LAB REPORT CHM 420

EXPERIMENT 4
(STOICHIOMETRY AND
THEORETICAL YIELD)

NAME: SITI KHADIJAH BINTI ABU SAAMAH

GROUP: AS2572C
LECTURER’S NAME: SIR SHAHRUL NIZAM BIN
AHMAD
SUBMISSION DATE: 1/11/2022
 OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this experiment is to identify the limiting reactant,excess reactant and
to determine the per cent yield.

INTRODUCTION

Stoichiometry is about the quantitative study of reactants and products involved in

chemical reactions. Stoichiometry is an important concept in chemistry that helps in
using balanced chemical equations to calculate the amounts of reactants and products.
Here, ratios are used from balanced equations. In general, all reactions that occur are
dependent on one main factor which is the total amount of material that is present.In
balance chemical reaction,the reactant reacts through some process to form
products.When reactions happen,sometimes there will have a limiting reactant and an
excess reactant.Limiting reactant can be defined as reactant that will be consumed
completely.When there is no more of that reactant,the reaction can not be
proceed.Thus,it limits the reaction from continuing.Next,an excess reactant  is a
reactant that can continue to react if the other does not has been consumed.It is
necessary to identify the limiting reactant in a problem.

The meaning of yields is the amount of the substances produced.Theoretical yields is

the amounts calculated according to stoichiometry while the experimental amounts
are called actual yields.The limiting factor for the theoretical yields of all products is
limiting reactant.Next,per cent yields is the actual yields that are often expressed in
percentage.The actual yield is always less because of incomplete reactions or
loss.After the laboratory reaction is complete,the amount of product will be isolate
and measure ,then compare the actual yield to the theoretical yield to determine the
per cent yields.

Per cent yield = Actual yield 100%

Theoretical yield
CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

0.50 M CaCl2 -Funnel

1.50 M Na2CO3 Or
Burette Suction Filtration set:
Erlenmeyer /conical flask Unfolded filter paper
Watch glass Buchner funnel
Oven Adapter
Analytical balance Vacuum filter flask
Gravity filter set: Rubber tube
-Filter paper

PROCEDURES

1. Required volume of 0.50 M CaCl2 and 1.50 Na2CO3(as stated in the Table 4.1
below) was dispensed from the burette on your bench(prepared by laboratory
assistant) into a clean conical flask.It would be nice to get as close as possible.

REACTION 0.50M CaCl2 1.50 Na2CO3

1 20.00 mL 10.00 mL
2 20.00mL 5.00 mL
Table 4.1: Volume of Reactant Required

2. Initially,we did not observe a precipitate.The flask was swirled and was left aside
for five minutes to allow the precipitate to completely form.

3. The product was filtered by using a Buchner funnel or gravity filtration.

4. The side of the conical flask was washed with a small amount of distilled water and
was added to the filter paper.
5. The filter paper was removed carefully because it would be very moist and then it
was placed on a pre-weight watch glass.The product was dried in the oven for half an
hour.

6. The product (CaCO3) was scraped from the filter paper onto the watch glass.We
tried and got as much as we could without tearing or scraping off some of the filter
paper.

7. The filter paper was discarded and the watch glass was returned to the oven for a
further ten minutes.

8. The mass of the product was determined.The mass of the product was reheated and
redetermined at least three times to complete dryness and/or until we got two
weighing that were within 0.02g of one another.

9. The amount of CaCO3 obtained was compared with the expected.The limiting
reactant,excess reactant was identified and the percent yield was calculated.
DATASHEET EXPERIMENT 4: STOICHIOMETRY AND THEORETICAL
YIELD

Name: Siti Khadijah Binti Abu Saamah

Date: 25/11/2022
Student ID: 2022886826
Group: AS2572C

REACTIONS

1 2

Mass of the product,g 0.888g 0.562g

(after 1st heating)
Mass of the product,g 0.887g 0.560g
(after 2nd heating,if
necessary)
Mass of the product,g 0.887g 0.558g
(after 3rd heating,if
necessary)
Mass of the product,g 0.887g 0.560g
RESULT

REACTION 1
REACTION 2
PERCENTAGE YIELD
DISCUSSION

Based on this experiment,0.5M CaCl2 and 1.50M Na2CO3 were used as the
reactant for both reactions.The chemical reactions were the same for both of the
reactions.For this experiment,volume of Na2CO3 used was different in reaction 1 and
reaction 2 which were 10mL and 5mL while the volume of CaCl 2 was same which
was 10mL.Then,when yield of the product produced was calculated,the amount of the
product for both reactions were differents.The product formed was white solid which
was calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

After that,the limiting reactant and excess reactant was determined for reaction 1
and also 2.Firstly,we determined the ratios of the reactant to the product.Then,the
number of moles  of each reactant which was CaCl 2 and Na2CO3  was calculated.In
reaction1,for CaCl2 ,the number of moles was 0.01 mol while 0.015 mol for
Na2CO3.In reaction 2,the number of moles for CaCl2 was the same as reaction
whereas the number of moles for Na2CO3 was 0.0075 mol.Next,the limiting reactant
and excess reactant for each reaction was determined based on the stoichiometry.
Based on the reaction 1,the limiting reactant was CaCl 2 and the excess reactant was
Na2CO3 while in reaction 2, Na2CO3 was the limiting reactant and CaCl2 was the
excess reactant.The limiting reactant was observed by comparing the number of moles
of CaCO3 that formed by each of the reactants.The reactant that produced less product
could be identified as limiting reactant.

 Furthermore,to calculate the percent yield,it is necessary to determine the amount

of the product that should be formed based on the stoichiometry.So this is called
theoretical yield,the maximum amount of the product that could be formed from the
given amount of the reactant.So,based on the calculation for the limiting reactant,we
got the number of moles of CaCO 3 for both of the reactions.For reaction 1,the number
of moles of CaCO3 was 0.01 mol whereas for reaction 2 was 0.0075 moles.
After that,the mass of CaCO3 was calculated by multiplied the number of moles
CaCO3 with the molar mass of CaCO3 and the mass for reaction was 1.0009g and for
reaction,the mass was 0.7507g.Thus,the theoretical yields of CaCO 3 was determined
for both of the reaction.
     Lastly, the percent yield for both of the reactions was determined by using this
formula:

Per cent yield = Actual yield 100%

Theoretical yield

The actual yield is the mass of the product,CaCO3, that we got from the
experiment.Based on reaction 1,the actual yield was 0.887g and in reaction 2,the
actual yield was 0.560g.Then,by using the formula,the percent yield for reaction 1
was 88.62% and for reaction 2, the percent yield was 74.60%.Usually,due to the
incomplete reaction,side reactions or losses ,the percent yield obtained would be less
than 100% after conducting the experiment.

CONCLUSION

   In conclusions,the limiting reactant,excess reactant and percent yield for both
reactions is identified. In reaction 1,the limiting reactant was CaCl 2 while in reaction
2,the limiting reactant was Na2CO3.For reaction 1,the excess reactant was Na2CO3
while CaCl2 was the excess reactant for reaction 2..Next,both of the percent yield in
reaction 1 and 2 are less than 100% which are 88.62% and 74.60%.
QUESTIONS

1. For each of the two reactions:

a) Write a balanced chemical equation.

CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl
b) Determine the limiting reactant
REACTION 1
REACTION 2

c) Determine the theoretical yield

REACTION 1: 1.0009g
REACTION 2: 0.7507g

d) Determine the percent yield of the product

REACTION 1
REACTION 2:

2. Was the yield you obtained satisfactory?Justify your answer.

Yes,both of the reaction obtained the satisfactory because the percent of yield
obtained in this experiment is less than 100% .This is due to the incomplete
reaction,side reactions or losses .
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