8 Wevng @ Nouns are: abstract (love, freedom. etc), proper (Woe, Europe, etc), group (family team, crowd, group, etc.) or common (chai, hat, boy. etc). © Most nouns which refer to jobs, social status, ete. hhave the same form for men and women ¢ 9. doctor. teacher, etc. rticles - Word Formation Others have different forms: actor - actress (ride) groom - bride duke - duchess hero - heroine host - hostess king - queen ‘monk nun puince - princess waiter - waitress widower - widow, ete Countekle Weune/Uncetnickle Netns 2 Countable nouns are nouns which we can count. They have singular and plural forms. We usually form the plural by adding -s. (Look at Appendix 1). Irregular Plurals: man - men, woman - women, foot ~ feet, tooth - teeth, louse - lice, mouse - mice, child - children, goose - geese, ox - oxen ‘© Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural. These are ) some kinds of animals (sheep, deer) and fish (rout, cod, salmon, ete.) 2.9.4 sheep was grazing in the field. Some she were grazing in the field, b) the words aircraft, spacecraft, hovercraft, etc. 9. One hovercraft was approaching the port. Two hovercraft were approaching the port. €) some nouns ending in -s: crossroads, means, ‘series, species, works, etc. 2.9.4 car is a means of anspor. Cars are a means of transport. aN, Scientists do a lot of research in ‘order to find cures for various diseases, A lot of money is spent (on equipment every year, but the information collected is invaluable @ Uncountable nouns are nouns which we cannot count. They do not have different plural forms. Uncountable nouns include: ‘a) many types of food: flour, yoghurt, butter, meat, ‘cheese, spaghetti, rice, sugar, etc b) liquids: coffe, lemonade, oi. petro, wine, water, etc. €) materials: crystal, wood, plastic, siver. china, glass, etc. 4) abstract nouns: knowledge, beauty, justice. help, treedom, education, love, etc @) others: research, luggage, baggage, hair, weather, behaviour, advice, news, accommodation, information. fun, equipment, liter, rubbish, furniture, crockery, cutlery, jewellery, machinery, money, etc. ® We use the following nouns with uncountable nouns to show quantity: a piece of cake/oaperinews) advicelinformation(iuriture, a glass/bottle of water, a Jar of jaminoney, a rasher of bacon, a packet of rice! tea, a loatfslice of bread, a pot of yoghurtihoney, @ poticup of tea, a kilo of meat, a tube of toothpaste, a bar of chocolate/soap, 2 can of soda, a carton of mik, «bowl of sugarisoup, ete. ‘Some of the above nouns can also be used with plural countable nouns. 2.9. a kilo of tomatoes, a bow! of cherriesNouns - Articles - Word For Countable nouns: can take singular or plural verbs. eg. The window is open. The windows are open. always go with alanithe/my, etc. in the singular eg. (paid the bill. This is my pen. can be used alone oF with some/any/manyifew in the plural eg. l/ove apples. | bought some apples to make a pie, Some nouns can be used as countable or ‘uncountable, with a difference in meaning. ‘© Would you ike a glass of lemonade? Tina can't see without her glasses. (spectacles) The vase is made of glass. (the material) * He went fo the newsagent’ to buy a paper. (newspaper) He wrote my phone number on a piece of paper. (the wating material) Don't forget to bring all the necessary papers. (documents) ‘© Susan has got shor, dark hal. (all the hair on her head) There isa hair in my soup! ‘© 1\e bought an iron as a wedding git for Tom and Jane, (or iroring clothes) This chair is made of iron (the material) ‘© You shouldn't eat to0 much chocolate. We gave her a box of chocolates. ‘© Your room is a mess! We haven't got enough room to put you up. (space) + The table is made of wood. (the material) Alot of wolves live in the woods. (forest) ‘+ MrDavis has alot of experience in accounting. (length of time doing it) He nad a few unpleasant experiences while living abroad. (events) ‘© Ihaven't got any time to lose. How many times dic Rick phone? (occasions) Uncountable nouns: ‘© always take singular verbs. 9. Gold is more expensive than silver. Milk comes from cows. © do not go with a/anjoneitwo, etc. e.g. Water is good for you. ‘@ can be used alone or with somelany/muchititte) theimy, etc. ‘2.9. Don't forget to buy (some) cote. Note: We use a/an, oneitwo, etc. with uncountable nouns such as coffee, tea, soda, etc. when we order something in a restaurant, café, etc. e.g, We'll have three cotfees, please. ‘© A couple of, several, (a) few, many, a (good, large, {great) number of and both are used with countable ouns. e.g. a couple of friends. (Too) much, (a) litte, € greatigood deal of, a smalilarge amountiquantity of are used with uncountable nouns. e.g. a small amount of money. A lot of, lots of, (hardly) any, some, no, plenty of are used with countable and ‘uncountable nouns. e.g, plenty of iendsimoney (Compoure Nouns ‘© Compound nouns are nouns that are made of two ‘or more parts and are formed as follows: a) noun + noun. The plural is usually formed by ‘adding -s/-es to the second noun. eg .ticket inspector — ticket inspectors ing formiadjective + noun. The plural is formed by adding -s/-es to the noun. 4. swimming pool + swimming pools e.g. greenhouse + greenhouses .¢) noun + in-law. The plural is formed by adding -s to the noun. e.g. sistersinlaw — sisters-in-law ) noun + adverb. The plural is formed by adding +6 to the noun. e.g.runner-up — runners-up €) verb + adverb particle. The plural is formed by adding -s to the word. 8.9. breakthrough = breakthroughs= Articles - Word Formation tneulen/Elticl Vs iFoums Wo SMCUMINCIENClINe A ‘@ a) nouns which refer to school subjects: economics, physics, mathematics (maths), politics, etc. 'b) nouns which refer to sports: gymnastics, athletics, bowls, etc. ) nouns which refer to games: billiards, dominoes, darts, draughts, ete. 4) nouns which refer to ilinesses: measles, mumps, ete, €) the word news. 11 think physics is a very interesting subject. The news isn't very encouraging, I'm afraid @ plural nouns when we talk about an amount of money, a time period, weight, distance, etc. eg. Five hundred thousand pounds was donated to build a new hospital wing. group nouns such as jury, family, team, group, crew, crowd, class, audience, committee, council, army, club, press, government, company, etc. when we mean the group as a unit. But we use plural verbs when we mean the individuals who make up the group. e.g. The jury is ready to give the verdict. (We mean the jury as a unit) The jury are all staying at the Park Hotel. (We ‘mean the individual members ofthe jury.) (Wetucerpluran vers corms Witt @ nouns such as: clothes, people, police, stairs, (good) looks, surroundings, outskirts, premises, ‘earnings, wages, cattle, poultry, etc. 24, Designer clothes are rather expensive. @ nouns which refer to objects that consist of two parts, such as: trousers, binoculars, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, tights, glasses, earrings, socks, scissors, etc. We do not use a/an or a number with these words. We use the phrase pair of... instead. e.g. Where are your gloves? was given a pair of gloves. Fill in the gaps with an appropriate noun + of to indicate quantity. carton/gla sug of. orange juice bread cottee sa water 6a wine za ‘chocolate aa crisps: Qa honey wa ‘meat Wa spaghett wa flour FIll the gaps with a, an, or some where necessary. 1. a) We had ...20m.. delicious food last night b) We had ...2.. delicious meal lastnight 2 a) Thereis ‘beautiful furniture in that shop, ) There is ‘beautiful table in that shop. 3 a) Im thirsty. Ineed dink. ) I'm thirsty. Ineed water. 4 a) She's just bought ) She's ust bought, 5 a) They booked b) They booked 6 a) The band played b) The band played expensive clothes, expensive dress. room in advance, ‘accommodation in advance. lovely song, lovely music: 7 a) We had heatwave last week b) We had hot weather last week. 8 a} I can't dothis job alone. | need assistant ») I can't do this job alone. | need helo. 9 a) Henas got heavy luggage to carry b) He has got heavy suitcase to carry 10 a) Ineed Cutlery to eat this food with. b) Ineed knife and fork to eat ths food with 11a) She has got b) She has got 12. a) He found ) He founa important job to do. important work to do. coin on the ground, money on the ground. Complete the sentences using the noun in brackets In the singular or plural form and 1 He gave me a box of my favourite ...chocolates, (chocolate) 2 His favourite food is (chocolate) 3. She bought fon her way to work (paper) 4 He placed all the important inns briefcase. (paper) 5 Ineed some to write this message fon. (paper) 6 Hurry up! We don't have much (time) 7 She has visited us several this month, (time) 8 He has no but he is keen to learn (experience) 9 She had a lot of excting travels. (experience) uring her10 " 7 8 “ 6 6 a 18 9 20 & 0 Nouns - Articles - Word For We went for a walk in the ater lunch, (wood) His desk is made of (wood) Jane is in her reading a book. (room) We have got plenty of for a pany in here. room) lam going to have my cut tomorrow. (hait) There was, in my soup. (hai) Tim thisty. I need of water. (glass) ‘Susan only wears her when she reads. (glass) This omament is made of coloured (glass) Helen bought inthe sale at he electrical store. (iron) The od gate was made of (ron) Cross out the expressions which used with the nouns, as in the exampl There are several, many, Duet", plenty of, Io- kite things you can do to help He nas met a couple of , a few, very littl, plenty of, too much interesting people. She earns few, hardly any, plenty of, several, a great deal of money. We have got no, many, lots of, a great deal of, a few work to do. Don't worry. there's a little, plenty of, a couple of, many, a lot of time. Both, Several, A large quantity of, Plenty of, Too ‘much students applied for the course. He's got no, hardly any, a little, some ‘amount of quaiiications. She's got hardly any, several, a litte, a few, a lot of ‘experience in dealing with customers, There is too much, a lot of, hardly any, few, severs salt in this soup, There isa litle, many, too much, a great number of, some tratfic on the roads today. What do we call the f people? lowing things A person who drives a bus is ..2 bus driver The screen of a computer is The juice from an orange is stick for walking with is ‘Acurtain around the shower is ‘Someone who cleans windows is. Your husband's mother is your chair which rocks is ‘A.brush for your hair is ‘Someone who passes by a place or incident is, ‘The keys to your house are 10 1" 2 A 8: a: 8: a 8 & 8 BR 8 A: 8: a 8 a B & 8 AK 8: a: 8 A 8 have a Physics exam tomorrow. (Oh dear. Physics isiare a very dificult subject My office is three miles trom my house. ‘Three miles sare a long way to walk to work IMy lite brother has got measles. (Oh dear. Measles is/are quite a serious illness. ane looked nice today, didn't she? Yes, Her clothes wereywas very smart {ve got two pounds. Im going to buy a CD Two pounds is/are not enough to buy a CD. ‘The classroom was empty when | walked past Yes. The class wasiwere all on a school outing Have you just cleaned the stairs? Yes, 50 be careful. They is/are very slippery Dig you ask John to fix your car? Yes, His advice wasiwere that | take itto a garage. id you enjoy your holiday? Yes. thank you. The weather was/were wonderful ‘These trousers isiare very old. You should buy a new pair. How is/are the company doing lately? Great. We opened up two more branches. lam going to travel for wo years when | finish school Two years islare a long time to be away from home (Dy een te setonces, inthe example 10 1" 2 13 You need a lot of experience to do this job. Alot of experience is neaded to do thie job. ‘They gave us some interesting information. ‘The information She likes Maths more than any other subject Maths We had mild weather this winter. The weather We called the police immediately. The police {old them some exciting news The news He was iritated because of the bad trafic He was imitated because the | stayed in very luxurious accommodation ‘The accommodation ‘The driver took the luggage out ofthe car. ‘The luggage She gave me very sensible advice. The advice she gave me ‘These shorts are too big for me. This pair of shorts ‘The hotels in magniticent surrouncings. ‘The hotel surroundings She's got long blonde hair. Her hair él