Introduction To Ict

EXPERIMENT 1
Identification of Parts of Computer: CPU, Memory, Storage and other

input/output devices.
Objective
 To acquaint the students with different hardware parts of the computer system and learn how
to search web
Time Required : 3 hrs

Programming Language : NIL
Software Required : Web browser
Hardware Required : Computer System
Computer
A computer is an electronic device that takes input (data), process it according to instructions
stored in its memory and produces the output (information) and also store the output for future
uses.
Computer Components
All types of computers consist of HARDWARE and SOFTWARE.
Software
Software is a collection of instructions that tell a computer how to work. These are the collection
of programs written in programming languages.
Hardware
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the
monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic
cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that
can be touched. Computer hardware are categorized into the following four categories.
1. Input devices: For raw data input.
2. Output devices: To disseminate data and information.
3. Processing devices: To process raw data instructions into information.
4. Storage devices: For data and information retention.
Input Devices:
Input Type Examples
Pointing Mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, multi-touch screen, pen input, motion sensor,
Device graphics tablet, interactive smartboard, and fingerprint scanner.
Game Joystick, gamepad, and steering wheel.

Controller
Audio Input Microphone and midi keyboard.

Device
Input Type Examples
Bluetooth Keyboard, mouse, headset, gamepad, printer.

Peripheral
Visual and Webcam, digital camera, digital camcorder, TV capture card, biometric
Imaging scanner, and barcode reader.
Device
Network Ethernet hardware and Bluetooth/wireless hardware.

Device
Mouse:
To open an application, Double click quickly (on lift side of the mouse) on the application icon
the Windows desktop. Or, click the Start button, in the lower left corner of the screen, then click
All Programs, move the cursor over desired application and single lift click on it. When the
mouse moves the curser moves in the specified direction.
Keyboard:
It is one of the first peripherals to be used with computer, and it is still the primary input device
for entering text and numbers. A standard keyboard includes about 100 keys; each key sends a
different signal to the CPU. If you have not used a computer keyboard or a typewriter, you will
learn quickly that you can use a computer much more effectively if you know how to type. The
skill of typing, or keyboarding, is the ability to enter text and numbers with skills and accuracy.
The different functions of keyboard are explained in the given figure.
Alphanumeric Keys:
The area of keyboard that looks like a typewriter’s key are arranged the same way on almost
every keyboard. Sometimes this common arrangement is called QWERT layout, because the first
six keys on the top row of letters are Q, W, E, R, T, and Y. the alphanumeric key group contains
four keys having specific functions. The TAB, CAPS LOCK, BACKSPACE and ENTER keys.
Function Keys:
Function keys starting from F1 to F12. Each function key has a particular task (function). Some
of these shown in the given table.
Function keys Function

F1 Online help
F2 Rename
F3 On most browsers, F3 is used to open find bar.
F4 Press F4 to repeat the last action performed in Microsoft
Word
F5 Refresh normally and goto in MS Word
F6 Almost in all modern browsers, pressing F6 moves the cursor
to the address bar
F7 Press F7 to launch Spelling and Grammar dialog box in
Microsoft Office program
F8 Holding F8 during Windows boot process enters into
Windows Safe Mode
F9 Move to the first line of the last page of the current report.
F10 Shows menu bar in Mozilla Firefox, internet browser or
highlights the same in many programs
F11 Is used to enter and exit from full screen mode in all modern
internet browsers
F12 Opens ‘Save As’ window in MS Office program
Movement Keys:
These keys are used to control the curser. Press the key to move the cursor in the required
direction. As shown in the given figure.
Numeric Keypad:
The portion of keyboard given below in the figure is called Numeric keypad. Numeric data is
entered through this pad.
Output Devices:
These components are sub-categorized under softcopy and hardcopy output. Softcopy devices
produce output in a form that we cannot touch. While hardcopy output can be touch.
Popular Softcopy Devices
1. Monitor
2. Projection display
3. Interactive (electronic) smartboard
4. Touchscreen (it is both input and output device)
5. Speakers
6. Headphones and earphones
7. Ethernet cables
8. Wireless and Bluetooth transmissions
9. Flash drives
10. External drives
11. Optical drives
Popular Hardcopy Devices

1. Printer
Processing and Memory/Storage Devices:

These are the components responsible for the processing and storage of information within the
computer system. This includes devices such as the CPU, memory (RAM, ROM, HDD) and
motherboard. All the processing devices and some memory devices are combined in a single unit
called computer case, also known as a computer chassis, tower, system unit, or cabinet. It
includes the following components.
Motherboard: A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known
as the main board, system board, planar board or logic board or
shortly mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in
computers and other expandable systems. It holds many of the
crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central
processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for
other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard contains
significant sub-systems such as the processor.
Microprocessor: A microprocessor incorporates the functions

of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single
integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. It is a
multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as
input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory,
and provides results as output. It is an example of sequential
digital logic, as it has internal memory. Microprocessors operate
on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral
system.
Hard Disk: A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving
digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. An
HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning
individual blocks of data can be stored
or retrieved in any order rather than
sequentially. An HDD consists of one
or more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating
disks (platters) with magnetic heads
arranged on a moving actuator arm to
read and write data to the surfaces.
Optical Driver (CD Rom Driver): CD-ROM discs are read using CD-
ROM drives. A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer via an
IDE (ATA), SCSI, SATA, FireWire, or USB interface or a proprietary
interface, such as the Panasonic CD interface. Virtually all modern CD-
ROM drives can also play audio CDs (as well as Video CDs and other
data standards) when used in conjunction with the right software.
CD-ROM: This modern miracle gained prominence in the late

1980's and has become the primary distribution medium for software
to consumers. The Compact Disk-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)
disk itself is a collection of concentric circles containing millions of
pits and plateaus which correspond to on/off bits of data. The disk is
read with an optical laser similar to the one used to scan your
groceries at the supermarket. Most disks of this kind are "Read only"
meaning that the computer can retrieve information from the disk,
but cannot place information on it. New developments have improved this technology to allow
writing and rewriting data to the disk. A different kind of hardware mechanism is needed to
employ this innovation.
Random-access memory (RAM): Random-access memory

(RAM) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access device
allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. In
contrast, other data storage media such as hard disks, CDs, DVDs
and magnetic tape, as well as early primary memory types such as
drum memory, read and write data only in a predetermined order,
consecutively, because of mechanical design limitations. Therefore
the time to access a given data location varies significantly
depending on its physical location.
Power Supply: A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to

low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a
computer. Modern personal computers universally use a
switched-mode power supply. Some power supplies have a
manual selector for input voltage, while others automatically
adapt to the supply voltage.
Data Cables: Serial ATA

(Advance Technology Attachment)(SATA) is a
computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to
mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical
drives. Serial ATA replaces the
older AT Attachment standard
(ATA later referred to as Parallel ATA or PATA), offering
several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size
and cost (seven conductors instead of 40), native hot swapping,
faster data transfer through higher signaling rates, and more
efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.
EXERCISE
Exercise 1.1 [5]
What type of computer system do you use in class or in the lab? How much can you tell about
the system by looking at it? List as much information as you can about the computer. Is it a
desktop or tower model? What brand is it? What type of processor it has? What external devices
does it have? Is it connected to a network or printer?
Exercise 1.2 [5]
What kind of software is installed on your computer? To find out, all you have to do is turn on
your computer. After it starts, you should see a collection of icons i.e. Small pictures that
represent the programs and other resources on your computer. List the icons that appear on your
screen and the name of the software programs they represents.

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EXPERIMENT 1

Identification of Parts of Computer: CPU, Memory, Storage and other

Time Required : 3 hrs

Input Type Examples

Game Joystick, gamepad, and steering wheel.

Audio Input Microphone and midi keyboard.

Bluetooth Keyboard, mouse, headset, gamepad, printer.

Network Ethernet hardware and Bluetooth/wireless hardware.

Function keys Function

Popular Hardcopy Devices

Processing and Memory/Storage Devices:

Microprocessor: A microprocessor incorporates the functions

CD-ROM: This modern miracle gained prominence in the late

Random-access memory (RAM): Random-access memory

Power Supply: A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to

Data Cables: Serial ATA

Exercise 1.2 [5]

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