IB Psychology - Ten Example Exam Answers

emantic Education’s
10 Example Answers
For the core levels of analysis
Based on questions relevant to May 2011 to Nov 2018 syllabus
by Travis Dixon
Edited by Alan Law
1 www.themantic-education.com
Contents
1. Variables and behaviour
a. SAR #1: Biology and Cognition (CLA) (link)
i. Activity: Spot the mistakes before it’s too late! (link)
b. Essay #1: Physiology and Cognition (BLA) (link) Important Note: These
answers are not perfect, but we
2. Research related to…answers expect they would score high
a. SAR #2: Model/Theory of Cognition (CLA) (link) marks (above 70%). They are
i. Activity: True or False? (link) written as examples of what
we think most IB students
b. Essay #2: Model/Theory of Cognition (CLA) (link) should be capable of writing for
themselves after completing the
3. Models or theories IB Psychology course.
a. SAR #3: Social Learning Theory (SCLA) (link)
i. Activity: Which one’s better? (link)
b. Essay #3: Social Learning Theory (SCLA) (link)
This code will take you to ThemEd's
4. The use of research methods
blog post about 5 Types of IB
a. SAR #4: Technology and Cognition (CLA) (link) Psychology Exam Questions
i. Activity: Marking example SAR (link)
b. Essay #4: Brain Imaging Technology(BLA) (link)
5. Ethical considerations
a. SAR #5: Informed Consent (BLA) (link)
i. Activity: SAR Checklist (link)
b. Essay #5: Revealing Information (SCLA) (link)
6. Bonus SAR: Principles and research (link)
7. Bonus Essay: Breaking all the rules! (link)
Variables and Behaviour
Short Answer Response #1: Biology and Cognition (CLA)

Explain how one biological factor can affect one cognitive process. Comments
Brain Damage and Decision Making The biological and cognitive variables
and the supporting evidence are
Damage to the functioning of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) stated in the intro, giving the answer
can affect our decision making because it affects our ability to use system two focus.
processing. This can be shown in Bechara et al.’s study.
The relationship direction is shown,
Decision making is when we make a choice from a range of options. The dual as is asked in the question (biology →
process model of decision making posits that we have different systems used influencing cognition).
when making a decision:
• System one: fast, automatic, done intuitively without much thinking. Knowledge of the biological factor
• System two: takes more time, considers more factors, and is more consciously and cognition is shown.
processed.
So how we process information can affect the decision we make. The theory is stated – showing
knowledge.
People with damage to their vmPFC have been shown to act impulsively and to This also provides the reader with
have a lack of ability to think about the long-term consequences for their actions context so they can understand the
(which requires system two processing). This then affects their decision making. effect being explained.
The damage could be a result of injury (e.g. in war).
The study is described with
One study that can be used to show the role of the vmPFC in decision making enough details to contextualize the
was done on patients who had lesions in their vmPFC and they were compared explanation.
with healthy people. They played a gambling game were they had to choose cards
from four different decks. In two of the decks there was high reward ($100) but The results are clearly stated.
longer punishment (they had to pay back $1250 after a few turns). In the other
two decks the participants could win low reward ($50) and there was a lower The answer has had to simplify the
amount of punishment. study and include only the relevant
details – this is necessary to answer
The results showed that the patients with vmPFC damage chose more from the question in the time provided and
the high reward pile and ended up with less money at the end than the healthy perfectly acceptable.
controls. To summarize:
• The vPFC patients couldn’t t resist immediate high reward → didn’t think The relationships between the
about long term consequences (they only used System 1) biological factor and the cognition
• Healthy controls played safe → able to resist reward and think about long-term as shown in the research are clearly
consequences (they are able to use System 2) identified (bullet points are fine!)
From this study it can be shown that the function of the vmPFC can affect our The answer takes the time to clearly
decision making by interfering with our ability to use system two processing. make the relationship clear between
(Approx. 350 words). the biological factor and the cognitive
process and to explain how the results
demonstrate this relationship.
Activity: Spot the mistakes
before it’s too late!
The following students are sitting in their IB Psychology exam and are nervously about to
start writing their short answer responses (SARs). But you’re their guardian angel, sitting on
their shoulder either ready to stop them from making a huge mistake, or encouraging them to
keep going because they’re on the right track.
Carefully read the questions and the introductions that each student has written and think,
what are you going to whisper in their ear? “Looks good - keep going” or...”Wait....!”
Nick’s Answer
• Question: Explain how one biological factor can influence one cognitive process.
• Answer: One biological factor that can influence cognition is activity in the amygdala, which
can influence fear.
This code (or link) will take

Rio's Answer you to Mr Dixon’s answers.
• Question: Outline one example of an interaction between cognition and physiology in
terms of behaviour.
• Answer: Meditation can affect the activity and structure of the brain, especially the prefrontal
cortex.
Sam's Answer If you think they’re

• Question: Outline the role of two cultural dimensions on behaviour.* heading for disaster, you
• Answer: Two cultural dimensions that might influence behaviour are individualism and should be able to explain
collectivism. why.
Yue's Answer
• Question: Describe one emic concept.
• Answer: One emic concept is attraction because cross-cultural studies have found that people
find similar traits attractive due to evolution.
Osama's Answer
• Question: Describe the use of one research method used at the biological level of analysis.
• Answer: One research method used at the biological level of analysis is magnetic resonance
imaging technology (MRI), which is used to study neuroplasticity.
Ava's Answer
• Question: Outline one principle of the biological level of analysis.
• Answer: One principle of the biological level of analysis is that biology can influence behaviour.
This can be shown in studies on the effects meditation can have on the brain.
*You’re unlikely to be asked about two cultural dimensions in a SAR. This is included for this
activity.
Essay #1: Physiology and Cognition (BLA)
Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behaviour. Comments
Evaluate one relevant study.
Brain Damage and Decision Making Titles and sub-titles are an option –
A look at Bechara et al.’s study it’s a personal preference. They can
help to outline the key components of
Introduction the essay easily for the examiner.
Damage to our brain (physiology) can have an effect on our cognition, and
in particular our decision making. If someone damages their ventromedial The introduction shows how the
prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) for instance, their ability to use system two question will be answered by
processing could be affected and their decision making may suffer as a result. outlining the argument, stating the
This can be shown in Bechara et al.’s study that used the Iowa Gambling Task. supporting evidence and stating the
However, what this study doesn’t show is that the relationship can also work in counter-argument.
the other direction: our cognition can affect our physiology. The generalizability
of the results from this study might also be questionable.
The Interaction
People with damage to their vmPFC have been shown to act impulsively and
to have a lack of ability to think about the long-term consequences for their The central-argument shows
actions. This is a quality of system two processing. understanding of how physiology
influences cognition.
The dual process model of decision making suggests that there are two systems
involved in decision making: Accurate details of system one and
• System one: fast, automatic, done intuitively without much processing. two processing shows knowledge.
• System two: takes more time, considers more factors, is more consciously
processed and based on consequences.
We can see that if we are only using system one, we may act fast and without It’s made explicit how the question
really “thinking” through the choice we’re making. The interaction here is is being answered. This application
between normal activity in the vmPFC and the ability to use system two shows understanding.
processing.
The Study
One study that can be used to show the interaction of the vmPFC and system
two processing and decision making was carried out on patients who had lesions
in their vmPFC and they were compared with healthy controls. The participants
played a gambling game were they had to choose cards from four different decks.
In two of the decks there was high reward ($100) but longer punishment (they
had to pay back $1250 after a few turns). In the other two decks the participants
could win low reward ($50) and there was a lower amount of punishment.
Results of the study are clearly and
The results showed that the patients with vmPFC damage continually chose from concisely described, showing good
the high reward pile and ended up with less money at the end than the healthy knowledge.
controls. The healthy controls learnt to avoid the high reward – high punishment
pile and instead made conservative decisions. This essays shows how the same
knowledge can be applied to address
From these results, it can suggest that proper functioning in the vmPFC may questions from different levels of
play a role in system 2 decision making. analysis.
• The vPFC patients can’t resist immediate high reward → don’t think about long Accurate statement of results shows
term consequences (they only use System 1) knowledge and is essential for the
• Healthy controls played safe → able to resist reward and think about long-term later explanation in order to show
consequences (they are able to use System 2) understanding of the study.
From this study it can be shown that damage to the vmPFC (physiology) can This explanation of the results makes
interfere with our ability to use system two processing when making decisions the application of the study to the
(cognition) by interfering with our ability to consider long-term consequences question explicit and doesn’t require
of our actions. This is shown by the fact that the vmPFC patients could not base the examiner to make their own
their decisions on the negative long-term consequences and continually went interpretation of the results – this
from the costly high-reward/long-term risk decks. ensures the answer is communicating
understanding.
The Evaluation
A strength of this study was that the used strict selection criteria when choosing When evaluating studies, it’s often
participants. For example, participants were tested and did not have substance much easier to explain strengths
abuse problems or psychiatric disorders. This helps to control confounding based on internal validity than it
variables and isolate the damage to the vmPFC as the variable causing the is to explain limitations of internal
change in behaviour, which increases in the internal validity of the results. validity, but both can show critical
thinking.
One limitation of this study is that it doesn’t show how the relationship between
cognition and physiology can work in the other direction: our cognition can also The relevance of this point could
influence our physiology because it can affect our brain development. Research be questioned – it’s not technically
on people who meditate has found that they have larger prefrontal cortexes. This a limitation of the study, but it
has been found in studies that compare monks with regular controls; the monks does show good understanding of
have more developed PFCs. This is important to know because while damage or the “interaction” of cognition and
poor activity in the vmPFC may affect our decision making, we may be able to physiology. If this point was not an
develop strategies and interventions that could improve activity in the PFC and/ elaboration on the central-argument
or the vmPFC specifically. (and not incorrectly as an evaluation)
the answer could achieve higher
Another limitation in this experiment is that it’s focused on a very specific marks.
situation involving decision making: gambling. Would it be possible to
generalize these results to other situations that might affect people in their This is a more relevant limitation as it
everyday lives? Not everyone is a gambler and so the applicability of these actually focuses on the methodology
findings might be limited. of the study itself. Asking relevant
questions of the study is a good way
Conclusion to show critical thinking. Just make
sure you’re not asking the reader to
What we’ve seen is that damage to the brain (the vmPFC) can affect decision give the answer!
making because our ability to use system two processing is impaired – this is one
example of how physiology and cognition can interact. Another example that
we also saw is that the relationship can work in the other direction: meditation The conclusion nicely summarizes the
(cognition) could improve activity in the PFC, which might in turn allow us to arguments and evidence.
make better, less risky decisions. This is valuable to know as it means that we
could develop strategies for people with damaged brains to help them improve This final sentence provides one
their decision making. last piece of evidence of deep
(800 words). understanding.
Research related to…
Short Answer Response #2: Model/Theory of Cognition (CLA)

Outline one study related to one model or theory of cognition. Comments
One study related to the working memory model (WMM) is Robbins et al.’s Even though the question might
experiment on dual processing and chess. This experiment supports the WMM’s not say it, these types of questions
claim that working memory has different slave systems for different modalities require you to explain how the study
(types) of information. is related to the topic in the question.
This should be made clear in the
The WMM claims that our working memory has a central executive that introduction, too.
controls the three slave systems:
• Phonological loop The study is contextualized by first
• Visuospatial sketchpad describing the key details of the
• Episodic buffer working memory model that are
related to the study.
According to the model, auditory information is controlled by the phonological
loop and visual information by the visuospatial sketchpad. In answering this type of question
it’s fine to have the argument first
This claim has support in Robbins et al.’s experiment on dual processing. The followed by the study. You could also
experiment used experienced chess players and asked them to perform two have the study first and then explain
different tasks. In one condition, they were asked to view pieces arranged on a its relevance.
chess board and then recreate the board while reciting the word “the.” This was
designed for them to have two working memory processes at the same time: The study is described in good detail.
“the” would be auditory information (using the phonological loop) and the The procedures are clearly described
recreating the chess board pieces uses the visuospatial sketchpad. so it is comprehensible for the reader.
In a second condition, the participants were asked to rearrange a chess board

again, but this time they were also trying to tap a sequence into a keypad that A good way to relate a study to a
was under the table, so they had to arrange the chess pieces with one hand and model or theory is to show how it
the keyboard with the other. Both of these tasks would require visuospatial supports one or more central claims.
memory.
Specific results shows good knowledge.
The results showed that the average score for the keypad condition was 4/25,
compared with 16/25 in the “the” condition. This provides some evidence for the The meaning of the results is clearly
fact that different types of information (visual and verbal) use different systems: explained. This is key in this type of
since we only have limited working memory capacity, if working memory was question – you have to show how the
all one process then different types of distracting information wouldn’t have study is related to the model, which
different effects. Since visual information showed more interference than verbal, requires explanation and application
it suggests that they use two different systems. (even if the command term is outline
or describe).
Here we can see that Robbins et al. is related to the working memory model as it
provides evidence for at least one of its claims. (approx. 320 words). Brief conclusion links back to the
question.
Activity: True or False
Here are ten statements about writing exam answers in IB Psychology. Do you think these statements are true or false? Take a
class vote and have a discussion about your answers.
1. You should never use diagrams in an IB

Psychology answer.
2. You should never use bullet points in an

IB Psychology answer.
3. All essays should be given a title.
4. You’ll lose marks if you forget the name of

the researcher and/or the year of the study.
5. You should never use this phrase in an

introduction: “In this essay I will…”
6. If you spell key terms incorrectly you will

lose marks.
7. You can assume the examiner knows the

study you are writing about.
8. You always need to use a study in a short answer response.
9. You always need to put the evidence after the central argument.
10. You should always state the supporting evidence in the introduction.
There is not necessarily one “right” answer to some of these statements, and the answer might not even be a black-and-white,
true or false - it could be “it depends.” But thinking about these statements and discussing them will help you have a better
understanding of how you can write excellent exam answers.
If you want to know what Mr. Dixon or other IB Psychology experts think about these statements, you can ask them by posting
a question to our student Facebook group (if you’re a student) or our teacher group (if you’re a teacher).
Essay #2: Model/Theory of Cognition (CLA)
Evaluate one study related to one model or theory of cognition. Comments
One study related to the working memory model (WMM) is Robbins et al.’s The difference between an essay and a
experiment on dual processing and chess. This experiment supports the WMM’s SAR is the counter-argument, which
claim that working memory has different slave systems for different modalities has to be related to the command
of information. However, the generalizability of this study might be questioned term. In this case, it’s requiring an
as it focuses on a very specific task with very specific participants. evaluation of the study and so the
counter-argument is the limitations.
Before we look at the study, it’s important to cover some of the details of the
WMM. It claims that our working memory has a central executive that controls Essays allow more time for sign-
the three slave systems: posting and developing arguments.
• Phonological loop
• Visuospatial sketchpad Knowing specific details of
• Episodic buffer methodology is essential for effective
evaluation (for instance, where the
According to the model, auditory information is controlled by the phonological participants came from and their
loop and visual information by the visuospatial sketchpad. gender).
The Study: Robbins et al.’s experiment on dual processing supports this claim
of the WMM that different types of information use different slave systems. Accurate description of the study
The experiment used experienced male, chess players from Cambridge, UK, shows knowledge. Essays allow you
and asked them to perform two different tasks. In one condition, they were to describe them in more detail since
asked to view pieces arranged on a chess board and then recreate the board you have more time.
while reciting the word “the.” This was designed for them to have two working
memory processes at the same time: “the” would be auditory information The use of specific terminology also
(using the phonological loop) and the recreating the chess board pieces uses the shows knowledge. For example, slave
visuospatial sketchpad. systems, modalities, visuospatial
memory, etc.
In a second condition, the participants were asked to rearrange a chess board
again, but this time they were also trying to tap a sequence into a keypad that
was under the table, so they had to arrange the chess pieces with one hand and The results are stated (knowledge)
the keyboard with the other. Both of these tasks would require visuospatial and they’re applied to explain
memory. components of the WMM
(understanding).
The results showed that the average score for the keypad condition was 4/25,
compared with 16/25 in the “the” (verbal interference) condition. This provides If the command term is “evaluate,”
some evidence for the fact that different types of information (visual and verbal) it’s a good idea to use the words
use different systems. Since we only have limited working memory capacity, “strengths” and “limitations” to sign-
if working memory was all one process then different types of distracting post your arguments and show you’re
information wouldn’t have different effects. Since visual information showed answering the question.
more interference than verbal, it suggests that they use two different systems.
This provides support for the WMM’s claim that the phonological loop and the It’s natural that most evaluation of
visuospatial sketchpad are different components within working memory that studies will focus on external validity/
process different types of information. generalizability.
One limitation of this experiment, however, is the results might not be The critical thinking could have been
generalizable across gender. The study only used male participants. Males and developed here with explaining a
females may have different working memory capacities. They might also have reason why the results might not be
different strengths in different types of working memory (verbal vs. visual). generalizable, either from UK culture
or to another particular culture (but
Similarly, the study took place in the UK. Would we expect the same results if this would be difficult).
this was conducted on people from another culture? The sample also tested chess
players. It’s plausible to assume that chess players have good working memory It’s absolutely OK to ask questions to
capacity since this game requires the constant use of working memory (and we show critical thinking, and it’s often
know from studies on neuroplasticity that the brain’s ability to perform tasks more advisable than making bold,
can change with practice). Perhaps the strength of the study is that they did use definitive claims. But you want to be
chess players who we’d expect to have good working memory capacity – even able to answer your own questions as
with good working memory they still struggled to get good scores for the visual- well.
information interference condition, compared with the verbal interference.
Good evaluations of studies use key
Finally, the task requires memory of a chess board and tapping a keypad (or terminology, e.g. mundane reality,
repeating the word “the”). For most people the interference tasks are not generalizability, etc. But make sure
everyday activities that we’d think we’d use our working memory to complete. you’re using these properly and they’re
Maybe the mundane realism of these procedures could be questioned. explained.
In conclusion, Robbins et al.’s experiment can be used to support one of Exam questions that ask specifically
the central claims of the WMM: the phonological loop and the visuospatial to evaluate one study are arguably
sketchpad are separate systems that process separate information. However, the the hardest to answer, because they
study only shows this effect on one gender, in one culture and in a very specific require really well-developed critical
task. (approx. 650 words). thinking skills and an ability to
construct multiple counter-arguments
based on limited evidence (i.e. one
study). In all essay questions in IB
Psychology exams you have choice so
if one option is a question that asks
you to evaluate one study, be sure you
can provide clear explanations of the
study’s limitations or you run the risk
of having an undeveloped answer.
Models or theories
Short Answer Response #3: Social Learning Theory (SCLA)

Outline social learning theory. Comments
Social learning theory (SLT) was devised by Bandura. At the heart of SLT is the Never outline in an SAR – because it
idea of observational learning, which when we learn behaviour after a model means to be “brief.” You want to show
performing that behaviour. This can be shown in the Bobo Doll experiment. “detailed” knowledge, so describe
models or theories.
Bandura claimed that there were four key processes involved in social learning:
• Attention The description of the theory includes
• Retention precise and accurate details, as well
• Motor Reproduction as the correct use of terminology
• Reinforcement/Motivational Processes throughout the answer.
These four processes will influence the extent to which learning occurs as a
result of observation. Attention means that the learner must be paying attention
to the model – if they’re not paying attention, there’s little chance they’ll learn
from them. Similarly, retention refers to the fact that the learner must retain
(i.e. remember) what they’ve observed. Motor reproduction refers to the ability
to be able to physically reproduce the observed behaviour. SLT also claims
that viewing a model being rewarded or punished for their behaviour will
influence the motivation to copy the behaviour (vicarious learning). Similarly,
if the learner is rewarded or punished for copying the behaviour that will also
influence their motivation to continue doing the behaviour.
The answer provides a full description
The process of observational learning can be seen in Bandura’s experiments of the theory before the supporting
using the “Bobo Doll.” In these experiments children watched an adult playing evidence is introduced.
aggressively with an inflatable doll, playing nicely with a doll or they didn’t watch
anything at all. The results showed that the children observing the aggressive A common limitation in student
behaviour were more likely to copy that behaviour. By comparing the conditions answers on models or theories is they
of the experiment we can conclude that the children were learning the aggressive do not describe the model or theory in
behaviours by watching the model, which demonstrates observational learning. enough detail, but focus too much on
the study.
But according to SLT, learning is about more than just copying a behaviour
or action as it’s been observed: it can also mean developing schema about Whenever writing about a theory,
appropriate ways to behave (e.g. it’s OK to be violent). it’s good think about addressing the
name of the theory – e.g. working
In short, SLT is a theory that attempts to explain how we learn through social memory = why working? Multi-store
processes. (Approx. 300 words) model, social identity theory, etc.
Activity: Which one’s better?
Here are some introductions to possible

short answer questions. Both examples have
been chosen because they’re similar, but
slightly different. Of the two choices, do you
think one is better? Why?
Outline one research method used at the cognitive level of analysis.
• Chen: Mindfulness has become really popular these days as people try to relax. Because
mindfulness is a cognitive process, it’s studied at the cognitive level of analysis in studies like
Desbordes et al.’s.
• Lois: Mindfulness is a common thing to study at the cognitive level of analysis. It’s studied
using experiments, like in Desbordes et al.’s study.
Describe how one factor influences conformity.
• Maria: One factor that influences conformity is culture. This can be shown in Bond and
Smiths’ meta-analysis.
• Raphael: Understanding why people conform is a really important part of the sociocultural
level of analysis. Asch studied conformity in his experiments and these can show why people
might conform.
Explain the use of one technology used to study one cognitive process.
• Richard: One technology used to study one cognitive process is MRI. This can be shown in
HM’s case study on the hippocampus.
• Samora: MRIs are used to study cognition as they can measure the effects of cognition on the
brain. This can be shown in studies on one cognitive process: mindfulness.
Do you notice any similarities in the introductions you chose as the best? Could you use this
to create a guideline of how to write a good SAR introduction?
Essay #3: Social Learning Theory (SCLA)
Discuss social learning theory*. Comments
It seems like common sense that we’d learn from watching others and so A common essay writing technique is
watching violent TV could cause young children to copy the behaviour and to start with a “hook.” As long as it’s
become violent. Behaviour being a result of observational learning is an relevant, this is fine.
important part of Bandura’s social learning theory (SLT). SLT attempts to explain
how behaviour can be the result of social influences. His bobo doll experiments If an introduction includes a
provided evidence to support this theory and it has numerous applications. statement of the argument, the
However, there are limitations in using SLT to explain behaviours like violence. evidence and the counter-argument,
One is that it’s important to consider biological factors as well. your reader knows how you’re
answering the question, which is the
Before we look at the bobo doll studies, let’s first look at some of the key goal of any introduction
claims of SLT. Bandura claimed that there were four key processes involved in
observational learning:
• Attention
• Retention
• Motor Reproduction
• Reinforcement/Motivational Processes When discussing or evaluating a
model or theory, it’s essential that you
These four processes will influence the process of observation learning. can describe it in detail to show your
Attention means simply that in order to learn the behaviour from the model, we knowledge.
need to be paying attention to them, while retention means we have to be able to
remember what we saw. Motor reproduction means the learner must be able to
physically replicate the action. Motivation is also important and reinforcement
(or punishment) can affect one’s motivation to copy the behaviour.
The evidence supports the argument.
Bandura’s famous bobo doll experiments happened in the early 1960s. This is The argument in this case is a
significant because it was about this time that TV was becoming really popular summary of how the theory attempts
in America. The debate about the effect of watching violent TV might have to explain behaviour.
on children was just starting. To test this, Bandura conducted an experiment
on young children (3-4 years old) that had four conditions. In three of these A psychological theory attempts to
conditions they watched an adult behaving aggressively towards a big inflatable explain how variables influence each
clown doll, and in one condition (the control) they observed nothing. After other. It is therefore essential in a
watching the model, they were put in a room and their number of aggressive acts good answer to outline the theory’s
were counted. explanation of this relationship.
The three observational conditions were slightly different: watching a real life The study is described in detail, which
model, watching a recording of the model on television and watching a model allows good explanation and also
dressed as a cartoon cat beat up the model (which was designed to be similar for shows knowledge.
a kid watching fantasy-type scenes they see in cartoons.
The results showed that the cartoon cat resulted in the children doing the
most aggressive actions towards the boll when they were observed. All three
observation conditions resulted in much more aggression than the control.
This study supports SLT in that it shows that our behaviour (e.g. aggression) How the study is related to SLT is
can be influenced by observing others. It might not just be our behaviour that’s explained.
influenced as well – it could be our thinking. Children may learn things like “it’s
OK to act violent” by watching others.
One of the reasons social learning theory is important to study is because it can Applications of an argument or
have lots of applications that might be helpful to improve people’s behaviour. TV theory to real life situations is a very
shows, for example, can use the process of observational learning to encourage good way to show critical thinking.
children to be well-behaved. Sesame street is a good example of this.
But if we’re using SLT to explain antisocial behaviour, (like violence) we need to When discussing or evaluating, you
be careful not to ignore other factors. With modern brain imaging technology still need the counter-argument. A
we now know that violent criminals often have biological abnormalities that can discussion is a “balanced review”, so
make them more prone to aggression. For example, damage to the prefrontal without the limitations of the theory
cortex could affect their ability to inhibit impulsive behaviour, which could the review would be unbalanced.
explain aggression. It might not just be because they learned the behaviour.
Cultural factors might also be relevant, like if the person comes from a culture Notice how the essay doesn’t evaluate
of honor. For example, studies comparing Southern and Northern Americans the study, it evaluates the theory. This
have found that Southerners are more likely to respond aggressively to being is really important. Many answers
insulted. This is because they come from a culture of honor, which means they to this question would evaluate the
think it is important to defend your reputation if you’re threatened. Although, bobo doll study based on ethics, but
maybe social learning theory could explain where people in the South get these since the question is asking to discuss
values from in the first place: it might be that by watching their parents and the theory, this would be of limited
others around them as they grow up that they learn this idea that it’s important relevance.
to respond to insults and threats with aggression.
In conclusion, social learning theory attempts to explain how we can learn

through the observation of others. This has famously been demonstrated in the This answer is a “discuss” but you can
bobo doll studies and the theory has many positive applications. But if we’re see that even if it was an “evaluation”
using the theory to explain behaviour, we have to be careful not to ignore the it could look the same – central
role of other factors, like biology and cultural values. (approx. 750 words). argument (what is SLT), evidence
(study),
Applications (strengths), counter-
*This won’t be an exam question as the learning outcome is “explain.” It’s been argument (limitations).
used here to show that preparing for SARs and essays can be made easier
because they both contain most of the same details – the only difference is the
ability to offer a counter-argument/s (and more evidence).
The use of research methods
Short Answer Response #4: Technology and Cognition (CLA)

Outline the use of technology in investigating one cognitive process.* Comments
One common technology used in studying cognition is the fMRI. We can see the The technology, cognition, and study
use of fMRI to study cognitive reappraisal in Urry et al.’s study. are all stated in the introduction.
fMRI’s can measure the brain activity when particular cognitive tasks are being When explaining the use of research
performed. This enables researchers to understand relationships between the methods or technology, it’s a good
brain and cognition. idea to identify the IV and DV in the
study and how the use of technology
If we can understand this relationship we might be able to have a deeper fits in with this (e.g. does it measure
understanding of people’s behaviour. For example, if people have an the IV or DV?).
underdeveloped ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), they might not be
able to cognitive reappraise emotional stimuli. This could explain symptoms of The use of the phrase “this
PTSD. Also, cognitive reappraisal can reduce activity in the amygdala, which can relationship” instead of “the
reduce symptoms of PTSD such as increased emotional arousal. relationship” in this first sentence
helps to connect the study to the
In Urry et al.’s experiment, this relationship between the vmPFC and cognitive argument. Such a small difference but
reappraisal was measured. Participants were placed in an fMRI and were asked it does help.
to cognitive reappraise a variety of images they were shown. They had to either:
• Increase Even though the question doesn’t ask
• Decrease for it, explaining how and why the
• Attend technology is used shows knowledge
Attend meant to simply focus on the image, decrease meant reappraising the and understanding.
image to reduce its impact (e.g. imagining the situation was fake) and increase
was trying to make the impact worse (e.g. imaging the situation happening to The methods are described in a way
someone you love). that makes the study comprehensible
for the reader. This helps the
The results showed that greater activation in the vmPFC during cognitive explanation make sense.
reappraisal to decrease the impact of the image lead to higher reduction in
amygdala activation. You can see that specific details like
characteristics are left out and this
Here we can see the value of using technology to study cognition: by being able is still an excellent answer. This is
to understand how cognition (reappraisal) can influence the brain (amygdala), because the answer explains the
we could develop better therapies and cognitive-based treatments for PTSD. study, it doesn’t just describe it. The
Similarly, by understanding how the brain (vmPFC) can influence our ability to difference is in being able to use the
perform cognitive tasks, we can get a better understanding of the behaviour (e.g. study to answer the question, not just
symptoms of PTSD). memorizing details.
In conclusion, fMRIs are valuable pieces of technology because they can show This last paragraph is a great example
relationships between brain activity and cognition. (Approx. 300 words). of explanation – the use of fMRI in
relation to studying PTSD.
*Technology is not a research method, but the approach to answering this type
of question is the same. A basic conclusion tells the reader
your answer has finished.
Activity: Marking an example SAR
Based on what you’ve learned about writing
excellent short answer responses from
reading these examples, what feedback
would you give Tiki on his short answer
response? Comment on both positive
aspects and where he can improve.
Outline how one biological factor may affect one cognitive process.
Tiki’s Answer Feedback for Tiki
HM had his hippocampus removed because he had

epileptic seizures. Because of this surgery he couldn’t
make new memories. This was a case study and it was
carried out by Milner and Scoville.
HM experienced seizures as a result of a bike accident

that he had as a kid and the hippocampus was thought
to play a role in the seizures, so in order to save his
life they operated. The removal of his hippocampus
helped to reduce the seizures but afterwards the
researchers noticed that he had memory problems.
He couldn’t make new memories. They found that
they could ask him to hold a number in his head but
when distracted or after a while he couldn’t remember
what the number was. His working memory was
fine, it seemed, but his ability to transfer his short-
term working memory to long-term memory was
affected. Since these problems only occurred after the
operation where his hippocampus was removed, it
suggests that hippocampus plays a role in the ability to
transfer short-term memory into long-term memory.
Also, they did tasks like a star-tracing task and they

showed that his procedural memory was fine as well,
it was only his episodic memory.
In conclusion, one biological factor that can influence

cognition is the hippocampus.
Essay #4: Brain Imaging Technology (BLA)
Discuss the use of one brain imaging technology in investigating relationships Comments
between the brain and behaviour.
One common technology used to study relationships between the brain and Introduction outlines core argument,
behaviour is functional magnetic resonance imaging. One way that fMRIs are evidence and counter-argument.
used is in experiments where researchers want to manipulate biological variables
and measure the effects on the brain. This provides possible explanations for Even though it’s not stated in the
relationships between biology and behaviour. Examples of this can be seen in question, you need to clearly explain
studies that manipulate levels of serotonin and testosterone and measure the how and why the technology is used.
effects this has on brain activity. While these studies could provide evidence for
explanations for relationships between biology and violent behaviour, there may
be validity issues and ethical concerns to consider.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machines measure the activity

of areas of brain when particular cognitive processes are being performed. Using
an fMRI, researchers can measure brain activity when the participant is doing
a cognitive task as the activity is shown on a screen. A common experimental
paradigm involves showing images of emotional faces (angry, happy, neutral,
etc.) and using the fMRI to measure the brain’s response when these faces are The core argument explains clearly
shown. how fMRIs are used.
Another common procedure is to manipulate biological variables before Psychological terminology like
a person is put in the fMRI to see how the biological factors affect brain “paradigm” shows excellent
activity during the perception of faces. Doing this enables researchers to draw knowledge when used correctly.
conclusions about how biological variables may influence behaviour through
their effect on the activity of particular areas in the brain. Studies using these Providing the argument and not
procedures can help researchers see how biological factors like neurotransmitters just the evidence shows a deeper
(e.g. serotonin) and hormones (e.g. testosterone) can influence behaviour understanding of the use of
because of their influence on activity in the brain (e.g. the amygdala and technology.
prefrontal cortex). The use of fMRIs in this way could help understand origins of
behaviours such as aggression and violent crime. Here we see the why is being clearly
explained.
For example, a common finding in violent people is serotonin abnormalities.
One study by Passamonti et al. used fMRI and provides evidence that could
explain this connection between serotonin and impulsive, violent behaviour. The relevance of the supporting
One possible explanation for this could be the fact that serotonin helps evidence is sign-posted early in this
functioning in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), an area of the brain that enables us paragraph by identifying the use of
to make decisions based on consequences and it controls impulsive behaviour. fMRI.
If we are unable to do this, we may react aggressively. In this study, participants
consumed a placebo drink or one that would reduce tryptophan ( and Tryptophan could be explained
serotonin). After consuming the drink, they were placed in an fMRI and were here as it’s not clear its relationship
exposed to a range of images of different types of faces (e.g. angry, happy, sad, with serotonin, so the results and
etc). explanation aren’t sufficiently
contextualized.
The results showed that participants who drank the tryptophan-depleting drink
had reduced activity in their PFC when they were shown images of angry faces The study is clearly described with
while in the fMRI. The results also showed a disruption in communication accurate details, which shows good
between the PFC and the amygdala (an area of the brain associated with knowledge.
emotional arousal). In this study we can see that the use of fMRI could provide The results are explained in a way
evidence to show how low serotonin may explain impulsive behaviour – by that shows the value of using fMRI.
manipulating serotonin levels (through depleting tryptophan), the effects of this
on prefrontal cortex activity could be observed, and this reduced activity could The studies themselves aren’t
affect the behaviour. evaluated for things like ethics or
population validity as this would be
A similar experimental study was carried about by Radke et al. to measure the irrelevant to the question.
effects of testosterone on the brain using fMRI. In this experiment, participants
were injected with either testosterone or a placebo. Similar to Passamonti et A second study is used, providing
al., the participants were then placed in an fMRI and different types of faces more evidence to strengthen the
were shown. However, in this study participants were asked to either approach core argument. This shows more
(move towards) or avoid (move away from) the faces. This was done to see if knowledge and understanding – the
that testosterone might influence brain function when we’re motivated to deal use of more supporting evidence is
with a social threat, as testosterone has been correlated with competition and one way essays differ from SARs.
aggression.
The results of the fMRI showed that amygdala activation was highest when Once again, the value of fMRI in this
participants were approaching the angry face. By being able to see the effects context is clearly explained.
of testosterone on the activation of the amygdala, a key part of the brain that is
associated with emotions and emotional arousal (a key element of aggression),
this study provides more explanations for the connection between testosterone
and aggressive (and violent) behaviour.
Dividing the description of the
However, the use of fMRI in this type of experiment has particular ethical studying into two paragraphs
considerations. Firstly, fMRIs are very tight and uncomfortable spaces. (methods → results) can make
Participants have to lay really still for a long time and some may suffer from it easier to comprehend your
claustrophobia. For this reason, it’s important that researchers get informed description and explanation.
consent and they have the right to withdraw. Similarly, if participants are having
their biology affected in a way that researchers think will affect brain function,
they should be either informed of this beforehand, or debriefed about this at the Limitations of fMRI help to keep the
end. review “balanced.”
Another common critique of technology like fMRI is the results may not be Further limitations explained. Both
generalizable to other situations or settings. For example, viewing an image of counter-arguments are linked to
an angry face on a screen is quite different to being threatened by someone in the question, although there are
real life. Could these results be generalized to situations outside the laboratory? unanswered questions.
Similarly, our brains may function differently when we’re in a confined space and
not free to move around, so perhaps this is another factor that may influence the
validity of findings from fMRI studies.
In conclusion, the use of fMRIs are valuable in modern research because they Conclusion re-states core and counter
enable researchers to find evidence that could explain correlations between arguments. Perhaps too much in
biological variables and behaviour through understanding the role of brain this first sentence so it’s confusing
function. However, procedures used in these types of studies may have validity to follow and might undermine the
issues and ethical considerations. rest of the answer. If in doubt, keep it
simple.
Total = (900 words, approximately).
Ethical considerations
Short Answer Response #5: Informed Consent (BLA)

Outline one ethical consideration related to research at the biological level of Comments
analysis.
Informed consent is an important consideration at the biological level of analysis The introduction states the
(BLA) because research at the BLA often requires participants to have their consideration, links it to BLA and
biology altered in some way. This can be shown in Passamonti et al.’s study on states the evidence – it’s focused on
serotonin and the PFC. the question from the beginning.
Informed consent is when participants are given enough information about a The definition of informed consent
study in order to make a decision about whether or not they want to participate. shows knowledge. It also helps
What researchers have to consider is just how much information to include in contextualize the argument.
the consent form.
Be careful with word choice – is “bad”
This is because studies at the BLA often require manipulating biological the best word here?
variables, like levels of hormones or neurotransmitters. This could have bad
effects, like affecting their brain function - participants should be informed of Avoid “should” when discussing
this. But if too much information is given this could lead to expectancy effects ethics – you’re writing about a
because placebos are often used on control groups. consideration, not a recommendation.
For example, in Passamonti et al.’s study they showed how low levels of serotonin The application of informed consent
may affect violent behaviour through the effect it has on the function of the to the BLA in general, and not just
prefrontal cortex. Informed consent is important because of the fact that the one study, shows a deeper, conceptual
participants experienced a condition of the study that reduced their serotonin understanding.
levels. On one day they consumed a drink that lacked tryptophan. Tryptophan
is an important amino acid that helps to build serotonin, so this condition had Relevant methodological details of
lower levels of serotonin. In the control condition they drank a placebo. After the study are included and irrelevant
they consumed the drinks they were put in an fMRI and were exposed to happy, details (e.g. results) are excluded
angry and neutral faces while their brain function was measured. because they’re not necessary for
explaining the relevant ethical
The researchers would not have been able to inform the participants fully of the consideration.
effects of the drink because this might have caused expectancy effects. However,
they would have had to provide the participants with enough information so that The relationship between the
they would have felt comfortable being part of the study. methodology and the ethical
consideration are clearly explained,
Here we can see that in the BLA researchers need to think carefully about the with a reason given as to why
use of informed consent in their studies because they’re altering participants’ informed consent was relevant to this
biology. (Approx. 320 words). study.
The two sentence conclusion restates

the key argument put forward in
response to the question.
Activity: Short Answer Response Checklist!
Having a few things to remember when writing an excellent SAR
can make it easier to plan and be well-prepared in the exam. Use
the examples and the comments in the five example SARs in this
pack to create a check-list of things to remember when writing a
SAR.
Your checklist should be able to be applied to any question.
Your checklist might include things based on some of these general

categories:
• The introduction and conclusion

• Central argument
• Supporting evidence
• Language
• How to show knowledge and understanding
My short answer response checklist!
A short-list could be better than a long-one because there’s more chances you’ll remember it when you’re self-assessing
your own answers in the exam.
Essay #5: Revealing Information (SCLA)
Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level Comments
of analysis.
Experiments at the sociocultural level of analysis are designed to study the If the question asked for “one” ethical
effects of social variables on behaviour. Like many experiments, they involved consideration, you could identify
deception. Wherever deception is used, debriefing also becomes an important it as something like “considering
consideration. This can be shown in studies on conformity and bystanderism. how much information to reveal to
But is deception justified, even if participants are debriefed afterwards? participants.” A consideration doesn’t
have to be a guideline.
The sociocultural level of analysis is about understanding how social and/or
cultural variables can influence behaviour. In order to do this, experiments This question is using plurals, so you’d
are designed so that a specific social or cultural variable is manipulated and need at least two considerations and
its effect on behaviour is measured. But just like experiments at the biological two studies.
level of analysis, in order to avoid expectancy effects or demand characteristics,
sometimes deception is needed. By beginning with a clear explanation
of relevant methodology of the level
For example, studies on conformity and bystanderism put participants in of analysis in question, the answer is
situations with confederates deliberately acting in a way that the researchers are showing good knowledge.
going to hypothesize might affect the participant. The participants cannot know
that the others around them are just confederates because this would remove Explaining ethics at a LOA involves
any social influence that they might be having. The deception, therefore, is a relating the consideration/s to
necessary part of the process. the common methodology. Using
two studies that support the same
In Asch’s experiments, for instance, participants sit in a group of about 6 or 7 argument makes the argument more
confederates and they perform a test that they’re told is about judging the length convincing.
of lines. What they’re deceived about is who is sitting with them – they’re not
other participants, they are paid actors who have been told which answers to When explaining ethics, the results of
give. This is done to see if their incorrect answers can influence the participant in the study might be irrelevant if you’re
a way so they give the wrong answer. Here we can see they’ve been deceived. explaining considerations relating
to methods. In essays it’s important
Similarly, in experiments investigating the effects of social influences on to only describe relevant details for
bystanderism, researchers use confederates to influence the behaviour of the your argument – this helps you stay
participants. In the smoky room experiment participants sit in a room with two focused on the question.
other people. They are led to believe that they’re also just participants filling out
a questionnaire, when really they’re paid actors who have been told to not move You can use studies from options
or care that the room is filling up with smoke. topics in Paper 1, as long as they’re
relevant. The smoky room study is
The reason this deception is important to consider is because of the effect it a study at the sociocultural level
might have on the participant. Humans are social animals and researchers know of analysis because it’s focusing on
that the behaviour of others could affect our own behaviour. So it could be really the effects of social variables on
stressful to sit in a room and be put under a lot of social pressure with other behaviour. Doing this can help cut
people giving wrong answers to a deliberately correct answer. Or it could be down your revision.
stressful to think that there could be a fire in a building but because others aren’t
reacting there’s pressure not to act as well. Ethical considerations are all about
understanding the potential impact
The negative effects of the use of deception in experiments can be reduced with of the research on other people.
debriefing. Debriefing takes place after the experiment has finished and it is Informed consent, debriefing,
when researchers can reveal the information that wasn’t given to them at the anonymity, deception, etc., are all
start, including that the other people in the room were paid actors. This could be guidelines designed to reduce chances
really important to help reduce the chances of any long-term stress being caused of negative effects of research on
by participating in the experiment, especially since participants wouldn’t have participants.
been fully informed before they gave their consent to participate.
This is an excellent explanation
But is deception justified, even if participants are debriefed afterwards? Even by because it’s relating the ethical
giving the full extent of the study, this might not guarantee that there won’t be considerations to the effects of
negative effects. It might even make it worse. Imagine finding out you’re the type the methods of the research on
of person who is easily persuaded by the group to be wrong. This could damage participants.
someone’s self-esteem.
All essays should have a counter-
It could also be argued, however, that the deception is justified for the benefits of argument and when you get in “the
these studies. If we know why people don’t help others, for example, we can try red zone” it’s a great chance to ask
to make this public knowledge so it reduces the chances of bystanderism in the questions and evaluate your own
future. Even participating in the study might have benefits as people could be explanation. Adding these questions
aware of bystanderism and they might be more likely to not be a bystander in the and ideas before you have one really
future. well-developed argument could end
up in the essay losing focus, which
In summary, one ethical consideration in research at the sociocultural LOA is is why the counter-argument part
deception because they require deception in order to test the effects of social of the essay is a good place to add a
variables on behaviour. While the negative effects of this deception might be range of possible ideas, questions and
reduced with another consideration - debriefing, this might not always be the hypotheses.
case. But with any ethical consideration, it becomes a cost-benefit analysis:
is it worth some peoples’ discomfort in order to gain new knowledge? This is These final two sentences in the essay
the question that ethics review boards must answer when reviewing research do a good job of summarizing the key
proposals. (Approx. 750 words). issue as well as revealing even more
knowledge about ethics in research.
Bonus SAR: Principles
Bonus Short Answer Response

Outline one principle of the sociocultural level of analysis. Comments
One principle of the sociocultural level of analysis is that social and cultural The principle is clearly and concisely
factors can influence human behaviour. This can be shown in studies related to stated, so is the supporting research.
conformity, like Asch’s experiments and Bond and Smith’s meta-analysis.
The first paragraph begins with
The sociocultural level of analysis is about understanding relationships between a topic sentence that shows good
social/cultural variables and behaviour. It mostly focuses on the effects of these understanding of the sociocultural
variables on particular behaviours. For example, conformity is one behaviour level of analysis, which is exactly
that can be influenced by social factors. If we’re surrounded by people behaving what this question is assessing.
in a particular way, we might change our own behaviour so we fit in with the
group – this type of social pressure is called normative social influence. Key terminology (e.g. normative
social influence) shows knowledge.
Similarly, our cultural values might affect how much we feel this need to fit in
with the group. People from collectivist cultures who value group harmony, You can see that the first half of
might be more likely to go along with the group to avoid conflict. People from this answer is devoted to explaining
individualistic cultures might be the opposite: they value individual autonomy the principle (the argument). This
and self-expression so they might be less worried about the opinions of the is important because it shows an
group or standing out, so they could be less likely to conform. understanding of a key idea in the
sociocultural LOA (which is the
The effects of normative social influence were first studied by Asch in the 1950s. purpose of this question!).
By using confederates to give wrong answers to a line test, he was able to show
that people can be influenced to give wrong answers to an obvious question, just Be careful of making claims like “first
because others do. This study demonstrates the principle that social factors (e.g. studied by…”. You need to be sure
the actions of other people) can influence our behaviour. of this – just because it was the first
study you learned, doesn’t mean that
Bond and Smith’s meta-analysis of Asch replications across the world shows others you don’t know about don’t
that cultural values can influence behaviour because they found highest levels of exist.
conformity in collectivist cultures and lowest levels in individualist ones.
This answer would also score top
In summary, these studies on conformity can be used to show one principle of marks if the question was “Explain
the sociocultural level of analysis: our behaviour can be influenced by social and how one principle of the sociocultural
cultural factors. (Approx. 300 words). level of analysis can be demonstrated
in research.” These two LOs can be
answered the same way.
Brief and logical conclusion.
Exam Writing Tips and Comments
Short Answer Responses
• Answer the question!

• Plan your answer to the question!
• Your introduction should show how you’re going to answer the question, including the study you’re
going to use.
• Use psychological terminology appropriately.
• Develop a strong central argument that addresses the question
o Make sure you have understood the question!
• Use at least one study.
• Critically select which details of studies you are going to use to support your argument.
• Be sure to apply the study to the question – don’t just summarize it.
• Leave a line between paragraphs to make your answer easier to read.
Essays
• Answer the question!

• Plan your answer to the question!
• Your introduction should show how you’re going to answer the question, including the study you’re
going to use and the counter-argument/critical thinking.
• Use psychological terminology.
• Develop a strong central argument that addresses the question.
o Make sure you have understood the question!
• Be sure to apply studies to answer the question.
• Don’t evaluate studies if it’s not relevant to the question.
• Use at least two studies.
• Critically select which details of studies you are going to use to support your argument.
• Discuss, examine, analyse, explain and evaluate all mean the same thing in an essay question:
central argument/s with evidence and counter argument/s.
• The “red zone” is the final few paragraphs in an essay where you really show your critical thinking
about the argument and/or evidence you’ve provided in your answer.
• Leave a line between paragraphs to make your answer easier to read.
Bonus Essay: Breaking all the rules!
Bonus Essay
Discuss one interaction of cognition and physiology in terms of behaviour. Comments
PTSD and the Stress Response Title is optional.
One interaction between cognition and physiology can be seen in the influence This introduction doesn’t state the
of perception on the stress response. Perception is the cognitive process of being supporting evidence, but it does show
made aware of something through our sensory organs and the stress response is how the question will be answered, so
the physiological arousal that can help us prepare for fight or flight. This could it’s still effective.
serve an evolutionary advantage.
One study that shows the role of perception on the stress response is Ahs et al.’s This answer begins with the study, not
study using PET and females with phobias. In this study the female participants the argument, which is perfectly fine,
were placed in a PET machine and their brain’s response to perceiving an image provided the study is applied to the
of something they were afraid of (a snake or a spider) was measured. The studies question!
showed that compared to the control group (females without phobias) their
amygdalae were more activated.
A higher activation of the amygdala is going to lead to a stronger fear reaction. Here we see the argument (the
This is because in the fear response the amygdala triggers the HPA axis, which variables and behaviour influence)
results in a release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline into the body. after the study. It’s still well explained,
This physiological arousal is a key component in the emotion of fear. so that’s OK.
This study is similar to other research using brain imaging technology that There is no specific study mentioned
shows the amygdala can activate when perceiving a threatening stimuli before here, but a general summary of
we’re consciously aware of it. Studies show this by flashing a stimuli on the image findings. This is OK and still shows
in the machine but it’s too fast for someone to “know” what they saw. What’s good knowledge as the summary here
interesting is that the amygdala knows it. This rapid activation of the amygdala is accurate.
(physiology) in response to the perception of fear (cognition) could serve an
important evolutionary advantage. This is because the activation of the amygdala Using key terms from the question
and the release of stress hormones gets us ready to quickly deal with danger or in brackets is a good way to show
threat, like jumping out of the way of a snake or avoiding a deadly strike from an how your answer is focused on the
enemy. question.
What’s really interest is that the relationship between cognition and physiology The answer maintains a coherent
also goes in the opposite direction – our biology (the ventromedial prefrontal structure because one influence is
cortex, or vmPFC) can affect our ability to cognitive reappraise stimuli, which fully explained first before the second.
can further affect the physiological response. To try to explain the bidirectional
relationship all at once would
Cognitive reappraise means to re-assess a stimuli in some way. For example, we be really tough. Spacing out key
hear a bump in the night and we might get startled. But then we think again, arguments makes it easier for you to
“it’s just the swinging gate” or “it’s someone in the house.” How we reappraise explain and your reader to follow.
the initial perception of threat is a cognitive process carried out in the vmPFC. Anecdotal examples are used, but
Urry et al. showed this by having participants in an fMRI machine and asking it’s fine as they’re used alongside
them to reappraise images by either increasing or decreasing the effect. They empirical evidence and technical
would increase it by thinking things like how the event in the image might explanations.
be happening to someone they loved, or could decrease it by thinking that
the image was fake (e.g. a car crash was just a staged photo). What the results This sentence shows the full
showed was that the higher the activation in the vmPFC during cognitive understanding of “interaction” and
reappraisal to reduce the effects, the less the amygdala reacted to the stimuli. links to the last part of the question,
“behaviour.”
Here we can see the interaction gets pretty complex: the functioning of the
vmPFC (physiology) affects our ability to cognitive reappraise (cognition) which Further critical thinking is shown by
can influence our amygdala and the stress response (physiology) which could being able to apply this knowledge
affect the emotions we feel (behaviour). to a real life problem, such as PTSD.
This is one benefit of overlapping
Understanding these interactions can be helpful in understanding etiologies of revision for the options with revision
PTSD. For instance, people with PTSD have been found to have hypo-response from the core.
vmPFCs. This could mean they can’t reappraise images and so they have
increased emotional responses to things that happen. They also have hyper-
response amygdalae, which can keep the stress response on “red alert” and easily Focusing on the role of other variables
activated in response to stimuli, so again they have increased emotional arousal. can be a great way to show critical
thinking and this final point adds
But even with all this, we’re overlooking the role of sociocultural factors – how more depth to the answer.
you think about events (appraisal) could be influenced by your social and/or
cultural environment. For example, people from poor backgrounds might be The studies aren’t evaluated because
more likely to have negative appraisals of events like natural disasters because this isn’t necessary to achieve full
they have less resources to overcome the negative situation. marks in this question.
In summary, the stress response involves a complex set of interactions between The conclusion concisely summarizes
biology, cognition and sociocultural factors. Understanding this can be key in the main argument.
understanding and treating disorders like PTSD.
(Approx. 700 words).
Confident writers and knowledgeable psychologists don’t need to be shackled by the central argument → evidence → counter-
argument framework. This essay shows how you can still write an excellent answer even if you break free from this structure.
Be warned, however, that if you break away from our recommended structure you have to plan your answer really carefully so
it has its own logical structure and is well-developed and focused on the question. Spending a few minutes on planning before
writing your answers can sometimes be the difference between a poor essay and an excellent one.

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6. Bonus SAR: Principles and research (link)

7. Bonus Essay: Breaking all the rules! (link)

Short Answer Response #1: Biology and Cognition (CLA)

This code (or link) will take

Sam's Answer If you think they’re

Short Answer Response #2: Model/Theory of Cognition (CLA)

In a second condition, the participants were asked to rearrange a chess board

1. You should never use diagrams in an IB

2. You should never use bullet points in an

3. All essays should be given a title.

4. You’ll lose marks if you forget the name of

5. You should never use this phrase in an

6. If you spell key terms incorrectly you will

7. You can assume the examiner knows the

8. You always need to use a study in a short answer response.

Short Answer Response #3: Social Learning Theory (SCLA)

Here are some introductions to possible

Outline one research method used at the cognitive level of analysis.

Describe how one factor influences conformity.

In conclusion, social learning theory attempts to explain how we can learn

Short Answer Response #4: Technology and Cognition (CLA)

HM had his hippocampus removed because he had

HM experienced seizures as a result of a bike accident

Also, they did tasks like a star-tracing task and they

In conclusion, one biological factor that can influence

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machines measure the activity

Short Answer Response #5: Informed Consent (BLA)

The two sentence conclusion restates

Your checklist should be able to be applied to any question.

Your checklist might include things based on some of these general

• The introduction and conclusion

My short answer response checklist!

Bonus Short Answer Response

Brief and logical conclusion.

• Answer the question!

• Answer the question!

PTSD and the Stress Response Title is optional.

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