MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SHRI H. H. J. B. POLYTECHNIC,
CHANDWAD MICROPROJECT REPORT
TITLE OF PROJECT

Noise And Light Pollution

Program :COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Program code: 0079.
Course : ENVIROMENTAL STUDIES
Course code: 22447
Subject Teacher: MISS.S.N.Gosavi

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 MAHARASHTRA STATEBOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that

Name –Ahirrao Sakshi Bapu

Student of Third Semester of Diploma in of Institute,
SHHJB POLYTECHNIC, CHANDWAD (Code:0079) has
completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject:
ENVIROMENTAL STUDIES Code: 22447 for the
academic year 2022- 2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: CHANDWAD
Date: ………………………
Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

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 MAHARASHTRA STATEBOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Group Details

Sr. Name of group members Roll Enrollment No

No No
1. Ahirrao Sakshi Bapu 61 2100790413

Name of Guide: MISS. S. N.Gosavi

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 MAHARASHTRA STATEBOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

INDEX

SR. CONTENT PAGE

NO NO.

1 Abstract 5
2 Introduction 6

3 Effects off Noise/Light Pollution 7/8

4 Impact of pollution 9
5 conclusion 13

6 References 13

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 ABSTRACT

Studies on the consequences of urbanization often examine the effects

of light, noise, and heat pollution independently on isolated species
providing a limited understanding of how these combined stressors
affect species interactions. Here, we investigate how these factors
interact to affect parasitic frog-biting midges (corethrella spp.) and
their túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus) hosts. A survey of
túngara frog calling sites revealed that frog abundance was not
significantly correlated with urbanization, light, noise, or temperature.
In contrast, frog-biting midges were sensitive to light pollution and
noise pollution. Increased light intensity significantly reduced midge
abundance at low noise levels. At high noise intensity, there were no
midges regardless of light level. Two field experiments controlling
light and noise levels to examine attraction of the midges to their host
and their feeding behavior confirmed the causality of these field
patterns. These findings demonstrate that both light and noise
pollution disrupt this host– parasite interaction and highlight the
importance of considering interactions among species and types of
pollutants to accurately assess the impacts of urbanization on
ecological communities.

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 Introduction
Humans have modified most of the earth’s surface, rapidly increasing
the rate and scale of urbanization.This process is complex and has
rapidly altered habitat structure by modifying the type and amount of
vegetation present while also changing patterns of abiotic factors
resulting in novel light, noise, and temperature landscapes. For
example, cities are predictable islands of heat in a backdrop of
otherwise cooler environments. Similarly, artificial nighttime lighting
forms a grid that expands across the globe. Elevated levels of low
frequency noise produced by traffic and industry are pervasive and
characterize human-dominated ecosystems.

Heat, light, and noise pollution are common in urban environments,

and affect the abundance, behavior, and distribution of many species.
Urban heat islands, for instance, can facilitate colonization by warm-
tolerant species, which can have adverse impacts on native species.
Similarly, anthropogenic light can affect species abundance and
distribution. Some species avoid light-polluted areas while others may
alter their activity patterns; for example, some species of urban
songbirds start singing earlier in the morning in light polluted areas.
More subtle effects can also occur. Streetlights negatively affect moth
defensive behaviors and disrupt moth flight, navigation, vision, and
feeding. While increased light levels often have negative fitness
consequences for species, positive effects are also possible. For
species that use acoustic signals, such as many insects, birds, and
frogs, anthropogenic noise may generate acoustic interference
affecting their communication systems and ultimately alter their
intraspecific interactions.

Artificial noise, light, and heat can select for signaling strategies that
affect the behavior and physiology of organisms, modulate habitat
preferences and ultimately influence the fitness of individuals living
in urban environments.Consequently, anthropogenic heat, lighting,
and noise represent novel and important evolutionary challenges to
many organisms.

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Light Pollution:-

Light pollution is the presence of unwanted, inappropriate, or

excessive artificial lighting. In a descriptive sense, the term "light
pollution" refers to the effects of any poorly implemented lighting,
during the day or night. Light pollution can be understood not only as
a phenomenon resulting from a specific source or kind of pollution,
but also as a contributor to the wider, collective impact of various
sources of pollution.
Although this type of pollution can exist throughout the day, its
effects are magnified during the night with the contrast of darkness. It
has been estimated that 83 percent of the world's people live under
light-polluted skies and that 23 percent of the world's land area
is affected by skyglow. The area affected by artificial illumination
continues to increase. A major side-effect of urbanization, light
pollution is blamed for compromising health, disrupting ecosystems,
and spoiling aesthetic environments.
Solutions to light pollution are often easy steps like adjusting light
fixtures or using more appropriate lightbulbs. However, because it is a
human-made phenomenon, addressing its impacts on humans and the
wider ecological systems of Earth involves vast societal complexities
that overlay light pollution with political, social, and economic
considerations.

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Harmfull effects of light pollution :-

o Stress
o Exhaustion
o Headaches
o Increased anxiety
o Obesity

Noise pollution :-

Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound

pollution, is the propagation of noise with ranging impacts on the
activity of human or animal life, most of them harmful to a degree.
The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines,
transport, and propagation systems. Poor urban planning may give
rise to noise disintegration or pollution, side-by-side industrial and
residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential
areas. Some of the main sources of noise in residential areas
include loud music, transportation (traffic, rail, airplanes, etc.), lawn
care maintenance, construction, electrical generators, wind turbines,
explosions, and people.
Documented problems associated with noise in urban environments
go back as far as ancient Rome. Today, the average noise level
of 98 decibels (dB) exceeds the WHO value of 50 dB allowed for
residential areas. Research suggests that noise pollution in the United
States is the highest in low-income and racial minority
neighborhoods, and noise pollution associated with household
electricity generators isan emerging environmental degradation in
many developing nations
High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans
and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease. In animals,
noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey
detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation,
and contribute to permanent hearing loss. A substantial amount of the
noise that humans produce occurs in the ocean. Up until recently,
most research on noise impacts has been focused on marine mammals,
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and to a lesser degree, fish. In the past few years, scientists have
shifted to conducting studies on invertebrates and their responses to
anthropogenic sounds in the marine environment. This research is
essential, especiall

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considering that invertebrates make up 75% of marine species, and thus
compose a large percentage of ocean food webs. Of the studies that
have been conducted, a sizable variety in families of invertebrates have
been represented in the research. A variation in the complexity of their
sensory systems exists, which allows scientists to study a range of
characteristics and develop a better understanding of anthropogenic
noise impacts on living organisms.

Harmfull effects of noise pollution:-

o Loud noise can cause great harm to our ears

o Loud noise can cause a person to lose concentration in his work.
o Loud noise can cause ailment called Hypertension.
o Loud noise can cause irritation and headache.
o Loud noise during night time disturb our sleep

Global impact of pollution:-

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 o World map of light pollution. False colors show intensities
of skyglow from artificial light sources around the world.

Europe
Inspection of the area surrounding Madrid reveals that the effects of
light pollution caused by a single large conglomeration can be felt up
to 100 km (62 mi) away from the center. Global effects of light
pollution are also made obvious. Research in the late 1990s showed
that entire area consisting of southern England, Netherlands, Belgium,
West Germany, and northern France have a sky brightness of at least
two to four times normal. The only places in continental Europe
where the sky can attain its natural darkness are in northern
Scandinavia and in islands far from the continent.

North America:-
In North America the situation is comparable. There is a significant
problem with light pollution ranging from the Canadian Maritime
Provinces to the American Southwest. The International Dark-Sky
Association works to designate areas that have high-quality night
skies. These areas are supported by communities and organizations
that are dedicated to reducing light pollution (e.g. Dark-sky
preserve). The National Park Service Natural Sounds and Night
Skies Division has measured night sky quality in national park units
across the U.S. Sky quality in the U.S. ranges from pristine (Capitol
Reef National Park and Big Bend National Park) to severely degraded
(Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area and Biscayne
National Park).The National Park Service Night Sky Program
monitoring database is available online.

East Asia:-
Light pollution in Hong Kong was declared the 'worst on the planet' in
March 2013.
In June 2016, it was estimated that one third of the world's population
could no longer see the Milky Way, including 80% of Americans and
60% of Europeans. Singapore was found to be the most light-polluted
country in the world.

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Public health impact of pollution :-

Medical research on the effects of excessive light on the human body

suggests that a variety of adverse health effects may be caused by
light pollution or excessive light exposure, and some lighting design
textbooks use human health as an explicit criterion for proper interior
lighting. Health effects of over-illumination or improper spectral
composition of light may include increased headache incidence,
worker fatigue, medically defined stress, decrease in sexual function
and increase in anxiety. Likewise, animal models have been studied
demonstrating unavoidable light to produce adverse effect on mood
and anxiety. For those who need to be awake at night, light at night
also has an acute effect on alertness and mood.
In 2007, "shift work that involves circadian disruption" was listed as a
probable carcinogen by the World Health Organization's International
Agency for Research on Cancer. (IARC Press release No.
180). Multiple studies have documented a correlation between night
shift work and the increased incidence of breast and prostate cancer.
One study which examined the link between exposure to artificial
light at night (ALAN) and levels of breast cancer in South Korea
found that regions which had the highest levels of ALAN reported the
highest number of cases of breast cancer. Seoul, which had the
highest levels of light pollution, had 34.4% more cases of breast
cancer than Ganwon- do, which had the lowest levels of light
pollution. This suggested a high correlation between ALAN and the
prevalence of breast cancer. It was also found that there was no
correlation between other types of cancer such as cervical or lung
cancer and ALAN levels.
A more recent discussion (2009), written by Professor Steven
Lockley, Harvard Medical School, can be found in the CFDS
handbook "Blinded by the Light?".Chapter.4 "Human health
implications of light pollution" states that "... light intrusion, even if
dim, is likely to have measurable effects on sleep disruption and
melatonin suppression. Even if these effects are relatively small from
night to night, continuous chronic circadian, sleep and hormonal
disruption may have longer-term health risks". The New York
Academy of Sciences hosted a meeting in 2009 on Circadian
Disruption and Cancer. Red light suppresses melatonin the least.
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In June 2009, the American Medical Association developed a policy
in support of control of light pollution. News about the decision
emphasized glare as a public health hazard leading to unsafe driving
conditions. Especially in the elderly, glare produces loss of contrast,
obscuring night vision.
A new 2021 study published in the Southern Economic Journal
indicates that light pollution may increase by 13% in preterm births
before 23 weeks of gestation.

Reduction of Light Pollution:-

Reducing light pollution implies many things, such as reducing sky
glow, reducing glare, reducing light trespass, and reducing clutter.
The method for best reducing light pollution, therefore, depends on
exactly what the problem is in any given instance. Possible solutions
include:

 Utilizing light sources of minimum intensity necessary to

accomplish the light's purpose.
 Turning lights off using a timer or occupancy sensor or
manually when not needed.
 Improving lighting fixtures, so they direct their light more
accurately towards where it is needed, and with fewer side
effects.
 Adjusting the type of lights used, so the light waves emitted
are those that are less likely to cause severe light pollution
problems. Mercury, metal halide and above all first
generation of blue-light LED road luminaires are much more
polluting than sodium lamps: Earth's atmosphere scatters and
transmits blue light better than yellow or red light. It is a
common experience observing "glare" and "fog" around and
below LED road luminaires as soon as air humidity increases,
while orange sodium lamp luminaires are less prone to
showing this phenomenon.
 Evaluating existing lighting plans, and re-designing some or
all the plans depending on whether existing light is actually
needed.

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Conclusion:-
All type of pollution has their kind of negative impact on our
environment. The lives of humans and animals get impacted due to
this. It is our responsibility to take various initiatives to protect nature.
We need to fight against pollution to take steps towards a better
tomorrow Environmental pollution is causing a lot of distress not only
to humans but also animals, driving many animal species to
endangerment and even extinction

References:-
 http://pollution765.blogspot.com
 https://wikipedia.com

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