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    Shivam Gauns
    The document discusses Maxwell's equations, which govern electromagnetic waves. Maxwell's equations relate electric and magnetic fields, charges, and currents. The differential form of Maxwell's equations is most commonly used to solve boundary value problems involving electromagnetic fields. It describes the field vectors, current densities, and charge densities at any point in space and time. The equations are valid if the field vectors are single-valued, bounded, continuous functions, except at boundaries where charges and currents are discontinuous.

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    Notes

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    Shivam Gauns
    47 views1 page
    The document discusses Maxwell's equations, which govern electromagnetic waves. Maxwell's equations relate electric and magnetic fields, charges, and currents. The differential form of Maxwell's equations is most commonly used to solve boundary value problems involving electromagnetic fields. It describes the field vectors, current densities, and charge densities at any point in space and time. The equations are valid if the field vectors are single-valued, bounded, continuous functions, except at boundaries where charges and currents are discontinuous.

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    The document discusses Maxwell's equations, which govern electromagnetic waves. Maxwell's equations relate electric and magnetic fields, charges, and currents. The differential form of Maxwell's equations is most commonly used to solve boundary value problems involving electromagnetic fields. It describes the field vectors, current densities, and charge densities at any point in space and time. The equations are valid if the field vectors are single-valued, bounded, continuous functions, except at boundaries where charges and currents are discontinuous.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    47 views1 page

    Notes

    Uploaded by

    Shivam Gauns
    The document discusses Maxwell's equations, which govern electromagnetic waves. Maxwell's equations relate electric and magnetic fields, charges, and currents. The differential form of Maxwell's equations is most commonly used to solve boundary value problems involving electromagnetic fields. It describes the field vectors, current densities, and charge densities at any point in space and time. The equations are valid if the field vectors are single-valued, bounded, continuous functions, except at boundaries where charges and currents are discontinuous.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    of 1

    1.

    2 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
    In general, electric and magnetic fields are vector quantities that have both magnitude and direction.
    The relations and variations of the electric and magnetic fields, charges, and cur-
    rents associated with electromagnetic waves are governed by physical laws, which are known as
    Maxwell’s equations.

    1.2.1 Differential Form of Maxwell’s Equations


    The differential form of Maxwell’s equations is the most widely used representation to solve
    boundary-value electromagnetic problems (A boundary value problem for a given differential
    equation consists of finding a solution of the given differential equation subject to a given set of
    boundary conditions. It is a system of ordinary differential equations (equation that contains only
    one independent variable (y’,y”, ….yn,…with respect to x)(An independent variable is a variable
    that does not depend on any other variable for its value) and one or more of its derivatives with
    respect to the variable) with solution and derivative values specified at more than one point. Most
    commonly, the solution and derivatives are specified at just two points (the boundaries) defining a
    two-point boundary value problem). It is used to describe and relate the field vectors, current
    densities, and charge densities at any point in space at any time. For these expressions to be valid, it
    is assumed that the field vectors are single-valued, bounded, continuous functions of position and
    time and exhibit continuous derivatives. Field vectors associated with electromagnetic waves
    possess these characteristics except where there exist abrupt changes in charge and current
    densities. Discontinuous distributions of charges and currents usually occur at interfaces between
    media where there are discrete changes in the electrical parameters across the interface. The
    variations of the field vectors across such boundaries (interfaces) are related to the discontinuous
    distributions of charges and currents by what are usually referred to as the boundary conditions.
    Thus a complete description of the field vectors at any point (including discontinuities) at any time
    requires not only Maxwell’s equations in differential form but also the associated boundary
    conditions.
    In differential form, Maxwell’s equations can be written as

    ᐁ X E = -μi - ∂B/ ∂t = -μi - μd = -μt ------(1)

    ᐁ X H = Ji + Jc + ∂D/ ∂t = Jic + ∂D/ ∂t = Jic + Jd = Jt ---------(2)

    ᐁ.E = qev ----------(3)

    ᐁ.B = qmv ----------(4)

    where
    Jic = Ji + Jc
    Jd = ∂D/ ∂t
    μd = ∂B/ ∂t

    All these field quantities—E, H, D, B, J, μ,and qv—are assumed to be time-varying, and each is a
    function of the space coordinates and time, that is, E = E (x, y, z ; t). The definitions
    and units of the quantities are

    Shivam Gauns

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