300 CHAPTER 7 RESONANT CIRCUITS

ANSWERS
1 1
A. fr = = = 796 kHZ
2p LC 2p 250 × 10 × 160 × 10 −12
−6

XL 2pfL 2p × 796 kHz × 250 mH

B. Q = = = = 99.2
R R 12.6 V

fr 796 kHz
C. BW = = = 8 kHz
Q 99.2

21  Use the circuit and component values shown in Figure 7.33 to answer the following
questions.

10 mH 1 µF
100 Ω

FIGURE 7.33

QUESTIONS
Find fr, Q, and BW. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, draw an output curve showing
the range of frequencies that are passed and blocked.
fr =

Q=

BW =

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THE OUTPUT CURVE 301

ANSWERS
fr = 1590 Hz; Q = 1; BW = 1590 Hz
The output curve is shown in Figure 7.34.

Vout

795 1590 2385

f

1590

FIGURE 7.34

22  Use the circuit and component values shown in Figure 7.35 to answer the following
questions.

100 mH 1 µF
10 Ω

FIGURE 7.35

QUESTIONS
Find fr, Q, and BW for this circuit. Then draw the output curve on a separate sheet of
paper.
fr =

Q=

BW =

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302 CHAPTER 7 RESONANT CIRCUITS

ANSWERS
fr = 500 Hz; Q = 31.4; BW = 16 Hz
The output curve is shown in Figure 7.36.

16

Vout

f
500

FIGURE 7.36

23  Use the circuit shown in Figure 7.37 for this problem. In this case, the resistor value
is 10 ohms. However, the inductor and capacitor values are not given.

L C R

10 Ω

FIGURE 7.37

QUESTIONS
Find BW and the values of L and C required to give the circuit a resonant frequency
of 1200 Hz and a Q of 80.
A. BW =

B. L =

C. C =

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THE OUTPUT CURVE 303

ANSWERS
A. BW = 15 Hz
B. L = 106 mH
C. C = 0.166 μF
You can check these values by using the values of L and C to find fr.

24  Use the circuit shown in Figure 7.37 for this problem. In this case, the resistor value
is given as 10 ohms. However, the inductor and capacitor values are not given.

QUESTIONS
Calculate the values of Q, L, and C required to give the circuit a resonant frequency of
300 kHz with a bandwidth of 80 kQ.
A. Q =

B. L =

C. C =

ANSWERS
A. Q = 3.75
B. L = 20 μH
C. C = 0.014 μF

25  A circuit that passes (or blocks) only a narrow range of frequencies is called a high Q
circuit. Figure 7.38 shows the output curve for a high Q circuit.

FIGURE 7.38

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304 CHAPTER 7 RESONANT CIRCUITS

Because of the narrow range of frequencies it passes, a high Q circuit is said to be

selective in the frequencies it passes.
A circuit that passes (or blocks) a wide range of frequencies is called a low Q circuit.
Figure 7.39 shows the output curve for a low Q circuit.

FIGURE 7.39

Recall the discussion in problem 18 (comparing the bandwidths of radio tuners and
television amplifiers) to help you answer the following questions.

QUESTIONS
A. Which is the more selective, the radio tuner or the television amplifier?

B. Which would require a lower Q circuit, the radio tuner or the television amplifier?

ANSWERS
A. The radio tuner
B. The television amplifier

26  The inductor and capacitor shown in Figure 7.40 are connected in parallel, rather
than in series. However, you can use the same formulas you used for the series circuit in
problem 20 to calculate fr, Q, and BW for parallel LC circuits.

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THE OUTPUT CURVE 305

0.1 Ω 1 µH

r L

0.01 µF

FIGURE 7.40

QUESTIONS
Find fr, Q, and BW for the circuit shown in Figure 7.40.
A. fr =
B. Q =
C. BW =

ANSWERS
A. fr = 1.6 MHz
B. X L = 10 ohms, so Q = 10/0.1 = 100 (The only resistance here is the small DC resis-
tance of the inductor.)
C. BW = 16 kHz (This is a fairly high Q circuit.)

27  In the last few problems, you learned how to calculate fr, BW, and Q, for a given cir-
cuit, or conversely, to calculate the component values that would produce a circuit with
specified fr, BW, and Q values.
When you know the resonant frequency and bandwidth for a circuit, you can sketch
an approximate output curve. With the simple calculations listed in this problem, you
can draw a curve that is accurate to within 1 percent of its true value.
The curve that results from the calculations used in this problem is sometimes called
the general resonance curve.
You can determine the output voltage at several frequencies by following these steps:

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306 CHAPTER 7 RESONANT CIRCUITS

1. Assume the peak output voltage Vp at the resonant frequency fr to be 100 percent.
This is point A on the curve shown in Figure 7.41.
2. The output voltage at f1 and f2 is 0.707 of 100 percent. On the graph, these are the
two points labeled B in Figure 7.41. Note that f2 − f1 = BW. Therefore, at half a
bandwidth above and below fr, the output is 70.7 percent of Vp.
3. At f3 and f4 (the two points labeled C in Figure 7.41), the output voltage is 44.7 per-
cent of Vp. Note that f4 − f3 = 2 BW. Therefore, at 1 bandwidths above and below fr,
the output is 44.7 percent of maximum.
4. At f5 and f6 (the two points labeled D in Figure 7.41), the output voltage is 32 per-
cent of Vp. Note that f6 − f5 = 3 BW. Therefore, at 1.5 bandwidths above and below
fr, the output is 32 percent of maximum.
5. At f 7 and f8 (the two points labeled E in Figure 7.41), the output voltage is 24 per-
cent of Vp. Note that f8 − f 7 = 4 BW. Therefore, at 2 bandwidths above and below fr,
the output is 24 percent of maximum.
6. At f10 and f9 (the two points labeled F in Figure 7.41), the output is 13 percent of Vp.
Note that f10 − f9 = 8 BW. Therefore, at 4 bandwidths above and below fr,, the out-
put is 13 percent of maximum.

A
100

70 B B
% voltage out

C C
45
D D
32 E E
24

13 F F

f9 f7 f5 f3 f1 fr f2 f4 f6 f8 f10
1
2
3
4
8
band widths

FIGURE 7.41

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THE OUTPUT CURVE 307

QUESTIONS
Calculate fr, X L, Q, and BW for the circuit shown in Figure 7.42.

100 pF

256 µH 16 Ω

FIGURE 7.42

A. fr =

B. X L =

C. Q =

D. BW =

ANSWERS
A. fr = 1 MHz
B. X L = 1607 ohms
C. Q = 100
D. BW = 10 kHz

28  Now, calculate the frequencies that correspond with each percentage of the peak out-
put voltage listed in steps 1 through 6 of problem 27. (Refer to the graph in Figure 7.41 as
needed.)

QUESTIONS
A. At what frequency will the output level be maximum?

B. At what frequencies will the output level be 70 percent of Vp?

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308 CHAPTER 7 RESONANT CIRCUITS

C. At what frequencies will the output level be 45 percent of Vp?

D. At what frequencies will the output level be 32 percent of Vp?

E. At what frequencies will the output level be 24 percent of Vp?

F. At what frequencies will the output level be 13 percent of Vp?

ANSWERS
A. 1 MHz
B. 995 kHz and 1005 kHz (1 MHz − 5 kHz and + 5 kHz)
C. 990 kHz and 1010 kHz
D. 985 kHz and 1015 kHz
E. 980 kHz and 1020 kHz
F. 960 kHz and 1040 kHz

29  You can calculate the output voltage at each frequency in the answers to problem 28
by multiplying the peak voltage by the related percentage for each frequency.

QUESTIONS
Calculate the output voltage for the frequencies given here, assuming that the peak
output voltage is 5 volts.
A. What is the output voltage level at 995 kHz?

B. What is the output voltage level at 980 kHz?

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INTRODUCTION TO OSCILLATORS 309

ANSWERS
A. V = 5 volts × 0.70 = 3.5 volts
B. V = 5 volts × 0.24 = 1.2 volts

Figure 7.43 shows the output curve generated by plotting the frequencies calculated in
problem 28 and the corresponding output voltages calculated in this problem.

5V
100

3.535 V
70.7

%Vout

960 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1040

985 995 1005 1015
f (kHz)

FIGURE 7.43

INTRODUCTION TO OSCILLATORS
In addition to their use in circuits used to filter input signals, capacitors and inductors
are used in circuits called oscillators.
Oscillators are circuits that generate waveforms at particular frequencies. Many oscil-
lators use a tuned parallel LC circuit to produce a sine wave output. This section is an
introduction to the use of parallel capacitors and inductors in oscillators.

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310 CHAPTER 7 RESONANT CIRCUITS

30  When the switch in the circuit shown in drawing (1) of Figure 7.44 is closed, current
flows through both sides of the parallel LC circuit in the direction shown.

(1) (2) (3)

FIGURE 7.44

It is difficult for the current to flow through the inductor initially because the induc-
tor opposes any changes in current flow. Conversely, it is easy for the current to flow into
the capacitor initially because with no charge on the plates of the capacitor there is no
opposition to the flow.
As the charge on the capacitor increases, the current flow in the capacitor side of the
circuit decreases. However, more current flows through the inductor. Eventually, the
capacitor is fully charged, so current stops flowing in the capacitor side of the circuit, and
a steady current flows through the inductor.

QUESTION
When you open the switch, what happens to the charge on the capacitor?

ANSWER
It discharges through the inductor. (Note the current direction, shown in drawing [2]
of Figure 7.44.)

31  With the switch open, current continues to flow until the capacitor is fully
discharged.

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