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Chapter 9
MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS

Part Two
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 conducting bar is connected via flexible leads to a pair of rails in a
magnetic field B = 6 cos 10t ax mWb/m2 as in Figure 9.20. If the z-axis is
the equilibrium position of the bar and its velocity is 2 cos 10t ay m/s, find
the voltage induced in it.

motional  transformer emf

B  6cos(10t )a x mWb/m 2
u  2cos(10t )a y m/s
d
V emf 
dt
5 y 10
   B .dS  
0
  6cos(10t )a .dydz
0
x a x   6cos(10t )  (5)( y  10)

 30( y  10) cos(10t ) 3

 dy
u
dt
sin(10t )
 y   udt   2 cos(10t )dt 
5
 sin(10t ) 
  30( y  10) cos(10t )  30   10  cos(10t )
 5 
  6sin(10t )  300 cos(10t )
dB
V emf   E .dl    .dS   (u  B).dl
dt
dB
B  6 cos(10t )a x mWb/m , 2
 60sin(10t )a x
dt
u  2 cos(10t )a y m/s
dS  dydz a x , dl=dza z
4
 dB
V emf    .dS   (u  B).dl
dt
5 10  y 5
  60sin(10t )dydz   12 cos 2 (10t )dz
0 0 0

 60sin(10t ) (5)(10+y)  12 cos 2 (10t ) (5)

V emf =300(10+y) sin(10t )  60 cos 2 (10t )
dy
u
dt
sin(10t )
 y   udt   2 cos(10t )dt 
5

5
A car travels at 120 km/hr. If the earth's magnetic field is 4.3 X 10"5 Wb/m2, find
the induced voltage in the car bumper of length 1.6 m. Assume that the angle
between the earth magnetic field and the normal to the car is 65°.

V emf   (u  B).dl | u || B | sin  

120, 000 5
=( )(4.3 10 ) sin(25) (1.6)  0.96 mV
3600

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As portrayed in Figure 9.21, a bar magnet is thrust toward the center of a coil of 10
turns and resistance 15 fl. If the magnetic flux through the coil changes from 0.45
Wb to 0.64 Wb in 0.02 s, what is the magnitude and direction (as viewed from the
side near the magnet) of the induced current?

d 0.64  0.45
V emf   N  (10)  95 V
dt 0.02  0
V emf 95
I    6.33 A
R 15

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- It is not an electric current of moving charges ,
but a time-varying electric field .

-This provides a mechanism whereby a time-varying electric

field can create a magnetic field, complementary to
Faraday's law, in which a time-varying magnetic field can
produce an electric field.

- "mutual embrace" of electric and magnetic fields can produce

propagating electromagnetic waves. This would not be
possible without the displacement current.

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Types of current:
1) Conduction current: through conductor J=σE
2) Convection current: through isolator J=ρvu
3) Displacement current: is due to time varying field.

Simple example(RC circuit)

- For resistor the conduction current model is valid(J R= σRER)
- But the conduction current doesn’t characterized the
capacitor current for ideal capacitor (perfect insulator σc=0)
- The capacitor current depends on charging and discharging
of the capacitor plates.

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 dQ A
i c (t )  , Q=CV(t)=C E c (t) d= E c (t) d= AE c (t)
dt d
d  E c (t) dD c (t)
i c (t )  A A
dt dt
i c (t ) dD c (t)

A dt
dD c (t)
JD  (displacement current density)
dt
 The displacement current doesn't exist under static conditions.

dD c (t)
J tot J  , J= E+ vu
dt 10
 Ampere's law// Ien  . H dl (   ).H dS   J tot .dS
dD c (t)
  H  J tot J 
dt

- Without the term Jd, electromagnetic wave propagation (radio or TV waves,

for example) would be impossible.

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 For non ideal capacitor:

J E
dD
JD    E
dt
J 

J D 
- At low frequencies, Jd is usually neglected compared with J.
However, at radio frequencies, the two terms are comparable

   good conductor (J D negligible)

   good insulator (J conduction negligible) 12
In free space E=20cos(wt-50x) ay V/m , find:
(a) Jd (b) H

dD dE
(a) J d   o  20 o  sin(t  50x ) a y A/m
dt dt
(b)   H=J+ J d  J d
 dH z dH y   dH x dH z   dH y dH x 
H     ax     ay     az
 dy dz   dz dx   dx dy 
 dH x dH z 
    20 o  sin(t  50x )
 dz dx 
dH z
  20 o  sin(t  50x )
dx
cos(t  50x )
H z  20 o   0.4 o  cos(t  50x )
50
H  0.4 o  cos(t  50x ) a z A/m 13
A 50-V voltage generator at 20 MHz is connected to the plates of an air dielectric
parallel plate capacitor with plate area 2.8 cm2 and separation distance 0.2 mm.
Find the maximum value of displacement current density and displacement
current.

V  50 cos(t )  50 cos(2  20 10 6  t )

A  2.8 104
dV  A d (50 cos(t ))  A
Id C   50 sin(t )
dt d dt d
 o (2.8 104 )
I d ,max  3
50(2  20  10 6
)  0.0778 A
0.2 10
I d ,max 0.0778
J d ,max    277.7 A/m 2

A 2.8 104

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The ratio JIJd (conduction current density to displacement current density) is very
important at high frequencies. Calculate the ratio at 1 GHz for:
- sea water (µ=µo, ε = 8εo, σ = 25 S/m)

J  25
   5.55 ,good conductor
J D  (2 10 )(81 o )
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15
A conductor with cross-sectional area of 10 cm2 carries a conduction current
0.2 sinl09t mA. Given that σ = 2.5 X 106 S/m and εr = 6, calculate the magnitude of
the displacement current density.

0.2 103
| J c | 0.2   E  E   8  10 11

2.5 106
dD
JD   j  E
dt
| J D |  E  (2 109 )(6 o )(8 1011 )  26.7 pA/m 2

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 Maxwell’s equations in final forms
 
Gauss’s Law :  D d S  Qenc   v dv
 
Gauss’s Law for magnetic :  B d S  0

(Non existence of isolated magneticcharge)

  d  B.dS
Faraday's Law :  E d L  
dt
   dDc (t) 
Ampere's Law:  H d L  I enc    J  .dS
 dt 
Maxwell’s Equations in final forms


D  v

 B  0
 dB
E  
dt
 dD
H  J 
dt 18