S70DY_oF (OMPoUN 0S

NITRICAC10

Jahoxolery Prepavotio
N a

BROWN-FUMES.

NITRIC ACID_

Heat

keaction Cnc. KHsO +H NYIC c i d

Potossiumbisulpnale
Vitve

yaHsO +Ho
Nano CoH20p Selurmbisuphale
NINiC aud

chile sallpehe
the_ALLd_ahtainesdin_he
e uir Qd_oloinJessbut
lohuatauS syhlly ellauwuh 2
dhssolutton
The Yelaw calauy 1S due lo
theud ihis
yeddish_kroun lelguned NO0g_n
deampasihin uaud
gasIs pxodured dur_lo the 1henal
HNa 2 d H 0 14N,1

2CmDVe_he_iellaty_ lou o lhe_acid?

Hlaw_wlyou
is bubbled thouçh the Zell>w ad
0 dy a i x (o1) O2 gud
So that H_dvios out NO, om _iam
 By addihun 2_eetesIe_ud

4%dhssolues In uiY

a0Rayatus_s uelia
the_lahatakan
dll 9lass
a_nui aCId why-
2epanahan awOsivel
ataih
UapouysaANa,
Is
yulbeyaid ayk-
inIhe-pepaauien_el

whu_kenelaud is
Da lácd
ubiL_ aLd 2
an l is not used in plae of_
Becaase volatile_andbeae
beausehclis
an Hs carrHd_vap2uYS
uapours_wl
nibicaad
To
labialeny_prejeaaticn_oiuLL ALdthe
sbula_ai_taicel aooc
epoctiue fhe jeattian
Luh a havdou.s
Because at hgh lempevafue
oAasoShiks la lhe wallafthe clo
Gd is dlhcut_ta eee
uaND 2304 do va,sot HNO
The highe emptxature
a maydamage glhs a paxakus
bdelamposihcn öf Nibir ad
uaslapr el fuel_

Manuaciu ihic acd Dstwald pyoss

Step ulalahc nzidahun of_ammania

LhusYeaciaa 15 cAthenlc ad the ha

euoedmaunlains the lemptaaluwe.o{ Cutalic-
Chambey
 slp 2Lidatian si lieozide in oaidation choamber
dNa t02 dNaNo(
skpm AbsovpBin ot Noin water
hNOgt dH20 ta 4hNs
(4) (D
The oic acd obkained at the tln of the toucy
IC oncenba led dbove 50 .
Theahave atud on fnthey dishillaten gives_37 nikvicatd
wibnc acd up toq8 (fuming ibic aca is
oblainedhq chstllinq_fa HvgaOveY sulphuvic acid
J

HNO as 011dislng agent

0ricdisina popc1t ies aie due to Nasent exuqa)
Lwhich it gives on decampos tion
AHND dNog t Ho T L
o nC

a N o t H20 + 3[o7

Reachian uith copp

3Cu f BH woa
3CuCvos, t NO thH20
cold ovlute
Cu tAH N03 CuCwot No H20
Hot an Gncenaled

Keaction with noo.mcta lS

ConC
CO24 dt20 tANo2

S+ H No H2S4 t AN20 +6no,

3Hel+ THo 31)

doua Reqla
 BYOLun Ring les
lel slub-icg o
prepaud Sakura
ddd freshly
keke
fe Soy
alonp the Stdasoftheles
Ndodd anHhS4, 1ha unciion e fwo
hxnunving appeaxSal
liguds-
taHeg3Fe,[5o}t4ho tane
Feso,13ts
FesotNvo Feso,NO
tvoso krmus sulhake
a hrown_lompmund

TheumaDecomp0Sihion o metal wilvates

Metal naabes
Potassium melal nitvite. +02
S ocdium
G 2/ NOp- >aNO t Oz
Ca

M
AI

mejal o9cíde + NO2 +0g

Fe
MG CNog) dmq0 tho, O2
P
Cu

H
Aq Melal+NO2 tO
Au
adqNog dAy táno,_t0,
 Hudy o_CornpoundS

Sulpnum_acud
ManufacfuYe uphuvic acd ((onlacl pvocess
D Protuchan of sulphi dinxide
Fesa + l) 02 aFe20
aFe20 18S0
Tvon i l e s

S t0g So
Slep&
Cukalyhc_0idationo S04
dSogOg2 hoo-45o

AhsonphianCoas0 in_Suphuric axd

SO tH2 SD4-
OleumpY YOSulp.haric aud
Siph Pilution_ooleum fo_ oblainaulphuic aud
HhSg0 t H6?_H2 So4_

So is nd dyecky _absotbelh watey be

giea.a a ld of hea aond. n1.sksty dropleks
Sulphuyic acid

Nato 15 Devey pouedon ud to dlute i wh

Because2 it Yeleaselavge amaunt of heat s
md changes watey fo Steam 7he Sleanm So
ovmed causes Sputing O_auid, So dulutcn 1s clone
on_pouving oud fo
watey.

QBehaviouy a s n uud (oluluke)

Melal +aud Metalau lphale + Ha
Mq+2Co4 Mgo H
 Zn t H2SOp- Z So t H
Fe Hasó4 > Fesn H2

me lal oxicde t_tud Mdal sulphale t H2o

Cao t H SO
FestHaO2-
L)_melalhudvezide tAcid meta) sulphate t tl2b
NaoH t H2504- NdNags9 t 2 0
k,s9 tHa
dmelalcavkanaeslbishonets mctalsulabate t Hp to
Nag CogtH;S04 Na,so, t o t H0
ANAHCOtH2so, Na So taco,1Hat20
kH Co t H2 $o
>kS0*-
Metal sulphide t A2S0 metalsulphute + t 5
Na,St H2SDp_ Na, S0 t H251
Fes t H, soj Fe

)Mclalsulphiles Jhisuphikes Ad>guphule to,

+t20
Na, S0_t H2So Na, so,_ t s02 t Hao
a WaH Go tH So, N02S0taHa0 t so

Non volakile Notuve

Nacl H2SoH Na It sO
t H
KBoo c kH50tH
NaNo t 2S94 Naltso t Hwo3
CAzOALW tisD NoNS t en4Tb6H
kNO+ H2so NaHSo + HW

As
dehyokves ti nq aqent
a

2 SO has areat aftin1ty for

Soit easily Yemaves watey From ohey wateY
tom po uncd6.
 CnWS

6C +4H 20
Con 12H
2C +IH20

SugoY chovtoa

Black Spongs_Massot_Cavbon
Con HsoT
CuSO5 H20 Cuso + 5H20
Blue Diyty
Removed b
wMte

Goppev-Sulphqta
A nd w o u S

8id 2inq aqent

Con H2 504_ H20 tSOg tC

Na scent 0yen

naSceni 0ygen 0zidisesnon metal3mefals

Non metals

c t a 594

taHSoSQ 3s0, t dH20

 Hydvaqea chloride.

Laboxakavy- Preparaian of _Hclg

deve bube

TusHe
dunneh

HEAT
v e L e l

dgingH

Reackian
Nac tH2S4 NaHSO+ Hc

Hclg is alecked bs 4purddusplaemem a air

why P and o is nol Msed as_cvuing

agent inthe laboiatovy piepavalicn oHelg
he Can i,Se is sed deuinq agoat
whewe aA Pa0_and ao lS not _used becaus2
fhay anreact _with_Hclq where as onH,30, wn
Teal
2P0 t3Hc > Poclg t SHpo,
La0 t aHcl Locl, f H20

why Hcla) iS Collected be-ttpztard-dicplanmant

oA o by wa bey ?
Because l is highls Shble in
watey i is collected upwayd displa cement of aiY
why Conc HNo3 ac1d is not sed
peparaiCn o Hel.
dMnq_the
Becauseit s volat le cud amd
whey Hlg isGllecfed b upuwond dieplacemed ofan.
Because it donse than ay

phay volatili2e out alonq wth. Hydvogen.chloxide.gas

wu Naclis pxelewed or than_o othey chlatidos
0Y the pvepayation o Hclq 2
Sodium chlovide is cheap awd fheve fo1e
t 16 pxelevedfoY preparaBion o Hd over _okhey
Melalchlovides

HOW willy0 identity the presence o 01 HC

Ainq a glass xad dipped in_MH OH neavz
the onuth sf Jay,a dense while umesOF
NH4 will be nxmcd

dense while tumes d NH

helwer cnd 0 the thistle funnel mus be dipped

In_Conc Sulphuric atid wh 2
Becausethe Hclg fovmed Sheuldnot
O Capethvough_the delivey Fube

labovatony pepovation lHc whemperatuxe

n the
Should n exeed dooc
Becausecodiurn sulphate ovmed lom a havd
Cust wh1ch shcks to the glass and is_diicult fo
Yemove NO Hcg-
Nac tH,S4-

uel is wasted
made O lassm
the a ppaytuS which 1S
CYack

2evimenl to deraonshale den sitg

a buyninq
PouY the HclqjJa1 with
geks exingushed Cause
|bndle Jax. The andle
heavie_occup es _displaes the a f
Hel gas eing
Pesen tnside nu inn.
cl s neither
Combud1ble ne the sppotood
 demons/vale Solublity
Epeine lo
50luble_un_watey

HCL 1s h1ghly

Fountain_expeximent:
RED FOUATAN

GAS
TET
TUBE

DROPPER

BLUE LIT mUS

SOLUTION

dvy aund bottomedlask lled wth dy H

nn the_mauth o E the .lask m a
ubboy
Soppey wikh wo holes
Thyaugh one hole pass a lonq_Jef tu he
ad , thvough othey hale pass a dyappey
with_ew dvops 0 watey
pu he Let tube in_the begkey
Conkalnin blue htmus £olutions
pessthe dxnppey
J i s Seen that the blueJtm us Soluthun
entevs the Jet fube wth a qyeat fave
Ovnin a ved foun tain

Reason
Ashe uakey90es in he_lash fvom
the droppey, Hcl gas preSn in the lask
dissolues_due lo 1ks high Solubil.ky Ehee
by loueinq the pYe.SS uYeInSide
TheThe pufside pyes Sure heinq hiqhey,_puShes
fhe blue itmus Solution jnside
Jet tube thvaugh tha-
 dumesin moist aiy 2
Due fo the hig Solubul1k
llevideQas hudvogen
umeS in_maist_aiy foxmin knu
dvoplels 0t ycochlarmc ad
HudynchloYic aid

abovaovMepavaton_O1 Hcl aud

Since Hclgas is hghly Saluble in waley
invevtedunne is Used to _miniai2e hack suckhian
Th vefed tunnel povides lavqe_Suxkace aved
oN abpton o Hcl gas
wa
The Gasis assed into wale untl raere
qas LS_absovba
The
Pxoduc 1s onconbated omd bntaln
about 34, o Hc by mass

Wh isynonel_aNangement used
is SuHiCicatls Soluble
Hydvoqen chlovide g4s
absorbed in watey mane Guickly than k LS
So tIS Case the_
flask Tn Hh1s
Deinq Qenevated in the_
the_delveyy tube amd la sk 1sYecuced
Pessuyein
axcos the
PYesSae yam ulsude
nvd the_alrnosphoic tubeThis_eled is
back_upto he delivey
wOkCY
Called back Suction vOlYvOUJ
tube is made o Ovdhnay
T the
fubisthe_wate awckly
l y i d _vcass
qss kJm1gh yesul!
flas b y o o u c e d w h e n waty
into he qenevating
OVey heat Decuced
lohe
nan eplosbn_due HcLgs
S
eS inConlaci cuth hod
 Acidie propeyfies ot acd
melal chlovide t l12 A
Mell tHc -

tH2
-ANa tHcl 2Nacd
acl, t H2
-Ca tAhc
Mq taHcl Mgel2 f Hz
Z niaHcl znclz f Ha
Fe t aH Fecl f Ha

Ackion_an axides_and hydvozides

490 _ HC MGct H20

Zno t dHcl zncla t H,0
t Ho
Feo t aHcl F e c l
+3 #20o
+ 6Hcl AFecl
Fe
Fe2 Og
Lalo_tA Hcl acl2 fáH2o
t dHc zocl2 + dH20o
2n lo

c hon_an cathonales aica1bonates

mclalcazhanale/bcavhinale> Metalchlovido tCo2
+H20

Na,Lo AHcl ANac +H0 t(o

CalH lntAHd laclztAH20 +2co

aReachan_with mclal.suphiles bisulphites

Mehal sulphites t Hecl mchl chlov ide t+ $o t Ha

Na,90 t2Hcl NaC t 50 t H20
H$o+ Hc NaclNacl tso, tH,o

cReaction_with Sulphites
Na S + Hcl vacltH2s1
Ratltn.ege Smel
melal subhdes 1 td mellchlbrid t H81
DYec Neattron

w te
pYecipi tate issoNGS on
heerdg
qN t_Hc Accl tNO3
wwle_ppt solubeIn_
N HAOH
 6adyo COmpounds
NH3

aboyatovyPYepayation

dmmonium chlovide (nth C)nd

S mixed fo 0 Ym Ammonia
caloh)2]
gas

eac ton

HHcl Ca(ot)g Catl t at20 + ANH1

Ammona
Calcium huddnide
and AmmoMum chloricle

Quicklima lo
Ay Ammonià
838/

Kab ejoaralton o dry Qmmenia

The flask 1s lted in Such a uay that the watey

ovmedin the ycaction_odoes not
tvickle back into
the heated /ask and thus bveak i t

and anhydunus Cacl2 ve_not

wh Conc H2504 B 0 labovalovuy
Sed a he S dryny 4ent in he
0 NHa 7
P14fpa1ata natuve
Because ammonia qas js basIC In
yeacts_with hem
VHtHy
(Nha), 50
4NHJ3 Po
y H t fa0 t3H20
Cacl hNH3
Cacla t4nlh3 (oddition lompound
E is basicIn
natuve
becouse

La0 1s wed s dryinq aqent

yEttwiFh
 wh ammon ia qis s cllecfec counward
olisplaamcaB ofair?
Bccquse ammooia lsgh to fhan
CUT:_
Why ammania _gas is _otaeeted bhe
dasmwava displacEtn aAY not lolecded
Ovey watey.?
3ecause ammonia is highlu Bolahle
in wakey thorelore it annot be allecked
Qveywatey

wh caloHla ispvefeved ovei othe alkuk fay

the lahxalkoxy_prepaakion o_ammonia
Lalcium hyplvozide is uLed as t ie
cheap ad mi olel¡uesceni hkEalkalres
whu Ammonium_ 0ttyale is noi used in_the
LabavatvyPrepava tion o ammon ia 7
NHLALDg SezploSive _in natwe.
NHHNO N20No tlH
NH, No detom.po>e 00 heatinq

Haw wil you fest or_dmmonig

Ammania gives dense white umes
with Conc Hc
NHg t Hel wHc
ense w e je fames 0
FVom meto aibydes

MggN2 t\H20
wotm watey
Ala t3 H20
waHm waey Alon), t NH,1
CHabe's pyoces Manutatuve
bH
Nat 3Hg ANH theut
Mo
Canditions

Tempevatuye H50- 5o0'0ptimum

Pless Ye doo aim

Catalyst Fi0ely divided vono
pYomot@Y
Malubde.numo) A20

FOuntain 27peimcnt

blueDunlain Shous the hgh solubb

2pcimcn
NHg

chemicaLpvopevtieS

Buvning f AmmaONa 0 0uGen

AnHat 30 dN t H 20
Ammonia buins with yellouish qyeen lame

Cakalyhic oxidation o Ammon ia_

6H2 i2 thNot theab
NHg t 50 800 C

Reducinq aqent cut3H20 t N2

3
-dNHg t3.cuo
black sold_Reddish brown sold
is Yaduced to roddish bYawn Cappry
Theblack Lopp 0xide
Hudyoen chlevide
Reduction_al chlovine to

mmonjd iS in excess
Na t nd,ck
8 NH3 t 3c 0Chlovine
disappeays
Yellowish qyeen o Jouy
white f u m e s _o w t , c l f a m e d

ihilevide
Cninogen
when chlaine in Cxcess 3Hcdt ncl,
3cl tlowahurtd_ highly
NHa t toplosive i g u d
 Reacthans with agueoug amm0nia

NhAcl t t2o
NHOHtHcl
H4 No t HO
N40 t Hz504-

green Dirty Peen-PP

Fecl, t3vt4OH 3Nbcl 1 Feton)
BYown Raddishbrown ppt
Pbvost a H40t tav0 tPhloHa
while white Apt
whife
white geatinea
Solublein g c
Cu
CuSS0 ANH,OH 2NHAS0 t CuloH
blue Pale blue
Soluble In exceSS_

Uses
Amanufachuw ot fevkhsey khe
amnanium Sulphate urea ekc
a n 2phsIve LRe N0
Au Nhg Cmulsshos ay chssolvesals
easeele
4)_Anhydyaus ammania i6 a cleay, alour less_
Gud Lunder presSUYe
apidly anvd produces Golingevaprates
makes ammonia G000 Ye efpct zhis
Fveans ave main vefviexan }yieevant
-t s hoYmulow 02one CFe
layey