COURSE CONTENT

The course aims to expose students to different facets of Philippine history through the lens of
eyewitness. Rather than rely on secondary materials such as textbooks, which is the usual
approach in teaching Philippine history, different types of primary sources will be used - written
(qualitative and quantitative), oral, visual, audio-visual, digital – covering various aspects of
Philippine life (political, economic, social, cultural). Students are expected to analyze selected
readings contextually and in terms of content (stated and implied). The end goal is to enable
students to understand and appreciate our rich past by deriving insights from those who were
actually present at the time of the event.

Description Students are given opportunities to analyze the author’s background and main arguments, compare
different points of view, identify biases and examine the evidences presented in the document.
The discussions will tackle traditional topics in history and other interdisciplinary themes that will
deepen and broaden their understanding in the Philippine political, economic, cultural, social,
scientific and religious history. Priority is given to primary materials that could help students
develop their analytical and communication skills. The end goal is to develop the historical and
critical consciousness the students so that they will become versatile, articulate, broad-minded,
morally upright and responsible citizens.
For the clearer understanding about the history of the Philippines, this course can be taught in
English, Filipino or Both according to CMO No. 20, series of 2013.

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity and provenance 2. Analyze the
context, content and perspective of different kinds of primary sources
3. Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding
Course
Philippine history
Outcomes
4. Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources
5. Demonstrate the ability to use primary sources to argue in favor or against a particular issue
6. Effectively communicate, using various techniques and genres, their historical analysis of a
particular event or issue that could help others understand the chosen topic

1 – The Meaning of History, Sources of Historical Data, Historical Criticisms

2 – Knowing the Philippine History and Philippine Geographical and Historical Foundation
3 – Colonization of the Philippines and the Conflicting Views: Site of the First Mass
4 – Spanish Era in the Philippines
5 – Taxation and the Early Filipino Revolts Against the Tribute
6 – Awakening of the Filipino Nationalism
7 – Propaganda Movement
CHAPTER
8 – Start of Filipino Armed Struggle
S 9 – Philippine Revolution under Aguinaldo’s Leadership
10 – The Start of American Era
11– Preparation for the Philippine Commonwealth Government
12 –Philippine Commonwealth Government
13 – The Japanese Occupation in the Philippines
14 – The Beginning of the Philippine Third Republic
15 – The People Power Revolution
ROSE ANN M. BARBACENA
Instructor

CHAPTER THE MEANING OF HISTORY, SOURCES OF HISTORICAL

1 DATA, HISTORICAL CRITICISM
Description In this chapter, History as discipline and as a narrative is being introduced. It discusses the
 limitation of historical knowledge, history as the subjective process of recreation, and
historical method and historiography. This module also presents the sources of historical data,
the written and non-written sources of history, as well as the differentiation of primary and
secondary sources of information data. Historical criticisms such as external and internal
criticisms are also being discussed here. These are important aspects in ascertaining the
authenticity and reliability of primary sources upon narratives are crafted.
At the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Explain the meaning of history.
Objectives 2. Identify the importance of studying history
3. Differentiate primary and secondary sources
4. Understand the concept of historical criticism

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• MEANING OF HISTORY
• SOURCES OF HISTORY
• HISTORICAL CRITICISMS
• BIRTH OF PHILIIPINE HISTORY

REQUIRED READING/S
• Levin, M., & Pforr, B. (1962). Ethnographic and Anthropological Materials as
Historical Sources. Arctic Anthropology, 1(1), 51-57. www.jstor.org/stable/40315540
• Baumgartner, J. (1981). NEWSPAPERS AS HISTORICAL SOURCES. Philippine Quarterly of Culture
and Society, 9(3), 256-258. www.jstor.org/stable/29791732 Meaning of History

As everyone knows, History is derived from the Greek word “historia” which means learning by inquiry.
Aristotle, the Greek Philosopher, looked upon at the history as systematic accounting of a set of natural
phenomena, that is, taking into consideration the chronological arrangement of the account. This explain that
knowledge is derived through conducting a process of scientific investigation of past events.

There are theories constructed by historians in investigating history: the factual history and speculative history.
Factual history presents readers the plain and basic information vis-à-vis the events that took place (what), the
time and date with which the events happened (when), the place with which the events took place (where), and
the people that were involved (who). Speculative history, on the other hand goes beyond facts because it is
concerned about the reasons for which events happened (why), and the way they happened (how).

Sources of Historical Data

As we go along on the discussion, let us now focus on the sources of historical data.
Historical data are source from artifacts that have been left by the past. These artifacts can either be relics or
remains, or the testimonies of witnesses to the past. Therefore, historical sources are those materials from which
the historians construct meaning. The historian deals with the dynamic (the becoming) as well as the static (the
being) and aims at being interpretative (explaining why and how things happened and were interrelated) as well
as descriptive (telling what happened, when and where, and who took part). Besides, such descriptive data as
can be derived directly and immediately from surviving artifacts are only small parts of the periods to which
they belong.

There are written and non- written sources of history. Let us explain each.
First, written sources of history are usually categorized in three ways: (1) narrative or literary, (2) diplomatic or
juridical, and (3) social documents.

Narrative or literature are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written to impart a message whose
motives for his or her compositions vary widely.
Examples:, biography, novel or film, and hagiography
Diplomatic Sources are understood to be those which document/ record an existing legal situation or create a
replacement one, and it's these sorts of sources that professional historians once treated as the purest, the “best”
source. Example: Charter
Social documents are information concerning economic, social, political, or judicial significance. They are
records kept by bureaucracies.
Examples: government reports such as municipal accounts, research findings, and documents like these
parliamentary procedures, civil registry records, property registers, and records of census.

Second, unwritten sources - these are as essentials as written sources. There are two types: the fabric evidence
and oral evidence.

Material evidence, also referred to as archaeological evidence is one among the foremost important unwritten
evidences.
Examples: pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches, roads, and others that tell a story about the past.

Oral evidence is additionally a crucial source of data for historians. Examples of this are tale sagas of an ancient
peoples and the folk songs or popular rituals from the pre-modern period of the Philippine history.

Primary versus Secondary Sources

It is very important to know the difference between primary and secondary sources. These two concepts will
help readers for better understanding of the past.

Primary sources are original, first -hand account of an occasion or period that are usually written or made
during or on the brink of the event or period. These sources are basically original and factual.
Examples: Diaries, journals, letters, newspapers and magazines articles (factual accounts), government
records, photographs, maps, postcards, posters, recorded or transcribed speeches

Secondary sources are materials made by people long after the events. These sources provide valuable
interpretations of historical events. - interprets and scrutinizes primary sources. Examples: biographies,
histories, literary criticism

Historical Criticism

Historical Criticism examines the origins of the earliest text to appreciate the underlying circumstance upon
which the text came to be (Soulen & Soulen, 2001). It has two important goals:

First, to discover the original meaning of the text in its primitive or historical context and literal sense.
Second, to create a restoration of the historical situation of the author and receivers of the text.

There are two parts to historical criticisms.

1. External criticism determines the authenticity of the source. The authenticity of the fabric could also be
tested in two ways, by paleographical (the deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts) and diplomatic
criticism (critical analysis of historical paper to understand how the document came to be, the information
transmitted, and the relationships between the facts purported in the document and the reality).
2. Internal criticism determines the historicity of the facts contained within the document. It is not
necessary to prove the authenticity of the material or document. However, the facts contained in the document
must first be tested before any conclusion pertaining to it can be admitted. In determining the worth of the facts,
the characters of the sources, the knowledge of the author, and therefore the influences prevalent at the time of
writing must be carefully investigated.

The Birth of the Philippine History

The history of the Philippines (according to H.O. Beyer’s Migration Theory) is believed to have taken off with
the arrival of the first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man
suggested. Negrito tribes first inhabited the isles and more groups later migrated to the islands like the story of
the Ten (10) Bornean Datus.

Philippines is rich in history however the written record started with the coming of the Spaniards. Many
believed that Spaniards destroyed the earlier records as completely as possible. The same scenario happened
when the Philippines was under the American and Japanese colonization. Many precolonial records were lost
and were no longer retrieved. Therefore, much of what is known about Pre- Spanish days are still insufficient.
There are still much to be uncovered. Other said that some of our recovered records came from other countries
which were in touch with the islands. Take for example, Murillo-Velarde Map. It was a hydrographical and
chorographical chart of the Philippines Island drawn by the Jesuit Father Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696-1753)
and published in Manila in the year 1734. It was the first and believed to be the most important map of the
maritime routes from Manila to Spain and to those colony of Spanish Empire in the new world. The map
contains captions, it also shows of great from the geographic point of view, and as an ethnographic document.

History as Records of the Past

The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past is very important in
order for us, readers to really understand history. Historians create their narratives through a survey and analysis
of primary sources available in the archives, libraries or the antique collections of document enthusiasts.
Relying on different materials and resources (both primary and secondary) will truly help us to bring us
back to the past events that may lead us for better understanding of the present.

REFERENCE
Ligan, V., Espino, L., Andrada, J., et. al. (2018) Readings in the Philippine History, Malabon City. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc. Chapter 1 (pages 1-15)

EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Directions: Encircle the letter of your choice.

1. Materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place.
a. Primary Source c. Scientific Source
b. Diplomatic Source d. Secondary Source
2. Which is not an example of a primary source?
a. Biographies c. a birth certificate
b. Letters d. a photograph
3. What is the historical tract typically composed to inform contemporaries or succeeding generations?
a. Narrative c. Juridical tracts
b. Literature d. Scientific tract
4. This is an example of primary source.
a. Newspaper c. Painting
b. Electronic data d. Tape recorder
5. A product of record keeping of a bureau which contain information.
a. Minutes c. Formulas
b. Social document d. Content
6. These historical sources are materials by nature.
a. Unwritten sources c. Written sources
b. Reliable sources d. Tattoo
7. The third part of diplomatic source. The attestation of those responsible for the document, which maybe
the author, writer, counter signer, principal parties involved, and witnesses to the enactment or the
subscription.
a. Eschatocol c. Content
b. Protocol d. Negotiable
8. Historians consider these sources as documents/ record and existing legal situation as the best source.
a. Relic c. Oral Source
b. Remains d. Diplomatic Source
9. This is the evidence is considered as material evidence.
a. Recordings c. Diaries
b. Archaeological d. books
10. These are the original historical sources.
a. Static Sources c. Primary Sources
b. Descriptive Sources d. Interpretative Sources
Exercise No. 2

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each number.
_____1. Incompleteness of records has limited man’s knowledge of history.
 _____2. These are the raw materials out of which history maybe written.
_____3. This historical method, historians investigate, collects and examine sources.
_____4. Historian’s ability to reconstruct historical events
_____5. Historians aim of searching the truth, authenticity and plausibility.
_____6. Objects/things that have since been forgotten or the experience of generation long dead
_____7. The practice of historical writing
_____8. Learning by inquiry
_____9. Historical objectivity
_____10. The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past.

A. Verisimilitude G. Aristotle
B. Limitation of historical knowledge H. Historia

C. Interpretative I. Historical method

D. Historiography J. Historical analysis

E. Historical Impartiality K. Historical bias

F. Artifacts or Documents

Exercise No. 3

Define the following terms:

1. Diplomatics

___________________________________________________________

2. Verisimilitude

___________________________________________________________

3. Historiography

___________________________________________________________

4. Paleography

______________________________________________________________

5. Historical Criticism

___________________________________________________________

Identify what is being described in the following items.

__________________1. It determines the authenticity of the source.

__________________2. This is considered as hoax or misinterpretation from the genuine document.
__________________3. It is a dictionary of biography that gives examples of handwriting.
__________________4. It is a historical seal that has been subject of special study of experts.
__________________5. This means that the historical texts are primitive and historical contexts in the
primitive sense.
__________________6. The criticism deals with more important matters than the external form.
__________________7. This refers to the time/century when historical criticism was properly formed.
__________________8. It determines that historicity of the facts contained in the document.
__________________9. This refers to the time /century when historical typewriting was invented.
__________________10. This refers to the era when historical forgery was not known

CHAPTER KNOWING PHILIPPINE HISTORY: PHILIPPINE

2 GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS
 This chapter discusses the life of the early Filipinos before the conquest of the Westerners. It
aims to prove that our ancestors had a high level of culture even before the coming of the
Spaniards. How the Filipinos started building their communities along the mouth of the river
Description
and coastal areas. It also presents here the different archaeological records of the early
Chinese and some Muslim scholars narrating the existence of civilization in the archipelago
even before Magellan landed.
At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Discuss how the physical environment of the Philippines shaped the socio-cultural,
political and economic facets of its society.
Objectives 2. Explain the traditional Filipino communities
3. Analyze the culture and structure of the ancient Filipino society to determine the level of
civilization attained during the pre-colonial era.
4. Critique the strengths and weaknesses of the early Filipino society.

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Pre-Hispanic People
• Early Philippine Society

REQUIRED READINGS

• Macdonald, C. (2004). Folk Catholicism and Pre-Spanish Religions in the Philippines. Philippine Studies,
52(1), 78-93. www.jstor.org/stable/42633685

Philippines Before the Conquest

Philippine history writing started during Spanish time when Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippine
archipelago in the year 1521, followed by Filipinos like Dr. Jose Rizal who annotated Antonio Morga’s book
“Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas” (Events of the Philippine Islands) and Americans. But before the Spaniards,
there were archaeological records of the early Chinese and some Muslim scholars narrating the existence of
civilization in the archipelago even before Magellan landed. And if you have read the Rizal’s annotation on
Morga’s book, we can tell that there was already an organized

Let us take a look on the life of the native people of Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of the Spaniards.

The Early Philippine Society

There were group of people that the historians believed they existed here in the Philippine Islands before the
colonization period. They are as follow:

1. Tabon Man. The Tabon Man skull cap was discovered by Dr. Robert Fox an American Anthropologist
within the Tabon subside Palawan in 1962. According to research this Man lived on the first days called Stone
Age and inside the cave. He also founded evidence that this early human already knew how to make and use
tools. Experts said skeletal remains found in Tabon was not a Negrito.

2. Negrito. Henry Otley Beyer, a known anthropologist introduced the “Theory of Migration” that the first
Human who came to the Philippine Archipelago through the Lan Bridges were Negritos, the ancestors of the
Aetas, but many anthropologist and experts opposed and disproved the belief.

3. Callao Man. Dr. Armand Mijares of University of the Philippines led the team of Archeologist in 2007.
They found a foot bone inside the Callao cave in Cagayan. They said this man existed 20,000 years older than
the Tabon man. They needed to consume almost three years to determine the age of the bone. They used the
method called Uranium Series Dating conducted in France. However, their team is still planning to conduct
more excavations and study to re- enforce their findings and theories.
 The early Filipinos started building their communities along the mouth of the river or coastal areas. They
choose the place because of economic opportunities wherein they access the land and the water for their
everyday routines of life. Their community was a Barangay setup with 50 or 2000 people as residents.

There are social classes in the barangay namely:

1. Maharlika (Noble People)
2. Timawa (Free men)
3. Alipin (Slaves)
- Aliping Namamahay
- Aliping Saguiguilid
The early Filipinos used caves for their housing until they learned to build houses outside using wood or
bamboo and nipa leaves or cogon grass for their roofing suited for our tropical climate. Later on, they called
Bahay Kubo. There were places in the Philippines particularly in the mountainous areas where people make
their houses at the top of the tree (tree house). This is to protect them from wild animals that can hurt them. For
those people residing beside the sea like the Badjao or sea gypsies, their boats already serve as their houses.

Early Filipinos did not have religion, but they believed that there is a powerful being from the sky and that they
called God. They were pagans, they believe in different gods and goddesses.

Even prior to the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos were already believers of superstitious beliefs. Among
them include aswang, kapre, dwende, tiyanak, and tikbalang which until now still exist especially in the remote
places of different provinces.

The Baybayin or the Alibata was the pre- Hispanic writing system in the Philippines. Filipinos believed that this
system originated from Kawi (a Javanese old script with a large number of loanwords from Sanskrit. (Java is a
place in Indonesia and a Sanskrit is a classical language of India.)

The discovery of archeological artifacts in the Philippines manifested that during the Neolithic means the last
age of Stone Age and the beginning of Human development in technology. Since the beginning in the
Philippines, rice was already the principal crop aside from hunting, trapping animals, and fishing.

A traditional music and dance is the reflection of life and culture of people of one place. In music, we have
instruments like kudyapi, kalaleng, a tingguian Nose flute, slit drum. Some pre- Hispanic songs were called
Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno at Oyayi o Hele. Primitive dances of the early Filipinos
were linked with rituals and to their daily lives.

Preservation of the Pre-Hispanic Culture and Traditions

It is not new to us that even prior the arrival of the Westerners, the early people of the Philippine archipelago
had already built and established their unique customs and traditions. As we observe in the present time, there
are still some group of Indigenous tribes who are preserving their culture that we can call ours and not brought
by the colonizers.

REFERENCES

Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (pages 2-4; 16-22)

EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1
Multiple Choices

1. This class of people does not pay taxes in the community; they relatives of the Raja or the Datu (The
Nobles/Aristocrats).
a. Aliping Namamahay c. Maharlika
b. Timawa d. Aliping Sagigilid

2. This evidence found in many places in the Philippines proves that Chinese were the first to trade
with us during the Tang Dynasty.
a. Stone c. Musical Instrument
b. Porcelain d. Balangay

3. It is the year when the Islam was introduced here in the Philippines by Karim ul’ Makhdum.
a. 1380 c. 1412
b. 1256 d. 1521

4. It refers to the symbolic ceremony and preservation of friendship between the two tribes.
a. Fiesta c. Sandugo
b. War Dance d. Umalohokan

5. It is the two-stringed boat shape guitar of the Maguindanaoans.

a. Kulintang c. Kalaleng
b. Batikok-kok d. Gangsa

Exercise No. 2

Essay
1. Describe the Philippines during the Neolithic Period.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. In your own opinion, which among the three are early people in the Archipelago? (Tabon Man, Negrito, or
Callao Man). Justify your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. If the Spanish did not conquer our archipelago, what do you think is our culture now?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Do you believe in super natural creatures like aswang, kapre, tikbalang and tiyanak? Why or why not? Justify
your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the importance of the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription to the Filipino?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise No. 3

Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.

_____________1. Baybayin or the Alibata was the pre- Hispanic writing system in the Philippines.
_____________2. Filipios sing according to what they feel and that they are doing. Some pre- Hispanic songs
were called Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno at Oyayi o Hele.
_____________3. Aside from instruments, early Filipinos also expressed their culture through acting and
dancing.
_____________4. Aliping Saguiguilid was typically an alipin who had received a piece of land from his
master.

_____________5. The discovery of archeological artifacts in the Philippines manifested that during the
Neolithic means the last age of Stone Age and the beginning of Human development in technology.
_____________6. Aswang a tall big black muscular creature with a hairy feature with a strong and smell that
can get human attention and smoking a large tobacco while resting at the tree. _____________7. According to
archaeologist, the Chinese people were the first to trade with us. Pieces of Chinese porcelains found in many
places in the Philippines during the Tang Dynasty of China are a proof to it.
_____________8. Since the beginning in the Philippines, corn was already the principal crop aside from
hunting, trapping animals, and fishing.
_____________9. Arab traders came to the Philippines through Jolo and Sulu, on their way to Guangzhou
China for trading their goods in the 1380s.
_____________10. Islam was introduced in the Philippines 1380 by Karim ul’ Makhdum the Arabian trader
who came to the Philippine archipelago while Christianism was only introduced 1521 upon the arrival of
Ferdinand Magellan
 CHAPTER COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES AND
3 THE CONFLICTING VIEWS: Site of the First Mass

This chapter discusses the discovery of the Philippine archipelago and how Ferdinand
Magellan proved that the eastern part of the world can be reached through a westerly route.
Description
The arrival of his expedition in the islands and his relationship with the Filipino natives. It
also presents here the conflicting views about the site of the first mass – Butuan or
Limasawa.
At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Explain how the radical changes that took place in Europe paved the way for a new
world historical epoch.
Objectives 2. Discuss vividly the impact of the church’s influences in the political affairs of
Europe.
3. Explain fully the factors that led to the Age of Discovery and Exploration.
4. Describe how Magellan discovered a new sea route leading to Asia that guided the
succeeding explorers.

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Magellan’s Expedition
• Battle of Mactan
• Site of the First Mass

REQUIRED READINGS
• Bernard, M. E. (2002) “Butuan or Limasawa: The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: A
Reexamination of the Evidence”, BUDHI A Journal of Ideas and
Culture, Vol. 5No.
3.6.1.https://journals.ateneo.edu/ojs/index.php/budhi/article/view/582/579
• LeRoy, J. (1903). The Friars in the Philippines. Political Science Quarterly, 18(4), 657680.
doi:10.2307/2140780

Two Powerful Countries in Europe

The colonization in the Philippines started when the two powerful countries – Portugal and Spain – had cold
rivalry in conquering lands to expand their empire and to look spices as one of the most prized goods which is
equivalent like gold. To pacify the situation, the Pope in Vatican City, Pope Alexander VI mediated between the
two to avoid further conflict (Portugal and Spain are both Catholic Nations).
In this discussion, let us find out how did Magellan end up here in the Philippine archipelago after long voyage
from Spain.

Discovery of the Philippine Archipelago

It was Magellan’s expedition that paved way to the discovery of the Philippines during 1521. Ferdinand
Magellan was born in Portugal in 1480. In 1517, he decided to move to Spain to look for an opportunity to offer
his service to the Spanish Court. Timely enough, through the Treaty of Tordesillas, King Charles I (later
became King Charles IV) of Spain was convinced about the proposed route plan of Magellan in looking for the
Spice Island and gave his blessing for a voyage under the Crown of Spain. The King gave him a fleet of five
ships called Armada and a rank commander of the expedition under the order of Santiago.

The Magellan’s Fleet:

1. The flagship Trinidad –under Magellan’s command
2. San Antonio –commanded by Juan de Cartagena
3. Concepcion –commanded by Gaspas de Quesada
4. Santiago – commanded by Joăo Serrăo
5. Victoria – named after the Church of Sta Maria de la Victoria de Triana, where Magellan took an oath of
allegiance to King Charles V; commanded by Luis Mendoza

From among the five ships sent by King Charles I, only three left to continue the mission of expedition, the
Trinidad, Concepcion, and Victoria. It was the first time for the European to sail in Pacific Ocean. Magellan
named it Mar Pacifico for its peace and calm unlike other oceans that they travelled where the water was
extremely rough.

On March 16, 1521, they reached the island of Homonhon at the eastern part of the province of Samar. They
landed there to gather food and also refresh the crew after their long voyage from the Pacific Ocean.

Magellan had good relationship to the two kings named Rajah Kulambo and Rajah Humabon. Aside from the
spice island, other missions of Magellan expedition were to circumnavigate the worlds and to spread
Christianity. When they entered the Archipelago in 1521, their priority was to Christianize all the early Filipinos
they would meet. And Rajah Humabon was the first native chieftain who embraced Christianity.

Many native leaders accepted Spain’s offer of friendship. However, there was one leader named Lapu-Lapu
(Leader of Mactan) who did not accept the friendship of Magellan. This rejection angered Magellan and he
devised a plan to subdue the native king.

Unfortunately, Magellan did not expect that the people from Mactan were already anticipating the battle and
was ready to fight. Caught off-guard and outnumbered, most of the Spaniards got injured and was forced to
retreat. Magellan was killed in the battle.

The defeat of the Spaniards in Mactan and with the series of unfortunate events, Magellan’s troops finally
decided to leave the island and continue their journey to Moluccas island.

Among the five ships at the beginning of the expedition, only Victoria was able to successfully went back to
Spain.

There was controversy regarding where the site of the first mass was held in the Philippines when Ferdinand
Magellan reached our archiplegao – in (Masao) Butuan or Limasawa (Leyte)?

Magellan’s Contribution in the World History

The expedition initiated of Ferdinand Magellan was regarded as the greatest of all expedition made by man. For
the first time in history, man has circumnavigated the world and has proven that the earth was round and not
flat. The expedition also proved that the largest ocean in the world was the Pacific Ocean. This new knowledge
in geography provoked Europeans to explore more territories and lands especially in the East. This journey also
paved way for the conquest of the Philippine archipelago and the conversion of the Filipinos to Christianity.

REFERENCES

Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (pages 6-13; 26-30)

EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1

Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What route did the group of Pigafetta take from Humunu (Homonhon) Island going to the site of the First
mass.
a. West southwest c. North Southeast
b. West Northwest d. North Southwest
2. When did the first Holy Mass in the Philippines happen?
a. March 16, 1521 c. March 28, 1521
 b. March 22, 1521 d. March 31, 1521
3. The flagship Magellan’s fleet.
a. Victoria c. San Antonio
b. Trinidad d. Concepcion

4. This ocean called by Magellan as Mar Pacifico for its peace and calm unlike other oceans that they travelled
where the water was extremely rough.
a. Indian Ocean c. Pacific Ocean
b. Atlantic Ocean d. None of the above
5. First native chieftain who embraced Christianity.
a. Datu Sumakwil c. Rajah Kulambo
b. Rajah Humabon d. Datu Puti

B. Arrange the following events in chronological order. Number the events starting 1-5. Write your answers on
the space provided.

_________ The Battle of Mactan

_________ The arrival of Magellan in Homonhon
_________ The First Mass in the Philippine Islands
_________ Magellan’s fleet crossing the Pacific Ocean
_________ Ship Victoria reached its port of origin Seville, Spain

Exercise No. 2

Essay (5 pts each)

1. What is the significance of knowing where the first mass in the Philippines was held for us Filipinos?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. When was the Philippine discovered? What events paved the way for its discovery?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. By making a timeline, trace the expedition of Magellan from the time that he left Spain until his death.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4. Did Spain pursue its interest in conquering the Philippines after the expedition of Magellan? How?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

5. How will you prove the importance role played by the missionaries in the conquest of the Philippines?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________

Exercise No. 3

Write a position paper about the site of the first mass. Where do you believe it happened? Butuan or
Limasawa? Justify your answer by providing related information and evidences in your writing.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
4
SPANISH ERA IN THE PHILIPPINES

Chapter 4 of this module deals with the arrival of Spanish forces to establish their colonial
government in the Philippines. This part of module expounds on the different policies carried
out by the Spaniards to control the lives of the Filipinos especially in the political – (the
establishment of national and local government) economic – (the imposition of different taxes
Description
and policies) and cultural – (establishment of schools, constructions of churches, convents,
etc.) aspects. However, in spite of all the changes that transpired, different reactions were
witnessed from the Filipinos. This also takes into account the involvement of other countries
like Portugal, Chinese, and British.

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Compare and contrast the early Filipino society with that under Spanish rule.
2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages in the discovery of the Philippines.
Objectives 3. Illustrate how Legazpi succeeded in bringing the entire country under the Spanish
rule.
4. Identify the different Spanish colonial system and analyze the causes and effects of
Spanish colonization.
5. Differentiate the possible reasons why some places in the Philippines easily
conquered by Spaniards.

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Legaspi’s Expedition
• Colonial Government Structure
 • Other Invasion Attempts

REQUIRED READINGS

• Skowronek, R. (1998). The Spanish Philippines: Archaeological Perspectives on Colonial Economics and
Society. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 2(1),
45-71. www.jstor.org/stable/20852896

Spain’s Series of Expedition

After the Spain had celebrated El Cano’s return, King Charles I decided that the Spain should conquer the
Philippines. Five subsequent expeditions where then sent to the Islands.

1. Garcia Jofre Loiasa (1525)

2. Sebastian Cabot (1526)
3. Alvaro de Saavedra (1527)
4. Ruy Lopez de Villabos (1542)
5. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1564)
*Only the last two actually reached the archipelago, and only Legaspi succeeded colonizing the Philippines.

When King Philip succeeded his father to his throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of
Mexico, to organize another expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, who would be
accompanied by Andres Urdaneta (a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission.

Establishment of the Spanish Government in the Philippines

Legaspi’s expedition landed in Cebu island on February 13, 1565. After a diminutive struggle with the natives,
he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain,
Datu Sikatuna as a symbol of friendship. On April 27, 1565, Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of
Rajah Tupas and established a settlement.

As per King’s order, 2100 men arrived from Mexico. They build the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became
the outpost and stronghold for the region. Hearing the riches of Manila, an expedition of 300 men headed by
Martin de Goiti left Cebu for Manila They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti arrived on May 8,
1570.

The hierarchical political set-up of the Philippines during Spanish regime may be seen in the political
institutions established by the colonial power. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was a captaincy- general
administered by the Spanish King through the viceroyalty of Nueva España (Mexico). All Spanish possessions
were governed by the Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias (Royal Supreme and Council of the Indies)
established in 1524 by Charles V. It was next to the King, the paramount lawmaker and administrator over-
seeing the colonies of the Spanish empire.

The form of government that they introduced to the early Filipinos was called Encomienda. (The word
encomienda came from the word encomendar which means to entrust.) The granting of encomienda made its
first appearance during Columbus’ time. Land discovered did not always prove bountiful as was expected and
so, in order to make the possession pay attractive, the system of parceling out lands to conquerors was
instituted. The system attracted many adventures from the Mother Country who undertook expeditions either for
private interest or some governor who later recompense the service with a grant of land. Later, grants of
encomienda were made not only to individuals who participated in the conquest of territory, but also to civilians
who would settle in the newly conquered colony.

When Philippines became official colony of Spain, they introduced some policies to control the people in the
archipelago such as Reduccion, Repartiamento and Instruccion.

Reduccion. They built a pueblo or town and forcibly obliged everyone and families to move in the town they
created. Then Spanish authorities built their outpost encircling the town for them to monitor all movements
confined in the said area.
Repartiamento. System of a forced labor to the natives of the colony. It was similar to a Polo y servicio or a
Tributo (Tribute). The natives were obliged to provide the basic needs of Spaniards (the conquistadores).

Instruccion. The early education of Filipinos during Spanish period was through religion. It was primarily
exclusive for elite Filipinos to go to formal schools operated by friars from different congregations in the first
year of their operation.

There were six (6) Catholic Congregations who came here in the Philippines.
1. Augustinians
2. Franciscans
3. Jesuits
4. Dominicans
5. The Recollects
6. Benedictines
Spain established a Central Government that was located in Intramuros Manila. The King of Spain was the
central ruler and designated his alter ego – the Viceroy to Mexico which was also under Spain. Its function is to
supervise all the colony of Spain with his Council of Indies. In 1821, Mexico regained its Independence over
Spain. All remaining colonies went directly under Spain. The King immediately sent its Governor General to
govern every colony.

Colonial Structure of Government

Governor General. The highest ranking official in the Colony appointed by the King of Spain, he also served as
the Kings alter ego.
Residencia. A special judicial court whose mandate was to investigate the performance of the Governor General
during the term and before he would replace in the position. The report of the investigation would be directly
submitted to the King of Spain.
The Visita. Headed by a visitador general from the Council of Indies in Spain, he would conduct a surprise visit
to any from among the colonies of Spain to personally observe the conditions in the colony under the leadership
of Governor General.
The Royal Audiencia. The highest court of justice in the colony. It was an institution that help the Governor
General in governing the colony by securing the people from those abusive Spanish Officials.
Alcadias (Provincial Government). It was headed by the Alcalde Mayor. The position was exclusive only for
Spanish and Mestizos.

Corregimentos (Uncontrolled Provinces). Headed by designated Army Officers by the Governor General. The
province they held was not yet totally under their governance, there were resistance from some Filipinos.
Ayuntamiento (The City Government). Headed by an Alcalde. It was a former town but when it became the
center of trade and commerce, it turned into a City.
Municipal or Pueblo de Indios. The leader was called Gobernadorcillo - highest political position that the
Filipino can have during those times.
 KING OF SPAIN

GOVERNOR GENERAL
Executive and Legislative

JUDICIAL BRANCH SPECIAL JUDICIAL BRANCH

1. Royal Audiencia 1. Residencia
2. Lower Courts 2. Visita

ALCADIA MAYOR
Provincial Government
CORREGIDOR
AYUNTAMIENTO (Corregidores)
City Government Uncontrolled Municipal

Municipal/ Pueblo de Indios

(Gobernadorcillo)

Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente del Barrio

Barangay or Barrio Government
This structure was introduced as a replacement of the encomienda system

During the Spanish Era in the Philippines, there were also some invasion attempts such as:

1. Chinese Invasion through Limahong (The Chinese Pirate)

2. British Invasion
3. Portuguese Invasion

Motives in the Conquest

There were three important motives that European countries like Spain drove to conquer new lands. – God,
Gold, and Glory. The first motive had something to do with the proliferation of Christianity. The second motive
was about the acquisition of natural resources and other economic benefits from the colony. Third and last, they
want to prove that they were more powerful compared to other countries in the West.

REFERENCES

Agoncillo, T., (1990) History of the Filipino People (8th Edition), Quezon City, Garotech Publishing. (75-78)
Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (32-41)
Diamonon, V., (1919) A Study of the Philippines during the Spanish Regime. MA (Masters of
Arts) Thesis, State University of Iowa,
https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4112&context=etd

EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1
Multiple Choices. Choose and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Where can you find the tomb of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in the Philippines?
a. Cebu Cathedral c. Manila Cathedral
b. St, Augustine Church d. Port San Filipe
2. The word encomienda came from the word encomendar which means _________.
a. To govern c. To collect tribute
 b. To entrust d. to be the highest
3. The highest ranking official in the Philippines appointed by the King of Spain.
a. The Visitador General c. Residencia
b. Governador General d. Viceroy
4. The patron saint of the Philippine navy
a. Our Lady of Perpetual Help c. Our Lady of la Naval
d. Our Lady of Manoag d. Our Lady of Antipolo
5. It was a system of forced labor to the natives which men from age 16-60 were to render free service to
the government.
a. Intruccion c. Reduccion
b. Ayuntamiento d. Repartamiento
6. The first religious congregation that entered the Philippines in 1565.

a. Augustianians c. Jesuits
b. Dominicans d. Benedictines
7. The uncontrolled provinces of Spain in the Philippines
a. Alcaldias c. Pueblo
b. Corregimentos d. Audiencia 8. The second religious order in the
Philippines in 1578.
a. Intruccion c. Reduccion
b. Ayuntamiento d. Repartamiento 9. He was the head of
Municipal or Pueblo.
a. Gobernadorcillo c. Alcalde Mayor
b. Cabeza de Barangay d. Corregidores
10. The date when Spain promulgated an educational decree for reforming the educational system in the
Philippines
a. Educational Decree of 1889 c. Educational Decree of 1901
b. Educational Decree of 1886 d. Educational Decree of 1801

Exercise No. 2

Answer the following questions in your own understanding

1. Explain the function of the Royal Audiencia.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Discuss the reason of the Portuguese in attempting to invade the Philippine Archipelago.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. How did the Spanish authority implement the Reduccion in the Philippines?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise No. 3

Write a position paper about your viewpoint why the Philippines was easily conquered? Justify your answer by
providing related information and evidences in your writing.
 CHAPTER
5
TAXATION AND EARLY FILIPINO REVOLTS AGAINST TRIBUTE
This chapter discusses the monatiscal supremacy in the Philippines during Spanish Era by
understanding the pamphlet written by Marcelo H. del Pilar
“La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas”. The taxation imposed during the Spanish colonization and its
Description
effect to the people especially to the natives. The different revolts of Filipino related to the imposition
of taxes in the entire archipelago and the abused of authority of other government officials as well as
the members of the church.
At the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Describe the condition in the Philippines and that in the Western world during the latter
part of the 19th century.
Objectives
2. Explain the major causes of the various Filipino revolts during the Spanish colonization.
3. Explain and understand the message that the author wanted to convey on his writing “La
Soberania Monacal en Filipinas”

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Philippines in 19th Century
• Filipino Revolts during Spanish Colonization
• La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas by Marcelo H. del Pilar

REQUIRED READINGS
Plehn, C. (1901). Taxation in the Philippines. I. Political Science Quarterly, 16(4), 680-711.
doi:10.2307/2140422
Plehn, C. (1902). Taxation in the Philippines. II. Political Science Quarterly, 17(1), 125-148.
doi:10.2307/2140383

Marcelo H. del Pilar: La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas

One of the best patriots in the history was Marcelo H. del Pilar, one of his writings that awaken the Filipinos
nationalism was his pamphlet “La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas” It discusses the political, religious and
economic aspects that affect the lives of the people here in the Philippines during 19th century.

Tributes from Natives

Spanish government enjoyed revenues for more than three hundred years of their occupation of the
Philippine archipelago. Taxation during the Spanish period was compulsory, All Spanish colonies in
America and therefore the Philippines were required to pay taxes for two (2) reasons:
A. as recognition of Spain’s sovereignty over the colonies
B. to defray the expenses of pacification (the act of forcibly suppressing hostility within the colonies)
and governance, thereafter.
Several colonial laws on taxation were made by the Real y Supremo Consejo de Las Indias (Royal and Supreme
Council of the Indies) for the Spanish monarch. These laws were embodied within the compilation of
legislations associated with the New World called the Recopilación de leyes de los reynos de las Indias. It was a
four- volume collection of laws relating to the Indies, which was published in Madrid in 1861.

Taxes during the Spanish period in the Philippines were the tribute, sanctorum, donativo, caja de communidad,
and servicio personal.

Tribute. was a general tax paid by the Filipinos to Spain which amounted to eight Reales. Those who required to
pay the tribute were the: a. 18 – 50 years old males
b. the carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths, tailors, and shoe makers
c. town workers such as those in road construction, and is public in nature

Sanctorum. Tax in amount of 3 reales. This was required for the cost of Christianization including the
construction of churches and purchase of materials for religious celebrations.

These taxes gave too much sufferings to the people. For they really had to work hard so that they could feed
their families and at the same time complied to pay taxes imposed by the colonial government.
Who are the collectors during the Spanish Time?
Of course, there were collectors responsible in collecting taxes among the natives. They were cabeza de
barangay (barangay level), alcalde mayor (province level), mayor or corregidores, alcalde (Ayuntamiento),
and gobernadorcillos for municipality.
Why taxation is important? Paying taxes before is almost same why do we pay taxes at this present time, the
collection of money through taxation is used by the water carry out many functions like expenditure on war, the
enforcement of law and public order, protection of property; economic infrastructure, public works, social
engineering, subsidies, and therefore, the operation of the government itself.

However, during the Spanish time, most of the were not happy on paying their taxes for obvious reasons.
Revolts against paying tributes aroused.

1. Cagayan and Dingras (1589)

2. Agustin Sumuroy’s Revolt (1649-1650)
3. Francisco Maniago’s Revolt (1660-1661)
4. Andres Malong Revolt (1660-1661)

Due to these series of revolts, one of the good reforms which Spain introduced in the 19th century was the Tax
Reform of 1884, as provided by the Royal Decree of March 6, 1884, this tax reform contained two important
provisions:
1. Abolition of the hated tribute and its replacement of cedula tax
2. Reduction of the 40-day annual forced labor (polo) to 15 days.

La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas, talks about the abuse of power of the friars here in
the Philippines. Friars who were supposed to guide people to Christianity but instead of doing that they abused
their powers given by the highest authority in Spain.

Undesirable Moments in the Philippines

We must admit that major changes in the Philippines were brought by the Spanish government however, we
must also accept the fact that major changes affect the lives of the Filipino people both positively and
undesirably. It can be observed as well during the undesirable moment in history, uprisings and revolts were not
successful in fighting for their cause. One of the reasons was the lack of the spirit of nationalism during those
times. Instead of uniting as one strong force to overpower the colonizers, others sided with the Spaniards.
Another reason was the lack of national leader who supposed to encourage the natives to unite and carry out the
goal of liberating the country from the hands of the oppressors.
REFERENCES
Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (45-47)
Ligan, V., Espino, L., Andrada, J., et. al. (2018) Readings in the Philippine History. Malabon City. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc. (88-91)

EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1

A. Write the word true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.
___________1. Trade of religious objects is one of the curates’ sources of income during the Spanish era.
___________2. A provincial tax, while stamps and surcharges are indirect taxes.
___________3. The native’s submission and compliance to friar rule was due to profound respect to authority.
___________4. Both curates and government officials during the Spanish period personified despotism and
tyranny,
___________5. The Filipinos paid direct taxes which consists of urban tax, municipal tax, and personal cedula
among others.
B. Identify what is being described in the following items.

_________________1. He was the leader of the revolt in Pampanga, who led the revolt against the tribute,
forced labor and rice exploitation.
_________________2. He was a Waray from the Palapag, the old Northern Samar, who led a revolt against
forced labor.
_________________3. It is a form of forced labor where able-bodied men were required to work in
construction and building of ships.
_________________4. The council which was responsible for the making of laws particularly colonial laws on
taxation.
_________________5. It is the decree which aimed to relieve the Filipino Catholics of tax burden by reducing
the number of feast days and having one patron saint only per diocese. _________________6. A tax in the
amount of half Real for the military campaign of the government against the Muslims.
_________________7. A tax in amount of 3 Reales. This was required for the cost of Christianization including
the construction of churches and purchase of materials for religious celebrations.
_________________8. In the 1660s, he was coaxed by Maniago to revolt against the abuses of the Spaniards
because they were experiencing the same abuses.
_________________9. First issued based on the Royal Decree on March 6, 1884. All men and women residents
of the islands -Spaniards, foreigners, and natives – who were over 18 years old were required to obtain these.
_________________10. A general tax paid by the Filipinos to Spain which amounted to eight Reales.

Exercise No. 2

Give a concise explanation/ discussion on the following items.

1. What is the relative importance of taxation to the economy of the country? Discuss clearly the importance.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. What was the powerful weapon held by the curates through which they maintained power and influence?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the essential idea in this phrase, “poverty of the government and opulence of the vow of poverty”?
___________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. How did the taxation start in the Philippines?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5. Give at least 3 reasons why cedulas were so important during Spanish time.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER
6
AWAKENING THE FILIPINO NATIONALISM
Chapter 6 of this module looks into the various factors that ignited the spirit of nationalism and
opened their eyes to the reality that the Filipinos became slaves in their own land for more than
three centuries of Spanish colonial rule. It presents the different actions used by both Filipino
Description
elites and masses in order to attain the freedom they were dreaming for the longest time.
It also discusses here the conflicting views in the Philippine History with regards to Cavite
Mutiny.
At the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Organize the events and trends that led to the birth of Philippine nationalism.
Objectives 2. Identify the leaders, specific cause and result of each revolt and as well as the reasons
why none of these were successful.
3. To understand and explain the conflicting views reading Cavite Mutiny.

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Opening of Suez Canal
• Liberalism in the Philippines during Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
• Martyrdom of GOMBURZA
• Cavite Mutiny

REQUIRED READINGS

Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Filipino Version of Cavite Mutiny of 1872, Zaide 1990, vol. 7 pp. 274280)
Jose Montero y Vidal, Spanish Version of Cavite Mutiny of 1872, Zaide 1990, vol. 7 pp. 269-273)
Rafael Izquierdo, Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, Zaide 1990, vol. 7 pp. 281-286)
Rafael, V. (1990). Nationalism, Imagery, and the Filipino Intelligentsia in the Nineteenth Century. Critical
Inquiry, 16(3), 591-611. www.jstor.org/stable/1343641

Spirit of Nationalism

The spirit of nationalism was developed in Manila, other provinces perhaps started during the revolts against
tribute, even in Spain and in other parts of the world particularly in Europe. The concept of nationalism was also
introduced when the Spain decided to open our country to the world trade. Another contributory factor was the
opening of the Suez Canal.

In this chapter, it discusses the short term of Carlos Ma. de la Torre being the Governor General who brought
liberalism in the country. It also states here how the Martyrdom of GOMBURZA affect the relationship of the
Filipino people and the Spaniards under the leadership of Gov. General Rafael Izquierdo.
Liberalism arrived in the Philippines

Suez Canal was made in 1859 and finished within the year 1869; a synthetic water way with a sea level located
in Egypt from Mediterranean connecting to the Red Sea, and was officially opened on November 17 ,1869. It
was considered to be the shortest and important link between the east and the west owing to its unique
geographic location. It helped the propagation of world trade. These also became an avenue for the Filipinos to
access the west and got influenced through their books, leaflets and other reading materials to enter in the
Philippines Archipelago. More Filipinos had the chance to go to Europe to study.

As travel time from the Philippines to Spain and the other way around was shortened to 30 days from quite two
months, this helped to the expansion of agricultural exports, which brought economic prosperity to native
indios.

This development also paved the way for Filipinos “ilustrados” to send their children to universities in Europe.
The rise of the “illustrados” was inevitable and they became the new patrons of the arts that led to the
secularization of arts in the 19th century.

Ilustrados – the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century.

Aside from the positive effects brought by the opening of Suez Canal, liberalism was also brought here in the
Philippines when the Spanish Revolution happened on September 1868. It was the time when the Spaniards
established the Republic of Spain and for the first time, since Spanish occupation in the country, Filipinos
enjoyed their rights and freedom.

One of the major effects of the founding of the Spanish Republic was the appointment of Carlos Ma. de la Torre
as the governor-general of the Philippines. As an advocate of liberal ideas, he promised the Filipinos several
reforms in the country. For his two-year term, he abolished the censorship of the press and encourage the people
to express their ideas about politics without hesitations.

However, it was unfortunate that liberalism during the term of La Torre ended shortly when a conservative
monarch was enthroned in Spain. This event lead to the replacement of La Torre by the conservative Governor
General Rafael Izquierdo. He restored the traditional way of governing the colony. One of the systems that re-
established was the ban on the secularization or the Filipinization of the parishes.
One of the most critical events in the country was the uprising of that happened in Cavite as well as the
martyrdom of Gomburza.
Cavite Mutiny happened on January 20, 1872, there had been approximately 200 Filipino soldiers from Manila
and Cavite who revolted against the Spanish government. A Filipino Sergeant named La Madrid led the revolt.
The signal of the attack by the group from Cavite was the fireworks to be made by the group from Manila.
However, on the night of the attacked, a celebration was held. When the fireworks display done in the
celebration, the soldiers from Cavite mistook it as signal for the attack. The soldiers invaded the Spanish arsenal
and killed some Spanish soldiers.

The uprising became an opportunity to the Spanish government to blame and accuse the Filipino priests and
leaders who were fighting for independence. All accused, together with the Filipino priests, Father Mariano
Gomez, Father Jose Burgos, Father Jacinto Zamora, were tried in a military court and were charged of sedition
and rebellion. Governor Izquierdo approved the death sentence of the 41 members of the uprising and others
were banished to Guam and Marianas. It was believed that the trial of GOMBURZA was a hoax.

GOMBURZA Awakens the Filipinos National Consciousness

The execution of the GOMBURZA was considered as one of the biggest mistakes of the Spaniards. The
Catholic Church did not support the Spanish Colonial Government in the decision to execute the rebels. The
Filipinos were disappointed with the turn of events. The death of the martyrs triggered the nationalistic feeling
of the Filipinos and aimed at overthrowing the Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines.

REFERENCES
Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa
City. Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (50-52)
Ligan, V., Espino, L., Andrada, J., et. al. (2018) Readings in the Philippine History, Malabon City. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc. (66-76)
Alcantara, V., (2009). Philippine History: Past and Present (Social Studies for First Year), Quezon City. CJS
Publishing. (159-164)

EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer.
1. Suez Canal was built in 1859 and finished in the year ________.
a. 1901 c. 1888
b. 1869 d. 1872
2. The Queen of Spain during the Revolution of Disgust.
a. Cristina c. Isabella II
b. Minerva d. Aguilera I
3. The date when the King issued the Royal Decree regarding secularization in the Colony.
a. November 9, 1774 c. October 31, 1765
b. December 5, 1802 d. November 3, 1776
4. He was the ecclesiastical governor who died because of the earthquake.
a. Juan de Rojo c. Pedro Pelaez
b. Julian Maestre d. Jose Marquez
5. The governor general was sent by Francisco Serrano and let the Filipinos feel how to be free and
encouraged them to participate in the government.
a. Polavieja c. Terrero
b. Blanco d. Dela Torre

Exercise No. 2

Identify the following.

_____________________1. He is the only pure-blooded Tagalog priest among Gomburza.
_____________________2. It refers to the military governor of Cavite during the time of Mutiny.
_____________________3. He is a Filipino scientist; historical researcher and a scholar who wrote his version
of Cavite Mutiny.
_____________________4. It refers to the term that Gen Izquierdo used in describing the Cavite Mutiny.
_____________________5. Date when the Cavity Mutiny happened.
_____________________6. Governor General of the Philippines before Gen, Izquierdo.
_____________________7. A Spanish historian, in his book entitled, Historia General de Filipinas.
_____________________8. Took charge of the causes in connection with the Cavite uprising, passed the
sentence of death on forty-one of the rebels.
_____________________9. Method by which the three martyr priests were executed.
_____________________10. A Filipino Sergeant who led the Cavite uprising.

Exercise No. 3

Give a concise explanation on the following:

1.Why is the voyage in Europe and the opening of the Suez Canal contributory in the awakening of the spirit of
Filipino nationalism?
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did the Cavite Mutiny fail?

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___________________________________________________________________________

3. How did the liberalism develop in the Philippines after the Spanish Revolution?
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. What the Filipino realize when Spain was defeated in the Seven Years War?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5. What was the implication of the death of the three martyr priests GOMBURZA to the Filipino?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
7
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
This chapter looks into the various factors that ignited the spirit of nationalism and opened their
eyes to the reality that the Filipinos became slaves in their own land for more than three
centuries of Spanish colonial rule. It presents the different actions used by both Filipino elites
Description
and masses in order to attain the freedom they were dreaming for the longest time.
It also discusses here the conflicting views in the Philippine History with regards to Retraction of
Rizal.

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Understand the aims and objectives of the propaganda movement
Objectives 2. Acknowledge and appreciate the works and writings of the Ilustrados that paved way
in achieving freedom and independence
3. Make personal judgement with the to issue “Retraction of Jose Rizal

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Propaganda Movement
• The Propagandists
• Retraction of DR. Jose Rizal

REQUIRED READINGS
• Anderson, W. (2010). Philippine Studies, 58(3), 434-436.
www.jstor.org/stable/42634645

Propaganda Movement
The years 1872 – 1892 were the period when the spirit of nationalism among the great Filipinos in Europe were
greatly evident. Little by little, they started propaganda to reveal the wrong doings of both the Catholic Church
and the Colonial Government. Most of the Ilustrados in Europe were there for some important reasons: to study
and to organize movement that would help achieve the fair treatment of Spaniards to the Filipino people. The
Propaganda movement was an organization that promoted reforms in peaceful manner.
However, not all Filipinos who went in Spain joined the propaganda movement. Most of them went to Spain in
the hope of studying and becoming successful. Those who established and joined the movement were young
and serious men who offered their talent and service for the motherland.

Filipino Propagandists

The propaganda was two-sided movement, one rewarded in Spain for the extension to the Philippines of open
governmental institutions, for an honest administration and for the replacement of the friars by the Filipino
priests; and compensated in the islands themselves for the improvement of the educational facilities, the
removal of the spying upon the press and public opinion, and most of all, awakening of the exhausted fellow
Filipinos.
Prominent Filipino Propagandists
Marcelo H. del Pilar. He became the Editor-in-Chief of the Propaganda Newspaper La Solidaridad when it
already transferred from Barcelona to Madrid. He was also known as the father of Freemasonry and Journalism
in the Philippines.

Jose Rizal. He contributed numerous articles too the newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in Spain. One of
Rizal’s political plans was to integrate the Philippines as a province of Spain.
Rizal returned to the Philippines in June 26, 1892. He founded the La Liga Filipina, in Manila.

Graciano Lopez- Jaena. was known to publish a number of literary works that challenged the status quo. One of
his well-known works included the La Solidaridad, which was a newspaper that played a very significant part in
the propaganda movement that helped lead to the Philippine Revolution.

Juan Luna. He was recognized as the first Filipino artist. He won gold and silver medal in the 1884 Madrid Fine
Arts Exposition. He used his canvas to propagate the sentiments of the Filipino people.

Felix Resurrection Hidalgo. He was also known as one of the great Filipino painters of the 19th century, and is
significant in Philippine history for having been an associate and inspiration for the members of the Philippine
propaganda movement which included Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Mariano Ponce and Graciano Lopez-
Jaena.
Mariano Ponce. He was a doctor by profession and one of the leaders of the movement that spread the idea of
Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. He wrote in the newspaper and was one among the
founders of La Solidaridad and Asociacion Hispano-
Filipino.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela. He was the Editor-in-Chief of the newspaper of the Katipunan entitled Kalayaan. He used
nom de guerre or nom de plume in writing articles in the newspaper to hide his identity to the Spanish
authorities like Dimas Arayan (Untouchable) and Madlang-Away (Public conflict).

Propaganda Groups
When the propagandists saw the advantage of combining all their knowledge and talents, they decided to
established an organization that would bring to the Spanish authorities the movement’s concerns.
1. Circulo Hispano- Filipino
2. La Solidaridad (Organization)
3. Free Masonry
4. La Liga Filipina
5. Revista del Circulo Hispano- Filipino

Propaganda Newspapers
1. Kalayaan
2. La Solidaridad (Newspaper)
3. Diariong Tagalog
4. La Independencia
5. La Libertad
Struggles of the Propaganda Movement

Propagandists were somehow succeeded on their goal of awakening the heart, mind and soul of the Filipinos
through their writings. However, due to lack of fund and other resources it was really hard for them to continue
the movement. The arrest of Rizal and the abolition of La Liga Filipina marked as the end of the Propaganda
Movement. The activities of the movement completely ended with the closing of the La Solidaridad and the
deaths of the two great founders – Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez- Jaena due to death and
disappointment.

REFERENCES
Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (54-62)

EXERCISES
 Exercise No. 1
Identify what is being referred to each item. Write your answer on the space provided.

___________1. He was the author of Fray Botod, a novel about an abusive friar.
___________2. He used pen names in his articles like Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning
___________3. A newspaper that was published on June 20, 1898 by Clemente Jose Zulueta.
___________4. It was the newspaper founded by Gen. Antonio Luna and came out on September 3, 1898.
___________5. The titles of the one of the articles of Rizal in Diariong Tagalog, that in English means
“Beloved Homeland.
___________6. He wrote the Constitution and by Laws of La Liga Filipina
___________7. It was the novel written by Dr. Jose Rizal which he dedicated to the three martyr priests.
___________8. It was the official newspaper of Propaganda Movement.
___________9. He was the Governor General who ordered the arrest of Rizal.
___________10. He was the appointed President of the Asociacion Hispano – Filipina.

Exercise No. 2
True or False. Write the word True if the statement is correct and False if not.

__________1. Dr. Jose Rizal was the President of La Liga Filipina.

__________2. Pascual Poblete was the Editor of the Tagalog section while Marcelo H. del Pilar handles the
Spanish section in Diariong Tagalog.
__________3. The Circulo Hispano- Filipino was established in 1883 by a group of Filipino students in Madrid.
__________4. Juan Luna won gold and Silver Medal in the 1884 Madrid Fine Arts Exposition. __________5.
Francisco Calvo funded yhr Diariong Tagalog.

Exercise No. 3
Make your stand/opinion about the issue on Retraction of Dr. Jose P. Rizal.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
8
THE START OF FILIPINO ARMED STRUGGLE
This chapter focuses on the creation of secret society initiated by Andres Bonifacio. It discusses
Description here the different challenges they faced to gain independence. This lesson also shows the
internal conflict among the Filipino leaders which caused deeper scars in the Philippine history.
At the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Appreciate the bravery and sacrifices of the Filipino leaders achieving Philippine
Objectives
independence through revolution.
2. Ignite the love of the youth today for the country by bringing up the history

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Founding of Katipunan
• Leaders of Katipunan
• Official Organ of the Society
• Death of the Supremo

REQUIRED READINGS
• ILETO, R. (1984). BONIFACIO, THE TEXT, AND THE SOCIAL SCIENTIST.
Philippine Sociological Review, 32(1/4), 19-29. www.jstor.org/stable/41853618
Founding of Katipunan
The aims of the patriots to end up the three centuries colonization of the Spanish government did not stop with
the Propaganda Movement. When Jose Rizal was arrested after three days of founding La Liga Filipina, Andres
Bonifacio together with other men organized a secret meeting on the night of July 7, 1892 in the house in
Azcaraga Street. The attendees of the meeting agreed to established a revolutionary secret society Kataas
taasang Kagalanggalangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or simply known as Katipunan.

Leaders and Internal Conflicts in the Katipunan

Headed by Andres Bonifacio, the Katipunan had three objectives: political, civic and moral. Political had
something to do with the liberation of the Philippines from Spain; Moral aimed at the teaching of good manners
and right beliefs; and Civic aimed the principle of helping oneself.
The founding of Katipunan marked the end of the peaceful means of asking for reforms from the government.
The Filipinos decided to achieve independence through a revolutionary government.
New recruits to the secret society underwent a rigorous initiation process, similar to Masonic practices. Through
the organizational structure of the Katipunan was constantly in flux. It is generally believed that they formed
small branches, governed by the sangguninag balangay, these small branches formed larger provincial councils.
All must be overseen/ supervised by the Supreme Council of the Katipunan. The legislative body of the
Katipunan was known as Katipunan Assembly. It eas composed of the member of the Supreme Council, along
with the head of the popular and provincial council. Katipunan had a “Secret Chamber” composed of Andres
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Dr. Pio Valenzuela.

The Katipunan was not just entirely for men, it was during Ramon Basa when the secret society organized a
women auxiliary section called La Semilla. The women or the Katipuneras served as caretakers of the important
documents. They also served as distractions to the Spanish soldiers. If ever there were secret meetings, women
usually held parties in their home.

Kalayaan became the official organ of the society. Using pseudonyms, they were able to expressed their love for
the country through literary works which immediately influenced the people from Central Luzon. The articles
written by Jacinto and Bonifacio awakened and reminded the people about their rights and responsibilities for
the native land. The official organ paved way to increase the members of the secret society from 300 to 3000.

The Katipunan discovered on August 19, 1896 when a member by the name Pedro Patiño revealed the secret
society. The Spanish government immediately took action to arrest the Katipuneros. Bonifacio, Jacinto and
other leaders managed to escape and proceeded to Caloocan and other nearby towns.

In the middle of struggle of the katipuneros fighting for freedom, internal conflict aroused in the organization.
Katipunan in Cavite established two factions – Magdiwang led by Gen. Mariano Alvarez and Magdalo led by
Gen Baldomero Aguinaldo. They fighting the same enemy but not helping one another. The Supremo visited
the province to mediate on the said conflict.

After settling the problems of the two factions, they proposed to the Supremo to formalize their group and form
a Revolutionary Government which had been approved by the latter. However, the decision of Andres
Bonifacio to Cavite and mediate was the beginning of his downfall being the Supremo of Katipunan.

A captain from Kawit, Cavite Emilio Aguinaldo became the new leader of the revolution replacing Andres
Bonifacio. He was gradually rose to prominence because of his triumphs in battles both in Cavite and Batangas.

The Tejeros Convention brought Andres Bonifacio in vain. The leaders agreed to elect leaders of the
Revolutionary Government and it was Emilio Aguinaldo who was elected as President.

From the disagreement of Andres Bonifacio to the result of the convention and because of the insult that he got
from Aguinaldo’s men, the relationship of the two leaders broke up.

Aguinaldo took his Oath of Office as the President of the first Philippine Revolutionary Government. Upon
receiving the charges against Bonifacio, he immediately sent his men to arrest the Supremo.

On May 10, 1897, the Supremo and his brother Procorpio Bonifacio were executed by a firing squad on Mt.
Nagpatong. Some accounts said that Andres was hacked to death in his Hammock and his brother was the one
who was shot. He died at age of 34.
Death of the Supremo

While the Filipinos were belligerent from the tyranny of the Spaniards, they were also struggling from each
other. The conflict between the two leaders in Katipunan – Emilio Aguinaldo and Andres Bonifacio brought
death to the Supremo himself.

REFERENCES

Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (65-73)

Alcantara, V., (2009). Philippine History: Past and Present (Social Studies for First Year), Quezon City. CJS
Publishing. (195-203)

EXERCISES

Exercise No.1

Identify the correct answer for the questions. Write your answer on the space provided.

______________1. He was the leader of Magdalo group.

______________2. She was known as the lakambini of the Katipunan.
______________3. This was the position won by Andres Bonifacio but was contested by Daniel Tirona.
______________4. The Magdiwang faction of Katipunan in Cavite was headed by ______.
______________5. This was the place where the first Spanish – Filipino war was launched. ______________6.
A place where the two factions in Cavite held the election for the Revolutionary Government.
______________7. Date when the Bonifacio brothers were executed in Mt, Nagpatong.
______________8. The name of the women chapter in the Katipunan.
______________9. He revealed the secret society to Padre Mariano Gil. ______________10. He was
considered as the brain of the Katipunan.

Exercise No. 2
Answer the following questions.
1. Do you believe about the charges that they made to Andres Bonifacio? Explain.
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Compared the Katipunan and the Propaganda Movement.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Who composed the Supreme Council of the Katipunan?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise No. 3

Make a position paper about the versions of the first cry of the revolution.
“Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin”

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CHAPTER PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION UNDER AGUINALDO’S LEADERSHIP and the

9 INFILTRATION OF THE AMERICANS

This chapter focuses on the phases of the Revolution. It talks about the establishment of the Biak na
Description
Bato Government as well as the infiltration of the Americans in the Philippines.

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Explain the different struggles experienced by the Filipino leaders during their fight
Objectives against the colonizers
2. Understand the transition of colonization from Spanish to American and the situation of
the Philippines

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Establishment of the Biak na Bato Government
• The Pact of Biak na Bato
• Aguinaldo in Hong Kong
• Battle of Manila Bay
REQUIRED READINGS
• LAURIE, C. (1989). The Philippine Scouts: America's Colonial Army, 1899-1913. Philippine Studies,
37(2), 174-191. www.jstor.org/stable/42634583
• CANO, G. (2013). LeRoy's "The Americans in the Philippines" and the History of Spanish Rule in the
Philippines. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 61(1), 3-44.
www.jstor.org/stable/4263474

Philippine Revolutionary Government

After the death of the Supremo in the hands of our fellow Filipino under the leadership of Aguinaldo, the
revolution continues. The battleground transferred from Manila to Cavite. It was the time when the two factions
– Magdalo and Magdiwang finally get united. They merged their forces to become one in the Revolutionary
Government fighting against the common enemy – the Spaniards.

Birth of Revolution
Tired of the endless battles, Gov. General Camilo de Polavieja asked his relief as Governor General and was
granted on April 15, 1987. He was replaced by Gov. General Fernando Primo de Rivera. When the new
executive arrived in Manila he immediately conferred with the military commanders regarding the general
situation in the Philippines.
Biak na Bato Government
On October 1897, President Aguinaldo held a meeting in Biak na Bato where the attendees decided to continue
the cause of the revolution and established the Biak na Bato Government.

A Constitution was drafted and was patterned to Cuban Constitution and was ratified on November un 1, 1897.
The said constitution stated that the Biak na Bato Republic should be dissolved after two years. It also indicated
that the objective was to liberate the country and be declared as an independent state. The constitution also
contained a Bill of Rights that would look after the rights of all individuals.
When Governor General Primo de Rivera realized that there was no way to prevent the revolution, the
Spaniards finally decided to make peace with the revolutionaries.

Pact of Biak na Bato

On December 14, 1897, they officially drafted the agreement between the Spanish government through the Gov.
General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the Biak na Bato, Republic by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. And to execute
the pact, Gen. Aguinaldo and his men received money amounting of Php 400,000.00 and an amnesty by the
Spanish Government. The pact contained three important documents as follows:

1. The first document known as the “Program” contained the provision that Gov. General Primo de
Rivera would pay all the revolutionaries of Php 800,000.00 and would allow Aguinaldo and other
revolutionaries to voluntarily exile themselves in Hongkong.
2. The second document known as “Act of Agreement” stressing the grant of general amnesty for all those
who would surrender and the promise that they would enjoy the privilege of living in the country or any other
place of their choice.
3. The third document contained the provision about the payment for the damages. According to the
provisions stated, Spain would have to pay Php1,700,000 where Php 800,000.00 were already stated in the first
document and the remaining Php 900,000.00 would be allocated to the Filipinos who were victim of the war.

After the documents had been signed on December 14 and 15, 1897 Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary
leaders prepared to leave for Hongkong. He left together with other 28 revolutionists on December 27, 1897.

Maybe others might think that these group of men just saved themselves and left their fellow countrymen in the
hands of the Spaniards while others might think that they did heroic thing for the country. For there were some
revolutionists who did agreed in the said pact like Gen. Miguel Malvar and Gen. Mamerto Alejandrino
Natividad, Jr.

American Infiltration in the Philippines

Due to that explosion on April 21, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain. The causes of their
conflict were many, but according to the American government the immediate one was the first overseas war
fought by the United States using their steel ships that brought superiority to the name of America in their naval
forces in the world at that time.
Again the question is how the Philippines got into this conflict. The American Spanish War was because of
Cuba.
The Philippines was silent after the Pact of Biak na Bato, because all of the tough revolutionary leaders of the
Philippines led by General Emilio Aguinaldo were exiled in Hong Kong. But even though they went into
silence, according to Aguinaldo the fight still continued. They reestablished their grouped and they called
themselves and looked for the proper timing to come back here in the Philippines to once again fight for the
Philippine Independence.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo continued the operation of the revolutionary government in Hong Kong which became
known as the Hong Kong Junta and later on as the “Supreme Council of the Nation”.
Perhaps because of the distance and means of communication, the revolutionists themselves again subdivided
through misunderstandings. Discontentment arose that made several changes in the membership due to
resignation of some members both in the Philippines and Hong Kong.
While in abroad, Aguinaldo continued his aim of reclaiming the Independence from Spain. He went to
Singapore to meet a friend and somehow to ask update about the situation of the Philippines and the gather
news about the conflict between America and Spain.

Battle of Manila Bay

It was known as the well-known Battle of Manila Bay, where the Spanish losses estimated at more than 370
troops and all their warship known as Armada, while American casualties were fewer than 10. The victory in
Manilla Bay cleared the way for the US occupation of Manila in August and the eventual transfer of the
Philippines from Spanish control.

Battle of Manila Bay

The Battle of Manila Bay paved way to the Filipinos to get back their freedom from the Spaniards after three
centuries. However, unknown to the entire archipelago, the American and Spanish forces already had a secret
agreement that the Spaniards will surrender Manila to the Americans after mock battle.

REFERENCES

Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (81-89)

Agoncillo, T., (1990) History of the Filipino People (8th Edition), Quezon City, Garotech Publishing. (167-198)

EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1

Discuss what the agreement in the “Pact of Biak na Bato”.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise No. 2

We all know that in history, it was Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo who became the 1st President of the Philippines
however, there are some historians that even today, consider the Supremo- Andres Bonifacio as the Philippines
First President.

Who do you believe is the first President? Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo or Andres Bonifacio? Make a stand regarding
this issue. Cite the references of your arguments.
 CHAPTER
10
THE START OF THE AMERICAN ERA

This chapter discusses the cooperation of Filipino leaders to the American in order to end the
Description
Spanish tyranny in the country.

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Recognize other Filipino heroes who dedicated their lives in achieving the country’s
Objectives
ultimate goal – Independence
2. To know the hidden Agenda of the Americans in the country

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Establishment of the Biak na Bato Government
• Treaty of Paris
• Malolos Congess and Malolos Constitution

American’s Insinuation in the Philippines

One of the achievements when the Spanish – American War started was the dictatorial government headed by
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. When he was in Singapore, successive meetings with E. Spencer Pratt and Rounceville
Wildman were held. When he returned to Cavite, he convinced the Filipino to side with the Americans in its
fight against Spain.

But according to some documentaries, there was a denial of Spencer Pratt about the said claims of Aguinaldo
and he denied any “dealings of a political character” with Filipino General. Admiral George Dewey also
disproved Aguinaldo’s account, stating that he did not promise anything for the Philippines.

Declaration of the Philippine Independence

June 12, 1898 was the declaration of the Philippine Independence in Cavite el Viejo (Kawit, Cavite). While the
Philippine flag was being raised and displayed in the balcony of Aguinaldo’s house, the Philippine National
Anthem was being played and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista played read the Declaration of Independence.

On June 18, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government and on June 21 of
the same year, he issued another decree replacing dictatorial to a revolutionary government (naming himself as
President). It was Apolinario Mabini, the so called “Brains of the Kaipunan” advised him for the said changes.
Aguinaldo declared that there would be an election of the representatives of the republican assembly that would
serve as the legislative branch of the government.

The Filipinos were not actually aware that a secret meeting was held between Juadenes, Deweys and Meritt.
They agreed that Spain would surrender Manila to the Americans after a so-called “Mock Battle”. Americans
immediately established military government right after they acquired Manila on August 14, 1898 and
appointed Gen. Wesley Meritt as the first Military Governor. It is founded for the purpose of subduing different
provinces that still express their resistance to the American rule and to maintain peace and order in the entire
country

The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898. One of its provisions was the secession of Spain’s
colonies to the United States of America which included the Philippines.

On September 15, 1898, the Malolos Congress was inaugurated at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan.
Felipe Calderon headed the body that drafted the constitution. Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos
Constitution as the most important written law of the country. On January 23, 1899 the First Republic or the
Malolos Republic was proclaimed at the Barasoain Church.

The unintentional killing of an American soldier by a Filipino soldier marked the beginning of the Filipino-
American War. Under the leadership of General Arthur McArthur, the American forces were able to capture the
seat of the Philippine government in Malolos. Emelio Aguinaldo managed to escape and he transferred his
government in the towns of San Fernando, Pampanga, Tarlac, Bayambang, and eventually in Palanan, Isabela.
The American finally captured Aguinaldo in his headquarters in Palanan, Isabela.
General Gregorio del Pilar became known in our history as the Hero of Tirad Pass when he courageously fought
with the American until his death. The capture of Aguinaldo marked the end of the republic that he founded.
However, the battle whom General Miguel Malvar led convinced the Filipinos to pursue the fight for
independence. The last general to surrender to the Americans was General Simeon Ola of Guinobatan, Albay.

America as the New Colonizer

It is awe-inspiring that finally after almost three centuries and three decades Filipinos got independence from
the Spanish government. They brought lot of changes in the country– in all aspects – political, economic,
cultural and social. However, we did not totally found the real sovereignty because American took over after
Spaniards. There were lot of brave Filipinos- who fought for us despite the fact that our nation is not as matured
as them when it comes to governance. From the propagandists to the revolutionists, they sacrificed their lives
for the motherland.

REFERENCES
Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (81-89)

EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1

Essay

1. Do you think Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was deceived by the Americans in Singapore for their promise of
recognition to the Philippine Independence after giving them support to fight against the Spaniards?
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___________________________________________________________________________
2. Give your own opinion about the real motive of America in the Philippines? Why did they focus in our
country than of Cuba?

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CHAPTER Preparation for the Philippine Commonwealth

11 Government

This chapter focuses on the e of assistance of the United States of America to the Philippines to
Description achieve self-governance. The arrival of different commissions sent by the President of US
helped to monitor the situation of our country.

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. To know the different laws implemented in the Philippines and its contribution to
Objectives
the development of the country
2. Understand the Commonwealth Government

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• The Cooper Act of the Philippine Organic Act of 1902
• The Jones Law
• The National Socialist Party

Conquest of the Philippines by the United States

After bringing independence from Spain, Filipino thought that finally we were free from the oppressors, but
they were wrong. Another series of colonization once again happened in the Philippine history. Americans may
not be strict as Spaniards but still they controlled the archipelago. But unlike Spaniards, they did not fully
express their intention to make Philippines a colony. According to the proclamation of McKinley (US President,
1899) “The Philippines are ours, not to exploit, but to develop, to civilize, to educate, to train in the science of
self- government.” Known as the Benevolent Assimilation Policy, President McKinley said that the Filipinos
would be trained and prepared for self-rule while the Americans are in the Philippines.

The Philippine Commissions

To observe the military government in the Philippine, McKinley sent a commission to find out whether the
policies implemented were getting positive outcomes. US President appointed Schurman Commission on
January 20, 1899. Based on the observation, the commission headed by Jacob Schurman recommended the
following:
1. Establishment of a territorial government with legislative branches
2. Removal of military government in the pacifies areas
3. Opening of free elementary schools
4. Establishment of independent local government
5. Conservation and preservation of the natural resources

The second commission brought by the US Government was the Taft Commission headed by William Howard
Taft. The said commission assumed some legislative posts in the government. Some Filipinos like Cayetano
Arellano, Dr. Pardo Paz de Tavera and Pedro Paterno supported their projects like constructions of roads and
bridges as they also spearheaded the founding of Federal Party in 1900. It promoted the restoration of peace.
Americans continued bringing vicissitudes in the country especially when the Congress passed an amendment
indicated that the US president is given the authority to create the civil government in the Philippines. Several
changes happened in the governance for many Filipinos were given chance to hold high positions.

Cayetano Arellano – 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Gregorio Araneta - Secretary of Finance and Justice
Members of the Philippine Commission
Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera Benito Legarda Sr.
Jose Luzuriaga

The Cooper Act or more known the Philippine Organic Act 1902 provided for the creation of an elected
Philippine Assembly. Year after the institution of the civil government, Theodore Roosevelt (US President)
declared the official end of Philippine - American War.
Several laws passed and enacted such as Jones Law, Hare-Haws-Cutting Law and Tydings McDuffie Law.
To fulfill the mandate of Tydings- McDuffie Law, a Philippine general election was the first election of the
commonwealth of the Philippines. It was time that the country is given recognition of independence as a
separate self-governing nation after a 10- year transition period.

The first national elections in the Philippines took place on September 16, 1935. Three from political parties and
one independent candidate ran for presidency.

Developments under the American Rule

As compared to the Spanish period, it can be noted that during the American period, The Philippines experience
greater development especially in economy. Some programs were the development of agriculture sector,
implementation of the trade, and the establishment of several industries.
The ideals of democracy were considered the greatest legacy of the Americans to the Filipinos. As American
gave chance to us to assume positions in the government and participate in political affairs.

REFERENCES

Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (127-132)

EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1

Identify the following.

_______________1. He authored the Philippine Organic Act of 1902

_______________2. The law that became the mission of Osmeña and Roxas
_______________3. The second commission brought by the US Government
_______________4. It was the first US law passed that set a process and a date for the
Philippines to gain independence from United States
_______________5. Also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act 1916
_______________6. The Political Party founded by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
_______________7. He was the independent candidate for Presidency in the 1935 Elections
_______________8. The Tydings McDuffie Act, officially the Philippine Independence Act
_______________9. He revived the Republican Party only for his intention to run for presidency in 1935
elections
_______________10. A Political Party of Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeña in 1935 Elections
 CHAPTER
12
The Philippine Commonwealth Government

This chapter focuses on the development brought by the Americans through Commonwealth
Government in the Philippines. It tackles the various projects that had been made and
Description
implemented by the Filipino lawmakers under the leadership of the 1 st Commonwealth
President Manuel L. Quezon with the supervision of the United States.

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Identify the major projects during the Commonwealth Government
Objectives
2. To appreciate the help and support of the American Government to the Filipino
leaders.

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Commonwealth Government
• Achievements of President Manuel L. Quezon during his term
• Succession of Sergio Osmeña after Quezon’s Death

REQUIRED READINGS

• MacIsaac, S. (2002). The Struggle for Economic Development in the Philippine Commonwealth, 1935-
1940. Philippine Studies, 50(2), 141-167. www.jstor.org/stable/42634458

Commonwealth Government

Although the Philippines experienced more freedom during the American period, they were still determined in
achieving absolute freedom from other countries. So, in preparation for the independence from United States,
there was a Commonwealth Government – a ten – year transitional government from 1935 -1945. During this
period, President Manuel Quezon (the first president of the Commonwealth Government) advocated the social
justice.

Achievements of Manuel L. Quezon Administration

Commonwealth was the turning point in the history during American Period. It was the realization of the
Filipinos efforts to manage themselves and take initiative for their future. On November 15, 1935, the
Commonwealth Government inaugurated in front of the Legislative Building. The secretary of War, George H.
Dern read the speech in behalf of US President Roosevelt. The speech was followed by the proclamation and
sworn to office of the newly elected Manuel Quezon, Sergio Osmeña and members of the National Assembly.
Achievements of Manuel Quezon Administration under the Commonwealth government were the following:
1. Restructuring the of the government through the creation of National Defense, Institute of National
Language and, National Council for Education, Filipinization of the Supreme Court and the lower
courts
2. Women’s Suffrage
3. Creation of the New Chartered Cities –
4. Promotion of national language based on Tagalog
5. Promotion of Social Justice
6. Required training for the youth in the Armed Forces under the leadership of Gen. Douglas McArthur
7. Creation of the Philippine Census of 1939
8. Development of the Philippine economy by promoting agriculture, commerce and industry
9. Creation of the Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs (JPCPA)
a. Granting of Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946 as indicated in Tydings
MacDuffie Law
b. Expansion of the terms of preferential trade between the Philippines and United States until
December 30, 1960

10. Passing of three amendments of 1935 Constitution as ratified by a National Plebiscite

a. Tenure of the President and Vice- President was four years with reelection for another term
b. Establishment of a Bicameral Congress of the Philippines
c. Creation of an Independent Commission on Elections composed of three members to supervise

Significant Legislations Enacted During Commonwealth Period

1. 1935 Constitution
2. Commonwealth Act No. 178
3. National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) 1936
4. Commonwealth Act No. 461, 1937
5. Rural Program Administration
6. Commonwealth Act No. 441

President Manuel Quezon failed to witness the reestablishment of the Commonwealth Government in the
Philippines because he already passed away in New York on August 1, 1944.
Sergio Osmeña took his oath of office as the new President of the Commonwealth.

Developments under Commonwealth Government

There were lot of development under the Commonwealth Government. As we can see, Filipinos were able and
capable of leading the country of their own. There were advancements in almost every aspect such as
✓ Education
✓ Public health and welfare
✓ Trade, commerce, and industry
✓ Transportation and Communication
✓ Individual Freedom
✓ Political Consciousness
✓ Language and Literature
But of course, behind these positive results, there were also negatives and one of these was the mental attitude
that despises one’s own and loves anything foreign as the natural result of Americans “altruism”.

REFERENCES
Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (134-137).
Agoncillo, T., (1990) History of the Filipino People (8th Edition), Quezon City, Garotech Publishing. (371-380)
Alcantara, V., (2009). Philippine History: Past and Present (Social Studies for First Year), Quezon City. CJS
Publishing. (249-251) https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/tag/commonwealth-of-the-philippines/
EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1
Enumeration. Give the accomplishments of President Manuel Quezon during his term in the Commonwealth
Government,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
 CHAPTER
13
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

This chapter discusses the conflict between America and Japan and
how the Philippines got involved. It focuses on the interruption of the
Description
Japanese in the ten-year preparatory period of America to Philippines
for self- rule which is called the Commonwealth.

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Learn and understand the tactics of Japan in invading the
Philippines
2. Appreciate the sacrifices of the fallen soldiers of Bataan during
Objectives
Death March
3. Analyze the political situation during Japanese Occupation and
the creation of the puppet government in the leadership of the
Filipino elites

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Manila as Open City
• Fall of Bataan
• Death March
• Philippines under Puppet Government

REQUIRED READINGS

• Yu-Jose, L. (1996). World War II and the Japanese in the Prewar Philippines. Journal of Southeast
Asian Studies, 27(1), 64-81. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/20071758
• Hayase, S. (1999). Japan and the Philippines. Philippine Studies, 47(1), 30-47. Retrieved July 26, 2020,
from www.jstor.org/stable/42634299
• GOODMAN, G. (1988). The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines: Commonwealth Sustained.
Philippine Studies, 36(1), 98-104. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42633066
• SERIZAWA, T. (2015). Japanese Solidarity Discourse on the Philippines during the Second World War.
Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 63(1),
71-100. www.jstor.org/stable/24672308

Beginning of World War II

Philippines is indeed a country reach in experiences of dealing with other countries. Unexpectedly, the
Commonwealth era in the Philippines was interrupted by the Japanese in early 1940s when the latter country
bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 8, 1941. Apparently, our country was not the target of Japan – it
was the America. It was just happened that America occupied some areas in the Philippines for military base.

The Second World War II is being regarded as the biggest and most destructive war in the World History. Even
before the outbreak of the war in December 1941, Filipinos already made some preparations. And as the tension
grew, President Roosevelt called Gen. Douglas McArthur again for active service and he became the head of
United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).

Japanese Attack in the Philippines

The largest Japanese force headed by Gen Masaharu Homma docked in Lingayen. President Manuel Quezon
together with his family and some members of the cabinet left Manila on Christmas eve and transferred the seat
of the Commonwealth to Corregidor. It was December 26, when McArthur declared Manila as an Open City to
avoid further destructions and killings of the civilians left in the city. Due to the health and critical condition of
President Manuel Quezon, US President Roosevelt that President Manuel Quezon and his family be brought in
US. Aside from Quezon family, Roosevelt also ordered the departure of McArthur for Australia so that he could
organize a new army that could possibly fight the Japanese troops. Gen. McArthut left the Philippines and when
he reached Australia, he mentioned his most famous line “I shall return”. He was replaced by Gen. Jonathan
Mainwright as head of USAFFE.

April 9, 1942 – Bataan fell in the hands of the Japanese. They had no choice but to surrender to avoid and
minimize the killings of the Filipino as well as the American soldiers. The Death March took place. From
Mariveles, Bataan, prisoners marched to San Fernando, Pampanga. From San Fernando Pampanga, they
boarded on the train and were brought to prison in Tarlac. The Fall of Bataan marked the temporary end of
American regime in the Philippines. Even Gen. Mainwright failed to defend Corregidor from the Japanese
troops.

When the Japanese finally took over the Philippines from America, Gen. Masahru Homma established a
military government in the city on January 3, 1942. They wanted to administer the political, economic and
cultural system of the country.

The Japanese planned to establish a puppet government and they succeed. The said government was headed by
the prominent Filipino in the society. The Philippine Executive Commission (PEC) was established on January
23, 1942 with Jorge Vargas being the appointed Chairman. PEC abolished all the political parties that were
established during American times in the country on December 8, 1942, by virtue of Proclamation No. 109
creating the “Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas” (Association for Service to the New Philippines).

When the Japanese took over the Philippines, they actually, they actually expressed their main objective- to
liberate all the oppressed in East Asia and establish the Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere for the
development of the countries in the East.

The PCPI (Philippine Commission for Philippine Independence) elected its twenty representatives for the
framing of the constitution for the established Philippine Republic. The said commission was headed by Jose P.
Laurel.

The arrival of Gen. McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 marked the end of the Second Philippine Republic.
With him was a fleet of 700 Marine Vessels with 174,000 men on board. When the Japanese Imperial Forces
was informed of the coming of the American liberation forces, they feared the massive assault might happen.

Gen. McArthur declared the Philippine liberation on July 5, 1945. The defeat of Japan happened when two
atomic bomb where launch in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. They formally surrendered in ceremony held at the USS
Missouri docked in Tokyo Bay.

Results of Japanese Occupation

Japanese had the shortest period of stay here in the country but they really left scars in the Philippine history.
During their occupation, life was most trying and dangerous. According to Agoncillo - Men in the cities and
plains had five mortal enemies:
- Japanese Military
- Diseases
- Guerillas
- Hunger
- Japanese -Filipino spies

Owing to McArthur who delivered his promise of coming back, the agony of the Filipino people stopped.
REFERENCES

Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (143-154).
Alcantara, V., (2009). Philippine History: Past and Present (Social Studies for First Year), Quezon City. CJS
Publishing. (257-265)

EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1

ESSAY

1. Gen. McArthur declared Manila as Open City when the Japanese arrived in the country. Do you think he
made a wise decision? Why and Why not. Explain.

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2. Discuss how the Second Republic established in the Philippines during Japanese Occupation.

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___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise No. 2

Identify the following:

________________1. He was tasked by the Japanese to write the constitution of the Second Philippine
Republic.
________________2. An organization that was established to carry the primary objectives of Japanese
occupation in the Philippines.
________________3. He was the leader of the Japanese forces when they occupied the Philippines.
________________4. Place which bombed by the Japanese that marked the beginning of the World War II.
________________5. He was the President of the Philippine Second Republic.
________________6. In this place, the Japanese accepted their defeat and formally surrendered to the
Americans.
________________7. He was appointed as the head of USAFFE when McArthur left the Philippines and moved
to Australia.
________________8. This commission had 20 representatives for the framing of the constitution for the
established Philippine Republic.
________________9. Date when Bataan fell in the hands of the Japanese.
________________10. This was the famous line of Gen. Douglas McArthur.

CHAPTER BEGINNING OF THE PHILIPPINE THIRD

14 REPUBLIC

This chapter presents the continuation of the interrupted

Description commonwealth government after the Japanese occupation and the
accomplishments of the Philippine Presidents of the Third Republic.

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Know the different administration during the Third Republic
Objectives 2. Understand the effects of projects and other programs to the
Filipinos implemented by the Presidents.
3. Assess the achievements of each of the President

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Restoration of the Commonwealth Government
• Sergio Osmeña
• Elected Presidents of Third Republic

REQUIRED READINGS

• Rabasa, A., Gordon, J., Chalk, P., Grant, A., McMahon, K., Pezard, S., . . .
Zimmerman, S. (2011). The Philippines. In From Insurgency to Stability: Volume II: Insights from
Selected Case Studies (pp. 9-40). RAND Corporation.
www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg1111-2osd.10
• TAKAGI, Y. (2014). The "Filipino First" Policy and the Central Bank, 1958–1961
Island of State Strength and Economic Decolonization. Philippine Studies: Historical
& Ethnographic Viewpoints, 62(2), 233-261. www.jstor.org/stable/24672296

Restoration of the Commonwealth Government

The Third Republic of the Philippines started after the defeat of Japanese here in the Philippines. Gen.
McArthur did his promise of returning to the country with enough troops to defeat the Japanese forces. Puppet
government was overthrown. There was a restoration of the Commonwealth Government and a one- year
transitional period in the preparation of independence. Political parties revived like Nacionalista Party and the
creation of new Political Party- Liberal Party which was able to produce the first president of the Third
Republic – Manuel Roxas.

Presidents of the Philippine Third Republic

One of the programs of the President Sergio Osmeña after the Japanese occupation was the rehabilitation of the
country. He actually asked financial assistance from United States regarding this program for it requires budget.

April 23, 1946 – Commonwealth government decided to held last election. Sergio Osmeña of National Party
and Manuel Roxas of the new established Political Party ran for presidential post.

Manuel Roxas. He won the election and the Third Republic was officially inaugurated on 4 th of July 1946. One
of the most challenging part in Roxas’ administration was the rehabilitation of the Philippines. It was hard for
him to ask financial aid from United States. During his term, he really tried to revived the Philippine culture and
also to maintain peace and order.

Elpidio Quirino. – After the untimely death of Roxas, Quirino became the president. He immediately declared
that he will continue all the projects and programs started by Roxas. President Quirino created the President’s
Action Committee on Social Amelioration or PACSA, the Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing
Administration or ACCFA, and the establishment or Rural bank nationwide.

Ramon Magsaysay. He won over Quirino as President in the succeeding elections. His simple and humble
lifestyle won him the title “Savior of Philippine Democracy” and “Man of the Masses”. He loved by the
Filipinos for he was the first President who focused on the Barrio’s rehabilitation. He prohibited costly
gatherings that would spend much money of the government. He made sure that all his employees were with
high moral standards to avoid corruption and nepotism. He initiated to wear Barong Tagalog as symbol of
nationalism.

During Magsaysay’s term, the country signed in several treaties and agreements like the Laurel-Langley
Agreement, Reparations Agreement and Treaty of San Francisco.

Carlos P. Garcia. He became the next president after the death of Pres. Magsaysay in a plane crash. Some of
the programs of Garcia were the protection of human rights and to promote democracy. One of his remarkable
policies was the “Filipino First Policy” - which aimed to help the Filipinos to strengthen the business industries
of the country.

Diosdado Macapagal. He became the fifth President of the Philippine Republic. He changed the date of our
celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. One of his programs was the Agricultural Land
Reform Code that aimed to sell lands to poor and small farmers at reasonable terms. President Macapagal also
used the Filipino language in government transaction and even in documents.

Marcos Era and the Declaration of Martial Law

Ferdinand Marcos. He took his office as the sixth president of the Philippines. Upon his oath, he immediately
faced the problem of the lack of funds in the national treasury due to the costly administration of Macapagal.
When Ferdinand Marcos and Fernando Lopez won in the election in 1969, they were considered to be the first
president and vice president to be reelected for the said positions. President Marcos’ second term was met by
many problems and challenges as compared to his first term. Many Filipinos became unemployed and the peso
devaluated. Added the corruptions in the government and poverty of the majority of the Filipinos.

Martial Law is a measure used by a leader of a state to secure the welfare of the people against dangers of
violence, anarchy, rebellion or even conquest. President Marcos used Martial Law in order to extend his term of
office. Another reason of declaring Martial Law was that Marcos wanted to establish “New Society”.
Marcos also founded the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) which was tasked to administer
and plan programs for the national economy. Inspite of these reforms, Filipinos still experienced economic and
political challenges. Majority of the people were in poverty.

Even though that Marcos reinstated democracy, he was still in control of the government. The Batasang
Pambansa that he created which was composed of 132 members were also under his supervision.

January 17, 1981, President Marcos signed Presidential Decree 2045 declaring the end of Martial Law after
eight years and four months. On June 16, 1981, the first elections after Martial Law was lifted, took place. Of
course, Marcos won.

The death of Senator Ninoy Aquino triggered the thirst of the Filipinos for real democracy. He was killed at the
Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983. President Marcos immediately ordered the trial of Aquino –
Galman case. Under the Sandiganbayan

Challenges Continue under the Philippine Presidents

Different struggles stirred after we claim our independence from colonizers. After the ten-year program of
United States in the country through Commonwealth, finally there was the Third Republic. But the crises did
not stop, at first there were post- war problems followed by different challenges faced by different
administrations of the Third Republic.

REFERENCES

Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (157-175).

EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1

Make a summary of the terms of office of the previous Presidents of the Philippines

President Vice- President Political Party Achievements Term of Office

Emilio
Aguinaldo

Manuel L.
Quezon

Sergio Osmeña

Manuel Roxas

Eldpidio
Quirino

Ramon
 Magsaysay

Carlos Garcia

Diosdado
Macapagal

Ferdinand
Marcos

Exercise No. 2

Essay

1. Ferdinand Marcos was the only President who was reelected, compare his first and second term.
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2. Why Ramon Magsaysay called “Man of the Masses” and “Savior Philippine Democracy”?

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3. What was the result of Ninoy Aquino’s Assassination?

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 CHAPTER
15
THE PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION

This chapter talks about success of the bloodless revolution in Asia –

EDSA People Power and rebirth of democracy in our country after
Description
Martial Law. This topic focuses on the great achievements of the
presidents of the Fifth Republic.

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Understand the situation of the Philippines during Martial Law
under the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos
Objectives 2. Know the different administration during the after People
Power and their achievements during their term (From C.
Aquino – D. Duterte)

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Martial Law
• EDSA People Power
• Fifth Republic

REQUIRED READINGS

• RINGUET, D., & ESTRADA, E. (2003). Understanding the Philippines' Economy and
Politics since the Return of Democracy in 1986. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 25(2), 233-250.
www.jstor.org/stable/25798641
• Clarke, G. (1993). PEOPLE POWER? NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS AND
PHILIPPINE POLITICS SINCE 1986. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 21(3), 231-256.
www.jstor.org/stable/29792123

Death of Ninoy Aquino and the People Power Revolution

To the millennials like us, for sure every time that the democracy of our state is at stake, we always heard or see
the whoop of “Never Again.” It’s like this phrase symbolizes the Marcos Regime in the Philippine History – his
dictatorship and the absence of democracy.

The death of Ninoy Aquino pushed the people to challenge the credibility of Ferdinand Marcos being the
President. To prove that Marcos is still in control he called for a special election which is the history’s
unforgettable “snap elections” of 1986. His opponent for the presidency was the wife of Ninoy Aquino- Mrs.
Corazon Aquino.

Presidents of the Philippine Fifth Republic and their Legacies

There was a widespread violence during the elections. There were opposite results between NAMFREL
(National Citizens Movement for Free Election) and COMELEC (Commission on Elections). NAMFREL
declared Aquino and Laurel as the winners in the elections but the COMELEC declared Marcos and Tolentino
as the President and Vice- President of the Republic of the Philippines. The CBCP immediately ask support for
the people to conduct protests against the result of elections.

As we all know, People Power held on February 24 and 25, 1986 along EDSA. The first bloodless Revolution
that ever happened in Asia. It was actually a peaceful merging of the church, the military, and the Filipinos
expressing their non-violent objection against the government.
Corazon Aquino sworn her oath of office being the first woman President of the Republic of the Philippines on
February 25, 1986. On the night of the same date, Marcos and his family left Malacañang and went to Hawaii.

President Aquino restored the democracy in the country. She released the political prisoners during Martial
Law. Her administration was for the implementation of the land reform known as the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program.

Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines under 1987 Constitution after Pres. Corazon Aquino.

Fidel Ramos. He was inaugurated as the 12 th President of the Philippines. Ramos introduced the “Philippine
2000” policy. Under his administration, our country came to be known as a “Tiger Economy” in Asia because
of the remarkable growth in the economy and an increase of investors.

It was also Ramos administration when the government entered into peace negotiations with the New People
Army (NPA) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) led by Nur Misuari. The President also declared
amnesty for the rebel officials of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM). Another achievement of his
administration was when our country hosted the 4th APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Conference Summit Meeting
in 1996.

There were three historical events that took place in our country from May – June 1998

1. National Elections held on May 1998

2. 100 Year Celebration of Philippine Independence
3. Oath- Taking of the newly elected President Joseph Ejercito- Estrada at Barasoain Church

Joseph Estrada. His first year of term as president was already shattered with lot of problems and anomalies he
got involved in. Estrada was the first President to be impeach. He did not finish his term. When the evidence
reveled against the President, People immediately proceed to EDSA to launch the Second People Power. When
the people marched towards the Malacañang Palace, Estrada and his family was forced to leave. He was
deposed to presidency and his Vice -President Gloria Macapagal –Arroyo (daughter of former President
Diosdado Macapagal) took an office as President on January 20, 2001 at the Edsa Shrine.

Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo. The second woman president who assumed her presidency in 2001 to continue the
term of Estrada. She was bombarded with criticisms by former president’s supporters albeit that the Supreme
Court declared the legality of Arroyo’s presidency. In spite of her declaration that she will not run for 2004
elections, she changed her mind and decided to run for another term. Under 1987 Constitution of course it was
legal for she just continued the unfinished term of Estrada. She won in the elections held on May 10, 2004.

Benigno Simeon Aquino III. At first, he has no plan of running for presidency until her mother late president
Cory Aquino died. The supporters of the former president gathered in spirit of EDSA Revolution once again
revived. After the burial of his mother, people started to shout Noynoy for President until consolidated larger
number of peoples support for his candidacy and became known as Noynoy Phenomenon.

Some of President Noynoy Aquino’s priority programs were: No "wang wang” policy to eliminate abusive
person in using their sirens for their personal interest; Reproductive Health Bill which is now a law known as
“Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (R.A. No. 10354); Enhance Defense
Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) which the Pres. Aquino signed the agreement bwtween our country and United
States of America to restrengthen our military and defense alliance and other reforms.

There were also lot of criticisms about his term: The Manila Hostage Crisis, Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), and of
course who will forget the 44 Fallen Heroes of Mamasapano Massacre.

Rodrigo Roa Duterte. His political slogan “Change is coming” made him the 16th president of the Republic of
the Philippines. Now is the 4th year of his term being the President. Before he became the President, he was one
among the longest- serving mayor in the country.

Some events that happened during his term are which we are fully aware are as follows:

1. Anti- Drug Campaign

 2. Salary Increase of the AFP and PNP
3. Declaration of Martial Law in Mindanao

Philippines as a Democratic State

The Philippines was under the leadership of former President Ferdinand Marcos for almost 20 years. Our
country was praised worldwide in 1986, when the so-called bloodless revolution erupted, called EDSA People
Power’s Revolution - marked a significant national event that has been engraved in the hearts and minds of
every Filipino. This part of Philippine history gives us a strong sense of pride especially that other nations had
attempted to emulate what we have shown the world of the true power of democracy. However, after regaining
the democracy we can see that our presidents of different terms still faced their own challenges on their
respective administration.

REFERENCES

Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City. Panday-
Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (178-204). https://www.philippine-history.org/edsa-people-power-revolution.htm
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/aquino-administration/

EXERCISES

Exercise No. 1

Identify what is being referred to in each item. Write your answers on the space before each number.

____________________1. Place in abroad where Marcos family settled after People Power Revolution.
____________________2. He was elected vice president in the 2004 Elections.
____________________3. This was the name used in the alleged bank account of First Gentleman Arroyo to
deposit the money used for the campaign of President Arroyo.
____________________4. He was regarded as the most-travelled president of the Philippines.
____________________5. Former friend of Estrada who revealed the involvement of the President in jueteng.
____________________6. He was the 16th President of the Philippines.
____________________7. He was considered as the Centennial President.
____________________8. Date of EDSA People Power Revolution I
____________________9. He was the founder of Philippine Special Arm Forces before he became the
President.
____________________10. The first woman President in Asia.

Exercise No. 2

Give your assessment to the Philippine politics and government under President Rodrigo “Digong” Duterte.
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