 1.4Gi+ 1.60: design load=(1.4x40.5)#(1.6%18) 5.5 kNim ‘The fixed end moments are Spans BE, HM 85.5%87/12=456 kN m Span EH 256.5 kN mPage 414 i ign load 1.4G.+1.60x (ii) Case 2 Alternate spans are loaded with the maximum design and the other spans are loaded with 1.06: design load=1.0G,=40.5 kN/m The design load cases are shown in Fig. 13.13. Cas (A and B). 2 involves two separate analyses (@) Analysis _ 4 The moment distribution for case 1 is shown in Fig. 13.14. The shear force an‘ bending moment diagrams for the load cases are shown in Fig. 13.15. Design of the outer span of beam BEH (a) Design of moment reinforcement . @) Section at mid-span, M=267 kN m (Fig. 13.15) The exposure is mild, and the fire resistance 2 h. Cover is 30 mm for a continuous beam. Refer to BS8110: Part 1, Tables 3.4 and 3.5. Assume 25 mm diameter bars and 10 mm diameter links: d = 500 ~ 30 - 10 ~ 12.5 = 447.5mm M____267 x 10° Fosb@ ~ 30% 1000 x 447.52 = 0.044 < 0.156 2 = 447.5{0.5 + (0.25 — 0.044/0.9)'?] = 424.2 > 0.95d = 425.1mm 267 x 10° At RT x 400 x TAD = 1572.8mm Provide 4T25 to give an area of 1963 mm? (Fig. 13.16). This will provide for tie reinforcement. (ii) Section at outer support, M=367 kN m The beam section is rectangular of breadth b=400 mm. Provide for 25 mm bars in vertical pairs; d=435 mm. M 367 x 10° Joba? ~ 30% 400 x 435% ~ 0-161 > 0.156 Design as a doubly reinforced beam, d'=52.5 mm; d'/d=0.121<0.213 when the compressive stress in steel reaches yield. ‘Ayt = (0.161 = 0.156)400 x 435? x 30 . 0.87 x 460 x 382.5 = 742mm?Page 415, nse Moments = kim Shear = kN Fig, 13.15 (@) Case 1, all spans 1.4G,+1.60; (b) case 2A, maximum load on outer spans; (c) ‘case 2B, maximum load on centre span. 0.156 x 30 x 400 x 435? * 0.87 x 460 x 0.775 x 435 * 742 = 2625.5 + 74.2 = 2699.7 mm? AyPage 416 4132 6125 2h — (Rote $ . 4 “T ae a To Le © (b) @) Fig. 13.16 (a) Mid-span; (b) outer column; (c) inner column. For the compression steel, carry 2T25 through from the centre span. For the tension steel, provide 6T25 to give an area of 2944 mm”. Refer to Fig. 13.16. (iti) Section at inner support, M=428.4 kN m M. 482.4 x 10° Fabd? ~ 30 x 400 x 4a = 0712 (0.212 — 0.156)400 x 435? x 30 0.87 x 460 x 382.5 = 830.7mm* A, = 2625.5 + 830.7 = 3456.2mm? Al= For the compression steel, carry 2T25 through from the centre span. For the tension steel, provide 4T32+2T20 to give an area of 3844 mm?, The steel area is 1.92% of the gross concrete area, Refer to Fig. 13.16. (b) Curtailment and anchorage Because of the heavy moment reinforcement in the beam the cut-off points will be calculated in accordance with section 3.12.10 in the code. (i) Top steel—outer support Refer to Fig. 13.16. The section has 6T25 bars at the top and 2T25 bars at the bottom. Determine the positions along the beam where the two bars and four bars can be cut off. The moment of resistance of the section with 4T25 bars (4,=1963 mm’) in tension and 2725 bars (A,=981 mm?) in compression is calculated (Fig. 13.17(a)). The strain in the compression steel isPage 417 000%, Stroins (mn ssst a 329K ahr Case 2A loots 36 6x0m 4e2-4ktim I p- 32694N 35TKN Cose 1 Leads ) 13.17 (a) Sections at outer support; (b) load cases. ‘The stress in the compression steel is Sc = 200 x 10° x 0.0035 2525 x = 200(x — 52.5)/x Equate the forces in the section: 0.87%460%1963=0,45%30%400(0.9x)+700(x-52.5)981/x.Page 418 Solve to give x=96.9 mm and *96,9/2=403.9 mm “ vio! ENO cean SESE) +700(96.9-52.5)981*395/96.9)/ =314.5kNm on in Fig. 13.17(b). Refer to the load diagram for case 2 loads for the end span shown in Fig. 13.17(b). ; i ation The theoretical cut-off point for two bars is given by the solution of the equ: 314,5=3674+85,5a°/2-329.3a This is a=0.16 m. In accordance with the general rules for curtailment of bars in the tension fat given in clause 3.12.9.1, the code states that one of the following requirements shoul be satisfied: (c)The bar must continue for an anchorage length (37 diameters) beyond the point where itis no longer required to resist bending moment; (o)The bar must reach a point where other bars continuing past provide double the area required to resist moment at the section. Note that () and (e) are the code designation, Requirement (¢) will be satisfied. Jn a similar manner to the above, the point where a second pair of 25 mn bars can be cut off ean be determined, The theoretical cutoff is at 0.68 m, say 0.7 m, from the Sentreline ofthe support. Hence, this is the point where the first 2125 bce can be cut off. jsgain, the point where 1725 bar can be cut offs calculated, This is at 0.98 m, say |.0m, from the support. The second 2725 bars can be cut off at thie point. Continue the remaining bars to say 1.6 m from support and lap 2725 bars on to carry links. This satisfies the requirement that 20% of the inner support steel should tun through as set out in the simplified rules. The point of contraflexure, at its furthest extent, is 1.35 m from the support (i) Top steel—inner support The section has 4T32+2T20 bars at the top and 2T25 bars at the bottom, The calculations are similar to those above. The compression Steel is at yield at the point where the 2T20 bars can be cut off. The case 1 loads shown in Fig. 13.17(b) appl: ' The theoretical cut off point is at 0.11 m from the support. a A further 2732 bars may be cut off at 0.65 m from the Support. Thus the 2T20 bars can be cut off at 650 mm from the centre of the support,Page 419 1732 bar can be cut off at 1.11 m from the support. The 2T32 bars can be cut off at 1150 mm from the support. The remaining 2T32 bars are lapped onto 2T25 bars to support the links. The point of contraflexure is at 1.69 m from the support. See section (¢), p. 424. (iii) Bottom steel—outer support The bottom steel consists of 4T25 bars. The point where two bars can be cut off will be determined, Assume that at the theoretical cut off points the effective top steel consists of 2T25 bars. The beam section is shown in Fig. 13.16 with a flange breadth of 1000 mm. Neglect the compression steel and equate forces in the section: 0.87%460%98 1=0.43x30x 1000%0.9x 2x=32.3 mm 2=447.5—0.5%0.9%32.3=432.9 mm £0.95d=425.1 mm The steel at the top actually has a small tensile stress, which is neglected. Mg =0.87%460*981%425,1/10° =166.9 KN m Consider case 2A loads shown in Fig. 13.17(b) and solve the following equation to give the theoretical cut off points: 166.9=329.9a-367-85.5a°/2 where a=2.35 m or a=5.35 m from the outer column centreline. ‘The points where a further 1T25 bars can be cut off are at 1.77 m and 5.93 mm. The actual cut off points for the 2725 bars are at 1700 mm from the outer support and 2000 from the inner support. Note that these cut off points will be re-examined when cracking is checked. (iv) Outer support—anchorage of top bars 6125 bars which include two pairs are to be anchored. The arrangement for anchorage is shown in Fig. 13.18. The anchorage length is calculated for pairs of bars. A larger steel area has been provided than is required (section 13.5.6(a)(ii)). The stress in the bars at the start of the bend is 0.87 x 460 x 2699.7 5 ae 367 N/mm From Table 3.28 of the code #=0.5 for type 2 deformed bars in tension: anchorage bond stress fiy=0.5*30'? =2.74 N/mm?Page 420 0, 2983 Fig. 13.18 effective bar size - = (4 x 981/z)'2 = 35.4mm 367 x 981 2.74 x x x 35.4 = 1182.1mm anchorage length The bearing stress is checked at the centre of the bend with an average radius of 275 mm for the pairs of bars. The centre of the bend is at 107.9 mm from the start. The stress at the centre of the bend is ‘The bearing stress is 333.5 X 981 = 33.6N/mm? 275 x 35.4Page 421 = 34.9N/mm? where the centre-to-centre distance of the bars is 98.3 mm. The bend radius is satisfactory. The top bars will extend to 1.6 m to lap on the beam reinforcement. () Arrangement of longitudinal bars The arrangement of the longitudinal bars is shown in Fig. 13.19. (©) Design of Shear Reinforcement The shear force envelope constructed from the shear force diagrams is shown in Fig. 13.20, Take account of the enhanced shear strength near the support using the simplified approach set out in clause 3.4.5.9 of the code. () Inner support The shear at d from the face of the support is 295.6 kN. 295.6 x 10° Ve = 2 Too dae = 1:66N/mm: The effective tension steel is 4T32 bars, 4,=3216 mm, d=444 m (Fig. 13.19). The bars continue for 481 mm past the section, 100 x 3216" "(a)" ven ano(oorcat) (Gs) /125 = 0.82 N/mm? Use T10 links, As=157 mm’: _ 0.87 x 460 x 157 400(1.66 = 0.82) % 0.7Sd = 326.25 Sy = 187mm Provide links at 175 mm centres. The spacing for minimum links is 0.87 x 460 x 157 0.4 x 400 s= = 392.7mm Adopt a minimum spacing of 300 mm. Determine the distance from the centre of the inner support where links at 300 mm centres can be used. At this location the effective tension steel is 2T32 bars, 4,=1608 mm: ve=0.65 N/mm? Then taking account of the shear resistance of the T10 lis inks at average shear stress v in the concrete can be found: 300 mm cents, thePage 423 é he i oH | ; zs] Le | ms 0 ton_fe | js ta ars iim ake Fig. 13.20 me og = 0.52N/mm? and v= 1.17 N/mm? The shear V at the section is V=1.17%444x400/10°=207.8 kN ‘The distance a from the centre support where the shear is 207.8 KN is given by 3 357.1 - 207.8 _ SS 175m a (ii) Outer support, d=447.5 mm The shear at d from the face of the support is 271.8 EN. The shear stress v=1.55 N/mm®. The design stress for 425 bars, 4,=1963 mm’, at the top gives v.=0.69 N/mm’, ‘The spacing sy for the T10 links is 182.6 mm. For a minimum spacing of 300 mm with v.=0.55 N/mm? for 2725 bars, the shear V=191.5 KN. This shear occurs at 1.61 m from the centre of the support. (iii) Rationalization of link spacings The following rationalization of link spacings will be adopted: Face of outer support, 1400 mm 9T10, 175 Centre portion TO, 300 Face of centre support, 1575 mm. 10710, 175Page 424 ‘The link spacing is shown in Fig. 13.19. (a) Deflection Refer to Fig. 13.16. by 40 o.4>03 b 1000 Interpolating from Table 3.10 of the code the basic span/d ratio is 04-03 m+ as-208(f5=93) = 25 M_ __267 x 108 2333 bd? * 400 x 447.5 = * 5.x 460 x 1569.4 a fo Sag 7 29.9Nim The modification factor for tension reinforcement is 277 ~ 229.9 0.55 + 7009 + 3.33) = 1.04 < 2.0 The modification factor for compression reinforcement with 2T25 bars supporting the links is 100 + 981 100 + 981 1+ 000% 447.5) ( * 000 x i) minal allowable span/d ratio = 21.5 x 1.04 x 1.07 = 23.9 actual span/d ratio = 8000/447.5 = 17.9 The beam is satisfactory with respect to deflection. (©) Cracking Referring to Table 3.20 in the code the clear spacing between bars in the tension zone for grade 460 steel and no redistribution should not exceed 160 mm, The cut-off points calculated above are re-examined. Refer to Figs 13.17 and 13.19. (@ Outer support—top steel The maximum distance of the point of contraflexure from the support is 1350 mm; 2725-4 bars are cut off at 1000 mm giving a clear spacing between bars of 270 mm. A small bar must be added in the centre of the beam to control cracking, (ii) Inner support—top steel The point of contraflexure is 1690 mm from the Support, The centre 2T32-8 bars are cut off at 1200 mm from thePage 425 support. A small bar is necessary in the centre of the beam to control cracking, (iii) Outer support—bottom steel For case 3 loads the point of contraflexure is 630 mm from the support. It is necessary to add a small bar in the centre of the beam to control cracking between the cut-off of the inner two bars and the column (Fig. 13.19, section AA), (iv) Inner support—bottom steel For case 3 loads the point of contraflexure is 990 mm from the support. A centre bar to control cracking is added (Fig. 13.19, section CC). ( Arrangement of reinforcement The final arrangement of the reinforcement is shown in Fig. 13.19. Design of centre column—lower length (a) Design loads and moments , Referring to the section on vertical loads on p. 411 and Fig. 13.11, the axial load and moment at the column top are as follows. For case 1 axial load=(1.4%2939.7)+(1.6%598.5) =3073.2 KN moment=89.6 KN m Incase 2, at the first floor the centre beam carries dead load only: axial load=5073.2-[(0.4%40.5)+18]3 =4970.6 moment=137.8 kN m (b) Effective length and slenderness Refer to BS8110: Part 1, section 3.8.1.6. The column is ‘square with assumed dimensions 550 mmx550 mm. The restraining members are as follows: Transverse direction ‘beam 500 mm deep Longitudinal direction ribbed slab 275 mm deep Check the slenderness in the longitudinal direction. The end conditions for a braced column are (Table 3.21 of the code) Top Condition 3, ribbed slab Bottom —_ Condition 1, moment connection to basePage 426 p-09 i = =4725 mm fective length /,=0.9(5500-250) se enderness-4T25/S50°8.9 <15 The column is short. (©) Column reinforcement The column reinforcement is designed for case 2A loads: N _ 4970.6 X10" _ 16 4 bh S507 M _ 1378 x 10° Me SRA os Refer to Fig. 9.11 earlier. 1004,/bh=1.4 Ayc=1.4%S50'/100=4235 mm? Provide 6T25+2T32 to give an area of 4552 mm’, The links required are 8 mm in diameter at 300 mm centres. The reinforcement is shown in Fig. 13.21. Note that no bar must be more than 150 mm from a restrained bar. Centre links are provided. Less steel is required for case 1 loads. 219>150 3125 2132 T8- 300 312s Fig. 13.21Page 427 Robustness—design of ties The design must comply with the requirements of sections 2.2.2.2 and 3.12.3 of the code regarding robustness and the design of ties, These requirements are examined. (a) Internal ties , , ; (i) Transverse direction The ties must be able to resist a tensile force in kilonewtons per metre width that is the greater of E of § 1 Tah 23h where 8=2.7348.8/6+3.0=7 kN/m?* Q=3.0 KN/m? 18.0 m (transverse direction) or 1.07; where F=20+4n9=60 KN and no=10 is the number of storeys. tie force = 127.8kN/m 127.8 x 10° Steel atea = 07x 460 = 319.3mm/m Provide 3712 bars, 4,=339 mm’, in the topping of the ribbed slab per metre width. (ii) Longitudinal direction The area of tics must be added to the area of steel in the ribs. (b) Peripheral ties The peripheral ties must resist a force F; of 60 KN. This will be provided by an extra steel area in the edge L-beams running around the building. (c) External column tie The force to be resisted is the greater of 2.0F.=120 kNPage 428 or enc design ultimate vertical where /, is the floor to ceiling height (3.0 m), or 3% of the design load at that level (p. 425) which is 3 x 5264.4/100 = 157.9kN 157.9 10° 2 steel area = 737 460 394.6 mm’ The moment reinforcement provided at the bottom of the beam is just SS resist this force. At the centre of the beam 1963 mm’ are provided whereas a mm? are required. The top reinforcement will also provide resistance. The bars are anchored at the external column. . . The corner columns must be anchored in two directions at right angles. (d) Vertical ties The building is over five storeys and so each column must be tied continuously from foundation to roof. The tie must support in tension the design load of one floor (Section on vertical loads, p. 411). design load =(1.4%7%40.5)+(1.6%7%18) =598.5 kN The steel area required is 1495.5 mm?, The column reinforcement is lapped above floor level with a compression lap of 37 times the bar diameter (Table 3.29 of the code). This reinforcement is more than adequate to resist the code load. mPage 328 The eccentricity due to slenderness is &1=4000°/2500%150=42.7 mm The total eccentricity is not to be less than h/20=7.5 mm or 20 mm. ‘The applied ultimate load must be less than Mw =0.3(150-1.2*11.1-2x42.7)25 =384.6 N/mm or kN/m >applied load of 61.2 kKN/m Si se he maximum permissible slenderness ratio of 30 controls the peer te a where the imposed load covers the whole floor should also be ches . applied load then is 81 kN/m and the wall is satisfactory. =