Grammar

Summary
 Level 1, Unit 1, Lesson 1: Personal Pronouns : Grammar Summary

Pronouns

A pronoun replaces a noun.

A subject pronoun is used as the subject of the sentence. There are singular and plural subject
pronouns.

Subject Pronouns

Singular Plural

I we
you you

he they
she
it

Be (Present)

The verb be is very common in English. It is used with a noun or an adjective.

For example: with a noun:

Ben is a boy.

with an adjective:
Moby is tall.
I am fine.

In the present, be has three forms: am, is and are.

Be - Present

Singular Plural

I am we are
you are you are
he is
she is they are
it is
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 In the short form (contraction), we write the noun, pronoun or question word together with the verb
be (am, is, are) as one word. We do that by dropping the first letter (am, is, are) and writing an
apostrophe ( ' ) instead of the missing letters.

For example: Moby is tall. = Moby's tall.

We are fine. = We're fine.

Be - Present (Contractions)

Singular Plural

I am = I'm we = we're
you are = you're you are = you're
he = he's
she is = she's they = they're
it = it's

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 1, Lesson 2: Be: Negative : Grammar Summary

Be (Negative)

Be (am, is, are) in the negative is made by adding not to the verb.

For example: It is not a bird.

It's not a bird.

The verb and not can form one word by dropping the o in not.

For example: It isn't a bird.

You aren't tall.

Be - Present (Negative)

Singular Plural

I am not = I'm not we are not = we're not = we aren't

you are not = you're not = you aren't you are not = you're not = you aren't
he is not = he's not = he isn't
she is not = she's not = she isn't they are not = they're not = they aren't
it is not = it's not = it isn't

The pronoun it refers to a noun that is a thing or an animal.

For example: a hat, a flower, a cat, a dog

Capital Letters ( B, E, N, H, P, T... )

We use capital letters to begin the names of people, places, days, months, and languages.

For example: Ben, Moby, Ed, Nikki, New York, London, English

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 We also use a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence.

For example: A telephone isn't a flower. It's a phone.

What's wrong? Are you ok?

We always use a capital letter for the pronoun I.

For example: Hi, I am Ben. I'm a boy. I'm not a robot.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 1, Lesson 3: Be: Questions : Grammar Summary

Be (Questions)

There are two kinds of questions:

1. A Yes/No question: A question that may be answered by yes or no.

For example: Is he happy?

Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.

When asking a question with be, the verb be comes before the subject (who or what the
sentence is about).

Be (Present) - Yes/No Questions

Singular Plural

am I? we?
are you? are you?
he?
is she? they?
it?

For example: Are you a flower? Is she fine?

2. A Wh- question: A question that asks for information by using a question word.

For example: Where is it?

The rabbit is in the hat.

The question word always comes before the verb be (am, is, are).
Wh- questions start with: What? Who? Where? When? Why? How?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Be (Present) - Wh- Questions

Wh- Questions Be Subject

What are they?

Where am I?
When is it?

For example: What is it? What are they?

Where am I? Where are you?

Why am I here? Why isn't she happy?
When is it? When isn't Moby hungry?
How are you? How is Ben?

When the question word is who, who is the subject.

For example: Who is tall?

Who is he?

Question Mark (?)

All questions end with a question mark (?).

For example: Moby, where are you?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 1, Lesson 4: Basic Adjectives : Grammar Summary

Prepositions of Place

Prepositions of place help to tell where things are.

in

For example: The rabbit is in the hat.

on

For example: The rabbit is on the table.

under

For example: The rabbit is under the table.

behind

For example: The rabbit is behind the table.

near

For example: The rabbit is near the table.

Adjectives

An adjective describes a noun. It tells us something about the noun. The adjective usually comes
before the noun.

For example: the large dog

the small cat

In sentences with the verb be (am / is / are), the adjective can come after the noun.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 For example: The dog is large.

The cats are small.

Adjectives don't change in the plural.

For example: the large dogs

The dogs are large.

When there are a number of adjectives, the color adjective usually comes last.

For example: the large black dog

the small white cats

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 1, Lesson 5: Commands : Grammar Summary

Commands

A command is used to tell others what to do or to give them advice.

We use the base form of the verb (the base form is the simplest form of the verb).

For example: Run! Drink! Sit!

The verb doesn't change in the singular or the plural.

For example: Stop it, Moby!

Ed and Nikki, be careful!

The negative command tells others what not to do.

We use do not or don't for the negative imperative.

For example: Do not run!

Don't sit!

Let's is used to make a suggestion or a request that includes the speaker.

Let's also takes the base form of the verb.

For example: Let's drink.

Let's go.

Negative
Commands Let's
Commands

V (base form) Do not / Don't + V Let's + V

Let's not + V

Sit! Do not sit! Let's sit.

Don't sit! Let's not sit.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Exclamation Mark (!)

At the end of a command, we usually write an exclamation mark ( ! ).

For example: Stop! Jump!

An exclamation mark can also be used to show a strong emotion.

For example: Oh! Great!

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 2, Lesson 1: Present Progressive : Grammar Summary

The Present Progressive

We use the Present Progressive to talk about things that are going on right now, at the moment of
speaking.

We use the verb be (am , is or are) and add -ing to the base form of the verb (V).

Present Progressive

I am + Ving we are + Ving

I'm cleaning the room. We're eating ice cream.

you are + Ving you are + Ving

You're eating ice cream. You're drinking.

he is + Ving they are + Ving

He's resting. They're cleaning the room.
She's playing.
It's jumping.

Remember! The Present Progressive has two parts.

We need both parts (am/is/are + Ving) to say something in the Present Progressive.

Spelling with –ing

In verbs that end in e, we drop the e and add -ing.

For example: shine → shining / The sun is shining.

In short verbs (one syllable verbs) that end in consonant- one vowel- consonant combinations, we
double the last consonant and add -ing. We don't double the letters w, x, y.

For example: run → running / Moby is running.

sit → sitting / I am sitting.

Reading and Writing

You can write the letter a in two ways: a or a.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 1, Unit 2, Lesson 2: Present Progressive (Neg) : Grammar Summary

Present Progressive (Negative)

If we want to say that something is not happening now, we add not to the verb.

Present Progressive Present Progressive (Negative)

I’m touching. I’m not touching.

You’re falling. You’re not falling.
He’s listening. He’s not listening.
She’s sitting. She’s not sitting.
It’s shining. It’s not shining.

We’re looking. We’re not looking.

You’re falling. You’re not falling.
They’re working. They’re not working.

For example: I am not talking.

He is not touching it.

Remember, we can express the negative in different ways.

I am not touching. I'm not touching.

You are not falling. You're not falling. You aren't falling.
He is not listening. He's not listening. He isn't listening.
She is not sitting. She's not sitting. She isn't sitting.
It is not shining. It's not shining. It isn't shining.

We are not looking. We're not looking. We aren't looking.

You are not falling. You're not falling. You aren't falling.
They are not working. They're not working. They aren't working.

For example: Ed and Nikki aren't listening.

I'm not talking.

You're not paying attention.
She isn't answering.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 1, Unit 2, Lesson 3: Present Progressive (Ques) : Grammar Summary

Present Progressive (Questions)

Questions have a different word order from sentences.

There are two kinds of questions (see U1L3). In both, the helping verb always comes before the
subject of the question.

In the Present Progressive the helping verb is be.

Yes / No questions use be (am / is / are) + the subject + Ving.

For example: Are you playing the drums?

Is he cooking?

Wh- Questions use a question word + be (am / is / are) + the subject + Ving.

Wh- Word Be Subject Ving

What are you playing?

Where is he cooking?

When are they eating?

Why are they talking?

Wh- questions that ask about the subject of the sentence are different, and are called subject
questions.

We use who to ask about people and what to ask about objects.

Both questions always take the singular verb is.

For example: Who is listening? Ed and Nikki are listening.

What is making noise? The drums are making noise.

Who is cooking? Moby is cooking.

Note that even though the answer is in the plural, these questions take the singular verb is.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Short Answers

We can also give short answers. When talking, people usually give short answers.

In the Present Progressive we do this with the subject and the verb be.

For example: Are you playing drums? Yes, you are.

Am I doing my homework now? No, I'm not.

Who is playing the drums? Moby is.

Reading

When the letter e comes at the end of a word, after a vowel and a consonant, the vowel sounds like
its own name (a, e, i, o, u).

For example: a – make ( sounds like a ).

bake
name

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 2, Lesson 4: Stative verbs : Grammar Summary

Stative Verbs

Some verbs don't take the –ing form even when something is happening now. These verbs often
describe how we feel (like love, like, want), how we think (like know) and our senses (like smell).

For example: I see you now.

You like Ben and Moby.

I love you.
The flowers smell good.
We hear the music.
You know Ben and Moby.
They want ice cream now!

Reading

When the letter e comes at the end of the word, after a vowel and a consonant, the vowel sounds
like its name (see U2L3).

For example: o - home (sounds like its name o)

i - like (sounds like its name i)

The letter combination ee sounds like the name of the letter e. The letter combination ea usually
sounds like the name of the letter e.

For example: see (sounds like s + the name of the letter e)

hear

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 2, Lesson 5: Present Progressive Review : Grammar Summary

Present Progressive – Review

We use the Present Progressive to talk about things that are happening now.

For example: Moby, you're talking on the phone, playing computer games and eating!

Moby is doing all this now, when Ben is talking. That's why Ben is using the Present Progressive.

Present Progressive (now)

(be) + V + ing

I am playing. = I'm playing.

He / She / It is sleeping. = He's sleeping.
You / We / They are looking. = You're looking.

In the negative, we just add not to the verb be (am/is/are).

Present Progressive (Negative)

(be) + not + V + ing

I'm not sleeping.

He / She / It isn't helping.
You / We / They aren't cleaning.

When asking a question, we change the order of the words.

In questions, the helping verb be (am/is/are) comes before the subject.

For example: Moby, are you cooking? Are you cleaning?

You aren't cleaning and you aren't cooking. What are you doing?

Present Progressive Questions

Wh - and Yes / No

What am I doing?
Where is he / she / it working?
When is sleeping
Why are you/we/they cleaning?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Questions about the subject of the sentence are different. They take the singular verb is.

For example: Who is helping Ben?

What is making noise?

Subject Questions

Who
+ is + V + ing
What

Spelling with -ing

Verbs that end in e, drop the e and add ing.

For example: come + ing = coming

In short verbs that end in consonant-vowel-consonant combinations we double the last consonant and add
ing.

For example: run + ing = running

Stative verbs

Some verbs don't take ing even if things are happening now.

For example: Moby, I know you aren't sleeping and I need help, please!

I see and hear you now.

We all like Ben and Moby now.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 3, Lesson 1: Articles : Grammar Summary

Definite and Indefinite Articles - A , An, The

The articles a, an, and the come before nouns, or before an adjective that is followed by a noun.

Article Where and when do we use it? Examples

a Before a singular noun (one person / a banana / a cookie

thing)

Before an adjective that precedes a a good sandwich

singular noun

Not before names Ben / USA / Moby / English

an Used like a, but only before a singular an apple / an umbrella / an open

noun that begins with a vowel sound. (a / book / an hour
e / i / o / u)

the Before nouns (singular or plural) that have A boy is eating an apple outside.
already been mentioned, when referring The boy is happy.
to a specific noun. The apple is red.
The sun is shining.

No article When we want to say something general Apples are good for you.
that's true for all these nouns. Bananas are yellow.

The Alphabet

Aa – Bb - Cc – Dd – Ee – Ff – Gg – Hh – Ii – Jj – Kk – Ll – Mm – Nn - Oo – Pp – Qq – Rr – Ss – Tt –
Uu – Vv – Ww – Xx – Yy - Zz

The vowels: Aa - Ee - Ii - Oo - Uu - sometimes Yy

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 3, Lesson 2: Irregular Plural Nouns : Grammar Summary

Adjectives and Nouns (Singular and Plural)

Nouns are words for things, people, animals and places.

For example: apple, basketball, man, rabbit, house

When we want to say there is more than one noun, we use the plural. Most nouns have a
different form in the singular and in the plural.

Plural Nouns Examples

In most nouns we add s to the singular form a girl - girls / a rabbit - rabbits
of the noun. an apple - apples / an egg - eggs

In nouns that end in s, sh, ch, z or x, we add a bus - two buses

es to the singular noun. a brush - brushes
a sandwich - three sandwiches
a box - four boxes

In nouns that end in a consonant and y, we a baby - babies

drop the y and add ies. a lady - three ladies

If there's a vowel before the y, we just add a boy - boys / a key - two keys
s.

Some nouns change completely. They are a man - men / a child - five children
irregular plural nouns. a woman - two women

Adjectives describe nouns. For rules about adjectives, when and how to use them, see U1L4.

Remember!

1. Adjectives usually come before the noun they describe, but after the verb be.

For example: Nikki is a happy girl. The girl is happy.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 2. Adjectives don't change in the plural.

For example: It's fair. Friends are fair.

3. Numbers always come before adjectives.

For example: Four tall men are running.

4. When there are a number of adjectives, the color adjective comes last.

For example: There are two big, red apples in my igloo.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 3, Lesson 3: There is/There are : Grammar Summary

There is / There are

There is and there are mean that something exists.

There is (there's) comes with singular nouns.

There is usually comes before a/an.

For example: There is a pen on the desk. There's a book on the desk, too.

There's an apple in the igloo.

There are comes with plural nouns. There is no short form of there are.

For example: There are boys and girls in the room.

Singular Plural

Affirmative there is / there's there are

Negative there isn't / there is no / there's no there aren't / there are no

Question is there? are there?

No / Not

No is used like an adjective, before a noun.

For example: There's no flower on the hat.

There are no big monsters in the park.

Not makes the verb negative.

For example: There isn't a flower on the hat.

There aren't seven big monsters in the park.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Remember!

1. There is / are have no connection to "there". They have completely different meanings.

For example: There are books here, on the desk, and not there, in the closet.

2. There is / are are very different from it is / they are. We use it is / they are only for something
that has already been mentioned.

For example: There's a girl with a hat. It's very big.

There are seven monsters in the park. They're big.

Reading and Writing

The letter c, when it's followed by e or i, sounds like s.

For example: In the word practice the first c sounds like k, but the second c sounds like s
because there's an e after it.

In ice cream, the first c sounds like s because there's an e after it, but the second c sounds
like k, because there's no e or i after it.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 3, Lesson 4: Count & Non-Count Nouns : Grammar Summary

Count and Non-count Nouns (Some / Any)

Nouns in English can be divided into count and non-count nouns.

Count nouns are nouns that you can count, and that have a plural form.

For example: two bananas / three babies / six children

There are ten oranges in the park.

How many asks about the number. It asks questions about plural count nouns only.

For example: How many apples are there? Eight!

How many children are in the park? There are ten children.

Non-count nouns are nouns that you can't count. They don't have a plural form, they will always come
with a singular verb.

For example: cheese / milk / chocolate / water

There is some cold water to drink.

How much asks about the quantity. It asks question about non-count nouns only.

For example: How much ice cream is there? Lots!

How much chocolate is there? There's lots of chocolate.

Some means a number or a quantity. We use some with both plural count nouns and with non-count
nouns. Some is used in affirmative sentences.

For example: There are some apples here. There's some milk too.

We use any instead of some in negative sentences and in most questions.

For example: There isn't any chocolate and there aren't any cookies.

Is there any cheese? No, there isn't any.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Plural Count Nouns Non-count Nouns
(come with a plural verb) (come with a singular verb)

Affirmative some (a number) / many (a lot) some (a quantity) / much (a lot)

Sentences

Examples: There are some / many apples. There's some cheese.

Negative any any

Sentences

Examples: There aren't any cookies. There isn't any chocolate.

Questions any any

Examples: Are there any apples? Is there any ice cream?

Questions How many? How much?

Examples: How many cookies are there? Ten! How much milk is there? A lot!

Lots, Lots of and a lot of mean the same: a lot. We use them with both plural nouns and with non-count
nouns.

For example: There are lots of cookies and there's lots of ice cream.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 3, Lesson 5: Plural Nouns Review : Grammar Summary

Nouns - Review
Nouns are words for people, places or things. There are singular and plural nouns.

For example: I have a good friend. Friends are fair.

The words friend and friends are nouns.

Plural Nouns

Usually add s to a singular noun. friends

Add es to nouns that end in s, sh, ch, and x. sandwiches

Drop the y and add ies to nouns that end in a consonant and y. babies / boys

Some nouns change completely. children

Adjectives describe nouns. They come before the noun or after the verb be. Adjectives don't change in the
plural.

For example: Moby, this isn't a good game. Friends are fair.

The words good and fair are adjectives.

There is / are means that something exists.

For example: There are monsters in the park.

Count nouns are nouns that have plural forms, and you can count them.

For example: There is a banana, but there are eight apples.

Non-count nouns have no plurals and take a singular verb.

For example: There is some cheese.

There are eight apples and there's some cheese.

The word apples is a count noun in the plural. Cheese is a non-count noun.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Nouns sometimes come with special words before them, or before the adjectives that come before the noun.
These words tell us what or how many we're talking about.

For example: There aren't any cookies but there's lots of chocolate ice cream.

Count Nouns Non-Count Nouns When to use and Meaning

Singular Plural

a meaning "one"

an meaning "one";
comes only before vowels

the the the with something that was mentioned before, or

when referring to a specific noun

some some a number or quantity;

use in affirmative sentences

any any instead of "some" in negative sentences and

questions

many much meaning "a lot"

How many How much in questions about the number or quantity

lots / lots of / a lot of

No special words before the noun when talking about something in general

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 4, Lesson 1: Present Simple : Grammar Summary

Present Simple (Affirmative)

We use the Present Simple to talk about things that always or usually happen, like facts
and habits.

For Example: I always do my homework.

He writes every week.

We also use the the Present Simple to tell stories or jokes.

We use the base form of the verb and add s or es to he, she or it.

Present Simple
facts and habits

I I eat pizza every week.

You Verb You go to Spain every summer.
We We swim every summer.
They They never sleep outside.

He He eats pizza every week.

She Verb + s/es She goes to Spain every
It summer.
It never sleeps outside.

The Present Simple often comes with words that show how often something happens.

For example: always, often, sometimes, usually, never, every day, once a month

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 How often Place in the sentence

One word only: Before the verb in the sentence.

always, usually, often,
sometimes, seldom, never For example: I always do my homework.

Except when the verb is be.

For example: She is never sick.

Two (or more) words: Usually at the end of the sentence.

every month, in the morning,
every summer For example: We swim a lot every summer.

She has a bath in the morning.

Spelling Changes

He / She / It take s, es or ies at the end of the verb.

Spelling Examples

Usually add s Mike swims every day.

Ben likes Moby.

Add es if the verb ends in: He usually watches TV.

ch / sh / ss / x / o / z She washes every day.
He misses his friends.
She does all her homework.

When the verb ends in y, drop I try to play the guitar every day. He tries to play the
the y and add ies. piano.

If there's a vowel before the y, We always play together, but Joe never plays with
leave the y and just add s. us.
He carries everything she buys.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 4, Lesson 2: Present Simple (Negative) : Grammar Summary

Present Simple (Negative)

The Present Simple in the negative describes things that don't usually or never happen. We use don't or
doesn't with the base form of the verb.

do not = don't // does not = doesn't

For example: I don't play the guitar.

We use doesn't with he, she or it only. The verb stays the same.

For example: She doesn't play the piano.

Present Simple Affirmative Present Simple Negative

I play the guitar. I don't play the drums.

You play the bass. You don't play the guitar.

He plays the drums. He doesn't sing.

She sings. She doesn't play the piano.
It likes water. It doesn't like milk.

We like the band. We don't like noise.

You write letters every day. You don't do homework on Saturday.
They need a new drummer. They don't need a singer.

Remember!

1. In the affirmative, we add s or es to the verb in he, she and it.

2. In the negative, the s moves to doesn't.
3. The verb itself stays in the base form.

For example: Moby speaks Beepish.

He doesn't speak Spanish.

4. Spelling: do + es = does

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Agent Nouns (-er Endings)
When we add er to the verb, it becomes the person or thing that does the action of the verb.

The Verb Person / Thing

teach teacher (someone who teaches)

play player (someone who plays)

sing + er singer (someone who sings)

work worker (someone who works)

open opener (something that opens

things)

write writer (someone who writes)

help helper (someone who helps)

Reading and Writing

There are four ways to read or write the sound k:

1. c (cookie / clean)
2. k (kiss / cook)
3. ck (rock)
4. q (quiet)

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 4, Lesson 3: Present Simple (Questions) : Grammar Summary

Present Simple (Questions)

In the present simple, we ask questions with the help of do or does.

We use does with he, she, it only.

The verb doesn't change with either do or does.

There are two kinds of questions (see U1L3). In both, the helping verb do or does always comes
before the subject.

Yes / No Questions Wh- Questions

Do I wash the dog? When do I wash the dog?

Do you wash the dog? Where do you wash the dog?

Does he play the drums? What does he play?

Does she live here? Where does she live?

Does it bite? Why does it bite?

Do we go to school? When do we go to school?

Do you like dogs? Why do you like dogs?

Do they know English? What do they know?

Subject Questions are different. They ask who or what does something. They are always in the
singular and they don't need a helping verb.

For example: Who lives here?

What happens when Ben sees Fighter?

Remember!

1. The s that we added to the verb in he / she / it moves from the verb to does.

For example: The dog sleeps in the house.

Where does the dog sleep?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 2. Sometimes, especially when talking, we can give short answers.
In the Present Simple, we do this with the subject and with do / don't or does / doesn't.

For example: Does the dog bite? No, he doesn't.

Do you go out for a walk every day? Yes, I do.

Who helps you? My mother does.

Reading and Writing

There are two ways to make the sound f:

1. f- like in flower
2. ph- like in phone

There are two ways to make the sound -ite:

1. -ite like in bite

2. -ight like in fight

In words that have -alk the l is silent.

For example: walk, talk

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 4, Lesson 4: Have/Has : Grammar Summary

Have / Has

We use have / has to talk about possession, or in expressions like have a good time.

For example: I have black hair.

She has a new dog.

Like all other verbs in the Present Simple, there is an s in he / she / it, but here the verb changes
from have to has.

Affirmative Negative Questions

I have a computer. I don't have the answer. Do I have a best friend?

You have a friend. You don't have any food. What do you have?

He has big eyes. He doesn't have a piano. Does he have any

She has a smile. She doesn't have a dog. questions?
It has no hair. It doesn't have a window. Why does she have a book?
Does it have a door?

We have names. We don't have homework. When do we have fun?

You have friends. You don't have any time. What do you have in there?
They have guitars. They don't have friends. Do they have children?

Subject Questions are different (see U2L3). They ask who or what does something. They are
always in the singular and they don't need a helping verb.

For example: Who has a big smile?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Expressions Examples

have a good time He has a good time .

have a good / bad day Have a good day!
have fun We always have fun together.
have a drink Let's have a drink.
have a baby My mother is having a baby.
have a party She has a party every week.
have something to eat I always have something to eat before school.

Reading and Writing

The sounds tion / sion / cian are almost the same.

For example: Please pay attention to the magician.

Many Americans like the expression "have a good day".

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 4, Lesson 5: Present Simple Review : Grammar
Summary

Present Simple - Review

The Present Simple is about facts and things that always, usually or never happen. It is also
used when telling jokes and stories, or to state a general truth.

The verb stays in its base form, but in he / she / it we usually add s at the end of the verb.

Affirmative Negative

I play the guitar. I don't play the guitar.

You play the piano. You don't play the piano.

He plays the drums. He doesn't play the drums.

She plays the bass. She doesn't play the bass.
It plays music. It doesn't play music.

We play basketball. We don't play basketball.

You play guitar. You don't play guitar.
They play the piano. They don't play the piano.

Yes / No Questions Wh- Questions Subject Questions

Do I like it? When do I eat? Who understands it?

Do you like apples? Where do you eat?

Does he like dogs? When does he eat? What keeps it healthy?

Does she like ants? Why does she eat it?
Does it work? How does it eat?

Do we like cookies? When do we eat?

Do you like the zoo? Where do you eat?
Do you like it? Why do they eat?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Remember!

When we add does to make the sentence negative or a question, we drop the s from the
verb.

For example: He likes apples but he doesn't like oranges.

Does she like apples?

Ben has hair, but Moby doesn't have any hair.

We can give a short answer with the help of do / does.

For example: Does Moby like pizza? Yes, he does.

Do you need help? No, I don't.

Spelling Rules with he / she / it

In verbs that end in sh / ch / ss / x / o / z, add es.

For example: wash = washes

watch = watches
dress = dresses
fix = fixes
go = goes

In verbs that end in consonant + y, drop the y and add ies.

For example: try = tries

Agent Nouns
By adding er to some verbs, we create a word that describes the person or thing that
performs the action.

For example: singer / player / worker / helper

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 5, Lesson 1: Possessives : Grammar Summary

Possessives
There are different ways of showing possession in English:

One way is using the verb have which we learned in U4L4.

For example: I have a picture.

He has black hair.

A second way is by using a possessive adjective: my / your / his / her / its / our / your / their.
Possessive adjectives describe who something or someone belongs to. The possessive adjective
always comes before the noun. It cannot stand alone. Like other adjectives, it doesn't change its
form, no matter what noun it describes.

For example: It's my father and my grandfather.

Her father and mother are with their daughter.

Subject Pronoun Possessive Adjective Example

I my Here is my father.

you your Moby, is that your hand in the picture?

he his He plays baseball with his friends every day.

she her Nikki loves her dog.

it its I like the band and its music.

we our Look at our picture. We're smiling.

you your Nikki and Ed, look! It's your picture.

they their They have a daughter. Their daughter is

pretty.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 A third way is by adding an apostrophe and s ('s) to singular and plural nouns. Most plurals (that
end in s) only get an apostrophe ('). Plural nouns that don’t end in s get an 's. The owner always
comes first and this is the noun that gets the apostrophe.

For example: It's Ben's picture.

My children's teacher knows Spanish.

The four boys' bikes are red, and the five girls' bikes are white.

Possessive Example

Singular Nouns 's It's the boy's hat.

I like my grandfather's picture.
Moby's eyes are black.

Plural Nouns s' I see ten boys and the boys' teacher.
I like The Rockers' music.
The babies' mothers are smiling.

Plural Nouns without 's The children's picture is funny.

s People's names are different in Spain.
Men's hats are usually black or brown.

Singular Nouns with s 's / s' James' / James's house is big.

Remember!

1. The possessive its has no apostrophe. It's is short for it is.

For example: Look at that bird! Its colors are red and white.

It's pretty.

2. When you want to ask a question about who the owner is, use whose.

For example: Whose book is this? It isn't my book. It's Ben's book.

Whose party is it? It's Nikki's party.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 5, Lesson 2: Tag Questions : Grammar Summary

Tag Questions

When we want to ask if people agree with us or if we're right, we can add a short question at the
end of a sentence. These short questions are called tag questions.

Tag questions have only two words: a helping verb and a pronoun. Tag questions have the same
subject and helping verb as the sentence they follow.

For example: It's nice, isn't it?

Moby doesn't play the piano, does he?

When the sentence is positive, the tag question is negative and when the sentence is negative, the
tag question is positive. Negative tag questions are always contractions.

For example: He's here, isn't he? She isn't here, is she?

She knows English, doesn't she? He doesn't know English, does he?

Because negative tag questions are always contracted and there is no contraction for am not, we
use aren't I instead of am not I.

For example: I'm ready, aren't I?

In sentences with there is / there are, we ask the questions with there.

Sentences with BE

Positive Negative

I'm busy, aren't I? I'm not sick, am I?

You're sad, aren't you? You aren't here, are you?
She's coming, isn't she? He isn't sleeping, is he?
It's OK, isn't it? It isn't too big, is it?
We're together, aren't we? We aren't going, are we?
They're nice, aren't they? They aren't noisy, are they?

There is music, isn't there? There aren't any monsters, are

there?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Present Simple Sentences (with other verbs)

Positive Negative

I buy food, don't I? I don't know, do I?

You like it, don't you? You don't like it, do you?
He has time, doesn't he? She doesn't want to go, does she?
It goes fast, doesn't it? It doesn't work, does it?
We know it, don't we? We don't sing together, do we?
They talk a lot, don't they? They wash every day, don't they?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 5, Lesson 3: Past Simple Be : Grammar Summary

Past Simple: Be (Affirmative / Negative)

The verb be in the past is conjugated in two ways: was and were.

I / he / she / it = was
you / we / they = were

For example: When Ben was a little boy, he was very loud.

They were at home yesterday.

In the negative, we add not. The negative forms can be shortened into contractions.

was + not = wasn't

were + not = weren't

For example: I wasn't happy because you weren't at home yesterday.

Past Simple BE

Pronoun Affirmative Negative

I was was not / wasn't

you were were not / weren't

he was was not / wasn't

she
it

we were were not / weren't

you
they

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 For example: I am here now, but I wasn't here yesterday.

You weren't well yesterday, but you are well today.

Moby was the best student when he was a kid, but Ben wasn't.
Ben and Moby were friends when they were kids and they're still friends today.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 5, Lesson 4: Past Simple Be (Questions) : Grammar
Summary

Past Simple: Be (Questions)

Questions with be in the past (was / were), are formed exactly like questions with be in the
present (see U1L3).

For example: Moby was asleep. Was Moby asleep?

Ben and Moby were busy yesterday. Were Ben and Moby busy yesterday?

There are two kinds of questions:

1. Yes / No Questions: in which the answer is yes or no.

For example: Were the children outside? Yes, they were.

Was Moby outside? No, he wasn't.

2. Wh- Questions: in which the answer is a fact, and the question begins with a Wh- word
(Why / Where / When / Whose / How / What / Who).

For example: Where was Moby? He was in bed.

Why were they sad? They were sad because they were in an
accident.

Questions about the subject (with who / what) are always in the singular (U2L3) even
though the answer may be plural. These questions only use was.

For example: Who was here? Ben and Moby were here.

Sentences with was / were, have tag question using was / were (U5L2).

For example: Moby was asleep, wasn't he?

You weren't in the kitchen last night, were you?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Yes / No Questions

Be Subject

Was I

Were you

Was he / she / it ?

we

Were you

they

Wh- Questions

Wh - Word Be Subject

Where was I

When were you

Why was he / she / it ?

How were we

Where were you

How were they

There was / There were

Just like there is / are (U3L3), we use there was / were when something existed in the past.

For example: There was homework, wasn't there?

There were some ants in the kitchen last week.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Past Expressions

1. last = the one before

last night
last week
last month
last year

2. ago = in the past, for more than one

two days ago

two weeks ago
five years ago

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 5, Lesson 5: Past Simple Be Review : Grammar Summary

Possessives - Review

We studied three ways to express possession.

Possessive
have / has Noun + 's / s'
Adjectives

I My Ben's
You have brown Your eyes are Nikki's eyes are
We eyes. His brown. The brown.
They Her dog's
Its

He Our
She has brown Your eyes are The girls' eyes are
It eyes. Their brown. brown.

Tag Questions - Review

A tag question is a short question we add to a sentence to check if others agree. Normally a positive
statement is followed by a negative tag, and a negative statement is followed by a positive tag.

Sentences with BE Sentences with other verbs

Present Past Present

I am happy, aren’t I? I was happy, wasn’t I? I run fast, don’t I?

You are home, aren’t you? You weren’t home, were you? You do your homework, don’t
you?

He’s thirteen, isn’t he? He wasn’t thirteen, was he? He likes chocolate, doesn’t he?

She isn’t a drummer, is she? She wasn’t a drummer, was She doesn’t hate pink, does
she? she?

We aren’t sick, are we? We weren’t sick, were we? We all make mistakes, don’t we?

They aren’t there, are they? They weren’t there, were they? They have nice gifts, don’t they?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Past Simple: Be - Review

was: I / he / she / it were: we / you / they

Affirmative I was sick yesterday. We were at home last night.

It was my mistake. The candles were pink.

Negative I wasn't sick yesterday. We weren't at home last night.

It wasn't my mistake. The candles weren't pink.

Questions When was I sick? Why weren't we at home last

Was it my mistake? night?
Were the candles pink?

Everybody / Nobody

Both everybody and nobody are followed by the singular form of the verb (like he / she / it).

For example: Everybody was asleep.

Everybody makes mistakes.

Nobody knows.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 6, Lesson 1: Regular Past Verbs : Grammar Summary

Past Simple: Affirmative (Regular Verbs)

When we want to talk about things that happened in the past, we use the past tense. We use the
Past Simple with time expressions like: yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, two
days ago, three weeks ago.

There are two kinds of verbs in the Past Simple: regular verbs and irregular verbs (which we'll
discuss in the next lesson).

Regular verbs are verbs that take -ed in the past.

For example: I play every day. I played yesterday.

He cooks every week. He cooked last week.

In the Past Simple, the verb stays the same for all the pronouns.

When we add -ed to the verbs, it sometimes sounds like d, sometimes like t, and sometimes like id.

For example: cleaned (sounds like d)

shouted (sounds like id)

looked (sounds like t)

Present Simple Past Simple

I visit my uncle every day. I visited my uncle yesterday.

You always arrive on time. You arrived on time last week.

He sometimes shouts at his dog. He shouted at his dog last night.

She cooks every week. She cooked two weeks ago.

Nothing happens here. Something strange happened yesterday.

In the summer we play outside. We played outside last summer.

You like your new teacher. You liked your old teacher.

They often talk on the phone. They talked on the phone three days ago.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Spelling Rules

1. With most regular verbs, we simply add -ed to the base form.

For example: happen = happened

2. With verbs that end in e, we add d.

For example: smile = smiled arrive = arrived

3. With verbs that end in a consonant and y, we drop the y and add -ied.

For example: try = tried

If there’s a vowel before the y, we leave the y and only add -ed.

For example: play = played

4. With one-syllable verbs that end in consonant-one vowel-consonant combinations, we double

the last consonant.

For example: stop = stopped

5. With two-syllable verbs, we double the last consonant if the stress is on the last syllable.

For example: admit = admitted

But remember, when the stress is on the first syllable, we just add -ed.

listen = listened

Writing Paragraphs

In English, a paragraph is a group of sentences organized around a main idea stated in the first
sentence (topic sentence). The topic sentence is followed by several sentences that provide
supporting details. The last sentence, the concluding statement, summarizes the paragraph.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 6, Lesson 2: Irregular Past Verbs : Grammar Summary

Past Simple: Affirmative (Irregular Verbs)

Most verbs in the past take -ed. These are regular verbs.

However, some verbs don't take -ed. They change completely, and that is why they are called irregular verbs.

How do we know which verbs are regular and which are irregular? There is no way to know and that makes it
a bit difficult. But almost all irregular verbs are common, everyday verbs that we use all the time, so it's easier
to remember them. The more you use these verbs when you speak, read and write, the sooner you'll get to
know them.

What is the change? How do these irregular verbs change in the past? Most verbs look like brothers - they're
alike but different.

For example: have = had

win = won

There are only a few verbs that change completely.

For example: go = went

Here is a list of some of the irregular verbs. Try to learn them.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Verb Past Simple Example

drink drank They drank a lot of water yesterday.

eat ate She ate a lot of cake because she was hungry.

feel felt I felt sick last night.

fight fought They fought last year, but now they're friends.

give gave She gave me a big gift on my birthday.

go went You went home with your mother yesterday.

have had We had a rabbit two years ago.

lose lost We lost our dog last year.

speak spoke I spoke to your teacher last night.

take took She took the gift and smiled.

teach taught He taught me everything I know.

understand understood They liked the new game when they understood how to play
it.

wake up woke up I woke up at seven yesterday.

win won We won the game.

Remember

The verb in the past simple doesn't change with the different pronouns.

For example: She won the game last year.

We won the game two years ago.

Nationalities
The name of the people who live in a country is based on the name of that country. We take the name of the
country and change it into an adjective. Like all adjectives, it comes before the noun.

For example: The American people

Chinese food
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 When these names come on their own, they are nouns. In this case they can come with an s to mean the plural
(more than one). With an s, they mean the people from that country.

For example: Canadians = The Canadian people

Brazilians = The Brazilian people

Remember!

These words are names (of people or of their language), so they will always begin with a capital letter.
There are different ways to form these adjectives and nouns. Look at the table for some examples.

Country People Example

America American The American people speak English.

Russia Russian Russians speak Russian.

Ethiopia Ethiopian I ate Ethiopian food yesterday.

Canada Canadian Some Canadians speak English and French.

Italy Italian People in Italy speak Italian.

Brazil Brazilian Brazilians live in Brazil.

England English Children in many countries learn English.

Spain Spanish Those sailors are Spanish. They all speak Spanish.

Ireland Irish Irish people speak English.

Pakistan Paskistani I saw a Pakistani movie yesterday.

Yemen Yemeni Yemenis live in Yemen.

China Chinese In China, many Chinese like to ride bicycles. They speak
Chinese.

France French The French love to speak French and sing French songs.

Greece Greek The Greeks have great old stories in Greek.

Holland Dutch Dutch people living in Holland speak Dutch.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 1, Unit 6, Lesson 3: Past Simple (Negative) : Grammar Summary

Past Simple: Negative

When we want to say something in the Past Simple negative, we use didn't and the base form of the verb. The
verb and didn't don't change for any of the pronouns.

For example: Ben studied on Tuesday. Ben didn't study on Monday.

Ben and Moby went to the movie on Sunday. They didn't go to the movie on Monday.
Walt Disney made Mickey Mouse. Mickey Mouse didn't make Walt Disney.

Past Simple Affirmative Past Simple Negative

I watched TV last night. I didn't watch TV last night.

You had a lot of homework last week. You didn't have a lot of homework last week.

He went to Spain last summer. He didn't go to Spain last summer.

She did her homework on Monday. She didn't do her homework on Monday.

It opened last month. It didn't open last month.

We ate the cookies. We didn't eat the cookies.

You played outside on Saturday. You didn't play outside on Saturday.

They stopped the loud music. They didn't stop the loud music.

Remember

Days of the Week

1. The names of the days of the week are names. Therefore, they must always have capital letters. We use
the preposition on before the name of the day.

For example: I saw her in the park on Monday.

She spoke Chinese on Tuesday and French on Thursday.

2. The days usually come at the beginning or the end of the sentence.

For example: I didn't see you on Friday.

On Friday, I didn't see you.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 1, Unit 6, Lesson 4: Past Simple (Questions) : Grammar Summary

Past Simple: Questions

We make Past Simple questions with the helping verb did. Like most questions in English, the helping verb
comes before the subject.

For example: Did it rain yesterday?

Where did you go camping?

All the questions with did are followed by a subject and a verb in its base form. The helping verb did doesn't
change for any of the pronouns.

For example: Did you see the snow last night?

Did they bring sweaters?

In spoken language, the answer to a Yes / No Question is usually short. It has the helping verb did / didn't
and the subject (usually a pronoun).

For example: Did you go camping? Yes, I did.

Did it rain? No, it didn't.

We also use did / didn't in Past Simple Tag Questions (U5L2).

For example: It rained last night, didn't it?

You didn't run home, did you?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Past Simple Past Simple Past Simple
Yes / No Questions Wh- Questions

I brought a sweater. Did I bring a sweater? What did I bring?

You went camping. Did you go camping? Where did you go camping?

He saw a good movie. Did he see a good movie? What movie did he see?

She studied yesterday. Did she study yesterday? Why did she study?

It snowed a lot last year. Did it snow a lot last year? When did it snow a lot?

We took the kids home. Did we take the kids home? Why did we take the kids
home?

You ate seven apples. Did you eat the apples? How many apples did you eat?

They spoke English. Did they speak English? What language did they speak?

Tag Questions Subject Questions

He ate the cake, didn't he? Who knew the answer?

They didn't tell you, did they? What happened?

Remember

Although did is in the past, the main verb does not change. It stays in its base form.

For example: Did you see the movie? Did you like it?

Subject Questions are different. They don't take did, so the verb is always in the past.

For example: Who took my sweater?

Who brought pajamas?

Was and were can never go together with the helping verb did. They don't need the helping verb did to ask
a question.

For example: Was it cold? Yes, it was.

Were they happy? No, they weren't.

Did it snow? Yes, it did.
Did they have sweaters? No, they didn't.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 1, Unit 6, Lesson 5: Past Simple Review : Grammar Summary

Past Simple - Review

We use the Past Simple to talk about things that happened in the past.

Some time expressions in the past are: yesterday, last month, last summer, two days ago, five years
ago.

There are two groups of verbs in the past: regular verbs and irregular verbs. In both groups, the verb
doesn't change for any of the pronouns.

Regular verbs take -ed in the past.

For example: help = helped

wait = waited

Spelling Rules for Past Simple Regular Verbs

Verb Ending Spelling Rule Example

Most regular verbs Add -ed happen / happened

Verb ends in e add -d smile / smiled

arrive / arrived

Verb ends in consonant + y Change the y to i and add - try / tried

ed

Verb ends in vowel + y Add -ed play / played

One-syllable verb ending in Double the last consonant stop / stopped

consonant-vowel-consonant and add -ed show / showed
(except w, x, y) play / played

Two-syllable verb ending in Double the last consonant admit / admitted

consonant-vowel-consonant with and add -ed
stress on the last syllable

Two-syllable verb ending in Add -ed. Do not double the visit / visited
consonant-vowel-consonant with consonant.
stress on the first syllable

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Irregular verbs change completely.

For example: go = went

find = found

With the negative, questions and short answers in the Past Simple, we add did / didn't to the base
form of the verb.

For example: Did they play baseball? No, they didn't. They didn't play baseball.

Did Ben find his keys? Yes, he did. Ben found his keys.

Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs

Affirmative I watched tv last night. The homework took a long time.

Negative You didn't watch tv last night. The homework didn't take a long time.

Questions Did he watch tv last night? Did the homework take a long time?

Wh- Questions When did they watch tv? How long did the homework take?

Subject Questions Who watched tv last night? What took a long time?

Telling Time - O'clock

When the time falls on the hour, we usually say the hour (number) and o'clock.

For example: It's nine o'clock.

You're late! It's three o'clock!

Either / Or

When we have a choice between two (or more) things, we can use either / or.

For example: It's either this or that.

You can either come with Ben or with Ed.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 1, Lesson 1: Phrasal Verbs : Grammar Summary

Phrasal Verbs
Many verbs are made up of two words. These are called phrasal verbs, two-part verbs or compound verbs. The first
word is the verb and the second is an adverb or one or more prepositions (also called particles). These particles change
the meaning of the original verb.

For example: Look! There’s my dog! He looked after the baby.

Please take a cookie. I want to take up a hobby.

The verb, like any other verb, changes in time and form, but the adverb or preposition never changes.

For example: I look after the baby every day.

I'm looking after the baby now.

I looked after the baby yesterday.

Some particles can be separated from the verbs and some cannot.

For example: I look the information up on the computer.

Ben takes after his cousin Larry.

Numbers 1 - 100

1 to 10 11 to 20 21 to 30 10 to 100

1 - one 11 - eleven 21 - twenty-one 10 - ten

2 - two 12 - twelve 22 - twenty-two 20 - twenty

3 - three 13 - thirteen 23 - twenty-three 30 - thirty

4 - four 14 - fourteen 24 - twenty-four 40 - forty

5 - five 15 - fifteen 25 - twenty-five 50 - fifty

6 - six 16 - sixteen 26 - twenty-six 60 - sixty

7 - seven 17 - seventeen 27 - twenty-seven 70 - seventy

8 - eight 18 - eighteen 28 - twenty-eight 80 - eighty

9 - nine 19 - nineteen 29 - twenty-nine 90 - ninety

10 - ten 20 - twenty 30 - thirty 100 - one

hundred

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 1, Lesson 2: Demonstrative Pronouns : Grammar Summary

This / That / These / Those

This / that / these / those are demonstrative pronouns and adjectives. They point to people and
things. This (singular) and these (plural) are for people and things near the speaker and that
(singular) and those (plural) are for people and things not near the speaker.

Near the speaker Not near the speaker

singular this that

plural these those

Demonstrative adjectives come before nouns.

For example: I like that music.

These cookies are delicious!

Demonstrative pronouns take the place of nouns.

For example: I like that.

These are delicious.

Telling Time

There are different ways to ask about the time in English: What time is it?

What's the time?

Do you have the time?

The answer should start with it's and the time.

For example: What time is it, please? It's three o'clock.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 We use the word o'clock only when the hour is a round number.

For example: It's three o'clock.

Look at the different ways to say the time.

3:00 It's three o'clock.

3:05 It's five past three. It's five after three. It's three-o-five.

3:10 It's ten past three. It's ten after three. It's three ten.

3:15 It's a quarter past It's a quarter after It's three fifteen.
three. three.

3:20 It's twenty past It's twenty after It's three twenty.
three. three.

3:25 It's twenty-five It's twenty-five It's three twenty-

past three. after three. five.

3:30 It's half past three. It's three thirty.

3:35 It's twenty-five to It's three thirty-five.

four.

3:40 It's twenty to four. It's three forty.

3:45 It's a quarter to It's three forty-five.

four.

3:50 It's ten to four. It's three fifty.

3:55 It's five to four. It's three fifty-five.

4:00 It's four o'clock.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 1, Lesson 3: Object pronouns : Grammar Summary

Object Pronouns

Pronouns take the place of nouns. They can be subject pronouns, object pronouns or possessive
pronouns.

Subject pronouns take the place of the subject (see L1U1L1). They answer the question: who or
what is the sentence about?

For example: Ben is a boy. He is a good friend.

Object pronouns take the place of the object of the sentence, and can be direct objects, indirect
objects or objects of the preposition.

An object pronoun as a direct object tells who or what receives the action of the verb.

For example: The monster followed us. (Who did he follow?)

An object pronoun as an indirect object tells to or for whom the action happens.

For example: The mailman gave him the package. (Who did he give it to?)

An object pronoun as an object of the preposition follows a preposition.

For example: He sent the package to me.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Examples of Object Pronouns

I me He sent me a package.

you you I dreamed about you last night.

he him Sam wrote him a letter.

she her He sent her some flowers.

it it They screamed when they saw it.

we us They read us a scary story.

you you Moby went with you.

they them The monster followed them.

Object Pronouns always come after verbs and prepositions.

For example: after a verb: He read them a book.

after a preposition: We have a surprise for her.

We also use object pronouns in short answers.

For example: Who's there? Me.

He's going! Me too.

Remember!

The word trip can either stand alone or with the preposition on.

For example: We went on a trip to Spain last year. It was a great trip!

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 1, Lesson 4: Present Simple Can : Grammar Summary

The Modal Verb: Can

Modal verbs are helping verbs. They always come with another verb, adding meaning to it.
They are special verbs because:

1. They do not change. You can never add an -s or -ing to modals.

For example: He can come now.

2. They form questions and negatives without do.

For example: Can he make a pizza?

He can't eat all that by himself!

3. They are followed by the base form of a verb (the infinitive) without to.

For example: Moby can do anything.

Can you speak English?

Can means being able to or being allowed to do something.

For example: She can swim, but she can't ride a bike.

Can I take your pen, please?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Subject Can Verb Examples

I go I can go home.

You can take You can't take it.

He help He can help you.

She read She can read well.

It wash It can't wash itself.

We can't do We can do it.

You feed You can feed the dog now.

They fly They can't fly.

Yes / No Questions

Can Subject Verb Examples

I help Can I help you?

you take Can you take me home, please?

Can he speak Can he speak English?

she visit Can she visit you?

it feed Can't it feed itself?

Can't we see Can we see it?

you read Can you read it with me, please?

they dress Can they dress themselves?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Can Subject Verb Examples

What I do What can I do?

Where can you eat Where can you eat?

When she play When can't she play?

How can't they eat How can they eat so much?

Who can help Who can help me?

Reflexive Pronouns

We use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same.

For example: Are you talking to yourself?

Subject Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Examples with Reflexive Pronouns

I myself I washed myself in the bathroom.

you yourself Do it yourself!

he himself He likes himself.

she herself I don't think she knows herself very well.

it itself The dog kept itself warm.

we ourselves We smiled to ourselves.

you yourselves You're talking to yourselves. We can't

hear you.

they themselves Little children like to look at themselves

in the window.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 In the singular, the reflexive pronouns end in self: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself.

In the plural, the reflexive pronouns end in selves: ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

We also use the reflexive pronoun when we want to emphasize who or what we're talking about.

For example: The teacher, herself, gave me the gift.

He, himself, asked the questions.

When the reflexive pronoun comes after the preposition by, it means without help or alone.

For example: She lives by herself.

I did my homework by myself.

Some expressions with reflexive pronouns: Enjoy myself / yourself

Help yourself! (Feel free to take what you want.)

Make yourself comfortable.
Make yourself at home.
Take care of yourself.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 1, Lesson 5: Can Review : Grammar Summary

Phrasal Verbs - Review

A phrasal verb is a verb + a particle (preposition or adverb) that changes the meaning of the original verb.

For example:
I take my books to school. I take after my father.
I took my book to school. I took up tennis when I was ten years old.

Numbers 10 – 100 - Review

10 - ten 60 - sixty

20 - twenty 70 - seventy

30 - thirty 80 - eighty

40 - forty 90 - ninety

50 - fifty 100 - a hundred

Telling Time - Review

There are different ways to tell the time:

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 3:00 It's three o'clock.

3:05 It's five after / past three. It's three-o-five.

3:10 It's ten after / past three. It's three ten.

3:15 It's a quarter after / past three. It's three fifteen.

3:20 It's twenty after / past three. It's three twenty.

3:25 It's twenty-five after / past three. It's three twenty-five.

3:30 It's half past three. It's three thirty.

3:35 It's twenty-five to four. It's three thirty-five.

3:40 It's twenty to four. It's three forty.

3:45 It's a quarter to four. It's three forty-five.

3:50 It's ten to four. It's three fifty.

3:55 It's five to four. It's three fifty-five.

4:00 It's four o'clock.

This / That / These / Those - Review

Demonstrative pronouns point to people and things.

Near the Not near the Examples

speaker speaker

Singular this that I know this boy, but I don't know that one, over there.

Plural these those These books are new, but those, over there, aren't.

Object and Reflexive Pronouns - Review

An object pronoun takes the place of the object of the sentence.

For example: The teacher gave me a good book.

An reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and object of the sentence are the same.

For example: I told myself not to do it.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun

I me myself
Give me the book. I can't do it myself.

you you yourself

They brought a gift for you. You did it yourself.

he him himself
I wrote to him. He wrote about himself.

she her herself

We saw her. She can't dress herself.

it it itself
Look at it. The house itself is nice, but the yard
isn't.

we us ourselves
Tell us a story. We made the food ourselves.

you you yourselves

I asked you a question. Did you do it by yourselves?

they them themselves

I sent them a package. They look after themselves.

Can - Review
The modal verb can means being able to do something.

Can is always followed by the base form of the verb, without to.

For example: I can come, but I can't bring my dog with me.

Positive Negative Question Wh- Questions

can + verb can't + verb Can + subject + Wh- + can + subject + verb?
verb?

He can study. He can't study. Can he study? When can he study?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 2, Lesson 1: Possessive Pronouns : Grammar Summary

Future: (be) going to

There are different ways to express the future in English. This lesson focuses on (be) going to +
verb. We use (be) going to when we talk about predictions (things that we think are going to
happen) or about future plans.

We usually use future time expressions at the beginning or end of a sentence.

For example: He is going to fly to London next month.

Subject Be Going to Verb Examples

I am work I am going to work hard

tomorrow.

You are sleep You're going to sleep there.

He is going to go He isn’t going to go to the

party.

She is buy Next week, she's going to buy

a new hat.

It is snow It’s not going to snow today.

We are not going help We’re going to help you with

to your homework.

You are be You aren't going to be

astronauts.

They are play They are going to play

basketball next year.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Yes / No Questions

Be Subject Going to Verb Examples

Am I catch Am I going to catch the ball?

Are you throw Are you going to throw the

ball?

he feed Is he going to feed the dog?

Is she going to read Is she going to read the

book?

it run Is it going to run home?

we speak Are we going to speak

English?

Are you send Are you going to send Sam

the letter?

they collect Are they going to collect

postcards?

To make a Wh- question, add the Wh- word at the beginning of the Yes/No question.

For example: How are you going to catch the ball?

When are we going to speak English?

Possessive Pronouns
We use possessive pronouns to show that something belongs to somebody. Possessive pronouns
are very similar to possessive adjectives (see L1U5L1) but they are always used alone, without a
noun following them.

Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun

For example: This is my bike. This bike is mine.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Possessive Possessive Examples
Adjective Pronoun

my mine Please don't take my phone. It's mine.

your yours Your book is blue. The red book isn't

yours.

his his He likes his cookies. That cookie is his.

her hers Everybody knows it's her music. That

music is hers.

our ours That dog is our dog. He's ours.

your yours I put your books in your bag. These

books aren't yours.

their theirs I know their house! That one is theirs.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 2, Lesson 2: Future (Will) : Grammar Summary

Future - Will

In the previous lesson (L2U2L1), we learned about the future using (be) going to. Another way to talk about
the future is with will + verb. The verb is in its base form, or infinitive.

Just like (be) going to, we use will to talk about predictions or future plans.

For example: I think it will rain today.

I will visit you next week.

We also use will when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking.

For example: That's too hard for you. I'll help you.

We use (be) going to when we talk about things that were already decided or planned.

For example: They’re going to come on Tuesday.

We generally use future time expressions at the beginning or end of a sentence. Remember to use a
comma (,) when the time expression is at the beginning of the sentence.

For example: Next year, I'll study geography.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Subject Will (not) Verb Examples

I eat I will eat at 1:00.

You visit You'll visit them tomorrow.

He will / 'll go He will not go to the party.

She run She won't run with you.

It will not / won't work It won't work.

We watch We'll watch tv tonight.

You have You'll have a good time.

They be They won't be late.

Yes/No Questions

Will Subject Verb Examples

I know Will I know where it is?

you find Will you find the way home?

Will he / she / it understand Will she understand me?

we sing Will we sing songs?

you listen Will you listen to the

teacher?

they collect Will they collect postcards?

To make a Wh- question, add the Wh- word at the beginning of the Yes/No question.

For example: When will we sing songs?

Who questions are different because who is already the subject.

For example: Who will sing songs?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 2, Unit 2, Lesson 3: Modal: Can : Grammar Summary

Can (Past, Present, Future)

Can means being able to do something (L2U1L4).

For example: He can paint beautiful pictures.

In the past, can changes to the modal could.

For example: My friend could play the piano when he was three years old.

In the future, can changes to will be able to.

For example: In the future, everybody will be able to travel into space.

After the preposition to, we don't use can. We use be able to instead.

For example: I want to be able to speak many languages.

Subject Past Present Future Base Examples

Verb

I paint I can paint a nice red flower.

You build You can't build a time machine.

He could can will be able to invent Thomas Edison could invent many things.

She travel She couldn't travel last night.

It couldn't can't won't be able to fly It could fly for only two seconds.

We do We'll be able to do it tomorrow.

You practice You won't be able to practice next week.

They catch They want to be able to catch the ball.

Remember!

Like all modals, can and could:

1. are followed by the base form of the verb without to.

For example: I couldn't paint it.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 2. have the same form with all subjects - they don't take s or ing.

For example: She couldn't paint it.

3. form questions and negatives without helping words (do, does, did, didn't).

For example: Could you paint it?

Yes/No Questions (Past and Present)

Modal Subject Base Verb Examples

I have Can I have a cookie?

Can / Can't he
she go Can't she go outside?
it

we do Could we do that last year?

Could / Couldn't you hear Couldn't you hear the teacher?

Yes/No Questions (Future)

Will / Won't Subject Be able to Base Example

Verb

Will / Won't he be able to paint Will he be able to paint it himself?

To make a Wh- question, add the Wh- word at the beginning of the Yes/No question.

For example: Where could they watch the movie?

Who and what questions about the subject are different because who and what are already the subject. You don't need
a subject pronoun.

For example: What could happen?

Who won't be able to go?

Ordinal Numbers
The ordinal numbers are numbers that show the order or position of something in a series.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 For example: My dog won first place in the dog show.

He's ten years old. It's his tenth birthday.

Number Ordinal Number Short Form

1 first 1st

2 second 2nd

3 third 3rd

4 fourth 4th

5 fifth 5th

6 sixth 6th

7 seventh 7th

8 eighth 8th

9 ninth 9th

10 tenth 10th

11 eleventh 11th

12 twelfth 12th

13 thirteenth 13th

19 nineteenth 19th

20 twentieth 20th

21 twenty-first 21st

32 thirty-second 32nd

43 forty-third 43rd

54 fifty-fourth 54th

60 sixtieth 60th

69 sixty-ninth 69th

71 seventy-first 71st

82 eighty-second 82nd

93 ninety-third 93rd
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 2, Unit 2, Lesson 4: Modal: Have to : Grammar Summary

Have to
We use have to when we want to say it is necessary to do something. Many people use have got to or need to when
speaking. They are used the same way as have to. Have to is always followed by the base form (infinitive form) of the
verb.

For example: I have to study for the test.

I've got to study for the test.

I need to study for the test.

In the present tense, have to always has the same form, except for the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), when it becomes
has to.

In the past tense, have to changes to had to, and doesn’t change for any of the subjects. In the future tense, have to
becomes will have to, and doesn’t change for any of the subjects.

Tense Subject Have to Base Example

Verb

I/You have to I have to study.

We/You/They don't have to You don't have to study.

Present
He
has to He has to study.
She
doesn't have to She doesn't have to study.
It

study
I/You You had to study.
had to
Past He/She/It He didn't have to study.
didn't have to
We/You/They They had to study.

I/You I will have to study.

will have to
Future He/She/It He won't have to study.
won't have to
We/You/They We'll have to study.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Yes/No Questions

Tense Do Subject Have to Base Example

Will Verb

Do I/you Do I have to work?

Don't we/you/they Do they have to work?

Present
he Doesn't he have to work?
Does
she Does she have to work?
Doesn't
it Doesn't it have to work?

have to work
I/you Didn't you have to work?
Did
Past he/she/it Didn't he have to work?
Didn't
we/you/they Did we have to work?

I/you Will I have to work?

Will
Future he/she/it Won't she have to work?
Won't
we/you/they Will they have to work?

To make a Wh- question, we add the Wh- word before the Yes/No question.

For example: Where will we have to be at 9 o'clock?

When does she have to decide?

When who or what is the subject of a question, we don’t use a subject pronoun. In the present tense, the verb is always
singular (like with he, she, it) and doesn’t take a helping verb (do, does or did).

For example: Who has to walk the dog?

What had to happen?

Who will have to catch the train?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 2, Lesson 5: Modals Review : Grammar Summary

The Future

We use will and (be) going to when we want to talk about the future.
Both will and (be) going to are followed by the base form of the verb.

Subject will (be) going to

am going to + verb
I
I'm going to fly tomorrow.

will + verb is going to + verb

Affirmative He
I'll think about it. He's going to take you home.

are going to + verb

They
They're going to be here.

am not going to + verb

I
I'm not going to see her.

will not/won't + verb is not going to + verb

Negative She
She won't tell me. She isn't going to come home.

aren't going to + verb

We
We aren't going to be like them.

Am I going to + verb
I
Am I going to play the part?

will + subject + verb is it going to + verb

Questions It
Will you choose it? Is it going to rain tomorrow?

are you going to + verb

You
Are you going to promise me?

To make a Wh- question, we add a Wh- word at the beginning of the Yes/No question.

For example: When will we go to the restaurant?

Why is he going to take the train?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Can
Can means being able to do something. Can changes to could in the past.
Both can and could are followed by the base form of the verb without to.
Can changes to will be able to in the future. It is also followed by the base form of the verb.

For example: You could talk to her an hour ago,

but you can't talk to her now.

Will you be able to try again in an hour?

Present Past Future

can + verb could + verb will be able to + verb

Affirmative Puppies can play. I could swim last year. We'll be able to visit.

He won't be able to
Negative You can't come in. They couldn't see it.
choose.

will + subject + be able to

can + subject + verb? could + subject + verb?
+ verb?

Will they be able to find

Can I help you? Could you see it? it?
Questions
Can't it wait? Couldn't they stop it? Won't he be able to
cook?

To make a Wh- question, add the Wh- word at the beginning of the Yes/No question.

For example: When could you see it?

Why won't he be able to cook?

Have to

Have to means it is necessary to do something.

Have to in all its forms, is followed by the base form of the verb.

For example: We have to decide. Do you have to be there too?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Present Past Future

have to + verb had to + verb will have to + verb

We have to visit her.

Affirmative I had to choose. They'll have to ask.
She has to decide.

Negative You didn't have to run. He doesn't have to go. You won't have to work.

Do + subject + have to + Did + subject + have to + will + subject + have to +

verb? verb? verb?

Do I have to come?
Questions Does it have to be so Did they have to do it? Will I have to sing?
loud?

To make a Wh- question, add the Wh- word at the beginning of the Yes/No question.

For example: When will I have to sing?

Who or what questions about the subject have no helping verb (do), and are always in the singular
(like he / she / it).

For example: Who has to be there?

Who had to help his uncle?

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to somebody. They are not followed by a noun,
like possessive adjectives are.

For example: This is my book, but that one is yours.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Possessive Pronouns Examples

mine She's a friend of mine.

yours Why do you think it's yours?

his The big brown dog is his.

hers That beautiful baby is hers.

ours The future is ours.

yours That brother of yours is very tall.

theirs That restaurant is theirs.

Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal numbers show the order of things in a series.

Number Ordinal Number Short Form

1 first 1st

2 second 2nd

3 third 3rd

4 fourth 4th

5 fifth 5th

10 tenth 10th

12 twelfth 12th

21 twenty-first 21st

37 thirty-seventh 37th

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 3, Lesson 1: Pres Prog: Future Intent : Grammar Summary

Present Progressive with Future Intent

In the present progressive (see L1U2L1) we use the verb be (am/is/are) and add -ing to the base form of the
verb. We can use the present progressive to talk about future plans that are definite, or that were made
before.

For example: We're flying home tomorrow.

What are you doing tonight?

My friend is coming to our party next week.

Present Progressive cannot be used for predictions or things that can’t be controlled (in which case we use
be going to or will).

For example: It’s going to rain tomorrow.

We know that the present progressive is used for the future by the context of the sentence or by future time
expressions.

For example: I’m visiting my uncle next week.

Subject Be Verb + ing Examples

I am meeting I'm meeting my cousin on Tuesday.

You are staying You're staying with us next summer.

He flying He's flying to China next year.

She is taking She's taking her brother there next week.

It happening It's happening tomorrow.

We arriving We're arriving in an hour.

You are playing You're playing basketball with us after school.

They building They're building their new house next year.

Spelling with Present Progressive

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 1. In verbs that end in e, we drop the e and add -ing.

For example: come - coming

I'm coming to see you tomorrow.

2. In verbs that end with a consonant-one vowel-consonant combination, we double the last consonant
and add -ing. We don't double the letters w, x, y.

For example: sit - sitting

I'm sitting next to you tomorrow.

This is true only if the stress is on the last syllable. If the stress is on the first syllable, we don't double
the consonant. We just add -ing.

For example: happen - happening

What's happening tomorrow?

begin - beginning
The show is beginning in twenty minutes.

3. There are some verbs that end in -ie, like tie, die and lie.
When we add -ing to these verbs, we drop the -ie and add -ying.

For example: tie - tying

I'm tying my shoelaces.

For more on the present progressive, see L1U2L1.

For present progressive negative, see L1U2L2.
For present progressive questions, see L1U2L3.

Distances

1 kilometer = 1000 meters

1 kilometer = 0.62 miles
1 mile = 1.6 kilometers

Remember!

Some nouns are irregular in the plural (see L2U3L1). There are three nouns where oo changes to ee in the
plural:

foot - feet
tooth - teeth
goose - geese

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 3, Lesson 2: Must/Mustn't : Grammar Summary

Must
Must, like have to (see L2U2L4), means "it is necessary." We also use must to talk about rules.

For example: You must do your homework.

Sometimes, must is used to make a suggestion or to show that we understand something.

For example: You must see that movie.

You didn't eat anything all day. You must be hungry.

Like all modals, must:

1. is followed by the base form of the verb without to.

2. does not change (no -s and no -ing).
3. forms questions without do.

Subject Must Base Verb Examples

I / You say I must say goodbye.

must
He / She / It do He must do his homework.

We / They finish They must finish it on time.

Must has no past or future form. We use have to instead (for more on have to see L2U2L4).

For example: You didn't have to come yesterday, but you must come today.

You must clean your room now, or you will have to clean it tomorrow.

Must not / mustn’t is a special case. See below.

Sometimes we use must in a question, but it is very formal. In questions, do + have to is more commonly used.

For example: Must I come with you? (formal)

Do I have to come with you? (common)

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Must Subject Base Verb Examples

I / you come Must I come too?

Must
he / she / it wear Must he wear a tie?

we / you / they stay Must they stay here?

To make a Wh- question, add the Wh- word at the beginning of the Yes/No question.

For example: When must we be there? (formal)

When do I have to be there? (common)

When we want to say that something is not necessary, we use don't have to in its different forms (see L2U2L4).
We don’t use must not or mustn’t (see below for explanation of mustn’t).

For example: She must do her homework,

but she doesn't have to do it now.

Mustn't

Must not / Mustn't means that something is not allowed.

For example: You mustn't make noise here!

You mustn’t touch anything.

When speaking, the first t in mustn’t is silent.

Polite Expressions

The modals would, may, can and could are used in polite expressions. We use them when we want to ask for
something politely, when we want to offer help or when we ask for permission.

For example: Would you please open the door for me?

May I bring you something to drink?

The expression would like is a more polite way of saying want.

For example: I would like (I'd like) to buy these books, please.

Would you like to dance?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 2, Unit 3, Lesson 3: Adverbs : Grammar Summary

Adverbs that Describe Verbs or Whole Statements

Adverbs that describe verbs tell us how something happens.

For example: He ran quickly.

How did he run? Quickly.

These adverbs can come:

1. after the verb.

For example: He ran quickly.

2. after the object that follows the verb.

For example: He ran home quickly.

3. before the verb.

For example: He quickly ran home.

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to the adjective.

For example: quick + ly = quickly

beautiful + ly = beautifully

Spelling

1. Add -ly to the adjective: slow + ly = slowly / polite + ly = politely.

When the adjective ends in l, we still add –ly: beautiful + ly = beautifully
2. When the adjective ends in y, change the y to i, and add -ly: happy + ly = happily.

Some adjectives don’t change to become adverbs. We can tell if they’re adjectives or adverbs depending on the
word they describe.

Adjective He's a hard worker. It's a fast train. I took the early train.

Adverb He works hard. It goes fast. I woke up early.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Hardly is not the adverb form of hard. Hard and hardly are two different adverbs. Hardly means “almost nothing.”
When it is an adverb, hard comes after the verb. Hardly comes before it.

For example: I worked hard. (I worked a lot.)

I hardly worked. (I worked very little - almost nothing.)

Not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. Some are adjectives.

For example: She has a friendly smile.

Some adverbs describe whole sentences. These adverbs can come at the beginning or in the middle of a
sentence.

For example: Finally, you understand how to use adverbs.

You finally understand how to use adverbs.

The Months of the Year

There are twelve months in a year. Most months have 30 or 31 days. February is the only month that has less than
30 days. It usually has 28 days. February has 29 days once every four years. That year is called a leap year.

Number Month

1 January

2 February

3 March

4 April

5 May

6 June

7 July

8 August

9 September

10 October

11 November

12 December
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 2, Unit 3, Lesson 4: More Adverbs : Grammar Summary

Adverbs that Describe Adjectives and Other Adverbs

Some adverbs describe, or give information about, adjectives or other adverbs.
These adverbs usually come before the adjective or adverb they describe.

For example: With adjectives: That shirt is really beautiful.

You look completely happy.

With other adverbs: You sang very nicely, almost perfectly.

Some adverbs make the words they describe stronger or weaker (weak = not strong).

For example: Stronger: I’m very tired.

That’s exactly right.

She sang really beautifully.
Weaker: I’m almost ready.
We hardly have any milk.

Hardly is an adverb that means “almost nothing” (see L2U3L3 for more explanation of hard/hardly). It comes
before the verb or adjective.

For example: I only met him yesterday. I hardly know him.

Enough comes after the adjective or adverb it describes.

For example: She's old enough to be your mother.

They're running fast enough to win the race.

Well
Well is the adverb form of the adjective good. It only goes with a verb. It tells us how we do something.

For example: He's a good teacher. He teaches well.

Her English is good. She speaks well.

Well is also an adjective. As an adjective, it means "not sick," or "healthy."

For example: How are you? I'm well. / I feel well.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Get
Get is a verb that is used in many different ways. It is used in speaking more than in writing. The meaning of
get changes with the word that comes after it.

With a noun, get means "receive" or “acquire.”

For example: I got a letter yesterday.

Let’s get some ice cream.

With an adjective, get means "become.”

For example: He's getting old.

With a preposition, get means "move.”

For example: Get out!

Get is also used in many expressions.

For example: Get lost.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 3, Lesson 5: Adverbs Review : Grammar Summary

Present Progressive with Future Intent

The present progressive (be + verb + ing) can be used for the future. It is used to talk about future
plans.

For example: I'm taking the 9:00 train to London tomorrow morning.

When the present progressive is used for the future (see L2U3L1), it is formed in the same way as the
present progressive (see L1U2L1).

Subject Be Verb + ing Examples

I am inviting I'm inviting all my friends to my birthday party next

week.

He is meeting He's meeting his cousin tomorrow afternoon.

She
It

We are celebrating You're celebrating your birthday next week, aren't

You you?
They

Must / Mustn't
Must is a modal. We use it when we want to say that something is necessary. We also use must to
talk about rules, to make suggestions or to show that we understand.

For example: We must come to school on time.

His bike is outside, so he must be home.

Like all modals, must takes the base form of the verb (without to) and doesn't change.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Subject Must Verb Examples

I hurry I must hurry.

He invite He must invite the family.

She must
It

We be They must be happy together.

You
They

In the past and future, we use have to (see L2U2L4) instead of must. We also use have to when we
want to say that something isn't necessary (negative) or when asking a question.

For example: She must spend more time with her family, but she doesn't

have to fly there for the 4th of July.

Mustn't is different. It means that something is not allowed.

For example: You mustn't go so fast. You'll have an accident.

Polite Expressions
English has many polite expressions. We usually use different modals to say something more politely,
to offer help or to ask for permission.
Some of these modals are would, may, can and could.
The expression would like is a more polite way to say want.

For example: Would you like to spend the weekend with us?

May I bring you a drink?

Adverbs
Adverbs describe other words. Some adverbs describe verbs. They tell us how something happens
and usually end in -ly.

For example: He walks slowly.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Other adverbs describe adjectives or other adverbs.

For example: He's very tired.

There are also adverbs that describe whole sentences. They usually come at the beginning of the
sentence.

For example: Luckily, we weren't late.

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to the adjective.

For example: slow + ly = slowly

Some adjectives don’t change to become adverbs, like hard, fast, late, early.

For example: He is a fast runner.

He runs fast.

Hardly is an adverb that means "almost nothing."

For example: He hardly does anything.

Enough is an adverb that describes adjectives or other adverbs. It's different because it comes after
the adjective (or adverb).

For example: I'm tired enough to sleep all week.

Well is the adverb form of good.

For example: He's a good cook. He cooks well.

Daily, weekly, monthly and yearly are both adjectives and adverbs meaning “every day," "every
week," "every month" and "every year."

For example: The daily paper comes every day. / The paper comes daily.

They have a monthly meeting. / They meet monthly.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Get
The verb get has many meanings. It changes with the word / words that come after it.

For example: He's getting old and he doesn't get up so late anymore.

The Months of the Year

The 12 months in the year have 30 or 31 days each. February is the only month that has 28 days, and
29 days once every four years (a leap year).

Number Month

1 January

2 February

3 March

4 April

5 May

6 June

7 July

8 August

9 September

10 October

11 November

12 December

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 4, Lesson 1: Past Progressive: Interrupted Action : Grammar
Summary

Past Progressive: Interrupted Action

We use the past progressive to describe an action that was already happening at a certain time in
the past. We use the past tense of the helping verb be (was / were) and add -ing to the base form of
the verb.

For example: I was playing basketball at five o'clock.

Subject Past of Be Verb + ing

I was / wasn't

You were / weren't

studying at 3:00.
He was / wasn't
She
It

We were / weren't

They were / weren't

Yes / No Questions

Past of Be Subject Verb + ing

Was / Wasn't I

he
she
it sleeping?

Were / Weren't we

you

they

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Past of Be Subject Verb + ing

What was he wearing?

Where was she staying?

Why weren't you listening?

Who were they talking to?

Wh- Subject Questions

Wh- Word Past of Be Verb + ing

What was happening

Who wasn't listening

Questions about the subject with who or what are always in the singular.

For example: Who was trying to open the door?

What was happening when Mom came in?

We also use the past progressive for an action that was happening at the moment that a second
action happened, or interrupted it. We use the past progressive for the action that was happening
and the past simple for the second action that interrupted it. The interrupting action often comes
with when.

For example: We were playing basketball when the phone rang.

The sun wasn't shining when I woke up this morning.

The past progressive is only used when the action was in the middle of happening. We don't use the
past progressive when one thing happened after another.

For example: A thief came in while we were sleeping. He was making a lot of noise so we
woke up and scared him. He quickly opened the window and ran away.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 The past progressive is often used with time expressions like while and as. When the time clause
(the part of the sentence with the time expression) comes at the beginning of the sentence, we use
a comma to separate it from the main clause. If the time expression comes in the middle of the
sentence, there is no comma.

For example: As I was coming home, I met my friend, Nikki.

The thief took everything while they were watching TV.

When the past progressive is used with always, it means that it was a repeated action.

For example: When we were kids, my brother was always playing loud music in the house.

Stative verbs (see L1U2L4) don't take the –ing form of the verb. In the past, these verbs take the
past simple.

For example: They remembered everything at eight o'clock last night.

Remember!

1. Phrasal Verbs
Put on and take off are phrasal verbs (see L2U1L1). These are verbs that change their
meaning when they are followed by different prepositions.
For example: She put the sweater in the closet.

She put on the sweater because she was cold.

They took some books home.
They took off their hats when they went inside.
2. Compound Words
Like many other words, the word raincoat is made up of two nouns, rain + coat. Some other
examples we learned are: bedroom, homework, fireworks, firefighter, basketball. Words that
are made by putting two words together are called compound words.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 4, Lesson 2: Past Prog: Parallel Actions : Grammar Summary

Past Progressive: Parallel Actions

When two (or more) continuous actions happen at the same time in the past, we use the past
progressive for both actions.

For example: I was cooking, and they were watching TV.

We often use the time expressions while or as to connect the two actions.

For example: I was doing my homework while Ed and Nikki were swimming.

What were you doing while I was studying?

Remember!

We use the past progressive to talk about:

1. an action that was happening at a certain time in the past.

For example: We were swimming at nine o'clock.

2. a continuous action that was going on when another action interrupted it. The action that
interrupted is in the past simple.

For example: While we were swimming, it started to rain.

3. two or more continuous actions that took place at the same time. These actions don't interrupt
each other.

For example: They were reading while we were swimming.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 4, Lesson 3: Modals of Possibility : Grammar Summary

May and Might

May and might are modal verbs that we use to talk about possible actions now or in the future.
When using them this way, they mean the same thing.

For example: It may rain later so I think I'll take an umbrella.

He might be at work. Could you please check and see?

We don’t use may or might in Yes / No questions. We use will or be going to instead. May and
might can appear in the answers to these questions.

For example: Do you think it's going to rain tomorrow? Yes, I think it might.

Will you be here tomorrow? I might! I’ll tell you later.

We use might in Wh- questions.

For example: What might happen? Who might win the race?

We don’t use the short form (contractions) for the negative of may or might.

For example: I might not go to school tomorrow.

Like all modals (see L2U2L3), may and might:

1. are followed by the base form of the verb without to.

For example:I may clean my room tomorrow.

2. have the same form with all subjects (no –s or –ing).

For example: She might not like this cake. They might not like it, either.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Base
Subject May / Might Examples
Verb

I stay I may stay after school.

You be You might be right.

He
may / might
She arrive He may not arrive today.
It

may not / might not

We

You go We might not go on a trip this year.

They

The expression may as well / might as well means that there is no reason not to do something.

For example: It's a nice day. We may as well walk to school.

I might as well stay here. It's too late to go home.

(Be) Supposed to

We use (be) supposed to when we want to show that:

1. we expect something to happen (we think something will happen).

For example: The movie is supposed to start at 7:00.

2. we expect certain behavior (we think that something must happen in a certain way).

For example: I am supposed to clean my room today.

3. most or many people think a certain thing.

For example: It’s supposed to be a good movie.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 In the past tense, (be) supposed to (was / were supposed to) means that we expected something to
happen, but it didn’t.

For example: They were supposed to meet us at 2:00.

When speaking about the future, we use the present tense of (be) supposed to.

For example: He is supposed to travel to England next week.

In the negative, it can sometimes mean that something isn’t allowed.

For example: You’re not supposed to eat here.

Subject Be Supposed to Base Examples

Verb

I am not
clean I'm supposed to clean this.
was / weren't

You are / aren't

help You were supposed to help me.
were / weren't

He
is / isn't
She supposed to rain It isn't supposed to rain today.
was / wasn't
It

We

are / aren't They were supposed to be here

You be
were / weren't already.

They

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Yes / No Questions

Be Subject Supposed Base Examples

to Verb

Am I
buy Am I supposed to buy him a gift?
Was / Wasn't

Are / Aren't you Are you supposed to give the teacher

give
Were / Weren't your homework?

supposed
Is / Isn't he
to
Was / Wasn't she arrive Wasn't she supposed to arrive already?
it

Are / Aren't we
Weren't they supposed to decide
Were / Weren't you decide
already?
they

To ask a Wh- question, add the wh- question word before the verb be.

For example: When is he supposed to arrive?

Where were you supposed to be?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 4, Lesson 4: Modals of Advice : Grammar Summary

Should and Ought to

Should and ought to are modal verbs (see L2U2L3) that we use to give advice, a suggestion
or an opinion. They both mean the same thing: that it’s a good idea to do something.

For example: You’re very tired. You should go to bed.

I ought to study for my test tomorrow.

We use shouldn’t when it’s a bad idea to do something. We don’t usually use the negative
form of ought to.

For example: You shouldn’t eat all that pizza. It will make you sick.

Like all modals, should and ought to:

1. are followed by the base form of the verb without to.

2. have the same form with all subjects (no –s or –ing).

Should can also be used to form questions, when asking someone for advice, or asking if
something is a good idea. We don’t generally use ought to when asking questions.

For example: Should I bring something to the party?

What should I bring?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Should / Base
Subject Examples
Ought to Verb

I
eat You should eat more vegetables.
You

He
should /
She
It go She ought to go to the doctor.

ought to
We

You
talk We shouldn't talk to him.
They

Yes / No Questions

Should Subject Base Verb Examples

I
Should I run home?
you

he Should he run quickly?

Should she run
it

we
Should they run the
marathon?
they

To ask a wh- question, add the wh- question word before the verb.

For example: Where should I run?

What should they bring to the party?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Had better
Had better is the same as should and ought to, but it is usually stronger. It is sometimes
used as a warning. It is followed by the base form of the verb and takes the same form with
all subjects.

We usually use had better in a contraction (short form).

For example: I’d better finish my homework.

You’d better come inside now.

To form the negative of had better, we add not. It is used to indicate that it’s a bad idea to
do something, like shouldn’t, but stronger.

For example: He'd better not follow me.

They’d better not eat all the pizza.

We use had better in the present or future only.

For example: You had better take your medicine now.

We’d better not be late tomorrow.

We don't use had better when we want to ask people politely to do something. We use
should / ought to / could (see L2U3L2) for that. That is why we don't use you had better
when talking to teachers, bosses or older people.

For example: When should I meet you?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 4, Lesson 5: Past Progressive Review : Grammar
Summary

Past Progressive

We use the past progressive for an ongoing action in the past. This ongoing action can
be:

1. at a certain time in the past.

For example: We were dancing at 9 o'clock last night.
2. when another action interrupted it.
For example: They were dancing when it happened.
3. while another ongoing action was taking place.
For example: They were dancing while we were watching TV.

To make the past progressive, we use the past form of the verb be and add -ing to the
base form of the verb (was/were + verb + -ing).

Past Progressive

Past of
Subject Verb + ing Examples
Be

I sleeping I wasn't sleeping when he came home.

was /
He
wasn't
She writing She was writing a letter at 5:30.
It

We running You were running when I saw you.

You were /
They weren't They weren't playing the drums while I
playing
was reading.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Past Progressive: Questions

Past of Subject Verb + ing Examples

Be

Was / Wasn't I riding my bike when you saw

I riding
Wasn't me?

he
Wasn't she listening while they were
she listening
playing?
it

Were / we Were they eating?

eating
Weren't you Weren't you cleaning your room when
cleaning
they your mother came home?

To make a Wh- question, add the Wh- word at the beginning of the Yes/No question.

For example: Why weren’t you cleaning your room when your mother came
home?

When who or what are the subjects of the sentence, we always use the verb in the
singular (was).

For example: Who was talking when the teacher walked in?

Remember!

The past progressive is only used in the situations described above. It is not used when
one action happens after another, and it is not used with stative verbs.

For example: I was walking home yesterday when I saw a hungry cat. I wanted to
feed it but when it saw me, it ran away and I couldn't catch it.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Modals: May / Might / (Be) Supposed to / Should / Ought
to / Had Better
We use modals as helping verbs only. They cannot be used alone or as main verbs in a
sentence. Modals are used with the base form of the verb and add meaning to it.

Modal Uses Present / Future

may Polite request May I use the phone?

Permission You may go outside now.

may / might Possibility I may / might be late tomorrow.

(be) supposed to The train is supposed to arrive in an

Expectation
hour.

Something not
You aren't supposed to be here.
allowed

should / ought to You shouldn't go there.

Advice
Should I take the dog outside?

Suggestion We should / ought to do our homework.

Opinion It should / ought to be a good movie.

Note: ought to is
not used for
negative
sentences or
questions.

had better She had better study for the test.

Advice (with a
You'd better take an umbrella.
warning)
They'd better not be late.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 5, Lesson 1: Comparative Adjectives : Grammar Summary

Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs

We use comparative adjectives and adverbs to talk about the differences or similarities between two
people, things or actions.

Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs with as – as

We use as + adjective / adverb + as to talk about two people, things or actions that are or aren't the
same.

Comparative adjectives Comparative adverbs

Nikki is as nice as Ben. Ben reads as quickly as Mike does.
Ben is not as fast as Moby. Ben doesn't speak as loudly as Moby.
Is Ben as tall as Ed? Does Ben work as carefully as Ed?

Additional adverbs can help describe how much two people, things or actions are / aren’t the same.

For example: My brother swims almost as fast as I do.

She's exactly as nice as her sister.

Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs

There are two ways to say that one person, thing or action is more than the other.

1. Add -er + than

For most short adjectives and adverbs (one syllable) : add –(e)r
For example:
old – older: Your brother is older than you.
nice -- nicer than: The blue shirt is nicer than the white one.
fast – faster: A train goes faster than a bike.
late -later than: School started later today than yesterday.

a. For most one-syllable adjectives that end in 1 vowel + 1 consonant: double the
consonant and add –er.

For example: big – bigger: Your house is bigger than mine.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 b. For two-syllable adjectives that end in y: change the y to i and add -er.

For example: easy – easier: English class is easier than the History class.

2. For most long adjectives and adverbs (two or more syllables): use more + adjective / adverb +
than.

For example:
more famous: The scientist is more famous than the actor.
more beautiful: The first picture is more beautiful than the second one.
more slowly: The cat ran more slowly than the dog.
more beautifully: She sang more beautifully today than she did last week.

Less is the opposite of more. We sometimes make comparisons with less + adjective / adverb +
than.

For example: English class is less difficult than History class.

You measured this piece less exactly than you measured that one.

Irregular Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs

Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative forms.

Adjective Adverb Comparative Sentences

good well better Adj.: She's a better singer than Ben.

Adv.: She sings better than Ben.

bad badly worse Adj.: He's a worse singer than Ben.

Adv.: He sings worse than Ben.

far far farther Adj.: My house is farther than yours.

Adv.: I have to walk farther to my house than to
yours.

far far further Adj.: Wait. I have something further to say.

Adv.: I don't understand. Can you explain further?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Note: Farther usually refers to distance. Further usually means additional, or more. For a hint,
remember that farther has the word far in it.

Remember!

1. We often add the word than when we want to compare things, which is not the same as then,
meaning later or after.

For example: His first test was better than mine, but then my second test was better
than his.

2. If the meaning is clear, then we don’t have to use than.

It’s hot today, but yesterday was hotter.

3. We can repeat the comparatives to show that something is changing.

For example: She’s been practicing the piano, and she’s getting better and better.
The movie is becoming more and more interesting.

4. Using the - the with comparatives means that one thing depends on the other.

For example: The sooner the better.

The more he talks, the easier it is for me to fall asleep.

Adjectives that end in –y

We sometimes add the suffix (or ending) -y to a noun or a verb to make an adjective. The adjective
means that it is like the noun / verb.

For example: mess – messy

rain – rainy
luck - lucky
smell - smelly
taste - tasty

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 5, Lesson 2: Superlative Adjectives : Grammar Summary

Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs

We use the superlative of adjectives and adverbs to compare three or more people, things or actions. The
superlative describes one person, thing or action in the group and compares it with the rest. To form the
superlative, we use the and –est or the most / least.

Superlative adjectives Superlative adverbs

My room is the coldest place Moby runs the fastest.

in our house.

It's the most wonderful movie. Mike speaks the most politely.

There are two ways to form the superlative.

1. Add -est

a. For most short adjectives and adverbs (one syllable) : add –(e)st.
For example:
Adjective nice – the nicest: Her sweater is the nicest.
Adverb fast – the fastest: She runs the fastest.

b. For most short (one syllable) adjectives that end in 1 vowel + 1 consonant: double the consonant
and add –est.
For example: big – the biggest: You have the biggest house in the city.

c. For two-syllable adjectives that end in y: change the y to i and add -est.
For example: lucky – luckiest: You're the luckiest man I know.

2. The most / the least

a. For many long adjectives and adverbs (two or more syllables): use the most + adjective /
adverb.

Adjective the most exciting

This is the most exciting movie.
Adverb the most beautifully
She dances the most beautifully.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 b. The least is the opposite of the most. We sometimes use the least + adjective / adverb, with
longer adjectives and adverbs.

Adjective That book is the least interesting.

Adverb He works the least carefully.

Some adjectives can use both forms: -est or the most / least.

For example: friendly - the friendliest / the most friendly

happy - the happiest / the most happy

quiet - the quietest / the most quiet

Irregular Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs

Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular superlative forms.

Adjective Adverb Comparative Superlative Sentences

good well better the best Adj.: She's the best dancer in school.
Adv.: She dances the best.

bad badly worse the worst Adj.: She's the worst dancer in school.
Adv.: She dances the worst.

far far farther the farthest Adj.: His house is the farthest.
(distance) Adv.: He walks the farthest to get home.

far far further the furthest Adj.: That shirt is the furthest from the
(figurative kind I like. I hate it!
distance) Adv.: We were all working hard, but I got
the furthest on my homework.

After superlatives, we can add a prepositional phrase (a part of a sentence that has a preposition) to tell us
who or what we’re comparing. Phrases with in talk about places and groups, and phrases with of talk about
time.

For example: He's the tallest boy in our class.

It was the longest day of my life.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 5, Lesson 3: Adjs ending in ed/ing : Grammar Summary

Adjectives Ending in -ed and -ing

Some adjectives end in –ing or –ed. They look like verbs, but they are not. They are adjectives. Like
all adjectives (see L1U1L4, L1U3L2), they describe nouns.

An adjective with the –ing ending is active. It is the cause, or reason, for a feeling. It is used to
describe the people or things that make people feel something.

For example: The movie was exciting.

An adjective with the –ed ending is passive. It receives, or gets, the feeling. It is used to describe
how people feel.

For example: I was excited when I watched the movie.

Adjectives that end in -ing Adjectives that end in -ed

(Active) (Passive)

The class will be boring. I’m going to be bored.

History is interesting to her. She’s interested in history.

This is a confusing problem. We’re confused.

That was embarrassing. I was embarrassed!

The monster was frightening. The children were frightened when they saw
the monster.

Marathons are tiring. All the runners were very tired after the
marathon.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 5, Lesson 4: Word order : Grammar Summary

Word Order

Word order is very important in English. Think about these sentences:

Ben runs faster than Moby. Moby runs faster than Ben.

The order of the words changes the meaning of the sentence.

Most English sentences follow this order: the Subject comes first, then the Verb, then the (Direct) Object
(Subject – Verb – Object or SVO). In a sentence, the direct object tells you what receives the direct action
of the verb.

Subject Verb Object

I speak English.

You will play football.

Moby loves onions.

We don't want a test

tomorrow.

They didn't do their

homework.

When we use an Indirect Object, the word order changes. The indirect object tells you who receives the
action of the verb. You must have a direct object in the sentence for there to be an indirect object.

For example: She brought three books for me.

When we use to, the Indirect Object comes after the Direct Object (Subject – Verb – Object - Indirect
Object or SVOI).

Subject Verb Direct Object Indirect Object

The doctor gave some medicine to the child.

We sent a package to Mike.

When we don’t use to, the Indirect Object comes before the Direct Object (Subject – Verb – Indirect
Object - Object or SVIO).

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

The doctor gave the child some medicine.

We sent him a package.

With longer sentences, we usually use this word order:

Subject Verb Indirect Direct Place Time

Object Object

I eat breakfast in the kitchen every morning at eight

o'clock.

She will tell you the story in school tomorrow.

My played basketball in the park yesterday.

friends

Time expressions can also go in the beginning of the sentence.

For example: We had a test in school last week.

Last week, we had a test in school.

Adverbs

Adverbs that describe verbs (see L2U3L3) tell us how something happens. These adverbs can come:

1. after the verb.

For example: He ran quickly.

She sang well.

2. after the object that follows the verb.

For example: He ran home quickly.

3. before the verb.

For example: He quickly ran home.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Some adverbs describe adjectives or other adverbs (see L2U3L4). These adverbs usually come before the
adjective or adverb they describe.

For example: With adjectives: That shirt is really beautiful.

With adverbs: You sang perfectly beautifully.

Adverbs of frequency, which tell us how often something happens, (always, usually, often, sometimes,
never) can come in two places:

1. Before the main verb.

For example: I always wake up at 7:00.

You usually eat a sandwich for lunch.

She never practices guitar on the weekend.

2. After the verb be.

For example: I am never sick.

She is usually late.

They are always happy.

Some adverbs of frequency, like often, usually, and sometimes, can also go at the beginning or the end of
a sentence.

For example: Often I go to the movies on the weekend.

He is late to school sometimes.

Questions

Most simple questions in English follow this order:

Question Helping Verb or

Subject Main Verb Rest of the Sentence
Word Modal

Did he buy a present?

When should we arrive?

How fast will Ben run in the race tomorrow?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Word Order of Adjectives

When we use more than one adjective to describe a noun, we place them before the noun, in the following
order:

1. Opinion (what you think about something): an interesting book, a scary dream
2. Size: a big dog, a heavy box
3. Age: an old house, a modern library
4. Shape: a round ball, a straight line
5. Color: a red hat, a yellow flower
6. Origin (where something is from): French cheese, an American movie
7. Material (what something is made of): a wooden chair, a plastic bowl

For example: I’m going to wear a beautiful, new, blue shirt to the party.

(opinion – age – color)

My friend got a cute, little, brown puppy.
(opinion – size – color)
She has long, straight, red hair.
(size – shape – color)

Prepositions of Time

When we talk about time, we usually use the prepositions in, at, or on.

We use in with:

parts of the day: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

weeks: in three weeks.
months: in August, in December, in a month.
seasons: in the spring, in the summer, in the autumn, in the winter.
years: in 1492, in 2012, in a year.
centuries: in the 21st century, in the last century.
periods of time: in the past, in the future, in modern times, in the next six months.

We use at with:

the clock: at two o’clock, at 9:30 night, at night.

meals: at breakfast, at lunch, at dinner.
some expressions with the word time: at bedtime, at dinnertime, at that time.
age: He could read at the age of ten. She traveled to Spain at twenty-one.

We use on with:

days: on Monday, on Sunday morning, on the weekend.

dates: on July 4th, on September 2nd.
holidays: on Christmas day, on my birthday.

We use from – to for the start and finish of something:

The class will go from 10:00 to 11:00.

I’ll be at the party from 6:30 to around 10:00.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 5, Lesson 5: Comparatives Review : Grammar Summary

Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs with as - as

We use as + adjective / adverb + as to talk about two people, things, or actions that are / aren’t the same.

Comparative adjectives Comparative adverbs

Are you as hungry as me? Does Ben eat as quickly as Ed?
Apples are as good as oranges. Ben plays ball as well as Mike does.
Spring isn't as hot as summer. Ben doesn't speak as loudly as Ed.

Adjective and Adverbs, Comparative and Superlative

We use the comparative form of adjectives and adverbs (see L2U5L1) to compare two people, things, or
actions. We use the superlative form (see ) to talk about three or more people, things, or actions, and compare
them in a group.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

slow slower the slowest

big bigger the biggest
little littler the littlest

easy easier the easiest

pretty prettier the prettiest
famous more famous than the most famous
expensive more expensive than the most expensive

Adverb Comparative Superlative

fast faster the fastest

late later the latest

carefully more carefully than the most carefully

beautifully more beautifully than the most beautifully

Spelling

Adjectives that end in 1 vowel and 1 consonant: double the last consonant before -er or -est.

For example: big - bigger - biggest

Adjectives that end in y, change the y to i before adding -er or -est.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjective Adverb Comparative Superlative Sentences

good well better the best Adj.: She's the best dancer in school.
Adv.: She dances the best.

bad badly worse the worst Adj.: She's the worst dancer in school.
Adv.: She dances the worst.

far far farther the farthest Adj.: His house is the farthest.
Adv.: He walks the farthest to get
home.

Adjectives ending in –ed and –ing

Some adjectives end in –ing or –ed.

Adjectives that end in –ing are active. They make us feel something.
Adjectives that end in –ed are passive. They describe how we feel.

Adjectives that end in -ing Adjectives that end in -ed

(Active) (Passive)

The class will be boring. I’m going to be bored.

The movie is interesting to her. She’s interested in that movie.

This is an exciting story. We're excited to listen to it.

Word Order
Most affirmative sentences follow the word order Subject - Verb – Object (SVO). The subject usually goes
before the verb, and the (direct) object usually goes after the verb. For more information about word order, see
L2U5L4.

For example: I bought a present.

Indirect objects go after the direct object (SVOI), if there is a preposition. They go before the direct object
(SVIO), if there is no preposition.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Subject Verb Direct Object Indirect Object

I bought a present for my friend.

Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

I bought my friend a present.

Word Order of Adjectives

When we use more than one adjective, we usually place them in the following order, before the noun.

Opinion Size Age Shape Color Origin Material Noun

a beautiful big old library

a shiny new blue Italian bike

the tall modern wooden tree house

a tasty round red apple

For example: I want to buy some wonderful, new, red, Italian shoes.

Prepositions of Time

We often use the prepositions at, on and in to talk about time.

We use at with: the clock, night, meals, age, and some expressions with the word time.

For example: at three o’clock, at night, at lunch, at the age of twelve, at bedtime.

We use on with: days, dates, and holidays.

For example: on Sunday, on July 4th, on my birthday.

We use in with: parts of the day, weeks, months, seasons, years, centuries, and periods of time.

For example: in the morning, in a week, in July, in the summer, in 2012, in the 21st century, in the future.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 6, Lesson 1: Present Tense Review : Grammar Summary

Review of the Present Tense (Present Progressive and Present

Simple)

There are different ways to talk about the present in English.

We use the present progressive (see L1U2L1, L1U2L2, L1U2L3) to talk about something that’s
happening right now.

For example: The baby is sleeping now.

We form the present progressive with the verb be (am, is, are) and add –ing to the base form of the
verb. For spelling rules, see L1U2L1.

The present progressive is also used for:

1. actions that happen over a long period of time, and are continuing now.
For example: She’s living in France.
2. actions that are repeated or are always happening.
For example: He’s always asking the teacher funny questions.

You’re traveling a lot these days.

3. actions or things that change.
For example: The baby is getting bigger every day.

We’re learning more words all the time.

Some time expressions that go with the present progressive are now, right now, at this moment.

For example: We are learning English right now.

We use the present simple (see L1U4L1-5) to talk about habits and things we do all the time.

For example: He practices piano every day after school.

We form the present simple with the base form of the verb. We add -s or -es to he,she, or it. For spelling
rules, see L1U4L1.

For example: My family does different things in the evening. My father reads a book. My brother
watches TV. My sister studies, and I do my homework.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 The present simple is also used for:

1. facts and things that are always true.

For example: They live in England.

Spring comes after winter.

2. summaries (telling what happened) in stories:

For example: In the story, the children scream and the monster follows them into the
forest.

3. some time expressions that go with the present simple are: every day/Tuesday/week/month, at
night, in the summer, and adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes, never).

For example: We eat lunch every day at 12:00.

He usually plays ball after school.

Present Progressive Present Simple

I am working / am not working work / don't work

You are working / aren’t working work / don’t work

He
She is working / isn’t working works / doesn’t work
It

We
You are working / aren’t working work / don’t work
They

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Questions

Present Progressive Present Simple

Am I Do I
you

Is he Does he
she playing nicely? she play nicely?
it it

Are we Do we
you you
they they

Stative verbs, or non-action verbs, describe a state or condition, not an action. They don’t usually take
the present progressive form. Instead, we use the present simple. Stative verbs often describe how we
feel, how we think, how things look, things we own, and our senses.

Feelings: like, love, hate

Thoughts: remember, forget, understand, know, think, need, want, believe, hope, prefer
Description: be, look, seem
Possession: have, own
Senses: see, hear, smell, taste

For example: What do you think about this book? Do you like it?

Don’t shout. I’m listening, and I hear you very well.

Some verbs are both stative and active. If actual action is happening, use the present progressive.

For example: I think something is wrong with Nikki. Maybe she’s thinking

about her cat.

I don’t usually have parties, but Ed is having a party this weekend.
I see that you’re busy now. Yes, I’m seeing the doctor at one o’clock.

Get (+ adjective)
When the verb get is followed by an adjective, it means become or change.

For example: It’s getting dark.

You get scared easily.

She got sick.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 2, Unit 6, Lesson 2: Past Tense Review : Grammar Summary

Review of the Past Tense (Past Progressive and Past Simple)

There are different ways to talk about the past in English.

Past Simple
We use the past simple (see L1U6L1-5) to talk about things that started and finished in the past. It is the
form we use the most to talk about the past.

For example: I talked to my friend yesterday.

There are two kinds of verbs in the past simple: regular and irregular. In both regular and irregular
forms, the verb is the same for all pronouns.

For regular verbs, we add –ed to the base form of the verb. For spelling rules, see L1U6L1.

For example: We watched TV and listened to music last night.

Irregular verbs (see L1U6L2) do not take –ed. The more you use them, the easier it is to remember
them.

For example: He came home very late.

Some common irregular verbs are:

Present Past

be (am / is / are) was / were

do did

eat ate

go went

have had

make made

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 We also use the past simple to tell a story in the past.

For example: The children were scared when they saw the monster. They screamed and ran into
the forest.

Some time expressions that go with the past simple are: yesterday, last night, last week, last month,
last summer, two days ago, three weeks ago, a year ago.

The Verb Be

For the verb be, we use am/is/are in the present simple. In the past simple, it becomes was/were.

For example: Who was at the party last night? Was Moby there?

Nikki and Ed were at the party, but Moby wasn’t feeling well, so he stayed home.

Past Progressive
We use the past progressive (see L2U4L1, L2U4L2) to talk about an ongoing or continuous action in
the past. This ongoing action can be:

1. at a certain time in the past.

For example: We were watching a movie at 8:00 last night.

2. at the moment when another action interrupted it. We use the past progressive for the continuous
action and the past simple for the action that interrupted it.

For example: The telephone rang while I was sleeping.

3. while another ongoing action was taking place.

For example: Ed and Moby were playing computer games while I was studying.

We make the past progressive with the past form of the verb be and add -ing to the base form of the
verb (was/were + verb + -ing).

Some time expressions that go with the past progressive are when, while, and as. When the time
clause (the part of the sentence with the time expression) comes at the beginning of the sentence, we
use a comma to separate it from the main clause. If the time expression comes in the middle of the
sentence, there is no comma.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 For example: As we were walking to school, it began to rain.

I was eating dinner when you called.

The past progressive is only used when the action was in the middle of happening. We don't use the
past progressive when one thing happened after another, and it is not used with stative verbs.

For example: I was running home last night because it was raining. I wasn’t looking, so I didn’t
see the banana peel. I stepped on it and fell in a lot of water.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 6, Lesson 3: Future Tense Review : Grammar Summary

Review of the Future Tense: (be) going to, will, present

progressive, present simple

There are different ways to express the future in English. Look at this dialogue:

“Is Uncle Joe arriving today?” (present progressive)

"Yes. His train arrives at 1:00.” (present simple)
"O.K. then, we’ll meet him at the station.” (will + verb)
“Bring an umbrella. It’s going to rain.” (be going to + verb)

(Be) Going to + Verb

We use (be) going to + verb (see L2U2L1) for:

1. future actions, events, or plans that are usually already decided. We know they are going to
happen.

For example: I’m going to play ball after school.

2. predictions about the future, based on facts, or things we know.

For example: Look outside. It’s going to rain.

She's going to have a baby in July.

3. actions that are imminent – very close to happening right at that moment.

For example: Slow down! You’re going to fall!

This form of the future is more informal and used less in writing.

Will + Verb
We use will + verb (see L2U2L2) for:

1. when we think something is going to happen, but we’re not sure.

For example: I think it will be cold tomorrow.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 2. decisions that we make at that moment.

For example: It’s hot. I’ll open the window.

3. promises.

For example: I promise I’ll call you.

4. refusals, or talking about something that will not happen.

For example: He doesn’t like chicken. He won’t eat it.
5. asking people to do things.

For example: Will you bring me something to drink, please?

Present Progressive

Present progressive (see L2U3L1) is similar to (be) going to. We use it for:

1. personal plans.

For example: What are you doing after school? I’m playing basketball.

Because we use the present progressive for personal plans, we don’t usually use it for
predictions or things that can’t be controlled (in which case we use (be) going to or will).

For example: It’s going to snow tomorrow. (NOT: It’s snowing tomorrow.)

2. talking about something in the very near future, especially with verbs of movement (leave,
come, go, fly, travel).

For example: The plane to London is leaving in fifteen minutes.

Present Simple
Sometimes, we can also use the present simple (see L1U4L1-3) to talk about the future. We use it
for events on a calendar or schedule.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 For example: What time does the movie start?

His train leaves at 6:00.

Review

We can use all these forms to talk about the future. Some are very similar, but the different forms
can change our meaning.

What time are you going to leave next week?(What do you think your plans are?)
What time will you leave next week? (Maybe you didn’t make plans yet.)
What time are you leaving next week? (You already made the plans.)
What time do you leave next week? (Look at the schedule. What is the exact time of the
train/bus/plane?)

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 6, Lesson 4: Review of Modals : Grammar Summary

Review of the Modals

Modals are helping verbs that express special meanings. They all follow these basic rules:

1. They are followed by the base form of the verb (without to).

For example: I might play football tomorrow.

2. They have the same form with all subjects. (They don’t take s, ing or ed.)

For example: He could play yesterday.

3. They form questions and negatives without helping words (do, does, did, didn’t, will, etc.).

For example: He shouldn’t go there.

One-word modals invert (change places) to form yes/no questions.

For example: Can they sing?

4. The same modal can have many meanings.

Semi-Modals

Some modals don’t follow all of the rules. They are called semi-modals. (be) supposed to, be able
to and have to are semi-modals.
Like full modals, they are followed by the base form of the verb. Unlike full modals:

1. They form questions and negatives with helping words (do, does, did, will, etc.).

For example: She isn’t be able to sing very well.

Did you have to work so late last night?

2. He/She/It takes a different form in the present and past tenses.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 For example: I have to do my homework.

He wasn’t supposed to eat your birthday cake.

They weren’t supposed to eat your birthday cake.

For more information about modals, see:

L2U2L4 – have to
L2U3L2 – must / mustn’t / polite expressions
L2U4L3 – may / might / be supposed to
L2U4L4 – should / ought to / had better

In the following table, we see the main meanings of modals. Notice the different ways to express
similar ideas.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Meaning Modal Examples

Ability (to be able to can He can run fast.

do something, or to
know how to do could (past tense) He could run fast when he was little.
something)
She is able to run fast.
She was able to run fast.
be able to
She will be able to run fast.

Requests (asking for can Can I have a drink?

something)
could Could you help me with this?

would (more polite) Would you please close the door?

may/might (more
May I call you later?
formal, polite)

Permission (you are can Can I borrow your pen?

allowed to do
something) could Could I borrow your pen?

may (used with I / we

May we sit here?
- more polite)

Advice (telling should Mary should eat healthy food.

someone what to do)
ought to I ought to go to bed earlier.

had better (stronger) You'd better not do that.

Possibility (something may She may know the answer.

that could happen,
but you don't know might We might be late.
that it will)
could They could arrive any minute.

Expectation
The movie is supposed to start at 8:00.
(something that you (be) supposed to
He was supposed to be here already.
think will happen
because of
information you
should They should know the answer.
already know)
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Reasoning (coming to must You didn't eat all day. You must be hungry.
a conclusion)
have to You didn't eat all day. You have to be hungry.

You didn't eat very much today. You should /

should / ought to
ought to be hungry.

You didn't eat very much today. You're

(be) supposed to
supposed to be hungry.

Obligation (you must must You must be home at 3:00.

do something)
have to You have to be home at 3:00.

Prohibition mustn't You mustn't bring your dog in here.

(something is not
allowed) can't You can't bring your dog in here.

You're not supposed to bring your dog in

not supposed to
here.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 2, Unit 6, Lesson 5: Tenses Review : Grammar Summary

Review of the Tenses: Present, Past, and Future

Time Tenses Examples Uses

What are you doing right now?

Present Actions that are happening
I’m playing with my little sister.
Progressive now
She’s not sleeping.

Present 1. Habits
Does he always practice after school? 2. Things that happen all the
Present
He usually practices on Wednesdays. time
Simple
I don’t practice at all. 3. Things that are always
true

An ongoing action in the

past that happened:
Were you eating dinner when I called last night? 1. at a certain time in the past
Past
We were reading and doing homework. 2. when another action
Progressive
We weren’t eating at 7 o’clock. interrupted it
Past 3. while another action was
happening

Did they go on vacation last year?

Actions that started and
Past Simple They went to the beach for a week.
finished in the past
They didn’t stay home.

1. Decisions about the future

Where will you meet me tomorrow?
that we make at the moment
will + verb I’ll see you at the library.
2. Future predictions
I won’t be there very long, so don’t be late.
3. Promises about the future

He’s going to build a tree house in the yard next 1. Future actions or plans
(be) going week. that were already decided
to Our friends are going to love it. 2. Predictions about the
Future It isn’t going to be very big. future based on facts

What are you doing this weekend? 1. Personal future plans

Present
I’m babysitting for my cousin. 2. Things you are planning
Progressive
I’m not doing anything exciting. to do in the future

When does this store open?

Present Events on a calendar or
It opens in an hour.
Simple schedule
It doesn’t open at 9:00.

For more information about the tenses, see the lessons in this unit (Level 2 Unit 6), and the original lessons where the
topics were taught:

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 The Present

Simple: L1U4; L2U6L1

Progressive: L1U2; L2U6L1

The Past

Simple: L1U5L3; L1U5L4; L1U6; L2U6L2

Progressive: L2U5L1-2; L2U6L2

The Future

will: L2U2L2; L2U6L3

(be) going to: L2U2L1; L2U6L3
Present Progressive: L2U3L1; L2U6L3
Present Simple: L2U6L3

Review of the Modals

For more information about modals, see:
L2U2L4 – have to
L2U3L2 – must / mustn’t / polite expressions
L2U4L3 – may / might / be supposed to
L2U4L4 – should / ought to / had better

Modals are helping verbs that add meaning to the verb.

All modals follow these basic rules:

1. They are followed by the base form of the verb (without to).

For example: I might play football tomorrow.

2. They have the same form with all subjects (they don’t take s, ing or ed).

For example: He could play yesterday.

Most modals follow these basic rules:

1. They form questions and negatives without helping words (do, does, did, didn’t, will, etc.).

For example: He shouldn’t go there.

One-word modals invert (change places) to form yes/no questions.

For example: Can they sing?

2. The same modal can have many meanings.

Some modals don’t follow all of the rules. They are called semi-modals.

For example: I don’t have to do it. He doesn’t have to do it. Do you have to do it?
(I and he have different forms. The question is formed with do.)
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 3, Unit 1, Lesson 1: Passive: Present Simple : Grammar Summary

Passive Voice: Present Simple

English has two voices: active and passive. The active voice is used when the subject of the sentence does the
action. In the example, A is the subject and B is the object.

For example: My mom sings that song.

A B

The passive voice is used when we focus on the object of the sentence. In the example, B becomes the subject.

For example: That song is sung by my mom.

B A

When it is important to know who does the action, we use by. The noun that follows by is called the “agent.” My
mom was the subject in the active sentence, but it becomes the agent in the passive sentence.

Sometimes, when the agent is unknown, or unimportant to the meaning of the sentence, we do not use by.

For example: This sweater is made in China.

We form the passive with be + past participle (3rd form of the verb).

In the present simple, the passive is: am / is / are + past participle (3rd form of the verb).

Remember!

1. The past participle always stays the same. Only the form of be changes.
2. The subject and verb must always agree in number.

Subject Verb Object

Active The teachers help the new student.

Passive The new student is helped by the teacher.

Active The teachers help the new students.

Passive The new students are helped by the teachers.

Negative and Questions

Notice that the helping verb in passive sentences is always a form of the verb be.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Active Passive

Affirmative Ben walks the dog. The dog is walked by Ben.

They make cookies here. Cookies are made here.

Negative Ben doesn't walk the cat. The cat isn't walked by Ben.
Sandwiches aren't made here.
They don't make sandwiches here.

Question Does Ben walk the rabbit? Is the rabbit walked (by Ben)?
How are the cookies made?
How do they make the cookies?

Remember!

The passive voice is often used:

1. When we talk about art, science, or literature.

For example: The scientific method is used for experiments.

2. To explain directions and instructions.

For example: Baseball is played with nine players on the team.

3. In news reports and academic writing.

For example: The environment is studied by many scientists.

Past Participles (3rd form of the verb)

English verbs have three main forms:

3. Past Participle (3rd

Infinitive 1. Base Form 2. Simple Past
form)

to cook cook cooked cooked

to do do did done

to eat eat ate eaten

Past participles for regular verbs are also the same as the past tense (add –ed).

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Base Form Simple Past Past Participle Passive Sentence
(3rd form)

solve solved solved The problem is solved.

carry carried carried The heavy boxes are carried by Moby.

Many past participles for irregular verbs are the same as the past tense.

Base Form Simple Past Past Participle Passive Sentence

(3rd form)

make made made The pizza is made by Moby.

cut cut cut The sandwich is cut in two pieces.

put put put Apples are put in the bowl.

build built built The houses are built very fast.

buy bought bought The food is bought by my mom.

catch caught caught The thieves are caught by the police.

There are many irregular verbs with irregular past participles, and those have to be memorized. It is easiest to
remember them in groups that follow the same spelling pattern.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Base Form Simple Past Past Participle (3rd form)

Past Participle ends in -en

bite bit bitten

eat ate eaten

forget forgot forgotten

get got gotten

give gave given

ride rode ridden

speak spoke spoken

take took taken

write wrote written

Past Participle vowel changes from a to u

drink drank drunk

sing sang sung

swim swam swum

Past Participle changes from ew to own

blow blew blown

fly flew flown

grow grew grown

know knew known

throw threw thrown

Past Participle changes from ore to orn

wear wore worn

Past Simple and Past Participles are very different

do did done

see saw seen

go went gone
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Some verbs cannot be used in the passive because they have no object. Some of these verbs are: happen,
come, sleep, arrive, have, go, live, stay, walk, cry.

Parts of Speech

English has eight parts of speech. Every word belongs to one of those eight categories.

Part of Speech Examples Sentences

Verbs run, play, study, sleep, become, We go on vacation in August.

words that show action or being go

Nouns Moby, mother, school, New York, Moby and Ben go on vacation in
words that name a person, place, cat, table, history, weather August.
thing, or idea

Pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we, they We go on vacation in August.

words that take the place of
nouns

Adjectives red, small, intelligent, dark, We go on a long and fun vacation

words that describe or modify careful in August.
nouns or pronouns Adjectives also include the
articles: a, an, the

Adverbs quickly, carefully, very, almost, We usually go on a long and fun

words that describe or modify sometimes, not, too vacation in August.
verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs

Prepositions on, in, at, up, before, behind, We go on vacation in August.

words that show time, place, or under
position

Conjunctions and, but, or, for We go on a long and fun vacation

words that connect two or more in August.
words or groups of words

Interjections Oh! Yes! Help! Oh no! Wow! Hooray! It’s August! We’re going
words that show excitement or on vacation!
emotion

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 1, Lesson 2: Passive: Past Simple : Grammar Summary

Passive Voice: Past Simple

In the past simple, we form the passive with be (was / were) + past participle (3rd form of the verb).

Subject Verb Object

Active Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.

Passive The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

Active Someone ate those cookies.

Passive Those cookies were eaten by someone.

Remember that the helping verb in passive sentences is always a form of the verb be.

Active Passive

Affirmative She took me home. I was taken home (by her).

Picasso painted these pictures. These pictures were painted by
Picasso.

Negative She didn't take me home. I wasn't taken home (by her).
Those pictures weren't painted by
Picasso didn't paint those pictures. Picasso.

Question Did she take Ed home? Was Ed taken home (by her)?
Which pictures were painted by
Which pictures did Picasso paint? Picasso?

In the past simple, the passive is often used when we talk about art, science, or literature.

For example: The play, Romeo and Juliet, was written by Shakespeare.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 1, Lesson 3: Passive: Future : Grammar Summary

Passive Voice: Future and Modals

In the future, the passive is:

will
be going to + be + past participle (3rd form of the verb).

For example: The library will be closed tomorrow.

We are going to be invited to the party.

With modals and semi-modals (see L2U6L4), the passive is:

modal + be + past participle (3rd form of the verb)

For example: All the work must be done before we leave.

The vacation can be spent any way you like.

The room has to be cleaned every week.

Like all passive sentences, the object is more important than the subject.

For example: Active: The cat will eat the cheese.

Passive: The cheese will be eaten by the cat.

Active: They should finish everything on time.
Passive: Everything should be finished on time.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Subject Modal + be + past participle

My room can be cleaned tomorrow.

These boxes can't be moved.

The homework should be done perfectly.

The party ought to be finished soon.

English must be spoken in English class.

The packages have to be sent today.

That problem may be solved later.

Something new might be taught today.

The baby is supposed to be fed very early.

Negative and Questions

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Active Passive

Affirmative She will invite all her friends. All her friends will be invited (by her).

We're going to study French. French is going to be studied (by us).

You should leave the books here. The books should be left here.

The baby can eat these cookies. These cookies can be eaten by the
baby.

They have to tell her. She has to be told (by them).

Negative She won't invite all her friends. All her friends won't be invited (by her).

We aren't going to study French. French isn't going to be studied (by us).

You shouldn't leave the books here. The books shouldn't be left here.

The baby can't eat these cookies. These cookies can't be eaten by the
baby.

They don't have to tell her. She doesn't have to be told.

Questions Will she invite all her friends? Will all her friends be invited (by her)?

What are we going to study? What is going to be studied (by us)?

Where should I leave the books? Where should these books be left?

Which cookies can the baby eat? Which cookies can be eaten by the
baby?

Do they have to tell her? Does she have to be told?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 1, Lesson 4: Passive: Progressives : Grammar Summary

Passive Voice: Progressive Tenses

Present Progressive and Past Progressive

In the present and past progressive, the passive is:

be + being + past participle (3rd form of the verb).

be being past participle

The letter is / was being written.

The apples are / were being eaten.

Like the present progressive in the active voice, the passive present progressive is used for actions
that are happening right now, actions that are ongoing or repeated, and actions that are happening
in the near future. The difference, as with all passive sentences, is that focus of the sentence
changes. The object becomes more important, and changes places with the subject.

For example:
Active: My mom is taking the baby to the doctor.
Passive: The baby is being taken to the doctor by my mom.

Active: The men are moving the chairs tomorrow.

Passive: The chairs are being moved tomorrow.

The passive past progressive is used the same way as it is in the active voice, but the focus of the
sentence changes.

For example:
Active: The librarian was reading a book to the children at 5:00.
Passive: A book was being read to the children by the librarian at 5:00.

Active: The mailman was delivering the packages while we were sleeping.
Passive: The packages were being delivered while we were sleeping.

Negative and Questions

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Active Passive

Affirmative My uncle is cooking dinner. Dinner is being cooked by my uncle.

Moby is playing the drums. The drums are being played by Moby.

Ben was winning the race. The race was being won by Ben.

The teacher was telling stories. Stories were being told by the teacher.

Negative My uncle isn’t cooking dinner. Dinner isn’t being cooked by my uncle.

Moby isn’t playing the drums. The drums aren’t being played by
Moby.

Ben wasn’t winning the race. The race wasn’t being won by Ben.

The teacher wasn’t telling stories. Stories weren’t being told by the
teacher.

Questions Is my uncle cooking dinner? Is dinner being cooked by my uncle?

Why is Moby playing the drums? Why are the drums being played by
Moby?

Was Ben winning the race? Was the race being won by Ben?

When was the teacher telling stories. When were stories being told?

We use the past progressive, in the passive or the active voice, for an action that was happening at
the moment that a second action happened, or interrupted it. We use the past progressive for the
action that was happening and the past simple for the second action that interrupted it.

For example:
Active: We were playing music when my mom opened the door.
Passive: Music was being played when the door was opened by my mom.

When two (or more) continuous actions happen at the same time in the past, we use the past
progressive for both actions.

For example:
Active: We were playing music while my mom was watching a movie.
Passive: Music was being played while a movie was being watched.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 1, Lesson 5: Passive Voice Review : Grammar Summary

Passive Voice: Review

We use the passive voice when the object of the active sentence is more important, and it changes place with
the subject.

For example:
Active: Moby drank the milk.
Passive: The milk was drunk by Moby.

When it is important to know who did the action, we use by. The noun that follows by is called the “agent.”
Moby is the subject in the active sentence, but it becomes the agent in the passive sentence. Sometimes it isn’t
important to know who did an action, so we don’t use by.

For example: Coats are worn in the winter.

Only transitive verbs, verbs that are followed by an object, can be used in the passive. Some verbs are not
followed by an object. Some of these intransitive verbs are: happen, arrive, come, go, sit, sleep, have, live,
walk, talk, cry.

We form the passive with be + past participle (3rd form of the verb).
For regular verbs, we add –ed, as with the past tense of verbs. But many past participles are irregular. They
have to be memorized. See the list of irregular past participles in the L3U1L1.

The passive voice is often used:

1. when we talk about art, science or literature.

For example: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.

2. to explain directions and instructions.

For example: Chocolate cake is made with four eggs.

3. in news reports and in academic writing.

For example: Three people were hurt in the accident.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Active Passive

Present The farmer grows the vegetables. The vegetables are grown by the farmer.
Simple

Past Simple The farmer grew the vegetables. The vegetables were grown by the farmer.

Future The farmer will grow the vegetables. The vegetables will be grown by the
farmer.
The farmer is going to grow the vegetables.
The vegetables are going to be grown by
the farmer.

Modals The farmer can grow the vegetables. The vegetables can be grown by the
farmer.

The farmer might grow the vegetables. The vegetables might be grown by the
farmer.

The farmer should grow the vegetables. The vegetables should be grown by the
farmer.

The farmer is supposed to grow the The vegetables are supposed to be grown
vegetables. by the farmer.

The farmer must grow the vegetables. The vegetables must be grown by the
farmer.

Present The farmer is growing the vegetables. The vegetables are being grown by the
Progressive farmer.

Past The farmer was growing the vegetables. The vegetables were being grown by the
Progressive farmer.

Negative and Questions

Notice that:

1. The helping verb in passive sentences is always a form of the verb be.
2. The subject and verb must agree in number (singular and plural).

For example:

Active: He doesn’t send a package every month.

Passive: A package isn’t sent every month.

Active: Ed didn’t take these pictures.

Passive: These pictures weren’t taken by Ed.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 3, Unit 2, Lesson 1: Conjunctions : Grammar Summary

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connect other words or groups of words.

There are three main types of conjunctions:

A: Coordinating Conjunctions connect the same parts of speech, or the same kinds of
groups of words. Some coordinating conjunctions are and, but, or, so, just, for, nor and yet.

For example: It was warm but windy.

Ben watched the game and Moby made the pizza.

B: Correlative Conjunctions connect the same kinds of words or groups of words, but they
always come in pairs. Correlative conjunctions are:

both / and
either / or
neither / nor
whether / or
not only / but also

For example: I met both Ben and Moby at the mall last night.

We will either go to the zoo or the park.

Moby not only likes pizza but he also likes ice cream.

C: Subordinating Conjunctions connect two ideas. One idea is always more important than
the other. Subordinating conjunctions introduce a subordinate, or dependant, clause – a part
of a sentence that can’t be on its own.

For example: When Ben came home, Moby was sleeping.

Moby ate all the ice cream, although Ben also wanted some.
Ben was happy because he finished all his homework.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Subordinating conjunctions are:

before as because till once

after as if since until when

though as long as so...that if whenever

although as soon as in order that unless where

as though than whenever

even though rather than while

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 2, Lesson 2: Negative prefixes : Grammar Summary

Negative Prefixes

English has many prefixes. A prefix is a group of letters that we add to the beginning of a word.
Prefixes change the meaning of words. A negative prefix makes the word mean not or the
opposite of its base word.

For example: Moby is happy when he wins a race, but unhappy when he loses.

We can’t predict which prefix to add. Like irregular verbs, they need to be memorized.

Some common negative prefixes are:

Prefix Adjective Adverb Noun

un unhappy unhappily unhappiness

unhealthy unlucky unhealthily
unable unluckily
unhurt
undecided
undressed
unfinished
unhidden
unknown
unprotected
unwanted

im, in imperfect imperfectly imperfection

impossible impossibly inactively impossibility
inactive incompletely inactivity
incomplete invisibly incompletion
invisible invisibility

dis disagreeable disagreeably disagreement

disappearance

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Sometimes a negative prefix is used to form a new verb. The negative prefix makes the verb
mean the opposite.

For example: Moby likes onions, but I dislike them.

Some common negative prefixes that form new verbs are un and dis.

do undo

dress undress

pack unpack

plug unplug

agree disagree

appear disappear

like dislike

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 2, Lesson 3: Prefixes : Grammar Summary

Prefixes

In the previous lesson (see L3U2L2), we learned that a prefix is a group of letters added to the
beginning of a word that changes the meaning of the word. We studied negative prefixes that give
the base, or root words, a negative meaning.

For example: friendly - unfriendly

There are many other prefixes that change the meaning of their base words.

Let's look at some of the more common prefixes and their meanings.

Prefix Meaning Examples

uni- one unicycle

bi- two bicycle, bimonthly, bilingual
tri- three tricycle, triangle, trillion, triplet
multi- many multicolored, multilingual, multimillionaire

re- again rebuild, redo, retest, repay, rewrite

pre- before prehistoric, pretest
mid- in the middle midnight, midsummer, midday
post- after postdate, posttest

sub- under, below submarine, subway. subzero

trans- across transportation, translate, transatlantic

under- too little underage, undercook, underpaid

over- too much overcook, overeat, overactive, oversleep
out- be/do more than outdo, outnumber, outrun, outgrow

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 2, Lesson 4: Suffixes : Grammar Summary

Suffixes

A suffix is one or more letters added to the end of a base word. Suffixes can help us understand words
because they can give us information about the words.

Suffixes can also be added to base words to change the part of speech. Here are some common
suffixes that can change the part of speech of a base word.

These suffixes change verbs into nouns. These suffixes change adjectives into nouns.

Suffix Examples Suffix Examples

-ment argue - argument -ness happy - happiness

amaze - amazement sad - sadness
enjoy - enjoyment kind - kindness
excite - excitement good - goodness
develop - development dark - darkness
govern - government

-tion act - action

-sion direct - direction
communicate - communication
protect - protection
pollute - pollution

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 These suffixes change verbs into adjectives.

Suffix Examples Suffix Examples

-ful care - careful -able comfort - comfortable

help - helpful learn - learnable
use - useful manage -
thought - thoughtful manageable
like - likeable
love - loveable
walk - walkable
climb - climbable
enjoy - enjoyable

-less care - careless -ible collect - collectible

help - helpless
use - useless
thought - thoughtless

-ous fame - famous -ive create - creative

danger - dangerous act - active
nerve - nervous
space - spacious

Sometimes suffixes tell us about the meaning of words.

For example: The suffix phone means "sound" or "voice." Words like telephone, microphone, and
saxophone are all about sound.

Here are some common suffixes that add meaning to words, and change verbs and nouns into people.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Suffix Examples

-or act - actor

-er paint - painter
teach - teacher
help - helper
bake - baker
race - racer
buy - buyer
sell - seller
dance - dancer
fight - fighter

-ist art - artist

biology - biologist

-cian magic - magician

music - musician
beauty - beautician

Remember!

Suffixes also tell us about grammar. You know already many of them.

1. We add -ed to regular verbs to make the past tense.

For example: walk - walked

2. We add -s to he/she/it in present simple.

For example: I/you/we/you/they: eat

He/she/it: eats

3. We add -er and -est to adjectives to make comparative and superlative.

For example: fast - faster - the fastest

4. We add -ly to many adjectives to form adverbs.

For example: slow - slowly

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 2, Lesson 5: Conjunctions Review : Grammar Summary

Conjunctions, Prefixes, and Suffixes

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connect other words or groups of words.

There are three main types of conjunctions:

Type of Some
Definition Sentences
Conjunctions Examples

Coordinating They connect the and I like the colors red and blue.
Conjunctions same kinds of words but
or parts of speech. or We can watch TV or read a book.
so

Correlative They connect the both / and Both Moby and I love pizza.
Conjunctions same kinds of words either / or Either Nikki or Ed will sing the
and come in pairs. neither / nor song.
whether / or Neither Moby nor I will do it.
not only / but
also

Subordinating They connect two before After I finished my work, I watched

Conjunctions ideas. The after a movie.
subordinating as soon as They went to the park although it
conjunction comes though was raining.
at the beginning of a although We’re excited because we’re
dependent clause. because going on vacation.
since
when
whenever

Prefixes and Suffixes

Many English words are made up of different parts. Learning about these parts can help you
understand new words. The root word, or base word, is the main part of the word.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Prefixes

A prefix can be put at the beginning of a root to change the meaning or part of speech.

Negative prefixes usually mean not, or the opposite of their root words.

Negative Prefix Examples

Un- unhappy, unable, unlucky

undressed, unfinished
undo,unpack

Dis- disagree, disappear, dislike

In- incomplete, invisible

Sometimes a word may look like it begins with a prefix, but it does not. How do you know? When
you take the letters away, do you have a real word?
For example, take un- away from these words:

prefix no prefix
unable, unhappy uncle, under

Other prefixes change the meaning of the root words in different ways.

Negative Prefix Examples

Re = again reappear, rebuild, redo, rewrite

Over = too much overcook, overeat, oversleep,

overwork

Under = too little undercook, underpaid, underground

Suffixes

A suffix can be put at the end of a root to change its function in the sentence.

Here are some common suffixes that form nouns.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Suffix Examples

-ment agreement, disagreement

-ation explanation, expectation

-ion creation, protection, injection
-sion conclusion, confusion

-or / -er actor, painter, teacher, fighter

-ist artist, scientist

-ian / -cian magician, musician,

beautician

Here are some common suffixes that form adjectives.

Suffix Examples

-able forgettable, loveable, washable

-ful careful, useful, helpful

-less careless, useless, helpless

-ous dangerous, famous, nervous

In this table, prefixes and suffixes are added to the root word port, which means “to carry.”

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Prefix Root New Word New Word Meaning

trans transport To carry across, or move from one

( = across) place to another

ex port export To carry out, or send something to

( = out) ( = to carry) another country

im import To carry in, or bring something into

( = in) a country

Suffix Root New Word New Word Meaning

able portable able to be carried from one place to

( = to be able to) transportable another
port
tion transport transportation A way of traveling from one place to
(makes the word another
a noun)

Remember!

Sometimes the spelling of a root word changes when a suffix is added.

1. When the root word ends with the letter e, drop the e.

For example: believe - believable

nerve - nervous
survive - survival
create - creation

2. When the root word ends with a consonant and the letter y, drop the y and add i.

For example: happy - happiness

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 3, Lesson 1: Present Perfect Simple : Grammar Summary

Present Perfect

The present perfect tense is used to talk about the past when it has a connection to the present. The present
perfect tense tells us that an action happened some time before now. We use it for several different reasons.
Two main reasons are:

1. For an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past. The exact time is unknown or unimportant.
What is important is the present result of the action.

For example: I have eaten at that restaurant before.

He has finished his homework.

2. For an action that started in the past and continues until the present.

For example: I have lived here for five years.

He has been at the library since 3 o'clock.

The present perfect talks about a period of time from the past to the present, but never talks about a specific
time in the past. We use the present perfect for questions about how long, but never for questions about when.

For example: How long have you been here?

I have been here for four hours.

When did you arrive?
I arrived at 2 o’clock.

We form the present perfect with have/has + past participle of the verb. Remember that the past participle can
be regular or irregular.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Subject have / has Past Participle

I lived here for a long time.

You worked here since April.

We have / haven't been busy for a while.

They eaten dinner.

He visited China.

She has / hasn't planned her trip.

It rained in a long time.

Contractions

We often use contractions in the present perfect.

For example: I've lived here for four years.

They've never been to New York.

He's already eaten lunch.

Remember that the contraction with he/she/it stands for has, not is:

He’s already eaten lunch. = He has already eaten lunch.

Questions

Have / Has Subject Past Participle

you
Have
we

they seen that movie yet?

he

Has she

it

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Short Answers

I I

you you
Yes, have. No, haven't.
we we

they they

he he

Yes, she has. No, she hasn't.

it it

Note: The present perfect form of have is has/have + had.

For example: He has had very little to eat so far.

Signal Words

We often use the present perfect with the following signal words:

For and Since

We use for to talk about how long something has continued up to now.

For example: I have lived here for three years.

We use since to talk about when an action began.

For example: I have lived here since 2010.

Already, Yet and Still

Already means “at some time before now.” We usually use it when an action happened sooner than we
expected it to happen. We use it with affirmative sentences and questions. It goes either before the past
participle or at the end of a sentence.

For example: He has already called.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Yet means “up to now.” We use it with negative sentences and questions. It goes at the end of the sentence.

For example: He hasn’t called yet.

Still has the same meaning as yet. We use still with negative sentences only. It goes before have or has.

For example: He still hasn’t called.

Ever and Never

Ever means “at any time up to now.” Ever is used with questions and it comes before the past participle.

For example: Have you ever been to Rome?

Never means “at no time.” We used never in affirmative sentences. It comes before the past participle.

For example: I have never been to Rome.

Just, Lately and Recently

We use the following adverbs with present perfect to express something that happened in the recent past: just,
lately, and recently.

Just means “a very short time ago.” It comes before the past participle.

For example: I have just eaten. I'm not hungry.

Lately and recently can come at the beginning or the end of a sentence.

For example: Have you heard the news lately?

Recently, I've heard a lot of good news.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 3, Lesson 2: Present Perfect : Grammar Summary

Past Simple and Present Perfect

The past simple and the present perfect are both used for actions that took place in the past.

We use the past simple for an action that began and ended in the past. We use the present perfect for a
past action, but it has a connection to the present.

The following table shows differences between the two tenses.

Past Simple Present Perfect

The action happened at a definite or specific The action happened at an indefinite, unknown,
time in the past. or unimportant time in the past.

I finished my homework an hour ago. I have already finished my homework.

We didn’t see the movie yesterday. We haven’t seen the movie yet.

Did you visit Mike last month? Have you visited Mike lately?

The action started and finished in the past. The action started in the past and continues up
to the present.

I was in France last month. I have been in France for three months.

We didn’t have homework yesterday. We haven’t had homework for a long time.

Did he ride his new bike on Sunday? Has he ridden his new bike yet?

Notice the difference in how the two tenses are formed in the following tables:

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Past Simple Present Perfect

Past Form of the

Subject Subject have / has Past Participle
Verb

I I

You You
have
We We

They went. They gone.

He He

She She has

It It

Questions

Past Simple Present Perfect

Past Form of the

Subject Have / Has Subject Past Participle
Verb

I I

you you
Have
we we

Did they go? they gone?

he he

she Has she

it it

Negative

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Past Simple Present Perfect

Past Form of the

Subject Subject have / has Past Participle
Verb

I I

you you
haven't
we we

No, they didn't go. No, they gone.

he he

she she hasn't

it it

Signal Words
There are different signal words for the past simple and present perfect tenses.

Past Simple Present Perfect

yesterday for

last week/month/summer/year since

a day/week/month/year ago just

in January/on Tuesday ever, never

the other day already

yet, still

lately, recently

up to now, so far

until/till now

How long....?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 3, Lesson 3: Present Perf Progressive : Grammar Summary

Present Perfect Progressive

We have already learned the Present Progressive (see L1U2L1). It describes actions that are happening right
now.

For example: He is reading now.

We use the Present Perfect Progressive for actions that began in the past and are still happening now.
Present Perfect Progressive tells us how long an action has been going on.

When we talk about things that we do all the time, either the present perfect or the Present Perfect
Progressive can be used. They mean exactly the same thing. Some of the verbs that are used with both
tenses are: go to school, feel, live, play, stay, study, teach, wear, and work.

For example: I have gone to school here since I was six years old.

I have been going to school here since I was six years old.

We often use the time expressions for, since, lately, and recently with this tense, and ask questions with the
expression how long.

For example: How long has he been reading that book?

He has been reading that book for two hours.

We form the present perfect progressive with have/has + been + verb + ing (the present participle of the
verb).

Subject Have / Has Been Verb + ing

You
have / haven't been working since this morning.
We

They

He

She has / hasn't been playing all day.

It

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Yes / No Questions

Have / Has Subject Been Verb + ing Short Answers

I
Yes, I have.
you
Have been sleeping?
we
No, I haven't.
they

he
Yes, he has.
Has she been running?

it No, he hasn't.

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Have / Has Subject Been Verb + ing

What have you been doing the whole day?

How long has she been sitting here?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 3, Lesson 4: Past Perfect : Grammar Summary

Past Perfect

The past perfect is used for an action that happened before a certain time, or another action, in the
past.

For example: The party had already started when we arrived.

When we talk about two actions that happened in the past, the past perfect tells us which one
happened first.

For example: I had read the book before I saw the movie.

What happened first? I read the book.

I had seen the movie before I read the book.
What happened first? I saw the movie.

We form the past perfect with had + past participle (3rd form) of the verb. It takes the same form
with all subjects. Remember that the past participle can be regular or irregular.

Subject Had Past Examples

Participle

I forgotten I had forgotten what the book was about, so I read

it again.

You eaten You hadn’t eaten dinner before you left.

He spent He had spent all the money before I got there.

She seen She had seen that movie before, but she watched it
had / hadn't again.

It finished It had finished by the time I arrived.

We been We hadn’t been to the United States before we

went last year.

They chosen They hadn’t chosen their books yet, so they didn’t
leave.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 We often use the past perfect with the same signal words we use for the other perfect tenses: for,
since, just, before, after, ever, never, already, yet, still, before, recently, lately.

For example: We had just eaten before we went to the party.

Had you ever heard a story like that before I told it to you?
I hadn’t done my homework yet, so I couldn’t go to the movies.

Note: The past perfect form of have is had had.

For example: I had had my bike for a long time before I got a new one.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 3, Lesson 5: Perfect Tenses Review : Grammar Summary

The Perfect Tenses: Review

The perfect tenses (present perfect, present perfect progressive, and past perfect) talk about actions that
happened in the past. They all tell the listener that something happened before another past time or
event.

The present perfect is used for two main reasons:

1. for an action that happened in the past, but at an indefinite time. The exact time isn’t important. It
tells us that the action was finished sometime before the present.

For example: I have written the letter.

2. for an action that started in the past and continues until the present.

For example: He has been here for three hours.

The present perfect progressive is used for an action that began in the past and is still happening. It tells
us how long an action has been going on until now.

For example: I have been writing the letter for an hour.

The past perfect is used for an action that happened at an earlier time in the past. The action in the past
perfect was finished before another event or action. The past perfect is often used with the past simple.
The past perfect is used for the first (earlier) action and the past simple is used for the second (later)
action.

For example: I had written the letter before you arrived.

He had eaten all the food by the time the party started.

Signal Words

We often use the following words with the perfect tenses: for, since, just, ever, never, already, yet, still,
before, recently, lately, how long.

For example: I’ve just seen that movie.

They’ve known me since I was a baby.

We haven’t been going to movies lately.
Had you already seen the movie before you saw it last night?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 4, Lesson 1: Gerunds : Grammar Summary

Gerunds

A gerund is a verb that ends in -ing and functions like a noun in the sentence. Here are examples of how
gerunds are used in sentences:

For example: Reading is fun.

My favorite hobby is reading.

I finished reading the book.
I can’t forget about reading the book.
By reading the book, I’ll understand.

Gerunds as Subjects
The subject of a sentence is usually a noun.

For example: School is fun.

English is easy.

But what happens when we want to talk about an action as the subject of the sentence? Then we have to
change a verb into a noun. The most common way to do this is with a gerund. A gerund is a verb in the -
ing form.

For example: Reading is fun.

Running is easy.

All verbs, except modals, have a gerund form. Even stative verbs, the verbs that don’t usually take –ing,
can be gerunds.

For example: Knowing another language is important.

A gerund can be one word (running) or part of a longer phrase (knowing another language).

When a gerund is closely linked with a pronoun or noun, that pronoun or noun must be in the possessive
form: a possessive pronoun or possessive s.

For example: Her singing is beautiful.

Ed’s cooking is delicious.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Verbs followed by Gerunds
The verb in a sentence is often followed by a noun (which is the object of that verb).

For example: I finished my book.

When the word that follows the verb is an action, we can use a gerund to function as the noun in the
sentence.

For example: I finished reading my book.

He enjoys walking his dog.

There are many verbs that must be followed by gerunds.

For example: I keep practicing.

(verb) + (gerund)

Some of these verbs are:

Verb Example

complete They completed building the tree house.

dislike He dislikes fighting.

enjoy They enjoy listening to music together.

finish Did you finish doing your homework?

imagine I can’t imagine seeing a more beautiful

painting.

keep Keep talking.

practice He has to practice throwing far.

recommend What do you recommend doing in the city?

spend time We spend a lot of time sleeping.

suggest My teacher suggested reading more.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Remember!

Don’t confuse gerunds with the progressive ending of verbs or with present participles. Gerunds always
function as nouns.

Form of the Verb Function in the Sentence Example

Gerund noun Laughing is good for you.

Present Progressive verb Ed is laughing.

Present Participle adjective Look at the laughing baby.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 4, Lesson 2: Prepositions + Gerunds : Grammar Summary

Prepositions Followed by Gerunds

When a verb comes after a preposition, the verb is always in the gerund form. Here are some
examples.

Subject and Verbs Preposition Gerund

Let’s forget about buying a car.

I’m worried about being late to the party.

Thank you for cleaning up the mess.

I can’t protect him from getting a cold.

You can’t stop her from making a mistake.

Do you believe in wishing on a star?

You should read, instead of doing that.

I didn’t think of reading that book.

Let's plan on meeting at 7:00.

You are really good at acting.

I’m not very good at solving problems.

He is scared of riding horses.

She’s tired of practicing the piano.

I’m bored with studying for the test.

Negative Gerunds

We can make gerunds negative by adding not.

For example: My mom worries about my not eating vegetables.

She suggested not going to sleep late.

Do you have a reason for not coming with us?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Go + Gerunds
Go is followed by a gerund when it’s used in some expressions about activities.

For example: Did you go swimming yesterday?

Yes, we went swimming.

That’s nice. I haven’t gone swimming for a long time.

Some Other Expressions followed by Gerunds

When a verb comes after some expressions, it must be in the gerund form.

have fun I had fun dancing last night.

have a good time You had a good time listening to music.

have a hard time He has a hard time studying for tests.

have trouble She has trouble walking the big dog.

have a difficult time We will have a difficult time carrying that box.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 4, Lesson 3: Infinitives : Grammar Summary

Infinitives

The infinitive is the form of a verb made of to + verb (in its base form). Here are some examples of how the
infinitive is used in sentences.

For example: I want to tell you something.

It is important to read the letter very carefully.

He’s too young to cross the street on his own.
Are you strong enough to carry this box?

Verbs followed by Infinitives

There are many verbs that are followed by infinitives.

For example: I promise to come home early.

(verb) + (infinitive)

Some of these verbs are:

Verbs Followed by
Sentences
Infinitives

agree They agreed to come early tomorrow morning.

appear It appears to be ready.

convince She convinced me to call and apologize.

fail He failed to arrive on time.

hope I hope to see you tomorrow.

plan We are planning to be there early.

remind Please remind me to bring the books.

tell My mom told me to eat my vegetables.

want I want to know what happened!

would like I would like to tell you a story.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Negative Infinitives
We form a negative infinitive by adding not right before it.

For example: I decided not to go to the party.

You promised not to be late.

Too / Enough + Infinitive

We also use the infinitive after expressions with too and enough.

For example: We were too late to catch the early train.

It’s too hard for me to explain.

You’re old enough to do it on your own.
She runs fast enough to enter the Olympics.
Picasso didn’t have enough money to buy his own paintings.

Sometimes an infinitive follows an adjective or a noun.

For example: I am lucky to have such good friends.

It is important to study for tests.

Our wish is to succeed.
It was a good decision to be a teacher.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 4, Lesson 4: Gerunds : Grammar Summary

Gerunds and Infinitives

Some verbs can be followed by a Gerund or an Infinitive and both forms mean the same thing.

For example: It started raining about an hour ago.

It started to rain about an hour ago.

Here is a list of those verbs.

Verbs Examples

can't stand She can’t stand waiting / to wait.

begin They began taking / to take piano lessons.

continue He continued working / to work.

hate She hates coming / to come here.

like I like going / to go to the movies.

love They love listening / to listen to music.

prefer They prefer staying / to stay at home.

start She will start running / to run soon.

try He has tried calling / to call her a few

times.

The following verbs can be followed by either a Gerund or an Infinitive, but the two forms have a
different meaning.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Verbs Gerund Examples Infinitive Examples

regret I regret telling you that he left. I regret to tell you that he left.
(be sorry that something happened) (be sorry to say something)

remember They remembered closing the door. They remembered to close the door.
(remember that something happened) (remember to do something).

stop They stopped drinking. They stopped to drink water.

(stop an activity) (stop in order to do something).

try He tried playing football. He tried to play football.

(experiment with something new) (make an effort)

forget I forgot opening the door. I forgot to open the door.

(forget that something happened) (forget to do something)

Remember!

When we want to use a gerund or an infinitive in the negative, we just add not.

For example: I prefer not going to the meeting.

I prefer not to go to the meeting.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 4, Lesson 5: Gerunds Review : Grammar Summary

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds and infinitives are alike and different. They are both about actions and are forms of verbs.

Gerunds are formed by adding -ing to the verb.

For example: eating, studying, dancing, sleeping.

Infinitives are formed with to + verb (in its base form).

In the negative, both gerunds and infinitives take not.

For example: He’s thinking about not eating pizza.

He’s planning not to eat pizza.

Verbs + Gerunds

Some verbs must be followed by gerunds.

Verbs Examples

keep I’ll keep reading until I fall asleep.

enjoy Do you enjoy watching television?

finish He finished reading the book.

spend time They don’t spend enough time studying.

Verbs + Infinitives

Some verbs must be followed by infinitives.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Verbs Examples

agree They agreed to meet us.

hope We hope to see you.

plan Don’t plan to come on Friday.

want What do you want to know?

would like She would like to drink something.

Prepositions + Gerunds
Prepositions are always followed by gerunds.

Prepositions Examples

about Forget about leaving early.

She’s happy about going to the party.

for Thank you for helping me.

of I didn’t think of buying a present.

I’m tired of listening to that song.

on Do you plan on staying a long time?

after After eating dinner, I’ll call you.

before She does her homework before going to

school.

Verb + Gerund or Infinitive

Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, and they mean the same thing.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Verbs Gerund Examples Infinitive Examples

start I’ll start cooking dinner. I’ll start to cook dinner.

like Do you like dancing? Do you like to dance?

love Moby loves eating pizza. Moby loves to eat pizza.

hate We hate waking up early. We hate to wake up early.

prefer I prefer walking. I prefer to walk.

Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, but they mean different things.

Verbs Gerunds Infinitives

forget I forgot feeding the dog. I forgot to feed the dog.

(forget that it happened) (forget to do it)

remember They remembered seeing that movie. They remembered to see that movie.
(remember that it happened) (remember to do it)

stop They stopped talking. They stopped to talk.

(stop the activity) (stop in order to do something)

try You should try eating vegetables. You should try to eat vegetables.
(experiment with something new) (make an effort)

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 5, Lesson 1: First Conditional : Grammar Summary

First Conditional and Time Clauses

This unit is about Conditional sentences. To understand the Conditional, let’s first talk about clauses.

Clauses

A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb.

A main clause can stand alone. It’s a complete sentence.

A dependent clause begins with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun. It is not a complete
thought, and can not stand alone. It needs, or depends on, the main clause to be complete.

Conditional Sentences
There are three types of conditional sentences, and they all have a special structure.

All conditional sentences have a main clause and a dependent clause.

The dependent clause usually begins with if, so we also call it an if-clause. They are called conditional
sentences because the action in the main clause depends on something happening in the dependent
clause. The if-clause states the condition; the main clause states the result.

The order of the clauses is not important. When the if-clause comes first, we put a comma after it.

For example: If I study, I'll do well.

I'll do well if I study.

First Conditional: Real Future Conditions

We use the First Conditional for actions that will probably happen in the future.

We use the present tense in the if-clause, or condition, and the future tense in the main clause. The order
of the clauses is unimportant; but remember to put a comma when the if-clause is at the beginning.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 If Clause (Condition) Main Clause (Result)

PRESENT FUTURE

If I have enough money, then I will buy a new car.

If you come with me, you'll have fun.

If it snows, we are going to stay home.

If you don't help me, then I won't help you later.

Main Clause (Result) If Clause (Condition)

FUTURE PRESENT

I will buy a new car if I have enough money.

You'll have fun if you come with me.

We are going to stay home if it snows.

I won't help you later if you don't help me.

Unless

Unless usually means if … not and it follows the same structure as if. See the two sentences in the
following examples. They are the same:

We'll go to the beach tomorrow unless it rains.

We'll go to the beach tomorrow if it doesn't rain.

If he doesn’t get here soon, we’ll leave without him.

Unless he gets here soon, we’ll leave without him.

Time Clauses

A time clause is a dependent clause that begins with a subordinate conjunction.

The conjunctions are time expressions, such as when, whenever, while, before, after, until, by the time,
as soon as.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Sentences with time clauses are just like conditional sentences.

Like in the first conditional, the verb in the time clause is in the present simple (or present perfect), even
though the sentence has a future meaning.

The verb in the main clause is in the future. The dependent clause can come in either the first or the
second part of a sentence.

Main Clause Dependent Clause

FUTURE PRESENT

Conjunction

I will read the book before I see the movie.

We will watch TV after we finish our homework.

We are going to leave as soon as you are ready.

She will have fun when she goes on vacation.

We won't eat until he gets home.

When the dependent clause comes first, we put a comma after it.

Dependent Clause Main Clause

PRESENT FUTURE

Conjunction

Before I see the movie, I will read the book.

After we finish our homework, we will watch TV.

As soon as you are ready, we are going to leave.

When she goes on vacation, she will have fun.

Until he gets home, we won't eat.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 5, Lesson 2: Second Conditional : Grammar Summary

Second Conditional: Unreal or Imaginary Conditions

We use the Second Conditional for situations that probably won’t happen. It’s unlikely that the
condition will happen, but we imagine what would happen if it did.

We use the past simple in the if-clause, or condition, and would + verb for the main clause, or result.

For example: If you had a million dollars, would you be happy?

(You don’t really have the money.)

I would watch TV if I had the time.
(I don’t really have the time.)

Main Clause (Result) If Clause (Condition)

WOULD + VERB PAST SIMPLE

I would buy a new car if I had enough money.

We would visit you if you lived in London.

She would be surprised if she came home early.

They wouldn't eat the food if they didn't like it.

When the if-clause comes first, we put a comma after it.

If Clause (Condition) Main Clause (Result)

PAST SIMPLE WOULD + VERB

If I had enough money, I would buy a new car.

If you lived in London, we would visit you.

If she came home early, she would be surprised.

If they didn't like it, they wouldn't eat the food.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Sometimes we can use a different modal verb instead of would.

For example: If I had time, I would go to the library.

If I had time, I could go to the library.

If I had time, I might go to the library.

Were instead of Was

With Second Conditional sentences, we usually use were instead of was, even if the pronoun is I,
he, she, or it.

For example: If I were you, I would study hard.

If he were here, he would explain it.

She would fly if she were a bird.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 5, Lesson 3: Third Conditional : Grammar Summary

Third Conditional: Imaginary Past Conditions

We use the Third Conditional to talk about a past event or situation that did not happen. We imagine
what a different situation would have been like if it had happened. We use the past perfect for the if-
clause and would have + past participle for the main clause. The if-clause did not happen. Both the
condition and the result are impossible now. The result is what would have happened if the if-clause
were real.

For example:

If I had known it was your birthday, I would have bought a present.

(But I didn’t buy one because I didn’t know.)

You would have understood if you had done the homework.

(But you didn’t do the homework, so you didn’t understand.)

Main Clause (Result) If-Clause (Condition)

would have + past participle Past Perfect

I would have gone with you if I had known.

You would have seen it if you had been here.

Would you have helped her if she had asked you?

When the if-clause comes first, we put a comma after it.

If-Clause (Condition) Main Clause (Result)

Past Perfect would have + past participle

If I had known, I would have gone with you.

If you had been here, you would have seen it.

If she had asked you, would you have helped her?

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Sometimes we can use a different modal verb instead of would.

For example: If I had practiced more, I would have won.

If I had practiced more, I could have won.

If I had practiced more, I might have won.

Negatives

We can use the negative in both the if-clause and the main clause, but the meanings are different.

For example: If had taken an umbrella, I wouldn't have gotten wet.

(But I didn't take one, so I did get wet.)

If I hadn't taken an umbrella, I would have gotten wet.
(But I did take one, so I didn't get wet.)

We can also make both clauses negative:

For example:

They wouldn't have been late if they hadn't stopped at the store.
(But they did stop at the store, so they were late.)

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 5, Lesson 4: Wish & Hope : Grammar Summary

Verb Tenses after Wish

We use wish the same way we use second conditional verbs, and the wish clause is the main
clause. When you wish something, it means that you want it to happen, so it’s actually the
opposite of the actual situation.

What we have to remember about wish sentences is that the verb tense changes.
To wish that something will be different in the future, we use would, were + going to, or could.
Would and were going to mean the same thing.

For example: I wish they weren’t going to serve pizza at the party tomorrow.

I wish they wouldn’t serve pizza at the party tomorrow.

I wish they were going to serve healthy food.
I wish they would serve healthy food.

When the actual future situation uses the verb can, we use could to talk about future wishes.

For example: I can't eat the pizza at the party tomorrow.

I wish I could eat it! It's delicious.

To wish something about an action in the present, we use the past tense.

For example: I wish I didn't love pizza so much. I eat it too often!

I wish I loved vegetables as much as I love pizza.

To wish something about a past action, we use the past perfect tense.

For example: I wish I hadn’t eaten that last piece of pizza. Now I feel sick.

I wish I had drunk a glass of water, instead.

Remember that the verb after the word wish goes back in time.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Actual Situation Wish

Will Would

Be + going to Were + going to

Can Could

You will not arrive early. I wish you would arrive early.

Wish about the You will arrive early. I wish you wouldn't arrive early.
Future
He isn't going to be there. I wish he were going to be
there.

He is going to be there. I wish he weren't going to be

there.

I can't practice tomorrow. I wish I could practice tomorrow.

Present Past

I don't know. I wish I knew.

Wish about the
Present
She is sick. I wish she weren't sick.

They can't go with us today. I wish they could go with us.

Past Past Perfect

I didn't eat breakfast. I wish I had eaten breakfast.

Wish about the
Past
I drank coffee. I wish I hadn't drunk coffee.

He couldn't go. I wish he could have gone.

Greetings with Wish

Wish is also often used in certain greetings and expressions.

For example: I wish you a happy birthday / merry Christmas.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Verb Tenses after Hope

When we hope for something in the future, we often use the present tense after we say, I
hope.

For example: I hope you visit again.

I hope he arrives on time.

With negative sentences, we put not with the verb that comes after hope.

For example: I hope I do not get sick.

I hope she doesn't wake the baby.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 5, Lesson 5: Conditionals Review : Grammar Summary

Review: Conditional Sentences

There are three different types of conditional sentences, but they are all made of two clauses. There are
different names for the clauses.

Dependent clause = if-clause = condition clause

Main clause = then-clause = result clause

The if-clause can come in the first or second part of the sentence. When it is first, we put a comma after it.

Dependent / If /
Type Main / Then / Result Clause
Condition Clause

1st Conditional Present Simple Future

(Real Future Condition) If I eat, I will feel better.

2nd Conditional Past Simple Would + Base Verb

(Unreal Future Condition) If I ate, I would feel better.

3rd Conditional Past Perfect Would Have + Past Participle

(Unreal Past Condition) If I had eaten, I would have felt better.

Modals in the Main Clause

We can use different modals in the main clause.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 I can go to sleep early.

If I finish my homework, I may go to sleep early.

I might go to sleep early.

I would go to sleep early.

If I finished my homework,
I could go to sleep early.

I would have gone to sleep early.

If I had finished my homework, I could have gone to sleep early.

I might have gone to sleep early.

I Wish
When we say I wish, the verb tense that follows it goes back in time.

Future Would
Future wish
It will rain tomorrow. I wish it wouldn't rain.

Present Past

Present wish It rains every day. I wish it didn't rain.

It's raining. I wish it weren't raining.

Past Past Perfect

Past Wish
It rained yesterday. I wish it hadn't rained.

I Hope
When we say I hope, it is usually followed by a verb in the present tense.

I hope it rains tomorrow.

I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 6, Lesson 1: Relative Pronouns : Grammar Summary

Relative Pronouns
We use relative pronouns to connect parts of sentences to the nouns they describe. Relative pronouns introduce relative,
or dependent, clauses. They are called relative pronouns because they relate, or connect, to the nouns they are
describing.

For example: The boy won the race. He is my friend.

The boy who won the race is my friend.

In the example, the relative pronoun who:

relates to "the boy";

describes, or provides information about, the boy; and
introduces and is the subject of the relative clause, "who won the race."

The relative pronoun comes right after the noun it modifies.

Correct: The boy who won the race is my friend.

Incorrect: The boy is my friend who won the race.

Who, Whom, Whose, Which, and That

The five main relative pronouns are: who, whom, whose, which, and that.
For people, we use who or that.
For things, we use which or that.

Relative Use Example

Pronoun

who for people The students who took the test did very well.

that for people, animals, and things The students that took the test did very well.
The test that the students took wasn't easy.

which for animals and things The test, which the students took yesterday,
wasn't easy.

whose to show possession I know the student whose test was the best.

whom for people; comes after prepositions or The man whom you met is my brother.
when it is the direct object of the verb; The people with whom I study are very nice.
used more formally

where for places New York City is where I was born.

when to describe time Twelve o'clock is when we eat lunch.

why to describe the reason The terrible traffic is why I was late.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Leaving out the Relative Pronoun
We can leave out the relative pronoun when it’s the object of the verb it follows.

For example: I talked to the boy. (object) He won the race.

With relative pronoun Without relative pronoun

The boy who/that I talked to won the race. The boy I talked to won the race.
The boy whom I talked to won the race.

We must include the relative pronoun when it’s the subject of the verb it follows.

For example: The boy talked to me. He won the race.

The boy who talked to me won the race.

Whose

We use the relative pronoun whose to express possession. We use whose used instead of his, her, its, or their.

For example: I know a man. His son won the race.

I know a man whose son won the race.

Note: Relative pronouns are the same for singular and plural, and masculine and feminine.

For example: I know a man whose daughter won the race.

I know the people whose children won the race.

Used to

Used to can be a verb or an adjective, and has different meanings depending on its use.

1. Used to as a Verb

We say used to + verb to talk about something that happened frequently in the past, but doesn’t happen anymore.

For example: When I was little, I used to go to the beach a lot.

They used to play together after school every day.

Note: We can also say would, instead of used to.

For example: When I was little, I would go to the beach a lot.

They would play together after school every day.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 We also say used to + verb to talk about a situation in the past, which is different now.

For example: We used to live in New York.

She used to be afraid of the dark.

As with all simple past tense verbs, the verb used to changes with did or didn’t.

For example: We used to walk to school. Did you use to walk to school?

We didn’t use to walk to school.

2. Used to as an Adjective

We say be/get used to as an adjective. It means that something is now very familiar; it’s not strange or new
anymore.

For example: I am used to this computer now.

We will never get used to that noise.

When the noun following used to is an action, it is a gerund (verb + ing).

For example: He got used to waking up so early.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 6, Lesson 2: Reported Speech : Grammar Summary

Reported Speech Statements

Quoted Speech

When we say or write someone’s exact words, it is called quoted speech, or direct speech.
We write quoted speech inside quotation marks (“ ”).

For example: Anna said, “I like ice cream.”

Reported Speech

When we report, or tell what someone has said, we often use reported, or indirect speech.

With reported speech, we use a reporting verb like say or tell, and we don’t use quotation marks.

For example: Anna said that she liked ice cream.

With reported speech, we don’t use the speaker’s original words anymore. We report what the
speaker said, from our point of view and at a later time than it was said. For these reasons, we
make changes to the tenses, pronouns, and time/place expressions in the speaker's original
words.

Verb Tense Changes

When the reporting verb is in the past tense (said/told), the verb in the sentence also changes to
the past tense. The verbs go back in time.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Quoted Speech Reported Speech

Present Simple Past Simple

"I eat breakfast every morning." He said that he ate breakfast every morning.

Present Progressive Past Progressive

“I am eating breakfast.” He told me that he was eating breakfast.

Past Simple Past Perfect

“I ate breakfast.”

Present Perfect He said that he had eaten breakfast.

“I have eaten breakfast.”

Past Perfect
“I had eaten breakfast."

Future - will would

“I will eat breakfast.” He said that he would eat breakfast.

Future – be going to was/were going to

“I am going to eat breakfast.” He said that he was going to eat breakfast.

can could
“I can eat breakfast.” He said that he could eat breakfast.

may might
“I may eat breakfast.” He said that he might eat breakfast.

have to
“I have to eat breakfast.” had to

must He said that he had to eat breakfast.

“I must eat breakfast.”

Note: The modals could, would, should, ought to, and might stay the same.

“I could eat breakfast.” He said that he could eat breakfast.

"I ought to eat breakfast.” He said that he ought to eat breakfast.
“I might eat breakfast.” He said that he might eat breakfast.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Pronoun and Possessive Adjective Changes

Pronouns and possessive adjectives change to the reporter’s point of view.

Quoted Speech Reported Speech

“I am hungry.” She told me that she was hungry.

“We understand.” They said that they understood.

“I lost my pen.” He told us that he had lost his pen.

“I will see you later.” She said that she would see us later.

Time and Place Expressions

Words that express time and place usually change to reflect the point of view of the person
reporting the speech.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Quoted Speech Reported Speech

now then

today yesterday/that day

yesterday the day before

two hours/days/weeks/months/years ago two hours/days/weeks/months/years before

last week the week before

the next day

tomorrow the following day
a day later

the next week

next week the following week
a week later

in two hours/days/weeks two hours/days/weeks later

in three hours/days three hours/days from then

here there

this that

these those

Say or Tell?

Say and tell are the most common reporting verbs for statements. Tell is always followed by a
noun or pronoun.

Quoted Speech Reported Speech

“I saw this movie." She said that she had seen the movie.
She told me that she had seen the movie.

More Reporting Verbs

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 There are many reporting verbs in addition to say and tell. Their different meanings make speech
and writing more interesting. Notice how the following reporting verbs change the meaning of
the same sentence.

Quoted Speech: "I am wrong."

Reported Speech: He said that he was wrong.

add He added that he was wrong.

admit He admitted that he was wrong.

agree He agreed that he was wrong.

complain He complained that he was wrong.

conclude He concluded that he was wrong.

consider He considered that he was wrong.

cry He cried that he was wrong.

explain He explained that he was wrong.

guess He guessed that he was wrong.

observe He observed that he was wrong.

promise He promised that he was wrong.

repeat He repeated that he was wrong.

roar He roared that he was wrong.

suggest He suggested that he was wrong.

think He thought that he was wrong.

scream He screamed that he was wrong.

shout He shouted that he was wrong.

whisper He whispered that he was wrong.

yell He yelled that he was wrong.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 The following reporting verbs are like tell, in that they must be followed by a noun or pronoun.

Quoted Speech: “We know the answers.”

Reported Speech: They told us that they knew the answers.

convince They convinced us that they knew the

answers.

inform They informed us that they knew the

answers.

persuade They persuaded us that they knew the

answers.

remind They reminded us that they knew the

answers.

That

We usually use the conjunction that to connect the reporting verb with the reported speech.

For example:
“You can turn off the lights.” He said that I could turn off the lights.

That can be dropped after many common reporting verbs, especially in informal speech.

For example:
“You can turn off the lights.” He said I could turn off the lights.

It cannot be dropped after reply, observe, yell, shout, roar, scream, whisper, cry, repeat.

Quoted Speech Reported Speech

"You can turn off the lights." He said I could turn off the lights.
He whispered that I could turn off the
lights.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 6, Lesson 3: Reported Speech (Ques) : Grammar Summary

Reported Speech Questions and Commands

Questions
Sometimes we report people a question that someone asked. We make all the same changes with
reported questions as we do with reported speech:

1. The verb tense goes back in time;

2. Pronouns and possessive adjectives change; and
3. Time and place words change.

When we report a question, we say what the question was; we don’t ask the question, and we don’t
expect an answer. So the original question changes to look like a regular reported statement. When
reporting questions, we make these additional changes:

1. Change the question into a statement;

2. Put the subject before the verb; and
3. Use ask instead of say. Other common reporting verbs with questions are want to know and
wonder.

Yes/No Questions

1. Yes/No questions use question words such as Do, Does, Did. When we report them, we take
out those question words.
2. When reporting a Yes/No question, we use if or whether in the reported questions. If or
whether connect the reported question to the reporting verb, the way that does with reported
statements.

Direct Question Reported Question

“Do you need help?” She asked me if I needed help.

“Did he go home?” She wanted to know whether he had gone home.

“Is Maria sick?” The teacher wanted to know if Maria was sick.

“Was Maya here?” She wondered if Maya had been there.

Wh- Questions

When we report questions with Wh- question words, we keep the Wh- words in the reported
question. As with all reported speech, the verb goes back in time, and we make any necessary
changes to the pronouns or time and place words.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 “Where do you live?” He asked me where I lived.

“How old are you?” She wanted to know how old I was.

“When are you leaving?” They wondered when we were

leaving.

"Who were you talking to?" She asked me who I was talking to.

“Where did you go last He asked me where I had gone the

night?” night before.

"When will they arrive?" He wondered when they would

arrive.

"What time does the movie He wanted to know what time the
start?" movie started.

"When can we come in?" They asked when they could go in.

Commands and Requests

We do not use pronouns when we report a command. This is because it is understood that we mean
“you.”

For example: Close the window.

When we report a command or a request, we use the infinitive (to + base form of verb). We usually
use tell as the reporting verb. In negative commands and requests we add not to the infinitive.

“Eat your dinner.” He told me to eat my dinner.

“Don’t eat cookies.” She told me not to eat cookies.

"Don't worry!" She told you not to worry.

“Please open the The teacher asked me to open the

window.” window.

“Don’t open the window.” He said not to open the window.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Level 3, Unit 6, Lesson 4: Idioms : Grammar Summary

Idioms
An idiom is an expression that means something different than the literal meaning of the words would suggest.
We use idioms to express ideas, so we have to learn their meanings, and when to use them. Each language has
its own idioms.

An example of an idiom is "It’s raining cats and dogs," because it does not really mean that cats and dogs are
coming down from the sky!what the words say. “It’s raining cats and dogs” means that it’s raining very heavily.

Literal vs. Figurative

Literal means the exact meaning of something. The literal meaning of a word is the actual meaning of that word.
Figurative means not literal. It is the opposite of literal, so the figurative meaning of a word is different from the
jts literal meaning of a word. When we use a word figuratively, the word symbolizes something other than its
literal meaning. There are some words that are commonly used both literally and figuratively.

For example, the word heart literally means the muscle in the body that pumps blood. But we often use heart
figuratively, to mean the center of something, or its most important part. We also often use the word heart
figuratively to symbolize love, or emotions.

For example: Literal: My heart is beating very fast.

Figurative: The kitchen is the heart of our home.

Let’s look at some idioms that are all related to parts of the body.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 Idiom Example Meaning
(Figurative Meaning)

Give someone a hand Can you give me a hand lifting Can you help me?
these boxes?

Catch someone red-handed Aha! You’re the one! When you catch a person in the
I caught you red-handed! middle of doing something.

Shake a leg Shake a leg! We’re late! Hurry up!

Heart in the right place I understand you didn’t mean it You mean well, or mean to be
that way. Your heart is in the helpful, even if it didn’t come out
right place. that way.

Play by ear Let’s not make plans. Let’s just You don’t make plans. You
play it by ear. decide as you go.

To be all ears What did you want to tell me? I’m When you’re very interested and
all ears! really listening.

To be all thumbs You're all thumbs today! You To be careless or clumsy.

broke the glass!

Be a pain in the neck My little brother is a pain the To be very annoying

neck.

Get cold feet He couldn’t do it. He got cold To be nervous or afraid to do

feet. something at the last minute.

Put your foot in your mouth Uh oh. He put his foot in his When you say something
mouth that time. embarrassing, or you say the
wrong thing.

Catch someone’s eye That picture really caught my When something gets your
eye! attention and makes you look at
it.

Keep an eye out Keep an eye out for Nikki! We Watch for someone to see if
want it to be a surprise. they’re coming.

Egg on your face Oh no. Now I have egg on my When you’re embarrassed and
face. you feel silly or ashamed.

Zip your lip Here he comes. Zip your lip Don’t say anything about it.
about what I told you!

Head in the clouds You're not paying attention. Your When you daydream or don’t
head is in the clouds! know what’s going on around
you.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Level 3, Unit 6, Lesson 5: Reported Speech Review : Grammar Summary

Review: Relative Pronouns, Used to, and Reported Speech

Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns connect parts of sentences to the nouns they describe.

The five main relative pronouns are: who, that, which, whose, whom.
For people, we use who or that.
For things, we use which or that.

Relative Uses Examples

Pronoun

who for people The boy who won the race is my friend.

that for people, animals and things; The boy that won the race is my friend.
cannot come after prepositions The race that he won was five miles
long.

which for animals and things The race, which was five miles long,
ended at 2pm.

whose to show possession There is the boy whose brother won the
race.

whom for people; comes after The boy with whom you spoke is the
prepositions or when it is the direct winner.
object of the verb; used more The boy whom you met is the winner.
formally

Used to
Used to is both a verb and an adjective. It has two different meanings.

1. Used to = Verb

We say used to + verb to talk about a past habit, routine, or situation, or something that
happened a lotfrequently in the past, but does not anymorehappen any longer.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 For example: When she was little, she used to say funny things.

We used to live there.

I used to like dancing.

2. Used to = Adjective

We say be/get used to when something is very familiar to us. It’s not strange or new
anymore. It can be followed by a noun or a verb. When followed by a verb, the verb will be in
the gerund form.

For example: I am used to this bed.

She will get used to her new school.

I got used to sleeping late.

Reported Speech

We use reported speech to report what someone has said. We don’t use quotation marks.

When we use reported speech, we have to remember to make the following changes:

Pronouns and possessive adjectives change.

“I will see your friend tomorrow.”

He said that he would see my friend the next day.

Time and place words change.

“I will see your friend here tomorrow.”

He said that he would see my friend there the next day.

The word “that” connects the reporting verb to the reported speech.

We often use the word that, but we can also leave it out.
He said (that) he had seen my friend there the day before.

Verb tenses change.

If the reporting verb (said/told) is in the past tense, then the verb in the rest of the sentence also
changes to the past tense. Notice that the verbs go back in time.
© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.
 Quoted Speech Reported Speech

“I play football.” She said (that) she played

football.

“I am playing football.” She told me that she was playing

football.

“I played football.”

“I have played football.” She said she had played football.

“I had played football.”

“I will play football.” She said she would play football.

“I am going to play football.” She said she was going to play

football.

“I can play football.” She said she could play football.

“I may play football” She said she might play football.

“I must play football.”

She said she had to play football.
“I have to play football.”

No Change

There is no change in the verb tense with could, would, should, ought to, and might.

“I could play football.” She said that she could play football.
"I ought to play football.” She said that she ought to play football.
“I might play football.” She said that she might play football.

When reporting commands, or imperatives, the command changes to the infinitive.

For example: Play football. She told me to play football.

Don’t play football. She told me not to play football.

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.

 When reporting a Yes/No question:

We use normal word order.

We use reporting words like ask, want to know, and wonder.
We use the words if or whether.
We don’t use the question words do, does, or did.
We don’t use a question mark.

“Are you cold?” He wanted to know if I was cold.

“Do you speak English?” She asked whether I spoke English.

When reporting a Wh- question, we keep the Wh- word.

“Where are you going?” She wondered where I was going.

“When will you be here?” He asked when I would be there.

“What did Jenny eat?” She wanted to know what Jenny ate.

Idioms
An idiom is an expression that means something different than the literal meaning that the words
would suggest. Something that is literal means exactly what it says, while something figurative has
a different meaning altogether.

Idiom Literal Meaning Figurative Meaning

Break a leg! Have a broken leg. Good luck!

© 1999 - 2019 BrainPOP. All rights reserved.