The document describes the anatomy and structure of monocot and dicot stems. It discusses:
1) The anatomy of monocot stems which have scattered vascular bundles and lack a vascular cambium.
2) The anatomy of young dicot stems which have a ring of vascular bundles and contain a vascular cambium.
3) The anatomy of old dicot stems which develop secondary growth with cork, bark, wood and secondary vascular tissues.
4) Specialized cells and secretory structures in stems like resin canals, latex tubes and secretory ducts.
The document describes the anatomy and structure of monocot and dicot stems. It discusses:
1) The anatomy of monocot stems which have scattered vascular bundles and lack a vascular cambium.
2) The anatomy of young dicot stems which have a ring of vascular bundles and contain a vascular cambium.
3) The anatomy of old dicot stems which develop secondary growth with cork, bark, wood and secondary vascular tissues.
4) Specialized cells and secretory structures in stems like resin canals, latex tubes and secretory ducts.
The document describes the anatomy and structure of monocot and dicot stems. It discusses:
1) The anatomy of monocot stems which have scattered vascular bundles and lack a vascular cambium.
2) The anatomy of young dicot stems which have a ring of vascular bundles and contain a vascular cambium.
3) The anatomy of old dicot stems which develop secondary growth with cork, bark, wood and secondary vascular tissues.
4) Specialized cells and secretory structures in stems like resin canals, latex tubes and secretory ducts.
The document describes the anatomy and structure of monocot and dicot stems. It discusses:
1) The anatomy of monocot stems which have scattered vascular bundles and lack a vascular cambium.
2) The anatomy of young dicot stems which have a ring of vascular bundles and contain a vascular cambium.
3) The anatomy of old dicot stems which develop secondary growth with cork, bark, wood and secondary vascular tissues.
4) Specialized cells and secretory structures in stems like resin canals, latex tubes and secretory ducts.
17 Procedure: A. Anatomy of Monocot Stem: Study the cross section of the stem of corn. The outermost region is a 1-layer thick epidermis. Beneath it is a narrow cortex made up of collenchyma ( cells with thickened corners) and thin-walled parenchyma cells. The vascular bundles are scattered. A 76 vascular bundle consists of a phloem and xylem. There is no vascular cambium in monocots. Draw half of the section and label. B. Anatomy of Young Dicot Stem Observe the video on eudicot stem and compare the structures in this picture. Three main layers comprise the stem namely: The epidermis, cortex and stele. The outermost layer is made up of 1-cell layer thick epidermis. Beneath the epidermis are layers of thicker collenchyma cells followed by thinner and isodiametric parenchyma cells. This layers consists the region of the cortex. The innermost layer of the cortex is indistinct, the endodermis. The stele is the region consisting of the vascular ring and the pith. The vascular ring is composed of the vascular bundles. Each vascular bundle is made up of the outer phloem and an inner xylem. Between the phloem and xylem is a 2- 3 cell layer thick of meristematic cells , the vascular cambium. C. Anatomy of an Old Dicot Stem Study the anatomy of the old dicot stem. It is characterized by two main layers: the Bark and the wood. The bark is made up of the outer most covering , the cork and the region of the phloem. The primary phloem tissues are observed as thick – walled cells. This may be composed of several layers of supportive cells. The innermost phloem are the secondary phloem and function for food- conduction. The wood is the region made up of the xylem vessels as the functional water- conducting tissue and the smaller protoxylem oriented towards the center of the stem. Beween these vascular bundles are parenchymatous or fiber cells, termed as the pith rays. Draw half of the stem section and label the regions and tissues. D. Modified Cells of the Stem: Metabolic reactions occurring in the plant body produces products no longer used by the plant. Among them are the secondary metabolites, cellular secretions (gums, tannins, latex, proteins etc.). Special structures like the glands, ducts and canals are found in the stem.
Examine this cross section of the stele of Pinus and see the resinous canal.
Resinous canal
Examine the picture below. The pointed elongated cells are the latex tubes.
Latex tubes
Look for some secretory ducts in the cortex or stele. These are cavities or canals lined with flattened cells that pour their secretions in the extracellular spaces.
Secretory ducts Tabulate the differences of Young or herbaceous Eudicot and Monocot Stems Vascular Cambium Arrangement of the Thickness of the (present/absent) bundles cortex layer ( ring/scattered) ( Thin/thick) Eudicot Present Ring Thick Monocot Absent Scattered Thin
Tabulate the difference between young and old Eudicot stems Stem Outer Stem Layers Primary Secondary protective vascular Vascular tissue bundles Bundles Young Eudicot Epidermis, (Primary Cortex, Phloem, Xylem and Epidermis N/A growth) Cambium, Phloem Xylem, Pith
Questions: 1. What is meant by primary plant tissues? Primary plant tissues are derived directly from the primary meristematic tissues of the shoots tip and roots tip. The primary tissues include the surface layer, or epidermis; the primary vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, which conduct water and food, respectively; and the ground tissues. The ground tissues are parenchyma and collenchyma and sclerenchyma. 2. What is meant by secondary plant Tissue? Secondary plant tissues are tissues derived from the lateral meristem and their formation is mainly responsible for the growth in thickness of stems and roots. They comprise secondary vascular tissues and the protective tissue called periderm.
3. What is the function of the vascular cambium?
The vascular cambium) is a lateral meristem. Vascular cambium functions as a single-layer repository of meristematic cells that rarely divide, perhaps as infrequently as only once or twice a year. The secondary growth of plants is cause by vascular cambium. Mitosis of the vascular cambial cells produces daughter cells called initials—xylem initials (also called xylem mother cells) to the adaxial side and phloem initials (phloem mother cells) to the abaxial side. These initials undergo the subsequent multiple rounds of mitosis needed to provide the cells that contribute to the girth of the mature stem and root.
4. How do monocots grow in girth?
Unlike most monocots, there are monocots, such as palm trees, can grow in girth by an increase in the number of parenchyma cells and vascular bundles. This primary growth is due to a region of actively dividing meristematic cells called the primary thickening meristem that surrounds the apical meristem at the tip of a stem. In woody monocots this meristematic region extends down the periphery of the stem where it is called the secondary thickening meristem. New vascular bundles and parenchyma tissue are added as the stem grows in diameter.
5. Enumerate the different secretions of the secretory cavities / ducts / canals in different families of medicinal plants such as:
Common essential oils found in Citrus sp., which have been observed to possess bioactivity, are d-Limonene, γ-Terpinene, Linalool, Linalyl Acetate, αTerpineol, Geranyl Acetate, Terpinolene, β-Pinene. b) Lauraceae ( Persia americana or avocado) Saponins, Tannins, Flavonoids, Cyanogenic glycosides, Alkaloids, Phenols, Steroids c) Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia hirta) It is reported to contain alkanes, triterpenes, phytosterols, tannins, polyphenols, and flavanoids. d) Apocynaceae (Nerium indicum) It has presence of a wide range of phytochemicals such as phenolics, glycosides, alkaloids, tannin, flavonoid, saponins, riboflavin, and thiamine e) Labiatae(Coleus blumei) It contains Phenolics, Flavonoids, New compound of Diastereomeric diterpenes f) Asteraceae (Artemisia vulgaris) Mugwort essential oil is mainly composed of β-pinene, α-pinene, camphor, and 1,8-cineole. References: Plant tissue systems. (n.d.) McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Bioscience. (2002). Retrieved October 17 2020 from https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Plant+tissue+systems
Anwar, F., Ahmad, N., Alkharfy, K. M., & Gilani, A.--H. (2016). Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)
Oils. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, 573–579.
