ENG 100 REVIEWER

PARTS OF SPEECH:
NOUN, PRONOUN, INTERJECTION

FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS

NOUN- Name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

IN A SENTENCE, A NOUN CAN FUNCTION AS:
Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Subject Complement, Object Complement, Appositive,
or Adjective.

●SUBJECT NOUN
A noun that is used as the subject of the sentence. One that performs the action in a particular
sentence.
Noun as Subject Sample Sentences
• Mitch took his materials to the laboratory.
• Nurses work ten to twelve hours a day.
• Iloilo Doctors’ College creates an avenue for students who aspire to become medical
professionals someday.

●DIRECT OBJECT NOUN

A noun that receives the action of the verb. Direct objects usually answer the questions
“what?” or “whom?”
Noun as Direct Object Sample Sentences
• The students dissected the white mice.
• The freshmen read their student’s handbook.
• Collen passed her assignment.

●INDIRECT OBJECT NOUN

A noun that receives the direct object itself.
Noun as Indirect Object Sample Sentences
• Collen passed her assignment to her professor.
• Clay introduced his friends to his parents.
• Jessica hands the pen to Joyce.

●SUBJECT COMPLEMENT NOUN

A noun, adjective, or pronoun that follows a linking verb to describe or rename the subject.
Noun as Subject Complement Sample Sentences
• Julian is a nursing student.
• Today seems to be bad.
• Kent is a self-confessed introvert.

●OBJECT COMPLEMENT NOUN

A word or phrase that comes after a direct object and renames, describes, or locates it.
Noun as Object Complement Sample Sentences
• Sir Mirth made the discussion easy.
• Keith named his dog Donne.
• The class elected Gian as president.

●APPOSITIVE NOUN
A noun or phrase that renames or describes the noun to which it is next.
Noun as Appositive Sample Sentences
• Ryan, my friend, always got my back.
• Jenny, an eighteen-year-old girl, tried her luck in nursing school.
• The book, entitled Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, is a requisite in a major
subject.
●NOUN AS ADJECTIVE
Noun used to modify other nouns.
Noun as Adjective Sample Sentences
• We are now having an online reporting.
• Students are required to have their lab gown.
• The nursing department gone busy these days.

CASES OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

PRONOUN
- Any of a small set of words (such as I, she, he, you, it, we, or they) in a
language that are used as substitutes for nouns or noun phrases.

Cases of Pronouns
Subjective Case, Objective Case, & Possessive Case

●SUBJECTIVE CASE
A subjective case pronoun acts as a subject in a sentence. Examples of subjective
pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, they, and who.
Sample Sentences
• I am a freshman college student of Iloilo Doctors’ College.
• They are our nation’s future nurses.
• Are you prepared for today’s discussion?

●OBJECTIVE CASE
An objective case pronoun is used when something is being done to or given to.
Examples of objective pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, them, and whom.
Sample Sentences
• Pass the patient’s record to me.
 • Give the assignments to them immediately.
• To whom did you assign the materials?

●POSSESSIVE CASE
A possessive case pronoun is used when something (or someone) belongs to
someone (or something). There are two types namely possessive pronouns and
possessive determiner.
Two types of possessive pronouns
● Possessive Pronoun
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
Sample Sentences (Possessive Pronoun)
• That phone is mine.
• This laboratory manual is yours.
• The bag must be hers.
●Possessive Determiner
my, your, his, her, our, their
Sample Sentences (Possessive Determiner)
• That is my phone.
• This is your laboratory manual.
• This must be her bag.

INTERJECTIONS
INTERJECTION
A word or phrase that is grammatically independent from the words around it, and
mainly expresses feeling rather than meaning.
Two types of interjection
●Strong Interjection
interjections that express solid and strong emotions.
Strong Interjection Sample Sentences
• Congrats! You finally got your degree in nursing.
• Alas! This course is really taxing.
• You just have to focus on your studies and violά! You are already a
nurse.
●Mild interjection
Interjections that express relatively less strong emotions or just function as
introductory expression without associated with any emotions.
Mild Interjection Sample Sentences
• Oh, I didn’t know you were a doctor.
• Phew, this report is coming to an end.
• Well, I guess being a nurse requires so much passion and
determination.

VERBALS
Verbal are words that look like verbs but are used as another part of
speech such as adjectives, adverbs, and noun.
Three Main Types of Verbals
1. Participles
2. Gerunds
3. Infinitives
●Participle
A participle is a type of word derived from a verb that functions as an
adjective in a sentence.
2 Types of Participles
1. Past Participle
2. Present Participle

1. Past Participle- typically formed by adding -ed to the end of the root
form of the verb.
Example:
The tired patients planned to rest.
(Tired(adjective) from the verb Tire, it modifies the noun
patients)
1. Present Participle- To form the present participle of most verbs, you
simply add -ing to the root form of the verb.
Example:
It feels nice to hear the clashing waves.
(clashing(adjective) from the verb clash, modifies the noun waves.)

●Gerund
A Gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun.
6 Functions of Gerund
1. Subject
 The gerund is what the sentence talks about
Example:
Jogging is a good example of aerobic exercise.
(“Jogging” is the subject of the sentence)

2. Direct Object
The gerund receives the actions and answers the question ‘what’.
Example:
Christy takes studying seriously.
(it answers the question “What does Christy take seriously?” the answer is
“studying”.)

3. Indirect Object
The gerund does not receive the action and answers to the questions ‘to
what’ or ‘for what’.
Example:
Joan made reviewing her priority.
(it answers the question “What did Joan make?” the answer is “priority” and
it answers the question “What did she make priority of?” the answer is
“studying”.)

4. Subject Complement
The gerund comes after a linking verb and gives description of the subject.
Example:
Her favorite pastime is sleeping. (the gerund “sleeping” comes after the
auxiliary verb “is” and it modifies the subject “pastime”.)
5. Object of Preposition
The gerund comes after the preposition
Example:
James finds pleasure in hiking.
(the gerund “hiking” is after the preposition “in”, which makes it an object of
preposition.)

6. Appositive
The gerund is found in between commas and gives a description of the word
it comes after.
Example:
His hobby, cooking, became his main source of income.

●Infinitive
is formed by adding the suffix “to” in front of the verb and it functions as
adjective, adverb, and noun.
≥Adjective- describes the noun
- Ex. I have lab gowns to wash.
≥Adverb- describes a verb
- Ex. Jack has prepared himself to take the Ethics test.
≥Noun
- The infinitives can be considered as a noun if it does any of these
functions
≥Subject- who or what the sentence is about
Ex. To study is a good form of pastime.

≥Direct object- a noun or pronoun that receives the action directly

Ex. My sister wants me to watch her pets over the weekend.

≥Subject Complement- gives more information about the subject of

the sentence
Ex. Her job is to assist you.
Subject Complement- The infinitive comes after a linking verb and
gives description of the subject.
Ex. The pastime I don’t want to do is to study.

≥Object of the Preposition- follows the preposition itself

Ex. Katie had no choice except to study.

≥Appositive- The infinitive is found in between commas and gives a

description of the word it comes after.
Ex. Her passion, to study, led her to be a cum laude.

12 Tenses of the Verbs

●Simple Tense
≥Past Simple
A verb tense that tells about any action that happened in the past.
Example:
He suffered from muscle pain due to minor injuries.
Anna did not give medicine to her sister.
Structure:
Subject + Verb (past tense)
Subject + did + not + Verb (base form)

≥Present Simple
This tense is used when discussing actions that are happening all the
time or happening now.
Example:
Jake drinks his Vitamin C every morning.
Nurses help sick and injured people.
Structure:
Subject +Verb(+s)+ Present Action

≥Future Simple
Is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that haven't happened
yet.
Example:
Jake will drink his cough medicine.
I will not answer my phone after classes.
Structure:
Positive Form: Subject + will/ going to+ (base form of Verb)
Negative Form: Subject + will not/won’t + (base form of Verb)
●Continuous Tense
≥Past Continuous
An action that was going on at a certain time in the past.
Example:
She was planning to put an IV insertion 5 minutes ago.
Daisy was not paying attention to the surgical procedure when the main
surgeon arrived.
Structure:
Subject + was/were + Verb (present tense)+ ing
Subject + was/were not + Verb (present tense)+ ing

≥Present Continuous
This tense is used for actions that are happening at the moment and
may continue in the future.
Example:
Joan is studying the 11 organ systems.
Jane is not studying Anatomy.
Structure:
Positive- subject+ auxiliary verb (is, are)+ verb(+ing)
Negative- subject+auxiliary verb (is not, are not)+verb(+ing)

≥Future Continuous
It is a tense that refers to an unfinished action or event that will take
place later than now.
Example:
 I won’t be leaving the hospital tomorrow.
Will you be bringing your allergy medicine at tonight’s seafood party?
Structure:
Positive Form: Subject + will + be + V-ing (present participle)
Negative Form: Subject + won’t/ will not+ be + V-ing (present participle)

●Perfect Tense
≥Past Perfect
Used to talk about actions that were completed before some point in the past.
Example:
When I came home from my work at the hospital, they had already eaten the
meal.
The baby had cried before the Pediatrician came.
Structure:
subject + had + past participle + the rest of the sentence

≥Present Perfect
It is a tense used in present to indicate the action that has taken place at a
specific time.
Example:
I have finished cleaning the patient's wound.
She has worked here as a nurse since August.
They haven’t finished the surgery yet.
Structure:
Positive- Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb(past tense or past participle)
(I, They, He, She,) + (Have, Has, Had,) + (finished, worked, studied)
Negative- Subject + (Haven’t, Hasn’t) + main verb(past tense or past
participle)

≥Future Perfect
Is used to describe an action that will have been completed at some point in
the future.
Example:
By the time you arrive, we will have finished taking the Anatomy test.
By the end of the year, we will have taken four Laboratory exams.
I will not have eaten by then.
Structure:
Positive Form:Subject + Helping verbs (will + have) + Past participle form of
the main verb + the rest of the sentence.
Negative Form:will+not+have+verb(ending in -ed or irregular form)
The future perfect formula: will have + [past participle].

●Perfect Continuous Tense

≥Past Perfect Continuous
•also known as the past perfect progressive tense
•Shows that an action that started in the past continued up until another time
in the past.
Example:
We had been studying Biochemistry for 5 hours, when my brother arrived.
I had been learning Medicine for two years, when my grandmother passed
away.
Structure:
had been + the verb’s present participle (root + -ing).
subject +not + been -ing form of main verb

≥Present Perfect Continuous

It is a tense which is used to show that an action started in the past and has
continued up to the present moment.
Example:
He has been working in the hospital for almost a year.
Jenny has been taking her medicine that was prescribed by her doctor.
I haven’t been studying in the past 3 days.
Structure:
Positive- Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb(present tense)
(I, You, They) + (has been, have been) + (waiting, reading, working, taking)
Negative- Subject + (haven’t, hasn’t) + main verb(present tense)

≥Future Perfect Continuous

It looks at the past from the future.
Example:
In November, I will have been working at the hospital for three years.
When I turn thirty, I will have been working as a nurse for six years.
She will not have been working a year before she goes on maternity leave.

Structure:
Positive Form:subject+will+have+been+verb-ing
Negative Form:subject + will + not + have + been + -ing form of the main verb.

The future perfect Continuous formula:

will + have + been + the verb’s present participle (verb root + -ing).