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Pro C Tutorial
Active Sections Fold
Table of Contents
Welcome page
Programming Introduction
Computer heading level 1
Certifications How to Compile a Pro*C
Computer Science program
Open Source Pro*C Syntax
Projects SQL
Mathematics for Preprocessor Directives
Computer Science Statement Labels
Operating Systems Host Variables
Parallel Computing Basics
Computer Pointers
Hardware Structures
Databases Arrays
Networks Indicator Variables
Data Mining Datatype Equivalencing
Book Reviews Dynamic SQL
Software Transactions
Engineering Error Handling
SQLCA
WHENEVER Statement
Pages
Recent changes
List all pages
Page Tags
Introduction
Site Manager Embedded SQL is a method of
combining the computing power
Page tags of a high-level language like
C/C++ and the database
manipulation capabilities of SQL.
blog
drupal_todo It allows you to execute any SQL
s
needs_example
qt
todo_cpp
todo_php
heading level 1
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todo_wordpress Statement from an application
program. Oracle's embedded SQL
Add a new page environment is called Pro* C.

How to Compile a
new page
Pro*C program
new Blog Entry A Pro*C program is compiled in
two steps.
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First, the Pro*C precompiler
edit this panel recognizes the SQL statements
embedded in the program, and
replaces them with appropriate
calls to the functions in the SQL
runtime library.

proc file.pc

this will build file.c and file.lis.

The output is pure C/C++ code

with all the pure C/C++ portions
intact. Then, a regular C/C++
compiler is used to compile the
code and produces the
executable.
gcc -o file file.c

Pro*C Syntax
SQL
All SQL statements need to start
with EXEC SQL and end with a
semicolon ";". You can place the
SQL statements anywhere within
a C/C++ block, with the
restriction that the declarative
statements do not come after the
executable statements.

Example

int a;

/* ... */

EXEC SQL SELECT sal

FROM Emplo
WHERE SSN=
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/* ... */

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printf("The salary
/* ... */

Preprocessor Directives
The C/C++ preprocessor
directives that work with Pro*C
are #include and #if. Pro*C does
not recognize #define. For
example, the following code is
invalid:

Example

#define THE_SSN 8765432

/* ... */

EXEC SQL SELECT salary

FROM Employee

WHERE SSN = TH

Statement Labels
You can connect C/C++ labels
with SQL.

Example

EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR

/* ... */

error_in_SQL:

/* do error handling */

Host Variables
Basics
Host variables are the key to the
communication between the host
program and the database. A
host variable expression must
resolve to an lvalue (i.e., it can
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assigned).
on
You

can


declare Explore »
host variables according to C
syntax, as you declare regular C
variables. The host variable
declarations can be placed
wherever C variable declarations
can be placed. The C datatypes
that can be used with Oracle
include:

char
char[n]
int
short
long
float
double
VARCHAR[n] - This is a
pseudo-type recognized by
the Pro*C precompiler. It is
used to represent blank-
padded, variable-length
strings. Pro*C precompiler
will convert it into a
structure with a 2-byte
length field and a n-byte
character array.

You cannot use register storage-

class specifier for the host
variables.

A host variable reference must be

prefixed with a colon ":" in SQL
statements, but should not be
prefixed with a colon in C
statements. When specifying a
string literal via a host variable,
the single quotes must be
omitted; Pro*C understands that
you are specifying a string based
on the declared type of the host
variable. C function calls and
most of the pointer arithmetic
expressions cannot be used as
host variable references even
though they may indeed resolve
to lvalues. The following code
illustrates both legal and illegal
host variable references:

Example

int deptnos[3] = { 000, 111

int get deptno() { return d
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g _ p () {
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{ retu
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int main()

int x; char *y; int z;

/* ... */

EXEC SQL INSERT INTO em

VALUES(:x, :y, :z);
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO em
VALUES(:x + 1,
'Big Shot',
:deptnos[2])
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO em
VALUES(:x, :y,

:(*(deptnos+
lvalue */

EXEC SQL INSERT INTO em

VALUES(:x, :y,

:get_deptno(
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO em
VALUES(:x, :y,

:(*get_depno
/* ... */

Pointers
You can define pointers using the
regular C syntax, and use them
in embedded SQL statements. As
usual, prefix them with a colon:

Example
int *x;

/* … */

EXEC SQL
SELECT xyz INTO :x
FROM …;

The result of this SELECT

statement will be written into *x,
not x.

Structures
Structures can be used as host
variables.

Example

typedef struct {

char name[21]; /
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int
SSN;

} Emp;

/* ... */

Emp bigshot;

/* ... */

EXEC SQL INSERT INTO em

VALUES (:bigshot);

Arrays
Host arrays can be used in the
following way:

int emp_number[50];

char name[50][11];

/* ... */

EXEC SQL INSERT INTO em

VALUES (:emp_number

which will insert all the 50 tuples

in one go.

Arrays can only be single

dimensional. The example char
name[50][11] would seem to
contradict that rule. However,
Pro*C actually considers name a
one-dimensional array of strings
rather than a two-dimensional
array of characters. You can also
have arrays of structures.

When using arrays to store the

results of a query, if the size of
the host array (say n) is smaller
than the actual number of tuples
returned by the query, then only
the first n result tuples will be
entered into the host array.

Indicator Variables
Indicator variables are essentially
"NULL flags" attached to host
variables. You can associate
every host variable with an
optional indicator variable. An
indicator variable must be defined
as a 2-byte integer (using the
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and,
in
SQL

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statements, must be prefixed by
a colon and immediately follow its
host variable. Or, you may use
the keyword INDICATOR in
between the host variable and
indicator variable.

Example

short indicator_var;

EXEC SQL SELECT xyz INT

FROM ...;

/* ... */

EXEC SQL INSERT INTO R

VALUES(:host_var IN

Datatype Equivalencing
Oracle recognizes two kinds of
datatypes: internal and external.
Internal datatypes specify how
Oracle stores column values in
database tables. External
datatypes specify the formats
used to store values in input and
output host variables. At
precompile time, a default Oracle
external datatype is assigned to
each host variable. Datatype
equivalencing allows you to
override this default
equivalencing and lets you
control the way Oracle interprets
the input data and formats the
output data.

The equivalencing can be done on

a variable-by-variable basis using
the VAR statement. The syntax
is:

EXEC SQL VAR <host_var> IS

<type_name> [ (<length>) ];

For example, suppose you want

to select employee names from
the emp table, and then pass
them to a routine that expects C-
style '\0'-terminated strings. You
need not explicitly '\0'-terminate
the names yourself. Simply
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a host


variable

to the
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STRING external datatype, as
follows:

char emp_name[21];

EXEC SQL VAR emp_name IS

STRING(21);

The length of the ename column

in the emp table is 20 characters,
so you allot emp_name 21
characters to accommodate the
'\0'-terminator. STRING is an
Oracle external datatype
specifically designed to interface
with C-style strings. When you
select a value from the ename
column into emp_name, Oracle
will automatically '\0'-terminate
the value for you.

You can also equivalence user-

defined datatypes to Oracle
external datatypes using the
TYPE statement. The syntax is:

EXEC SQL TYPE <user_type> IS

<type_name> [ (<length>) ]
[REFERENCE];

You can declare a user-defined

type to be a pointer, either
explicitly, as a pointer to a scalar
or structure, or implicitly as an
array, and then use this type in a
TYPE statement. In these cases,
you need to use the REFERENCE
clause at the end of the
statement, as shown below:

typedef unsigned char *my_raw;

EXEC SQL TYPE my_raw IS

VARRAW(4000) REFERENCE;
my_raw buffer;

/* … */

buffer =
malloc(4004);

Here we allocated more memory

than the type length (4000)
because the precompiler also
returns the length, and may add
padding after the length in order
to meet the alignment
requirement on your system.

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Dynamic SQL
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While embedded SQL is fine for

fixed applications, sometimes it is
important for a program to
dynamically create entire SQL
statements. With dynamic SQL, a
statement stored in a string
variable can be issued. PREPARE
turns a character string into a
SQL statement, and EXECUTE
executes that statement.
Consider the following example.

char *s = "INSERT INTO emp

VALUES(1234, 'jon', 3)";
EXEC SQL PREPARE q FROM
:s;
EXEC SQL EXECUTE q;

Alternatively, PREPARE and

EXECUTE may be combined into
one statement:

char *s = "INSERT INTO emp

VALUES(1234, 'jon', 3)";

EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE

:s;

Transactions
Oracle PRO*C supports
transactions as defined by the
SQL standard. A transaction is a
sequence of SQL statements that
Oracle treats as a single unit of
work. A transaction begins at
your first SQL statement. A
transaction ends when you issue
"EXEC SQL COMMIT" (to make
permanent any database changes
during the current transaction) or
"EXEC SQL ROLLBACK" (to undo
any changes since the current
transaction began). After the
current transaction ends with
your COMMIT or ROLLBACK
statement, the next executable
SQL statement will automatically
begin a new transaction.

If your program exits without

calling EXEC SQL COMMIT, all

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discarded.

Error Handling
After each executable SQL
statement, your program can find
the status of execution either by
explicit checking of SQLCA, or by
implicit checking using the
WHENEVER statement.

SQLCA
SQLCA (SQL Communications
Area) is used to detect errors and
status changes in your program.
This structure contains
components that are filled in by
Oracle at runtime after every
executable SQL statement.

To use SQLCA you need to

include the header file sqlca.h
using the #include directive. In
case you need to include sqlca.h
at many places, you need to first
undefine the macro SQLCA with
#undef SQLCA. The relevant
chunk of sqlca.h follows:

#ifndef SQLCA

#define SQLCA 1

struct sqlca {

/* ub1 */ char sqlcaid[

/* b4 */ long sqlabc;

/* b4 */ long sqlcode;

struct {

/* ub2 */ unsigned
/* ub1 */ char sqle
} sqlerrm;

/* ub1 */ char sqlerrp[

/* b4 */ long sqlerrd[6
/* ub1 */ char sqlwarn[
/* ub1 */ char sqlext[8
};

/* ... */

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WHENEVER
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Statement



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This statement allows you to do

automatic error checking and
handling. The syntax is:

EXEC SQL WHENEVER

<condition> <action>;

Oracle automatically checks

SQLCA for <condition>, and if
such condition is detected, your
program will automatically
perform <action>.

<condition> can be any of the

following:

SQLWARNING - sqlwarn[0]
is set because Oracle
returned a warning
SQLERROR - sqlcode is
negative because Oracle
returned an error
NOT FOUND - sqlcode is
positive because Oracle
could not find a row that
meets your WHERE
condition, or a SELECT INTO
or FETCH returned no rows

<action> can be any of the

following:

CONTINUE - Program will try

to continue to run with the
next statement if possible
DO - Program transfers
control to an error handling
function
GOTO <label> - Program
branches to a labeled
statement
STOP - Program exits with
an exit() call, and
uncommitted work is rolled
back

Some examples of the

WHENEVER statement:

EXEC SQL WHENEVER

SQLWARNING DO
print_warning_msg();

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on
WHENEVER



NOT Explore »
FOUND GOTO handle_empty;

Here is a more concrete example:

/* code to find student nam

/* ... */

for (;;) {

printf("Give student id

scanf("%d", &id);

EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT F

EXEC SQL SELECT student
FROM student
WHERE student
printf("Name of student
continue;

notfound:

printf("No record exist

}

/* ... */

Note that the WHENEVER

statement does not follow regular
C scoping rules. Scoping is valid
for the entire program. For
example, if you have the
following statement somewhere
in your program (such as before
a loop):

EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT

FOUND DO break;

All SQL statements that occur

after this line in the file would be
affected. Make sure you use the
following line to cancel the effect
of WHENEVER when it is no
longer needed (such as after your
loop):

EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT

FOUND CONTINUE;

Bibliography
1. Introduction to Pro*C

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