DC MOTOR Group 2 BSME SEP 3A-TThe relationship of DC Generator and DC Motor. Before we proceed, kindly take note and participate for recitation. @®DC MOTOR l, Z ao From construction point of view there is no difference between a DC generator and motor. The DC motors are very useful where wide range of speeds and perfect speed regulation is required such as electric traction. DC Motor An electro-mechanical energy conversion device that converts DC electrical energy or power into mechanical energy or power is called a DC motor. Electric motors are used for driving industrial machines, e.g., hammers, presses, drilling machines, lathes, rollers in paper and steel industry, blowers for furnaces, etc., and domestic appliances, e.g,, refrigerators, fans, water pumps, toys, mixers, etc. reWorking Principle | 7, 7 "When kept in a magnetic field, a current-carrying conductor gains torque and develops a tendency to move. In short, when electric fields and magnetic fields interact, a mechanical force arises. This is the principle on which the DC motors work. " ———_TYPES | | I ao DC motors have a wide range of applications ranging from electric shavers to automobiles. To cater to this wide range of applications, they are classified into different types based on the field winding connections to the armature as: « Self Excited DC Motor Separately Excited DC Motor Now, let us discuss the various types of DC Motors in detail. Deceit Se ieD elf Excited DC Motor il, Z ao In self-excited DC motors, the field winding is connected either in series or parallel to the armature winding. Based on this, the self-excited DC motor can further be classified as: ¢ Shunt wound DC motor « Series wound DC motor © Compound wound DC motor ee ee ee eeeSelf Excited D¢ Motor ( ly In a shunt wound motor, the field soln connected parallel to the armature as shown in the figure. Shunt wound DC motorSelf Excited DC Motor il, In a series wound DC motor, the fie winding is connected in series with the armature winding as shown in the figure. Series wound motorSelf Excited DC Motor | | I, a DC motors having both shunt and series field winding is known as Compound DC motor, as shown in the figure. The compound motor is further divided into: ¢ Cumulative Compound Motor ¢ Differential Compound Motor ‘Shunt field Se o) ‘Compound wound DC motorSeparately Excited DC Motor | 7 Cn In a separately excited DC motor, the field coils are energised from an external source of DC supply as shown in the figure. a - - bc H supply Field vq oe, — [Armature + o Separately excited DC motorly Wound Stator Hallettect | Commutator armature Brushes Permanent Permanent magnet magnet Brushless DC Motor Brushed DC MotorApplications of DC Motor | | I ‘7 Shunt DC Motors Owing to the fairly constant speed and medium starting torque of shunt DC motors, they are used in the following applications: 1. Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps 2. Lathe machines 3. Blowers and Fans 4. Drilling machines 5. Milling machines =—4-Machine toolsApplications of DC Motor | | I 7 Series DC Motors Owing to the high starting torque and variable speed of series DC motors, they are used in the following applications: Conveyors « Hoists, Elevators « Cranes « Electric Locomotives ee ee ee eeApplications of DC Motor | | I, 7 Cumulative Compound DC motors Owing to the high starting torque of cumulative compound DC motors, they are used in the following applications: Shears Heavy Planers Rolling mills « Elevators Deceit Se ie en:BACK EMFBACK EMF The equation for BACK EMF: EMF Equation Of A DC Generator * Consider a DC generator with the following parameters, PéZN + P= nuffin eld poles, EB, and ’ + = flux produced per pole in Wb (weber) ? 6 0 A + Z= total no. of armature conductors no. of parallel paths in armature + N= rotational speed of armature in revolutions per min. (rpm)SIGNIFICANCE OF BACK EMF hy The presence of back emf makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating machine i.e., it makes the motor draw as much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque required by the load. ——_SIGNIFICANCE OF BACK EMF hy + When the motor is running on no load, small torque is required to overcome the friction and windage losses. Therefore, the armature current la is small and the back emf is nearly equal to the applied voltage. « If the motor is suddenly loaded, the first effect is to cause the armature to slow down. Therefore, the speed at which the armature conductors move through the field is reduced and hence the back emf Eb falls. « If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving torque is momentarily in excess of the requirement so that armature is accelerated.EM TORQUE DEVELOPED IN DC MOTOR (WHAEM TORQUE DEVELOPED IN DC MOTOR | | V7, ‘o + E= the supply voltage fed to the ‘ormature + Eb= the back emf developed across the armature. + Ra= the armature resistance. The laRa drop takes place in the ‘armature when the armature current la flows through the armature E=Eb+laRaShaft Torque il, ZL The Shaft Torque(Tsh) is the torque in a DC motor which is available at the shaft of the machine for doing useful work. ———_ “Shaft Torque il, Zz Shaft torque (Tsh) Formula el 60 P " un sh = 50 minrpm Output Power(P) / Tsh = 9.55 aN N—minrpm eget ae SS ee ceShaft Torque il, Zz Armature torque (Ta) Formula NZP Ia Ta, = 0.159 2XZP a I P T, = 0.1596 ZI, a Neuton — metre pet ae SS ie ceShaft Torque il, ZL Back emf (Eb) Formula Ey = V — IaRa Deceit Se ie en:Shaft Torque il, Zz Problems A 220 V, 4-pole series motor with 600 conductors wave- connected supplying a load of 7.5kW by taking 35 A from the motors. Calculate the developed torque and shaft torque, if the ‘lux per pole is 15 mWb and its armature circuit resistance is 0.5 QO Deceit Se ieShaft Torque il, ZL Determine developed torque, Back emf, and shaft torque of 220-V, the 4-pole series motor with 900 conductors wave- connected supplying a load of 9.0 kW by taking 50 A from the mains. The flux per pole is 30 mWb and its armature circuit resistance is 0.5 O ee ee ee eeeComparison of generator and motor action The Motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy, whereas the generator does the opposite. The motor operates based on the current-carrying conductor that experiences a force when it is kept in the magnetic field. However, the working principle of the generator is based on electromagnetic induction. Dec cet tae SS ieComparisons parameter motor generator function Converts Electrical energy to Mechanical Energy Converts Mechanical energy to Electrical Energy Working principle The working principle of a motor is based on the current-carrying conductor that experiences a force when it is kept in the magnetic field. The working principle of the generator is based on electromagnetic induction. Rule Fleming's left hand rule Fleming's right-hand rule Driving force for shaft The shaft of an electric The shaft of an electric aComparisons motor is driven by a magnetic force which is developed between the armature and field. generator is connected to the rotor which is driven by a mechanical force. Electricity uses electricity. generates electricity. Current Usage In a motor, the current is supplied to the armature winding. In a generator, the current is produced in the armature winding. Source of energy Power grids, electrical supply steam turbines, water turbines, internal combustion enginesComparisons EMF The electric motor gives_| The generator gives emf to outback emf to the circuit the load connected. Application Automobiles, elevators, | In power supply chains in fans, pumps, etc. industries, testing purposes in the laboratory, general lighting, powering of batteries, etc. Example Ceiling fans, cars, bikes, In power stations, a ete. generator is used to generate electricity.Comparisons EMF The electric motor gives_| The generator gives emf to outback emf to the circuit the load connected. Application Automobiles, elevators, | In power supply chains in fans, pumps, etc. industries, testing purposes in the laboratory, general lighting, powering of batteries, etc. Example Ceiling fans, cars, bikes, In power stations, a ete. generator is used to generate electricity.TYPES OF DC MOTOR 1. Permanent Magnet DC Motors The permanent magnet motor uses a permanent magnet to create field flux. This type of DC motor provides great starting torque and has good speed regulation, but torque is limited so they are typically found on low horsepower applications. The field flux in the permanent magnet motor is produced by a permanent magnet. Despite having a limited amount of beginning torque and strong speed control, this type of DC motor is frequently used in low horsepower applications. Dec cet tae SS ieTYPES OF DC MOTOR 1, Permanent Magnet DC Motors Rotor CoilsTYPES OF DC MOTOR 2.Series DC Motors In a series DC motor, the field is wound with a few turns of a large wire carrying the full armature current. Typically, series DC motors create a large amount of starting torque, but cannot regulate speed and can even be damaged by running with no load. These limitations mean that they are not a good option for variable speed drive applications. Deceit Se ie en:TYPES OF DC MOTOR 2.Series DC Motors Deceit Se ieTYPES OF DC MOTOR 3. Shunt DC Motors In shunt DC motors the field is connected in parallel (shunt) with the armature windings. These motors offer great speed regulation due to the fact that the shunt field can be excited separately from the armature windings, which also offers simplified reversing controls. The field and armature windings are linked in parallel (shunt) in shunt DC motors. These motors have excellent speed regulation because the shunt field may be activated independently of the armature windings, Ww ich also makes it easier to manage reversing.TYPES OF DC MOTOR 3. Shunt DC MotorsTYPES OF DC MOTOR 4. Compound DC motors Compound DC motors, like shunt DC motors, have a separately excited shunt field. Compound DC motors have good starting torque but may experience control problems in variable speed drive applications. Between the 4 types of DC motors, the potential applications are numerous. Each type of DC motor has its strengths and weaknesses. Understanding these can help you understand which types may be good for your application.TYPES OF DC MOTOR 4. Compound DC motors canaSELECTION OF DC MOTOR Best de motor: For applications requiring strong starter torque without the requirement for speed adjustment, series wound DC motors work well. A DC series motor behaves similarly to a shunt motor in that it slows down as a load is added, lowering the back EMF and raising the net voltage. Deceit Se ieAPPLICATIONS OF DC MOTOR APPLICATIONS AND SELECTION OF DC MOTOR SERIES DC MOTORS - Series Motors can produce enormous turning power, the torque from its idle state. This characteristic makes series motors suitable for small electrical appliances, versatile electric equipment and etc. Series motors are not suitable when constant speed is needed. The reason is that the velocity of series motors varies greatly with varying loads. ee ee ee eeeAPPLICATIONS OF DC MOTOR APPLICATIONS AND SELECTION OF DC MOTOR SHUNT DC MOTORS - Shunt DC motors are very suitable for belt- driven applications. This constant speed motor is used in industrial and automotive applications such as machine tools and winding/unwinding machines where a great amount of torque precision is required. Dec cet tae SS ieAPPLICATIONS OF DC MOTOR APPLICATIONS AND SELECTION OF DC MOTOR PERMANENT MAGNET DC MOTORS - The PMDC motors are used in various applications ranging from fractions to several horsepower. They are developed up to about 200 kW for use in various industries. ee ee ee eeAPPLICATIONS OF DC MOTOR APPLICATIONS AND SELECTION OF DC MOTOR COMPOUND DC MOTORS - Because of the capabilities of the compound motors to provide high starting torque and also speed regulation and control it has many applications in different areas. Below we listed some of the applications of a compound DC motor: ¢ Compound motors due to their ability to perform better on heavy load changes are used in elevators. * Due to their high starting torque and better speed control for pressure variations, they are used in shears and punches.TIP#1 Determine Your Speed, Torque and Voltage First Voltage, speed, and torque are the three key parameters that you must understand for every application involving a DC motor. You are now prepared to begin your search for the appropriate motor option once these factors have been established. Utilizing a motor that is close to or at full efficiency is crucial. When choosing a motor, it's important to establish the motor voltage as well. Your electrical power source, such as a 12-Volt battery or power supply, will decide the motor voltage. The nominal voltage for DC motors is normally either 12 or 24VDC.Tip # 2: Balance Size vs. Performance For any application, choosing the right motor size is crucial, but if a certain performance is needed, it may become problematic. Generally speaking, bigger motors have greater power than their little brothers. You might have to make certain performance concessions, depending on the demands of your application, to assist meet the size restrictions.Tip # 3: Gear Motors Offer More Torque There are instances when you require greater torque than a typical DC motor can produce. The torque and speed produced by a DC gear motor rely on the selected gear ratio, which also affects the speed. Spur gear motors, planetary gear motors, and worm gear motors are the three most common types of gear motors. Each variety of gearhead has unique benefits.Tip # 4: Define your Duty Cycle Which motor type is ideal for your application or gadget will depend on your duty cycle. Key components of your duty cycle include directional rotation, operating periods, and dwell times. The motor selection procedure should begin with the definition of the duty cycle. Continuous usage is still permissible as long as the motor is performing at its highest level of efficiency.STARTING METHODS OF DC MOTOR WHY DO WE NEED A STARTER? A starter is a device that initiates and accelerates the motor. A controller is a device to start, control speed, reverse, stop and protect Caer Nhatisthe Starting of DC Motor? . tite Ns 2 arash tol (oe Tea) att = |, IT o* =F modaSTARTING METHODS OF DC MOTOR WHAT IS THE VOLTAGE EQUATION OF A DC MOTOR? We know that the voltage equation of a DC MOTOR is: V-Eb+lIaxRa Where: ¢ Vis the terminal voltage ¢ Eb is the induced back e.m.f ¢ Ia is the armature current * Ra is the armature resistanceSTARTING METHODS OF DC MOTOR The motor's armature current is given by: V—-E, I, =——— on Ra Where, I, = Armature Current E,, = Back EMF R, = Armature ResistanceSAMPLE PROBLEM: At starting conditions, the motor is not turning, therefore the internal generated voltage EA = OV. Since the internal resistance of a normal DC motor is very low (3-6 % pu), a very high current lows. For instance, for a 50 hp, 250 V DC motor with armature resistance RA of 0.06 Q and a full-load current about 200 A, the starting current is?3 POINT STARTERS THIS IS HOW THE STARTER LOOKS LIKE: INNER VIEW we OUTER VIEWVARIOUS PARTS OF STARTER e 3 POINT STARTER e 4 POINT STARTER e 2 POINT STARTER3 POINT STARTER e Is an electric device, used for starting as well as maintaining the DC shunt motor speed. e It has 3 terminals which is L, Z and Bel ee *, A®4 POINT STARTER e It consists of a graded starting resistance to limit starting current. e It has 4 terminals which is L, N, F and A. ey a a supe -SS— zz2 POINT STARTER ¢ manually operated face-plate type starters used gar starting dc series motors ¢ It has 2 terminals for its insertion in the De motor _ = iePOWER LOSSES IN DC MOTOR « Electrical losses Core Losses ¢ Brush Losses ¢ Mechanical Losses + Stray LossesPOWER LOSSES IN DC MOTOR ELECTRICAL LOSSES ¢ which the difference between the energy enetering the network at one end and the energy received by the customers.POWER LOSSES IN DC MOTOR CORE LOSSES e also known as iron losses or excitation losses it is a situation in which there is some change or the energy lost through the generation of heat.POWER LOSSES IN DC MOTOR BRUSH LOSSES ¢ are the losses taking place between the commutator and the carbon brushes. It is the power loss at the brush contact point.POWER LOSSES IN DC MOTOR MECHANICAL LOSSES ¢ are the losses that takes place because of the mechanical effects of the machines.POWER LOSSES IN DC MOTOR Stray Losses e these are miscellanous losses which are due to the reasons like short circuit currents in the coils due to communication.THANK YOU! Reference: General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR) Guidelines BYJU'S. (2021b, March 22). BYJUS. Retrieved October 17. {rom https:/ /byjus.com/physies/de-motor/