PRODUCTION LOGGING

FUNDAMENTALS

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 INTRODUCTION

• Production logs are measurements used mainly to characterize

flowrates.

• In production and injection wells. Data may be recorded as

function of Time or depth. Techniques use slick line or sondes
with memories lowered on wireline.
• Three main applications
• diagnosis: define flow rate in the well
• permanent monitoring; use of flexible completions.
• Reservoirs studies: measurements will be used to calculate
parameters such as: P, KH, PI, Saturation…

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 DIAGNOSTICS

1) Monitoring of flow conditions in wells:

• Production profiles
• Injection: water or gas
• Data for PVT matching: B.point pressure, densities; formation
• volume factor.

• Those data are commonly used in reservoir simulators or in

economic models.

• Field managers will use those data to perodically monitor wells.

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 DIAGNOSTICS (forward)

2) Possible problems:
The objective is to analyze a problem and to suggest a restoration

• Program based on diagnostics:

• Plan and evaluation of work_overs.

• Possible cases:
• Strong production decline
• Water entry into wells
• Gas entry
• mechanical problems
• Suspection of crossflow
• Sudden change in surface pressures.

PVT data are necessary for all those applications.

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 DIAGNOSTICS (END)

3) Modelisation of a vertical flow

• Data are used for calibration purposes, mainly for:

• correlation of IPR/VLP
• Définition on type of flow in the pipe
• Caracteristics VLP
• Design Gas‐lift

• Objectives are optimisation of vertical flow and of potential well

production.

• PVT data are necessary for those applications.

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 RESERVOIR STUDIES

1) Tests of exploration and development wells:

• Quantification of flow in each productive layer during drill stem

tests.

• Acquisition of downhole data to interpret flowing periods and

apply corrections when necessary.

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 RESERVOIR STUDIES(forward)

2) Tests of production wells:

• Transient test of each individual zone to check for any formation

damage ,and to measure reservoir pressure.

• Test multilayers zones.

3)Isochronous tests for gas wells

4)SIP calculation: (Selective Inflow Performance)

© 2010 ‐ IFP Training

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation
Ahmed JDIDI
 PLT sonde ‐ SCHLUMBERGER

• Basic measurements
• Pressure gauge
• Gradiomanometer GR, CCL,
pressure, temperature

• Caliper,flowmeter Memory or telemetry module

• Bubbles counter.
CQG pressure
A production logging method that uses
a small propeller turned by fluid
movement. The number of turns of the Density,
propeller can be related to the amount deviation,
acceleration
of fluid passing through the instrument.
These devices are used to determine
which of several zones contributes the
most to the total production or, in the

© 2010 ‐ IFP Training

Velocity,
case of an injection well, which zone is X‐Y caliper,
holdup, RB,
receiving the most injected fluids. bubble count

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 EXEMPLE OF LOG
1. Flowmeter
- Determine producing zones
- Stimulation evaluation
- Secondary recovery
- Flow potential evaluation (SIP,
AOF)
2. Temperature
- Location of production or
injection
zones
- Monitor frac performance
- Gas entry
- Fluid movement behind pipe
- Fluid conversions
production log
3. Fluid Density
- Determine volumetric flow in two
phase flow
- Show entry points in three phase
flow
4. Pressure
- Well test analysis (kh, skin)
- Reservoir extent, boundaries
- Fluid conversions
- AOF, SIP determination

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 INTERPRETATION OF A PRODUCTION LOG

• To each depth in the well: Exemple

• total flow
• speed of each phase
• volumetric % of each phase
• Flow rate of each phase

• For each perforated level:

• Participation of each phase
• Each phase’s flow at surface
conditions

• PVT data necessary:

• volume mass of phases at reservoir
conditions
• Pression , température: at bubble
point
EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 –•
Well loG Og inRcase‐d hpolers o
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 Services companies for logging

• ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICES

• BRITISH PLASTER BOARD

• COMPUTALOG

• Gaz De France

• GEOSERVICES

• HALLIBURTON ENERGY SERVICES

• SCHLUMBERGER

• S.D.P. (COPGO)

• SONDEX
EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation
Ahmed JDIDI
 ACQUISITION ‐ METHODS

• CLASSICAL: WIRE LINE

• MEMORY TYPE: MPLT (Memory production logging services use a range of

combinable sensors to provide advanced measurements, with the same
accuracy and quality as those from the real-time configuration)

• COILED TUBING (HORIZONTAL WELLS)

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 AQUISITION- SURFACE EQUIPMENTS

Grease _ 1-Way Control Valve

Injection Tube

High P r e s s u r e •- B a li Check Valve

Flowline

Pressure control equipment 1

Grease Pump
Assemb ly
High Pressure
Control Valve
, "===<c."'
m

Riser Pipe

Blowout
_ -

.J
r- - Tool
Catcher
= =:.

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01
EP 210 88_a_A_ppt_ Ol -–Welllogging
Well loggingin
in case
cased holes and
d holes and interpretation
int erpretation
Ahmed JDIDI
 PRODUCTION LOGGING
FLOWMETERS
FLOW RATES MEASUREMENTS

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 FLOWMETER ‐ OBJECTIVES

• MOUVEMENTS OF FLUIDS AND INJECTIONS PROFILES

• ZONES CONTRIBUTION

• REPAIRS AND STIMULATION TREATMENTS

• PRODUCTION LOSS BY COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ZONES

• LEAKS AT PACKER AND IN CASING

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Ahmed JDIDI
 PRINCIPLE FLOWMETER (PROPELLER)

· Measures fluid velocity

• Signal period on output coil
• Frequency f of speed
• Measures in rps

• Characteristics co il

• Propeller OD: "inch"

• Pitch: "mm"
• Inclination: "RPS/100ft/min"
• Throttle: "ft/m in'
• Accuracy: "RPS"

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and interpretation
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Ahmed JDIDI
 CONTINUOUS FLOWMETER

Continuous Flow mete r S o n de

ckup
--Aimant
co il
--Bobines

H e l i c e

Tubage

From Schlumberger

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – W
EP 21088_a_A_ppt_Ol- Well logging in
elllogging in cased holes and
casedholes andinterpretation
Interpretation
Ahmed JDIDI
 FULL BORE SPINNER

© 2010 ‐ IFP Training

From Schlumberger

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 CONTINUOUS FLOWMETERS

• Sensitivity is given by slope of calibration line in: rps/100ft/min

• That is linked to pitch of propeller: (mm)

• Pitch = 1 / calibration slope
• sloperps/fpm = 1 / ( 5 x Pitchinches )
• sloperps/mpm = 25.4 / ( 5 x 0.3048 x Pitchmm )

Exemple: a pitch = 3 in (76.20 mm) should give a slope of:

• 1 / (5 x 3) = 1 / 15 = 0.07 rps / fpm
• 25.4 / ( 5 x 0.3048 x 76.20) = 0.22 rps/m/mn

• Will also depends on logging company and to some extend on

maintenance

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 CENTRALISED FLOWMETERS ‐ CALIBRATION

• The sondes will catch the whole flow under tubing; all fluids have
to go through the propeller section.

• Major application is in vertical wells.

• Design with umbrella shape entry to force fluids to go thru.

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 LOG EXAMPLE

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 INTERPRETATION "Quicklook"

• Flow rate can be estimated by

interpolation between zero
and full flow to give
qualitative profile.

• That is valid only in

monophasic wells.

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 MEASUREMENT OF FLUID SPEED

EP
EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01
21088_a_A_ppt_Ol-– Well
Wel l llogging
o ggingin
in cased
casedholes
h olesand
a ndinterpretation
interp ret at ion
Ahmed JDIDI
 FLOWMETER RESPONSE

• Ideal response: linear, no threshold

flowmeter
RPS

Slope depends on tool geometry

Fluid speed

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 TOOL RESPONSE

• Real response: threshold and frictions

flowmeter
RPS

Idéal

Friction forces

Fluid speed

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 CALIBRATION IN‐SITU

Zone Perforations
of flowing fluid

Cable speed
m ou ft/mn Response
Of sonde
rps

Zone zero flow

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 CALIBRATION IN‐SITU: ZERO FLOW

FLOWMETER
rps Calibration LINE

ΔR

slope, m= ΔR (rps / m/mn)

ΔV
ΔV

Down

Cable speed
Threshold ( b e g i n n i n g ) speed, Vt m/mn

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 CALIBRATION IN‐SITU: TOTAL FLOW

Speed of
flowmeter fluid
rps
ΔR(i)
y‐axe Zero flow line
intercept
ΔV(i)
slope, m(i)= ΔR(i) (rps/m/mn)
ΔV(i)

Down

Cable speed
Threshold speed, Vt m/mn

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 CALCULATION OF FLUID SPEED

• Based on calibration in‐situ zero flow

• Détermination of threshold speed: Vt

• Based on calibrations in‐situ

• Détermination if possible of threshold speed,locally: Vt(i)
• Determination of intercept (i), y(i)
• Calculation of slope: m(i)

• Apparent fluid speed is given by :

Y(i)
Vfa = + Vt [(i)]
m (i)
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 CALIBRATION IN‐SITU: TOTAL FLOW

flowmeter Fluid speed

rps

Apparent Zero flow line

Speed fluid
Vc
m/mn Down

Up Vc
threshold speed, VtD + VtU m/mn

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 EFFECT OF WELL DEVIATION

Oil migrating on upper

part
Small part of water is
Displaced by oil towards
Bottom of well

Fast fluid segregation

Oil entry Large water part is steady or

Moves up slowly.

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 FLOW: LAMINAR & TURBULENT

Laminar

dye

Turbulent

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 LAMINAR FLOW

Vmax Flowmeter centered tubing and

in measures
maximum rate.
Vave
To get Q rate we need Vfluid average.
Speed vector has parabolic pattern; use
approximation to get Va:

Vaver.= Vmax / 2

Vmax
Vmoy =
2

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 TURBULENT FLOW

For that type relation between Vmax and

Vave is more complex.

Vmax

Turbulence is linked to Reynold, NRe:

Vav.
Laminar NRe < 2000
Turbulent NRe > 2000

A polyphasic flow is
ALWAYS TURBULENT

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 REYNOLD NUMBER

Reynold : Dimensionless number:

3
DVmoyρ
NRe = 7.742x10 x
μ

où:

D = pipe ID (inch)
Vav = average fluid speed (ft/s)
ρ = fluid volumic mass (g/cm3)
μ = Viscosity of fluid (cp)

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 REYNOLD NUMBER vs RATE

From Schlumberger

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased

casedholes
ho l es
andand
interpretation
interpretation
Ahmed JDIDI
 FLOW CORRECTION FACTOR

Vav = C . Vfa

1.0

0.9

0.8
Factor of correction, C

0.7

0.6
0.5
Transition
0.4 Laminar Turbulent
Laminar Turbulent
0.2
Tr
0.1 an
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Number Reynold, NRe
EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation
Ahmed JDIDI
 FLOW CORRECTION FACTOR

• Historically a value has been found equal to:

C = 0.83

• That value came from a survey on 95 wells in Middle east.

• This value has been kept until now for rates not too high,and surveys
with continuous flowmeter,or in‐line.Nowadays interpretation softs
give automatically C value, issued from well surveys.

• For use with fullbore spinners,values below have been chosen:

• 0.9 for monophasic flow.
• 1,0 for multiphasic flows

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 FLOWMETERS

Value of fluid speed depends:

• Type and diameter of flowmeter
• Tool position in pipe
• Deviation, type of flow.

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 PROPELLER: REVERSAL OF ROTATION

Increase of speed
Entry of fluids

Propeller turns clockwise.

Assume Vtool constant. In
zero flow zone.

Zero flow

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 PROPELLER: REVERSAL OF ROTATION

Propeller turns slower due to

Entry of fluid

fluid flowing,,Due to forces

different applied on each side
of propeller.tool speed ct.
Helix up clockwise.

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 PROPELLER: REVERSAL OF ROTATION

Entry of fluid

Helix will stop if cable speed

comes close to fluid speed.
Tool speed constant.

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 PROPELLER: REVERSAL OF ROTATION

Tool speed same as before.helix

starts to turn cc as fluid speed
comes bigger than tool speed.
Entry of fluid

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 CONVENTION

Positive Spinner

PASS UP PASS DOWN

II I
ROTATION INVERSED NORMAL ROTATION

Up Velocity Down Velocity

PASS UP III IV
NORMAL ROTATION

Negative Spinner

PRODUCTION WELLS
EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation
Ahmed JDIDI
 CONVENTION OF SIGNS

D Vc >0 Vc >0 Vc >0

O |Vc | < | Vf | |Vc | > | Vf |
W
N SPIN >0 SPIN <0 SPIN >0
Vf>0 Vf<0 Vf<0

Vc <0 Vc <0 Vc <0

UP
|Vc | < | Vf | |Vc | > | Vf |

SPIN <0 SPIN >0 SPIN <0

Vf<0 Vf>0 Vf>0

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 CONVENTION OF SIGNS

Positive cable speed going down

Negative cable speed going up

Positive rps if fluid is coming from below

Negative rps: if fluid is coming from above
 FLOW REGIME‐EQUATIONS RECAP

flowmeter Fluid speed

rps

ΔR(i) Zero flow

Yi
ΔV(i) ΔR(i)
Slope, m(i)= (rps/ft/min)
ΔV(i)
Down Vcable
m/mn

threshold, Vt

Vfa = apparent fluid velocity = Yi /Slope + Vt

Qfa = average flow = Vfa . C . A

A: Surface section ,area of pipe ID

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 PRODUCTION LOGGING
Flowmeters with radioactive tracer

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation

Ahmed JDIDI
 FLOWMETER WITH RADIOACTIVE TRACER

OBJECTIVES

• FLUIDS MOVEMENTS & INJECTION PROFILE

• INDIVIDUAL ZONE CONTRIBUTION

• CURES & STIMULATION TREATMENTS

• PRODUCTION LOSS BY COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ZONES

• PACKER LEAKS OR CASING LEAKS

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging in cased holes and interpretation 132

Ahmed JDIDI
 FLOWMETER WITH RADIOACTIVE TRACER

TRACKING METHODS:

· TRACING ELEMENT IS INJECTED AT SURFACE LEVEL

· RADIOACTIVE PRODUCT IS INJECTED FROM A SONDE IN THE

WELL:
• IN ONE OPERATION
• SEQUENTIALLY BY INCREASES OF SMALL VOLUME

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 RADIOACTIVE TRACER FLOWMETER

Flow rate measurement by the transit time method is based on measuring the transit
time of “labelled” fluid particles between two cross-sections of the conduit a known
distance apart.

Labelling of the fluid particles is achieved by injecting a tracer into the flow upstream
of the two measurement cross sections (measurement stations) and the transit time
is determined from the difference of the mean arrival times of the tracer at each of
the measurement stations.
 RADIOACTIVE TYPE FLOWMETER

TIME LAPSED TECHNIQUE

• A reference radioactivity log is run before tracer injection.

• A mixture of tracer and water is then injected.

• After injection, detector sonde is moved down and up, passing

the injected plug.

Temps

Intensity GR
Base line GR

Depths

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 RADIOACTIVE TRACER TYPE FLOWMETER

EVALUATION OF FLUID SPEED

EP 21088_a_A_ppt_01 – Well logging

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and interpretation
interpretation 136
Ahmed JDIDI