IMAGE QUALITY ENHANCEMENT ALGORITHM

BASED ON GAME THEORY MODEL

ABSTRACT

Image quality enhancement algorithm based on game theory model is designed,

in this research. The core idea of the algorithm is to enumerate the sequence of
sub-pictures obtained from different free parameters, and then perform image
fusion according to the image details, saturation, and brightness, and then fuse a
higher quality enhanced image. At present, with the development of image
processing technology, feature extraction and matching algorithm will be an
important research direction in the field of intelligent data. This research work
integrates the game theory model to construct the efficient image analytics
model. The experiment results are compared with the latest methods to evaluate
the proposed framework from the robustness and accuracy perspective.
 INTRODUCTION

Digital images are easily affected by imaging equipment, dynamic range,

lighting conditions and other factors during the acquisition process, which
reduces the image quality and even affects the subsequent human-machine
image analysis and recognition process. Therefore, in practice, image contrast
enhancement is often used to adjust the quality to obtain better human visual
perception. Image enhancement has become a very important preprocessing step
in image processing, video processing, and face recognition [1-3]. The current
image enhancement algorithms based on the spatial domain technology can be
divided into global methods and local methods. In order to implement adaptive
spatial image enhancement algorithms, the current mainstream spatial image
enhancement algorithms can be divided into the two categories, namely
histogram methods and the non-histogram methods. Typical representatives of
the histogram method include: Literature [2] proposed to use the gray values of
the adjacent troughs in the histogram as the endpoints of the piecewise linear
transformation, and calculate the slope of the linear transformation within the
two ends according to the probability of the general two ends; Literature [3]
adaptively calculates the Gamma correction coefficient corresponding to each
gray scale value by analyzing the cumulative distribution law of the histogram;
Literature [8] divides the histogram through the basic Gaussian mixture model,
and divides the intersection of adjacent Gaussian distributions as a segment
point, the slope of the linear transformation is then determined according to the
mean value and variance of the gray level Image restoration is the process of
using the available information in the degraded image to then establish an image
degradation model, restoring and reconstructing to obtain the original clear
image estimate. Low-light image enhancement is a very important research
content in the field of the image restoration. In the next parts, details will be
presented.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Various approaches to the image quality enhancement in automatic

mode are known at present.

The histogram-based techniques of image processing in spatial

domain by nonlinear statistical no-inertial transformations of brightness with
acceptable level of computational costs are of the greatest interest to the
operative (in real-time) images enhancement in automatic mode. Currently,
the most widely used method of image enhancement in automatic mode is
linear stretching of the dynamic range of brightness of the current image to
the range of possible values of brightness,

where xi, yi - values of brightness on initial and transformed image;

xmin, xmax - minimum and maximum values of brightness on initial image;
ymin, ymax - minimum and maximum values of brightness of transformed
image.

Generally, it is assumed that ymin = 0, ymax = 1 and expression (1) in

this case takes the form:

In [4], a method of nonlinear stretching of the dynamic range of

images using the sigmoid function was proposed:
 where α, β - parameters of the sigmoid function. Another widely used
approach to image enhancement is power law transformation, also known as

gamma correction [1]:

where γ – exponent, parameter. A widely used standard function of

gray-level transformation in image enhancement techniques is the histogram
equalization

where p(x) - probability density function of brightness. The discussed

histogram-based methods and their modifications are widely used to images
enhancement in the automatic mode. However, the known histogram-based
techniques of image enhancement have several significant disadvantages. A
main disadvantage of known techniques of image enhancement by histogram
equalization and their modificationsis a possible reduction of contrast and
the disappearance of small-sized objects on image . The effectiveness of
techniques of linear stretching and their modifications essentially depends
on the distribution of brightness and is relatively small for complex images
with a wide dynamic range. Effective improve the image quality is possible
by adaptive piecewise linear transformation of its brightness, at which the
average value of the brightness of the transformed image will be equal to the
middle of the brightness range
 CHAPTER 3

The Image Feature Extraction Image feature extraction is performed by

analyzing global pixels. Determining that some pixels can represent the same
feature is the image preprocessing stage, and it is also the basis and prerequisite
for image matching and recognition. At present, with the development of image
processing technology, feature extraction and matching algorithm will be an
important research direction in the field of intelligent data [7-9]. Because the
general influence of the real environment is unavoidable, the actual digital
image may be interfered by serious noise. Therefore, before the feature
extraction, the digital image must be preprocessed by binarization, smoothing,
and denoising, and then feature extraction. Moreover, when the digital image is
shifted, it will cause the misalignment between corresponding grids, thereby
reducing the recognition rate, so before general identifying one by one,
normalization processing must be carried out, and their positions and sizes must
be normalized to a standard size Digital image processing is a primary
preparation stage for image feature extraction, in order to determine whether
any pixel can replace an image feature [10-12]. The target image is calculated
once. At the same time, several features with independent properties are
extracted, so that the acquired features can reflect all the characteristics of the
target image as much as possible. This method is also an important technical
means for the classification recognition, image understanding and pattern
recognition of image targets. In the figure 2, we denote the feature pattern is

Fig. 2. The Feature Patterns

The Game Theory Model Evolutionary game theory mainly studies the
dynamic process of population evolution, focusing on the analysis of
evolutionary stability strategies and replicator dynamics. These two core
issues describe the evolutionary stable state and the stable convergence
process. Evolutionary game studies the dynamic adjustment and learning
process of human behavior strategies in the game process. Evolutionary
game theory is different from traditional game theory. The key of
evolutionary game analysis is to determine the mode of player learning
and strategy adjustment. How to construct a dynamic learning model to
simulate the learning of player in evolutionary game is an urgent problem
to be solved. A hot issue studied by many scholars in recent years. This
article uses the prisoner’s dilemma game model as a reference. Where D
indicates that the history and current information of the object is referred
to in a single prisoner's dilemma game. If the semantic similarity is high,
the probability of cooperation is high, that is, a cooperation strategy is
adopted; vice versa. R does not consider the opponent's history and
randomly decides to cooperate or betray. In the formula 6, we denote the
core components of the model [16-19]. We divide resource allocation
models into three types: cooperative, semi-cooperative, and also non-
cooperative. We evaluate and compare different allocation models
through a large number of experiments. The results show that the agent
based cooperation model has advantages in task rejection rate, resource
utilization, and turnaround time. It has advantages in evaluation
indicators, but the model has greater computational complexity.
Fig4: Game base theory system
 CHAPTER 5

Software Introduction:

5.1. Introduction to MATLAB

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It

integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use
environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar
mathematical notation. Typical uses include

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Data acquisition
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including graphical user interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an

array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many
technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector
formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a
scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.

The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was

originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the
LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate
the LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software
for matrix computation.
 MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many
users. In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for
introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science.
In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research,
development, and analysis.

MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions

called toolboxes. Very important to most uses of MATLAB, toolboxes allow
you to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive
collections of MATLAB functions (M – files) that extend the MATLAB
environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which
toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural
networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

5.2 The MATLAB system:

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts

 Development Environment:

This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use MATLAB
functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It
includes the MATLAB desktop and command window, a command history,
an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files,
and the search path.

 The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library:

This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from

elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to
more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel
functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
 The MATLAB Language:

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow

statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented
programming features. It allows both “programming in the small” to rapidly
create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and “programming in the
large” to create large and complex application programs.

 Graphics:

MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices

as graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-
level functions for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data
visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also
includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the
appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user interfaces
on your MATLAB applications.

 The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API):

This is a library that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs

that interact with MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from
MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine,
and for reading and writing MAT-files.

Various toolboxes are there in MATLAB for computing recognition

techniques, but we are using IMAGE PROCESSING toolbox.

5.3 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI):

MATLAB’s Graphical User Interface Development Environment

(GUIDE) provides a rich set of tools for incorporating graphical user
 interfaces (GUIs) in M-functions. Using GUIDE, the processes of laying out
a GUI (i.e., its buttons, pop-up menus, etc.)and programming the operation
of the GUI are divided conveniently into two easily managed and relatively
independent tasks. The resulting graphical M-function is composed of two
identically named (ignoring extensions) files:

 A file with extension .fig, called a FIG-file that contains a complete

graphical description of all the function’s GUI objects or elements and their
spatial arrangement. A FIG-file contains binary data that does not need to be
parsed when he associated GUI-based M-function is executed.

 A file with extension .m, called a GUI M-file, which contains the code that
controls the GUI operation. This file includes functions that are called when
the GUI is launched and exited, and callback functions that are executed
when a user interacts with GUI objects for example, when a button is
pushed.

To launch GUIDE from the MATLAB command window, type

guide filename

Where filename is the name of an existing FIG-file on the current path.

If filename is omitted,

GUIDE opens a new (i.e., blank) window.

 A graphical user interface (GUI) is a graphical display in one or
more windows containing controls, called components that enable a user to
perform interactive tasks. The user of the GUI does not have to create a
script or type commands at the command line to accomplish the tasks.
Unlike coding programs to accomplish tasks, the user of a GUI need not
understand the details of how the tasks are performed.

GUI components can include menus, toolbars, push buttons, radio

buttons, list boxes, and sliders just to name a few. GUIs created using
MATLAB tools can also perform any type of computation, read and write
data files, communicate with other GUIs, and display data as tables or as
plots.
5.4 Getting Started

If you are new to MATLAB, you should start by reading Manipulating

Matrices. The most important things to learn are how to enter matrices, how
to use the: (colon) operator, and how to invoke functions. After you master
the basics, you should read the rest of the sections below and run the demos.

At the heart of MATLAB is a new language you must learn before you
can fully exploit its power. You can learn the basics of MATLAB quickly,
and mastery comes shortly after. You will be rewarded with high
productivity, high-creativity computing power that will change the way you
work.

5.4.1 Introduction - describes the components of the MATLAB system.

5.4.2 Development Environment - introduces the MATLAB development

environment, including information about tools and the MATLAB desktop.

5.4.3 Manipulating Matrices - introduces how to use MATLAB to generate

matrices and perform mathematical operations on matrices.

5.4.4 Graphics - introduces MATLAB graphic capabilities, including

information about plotting data, annotating graphs, and working with
images.
5.4.5 Programming with MATLAB - describes how to use the MATLAB
language to create scripts and functions, and manipulate data structures, such
as cell arrays and multidimensional arrays.

5.5 DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

5.5.1 Introduction
 This chapter provides a brief introduction to starting and quitting
MATLAB, and the tools and functions that help you to work with MATLAB
variables and files. For more information about the topics covered here, see
the corresponding topics under Development Environment in the MATLAB
documentation, which is available online as well as in print.

Starting and Quitting MATLAB

5.5.2 Starting MATLAB

On a Microsoft Windows platform, to start MATLAB, double-click the

MATLAB shortcut icon on your Windows desktop.On a UNIX platform, to
start MATLAB, type matlab at the operating system prompt. After starting
MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop opens - see MATLAB Desktop.

You can change the directory in which MATLAB starts, define startup
options including running a script upon startup, and reduce startup time in
some situations.

5.5.3 Quitting MATLAB

To end your MATLAB session, select Exit MATLAB from the File
menu in the desktop, or type quit in the Command Window. To execute
specified functions each time MATLAB quits, such as saving the workspace,
you can create and run a finish.m script.

5.5.4 MATLAB Desktop

When you start MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop appears, containing

tools (graphical user interfaces) for managing files, variables, and
applications associated with MATLAB.The first time MATLAB starts, the
 desktop appears as shown in the following illustration, although your Launch
Pad may contain different entries.

You can change the way your desktop looks by opening, closing, moving,
and resizing the tools in it. You can also move tools outside of the desktop or
return them back inside the desktop (docking). All the desktop tools provide
common features such as context menus and keyboard shortcuts.

You can specify certain characteristics for the desktop tools by selecting
Preferences from the File menu. For example, you can specify the font
characteristics for Command Window text. For more information, click the
Help button in the Preferences dialog box.

5.5.5 Desktop Tools

This section provides an introduction to MATLAB's desktop tools. You

can also use MATLAB functions to perform most of the features found in
the desktop tools. The tools are:

 Current Directory Browser

 Workspace Browser
 Array Editor
 Editor/Debugger
 Command Window
 Command History
 Launch Pad
 Help Browser
Command Window

Use the Command Window to enter variables and run functions and M-files.

Command History
 Lines you enter in the Command Window are logged in the Command
History window. In the Command History, you can view previously used
functions, and copy and execute selected lines. To save the input and output
from a MATLAB session to a file, use the diary function.

Running External Programs

You can run external programs from the MATLAB Command Window.
The exclamation point character! is a shell escape and indicates that the rest
of the input line is a command to the operating system. This is useful for
invoking utilities or running other programs without quitting MATLAB. On
Linux, for example,!emacs magik.m invokes an editor called emacs for a file
named magik.m. When you quit the external program, the operating system
returns control to MATLAB.

Launch Pad

MATLAB's Launch Pad provides easy access to tools, demos, and

documentation.

Help Browser

Use the Help browser to search and view documentation for all your
Math Works products. The Help browser is a Web browser integrated into
the MATLAB desktop that displays HTML documents.

To open the Help browser, click the help button in the toolbar, or
type helpbrowser in the Command Window. The Help browser consists of
two panes, the Help Navigator, which you use to find information, and the
display pane, where you view the information.

Help Navigator
 Use to Help Navigator to find information. It includes:

Product filter - Set the filter to show documentation only for the products
you specify.

Contents tab - View the titles and tables of contents of documentation for
your products.

Index tab - Find specific index entries (selected keywords) in the

MathWorks documentation for your products.

Search tab - Look for a specific phrase in the documentation. To get help
for a specific function, set the Search type to Function Name.

Favorites tab - View a list of documents you previously designated as

favorites.

Display Pane

After finding documentation using the Help Navigator, view it in the

display pane. While viewing the documentation, you can:

Browse to other pages - Use the arrows at the tops and bottoms of the
pages, or use the back and forward buttons in the toolbar.

Bookmark pages - Click the Add to Favorites button in the toolbar.

Print pages - Click the print button in the toolbar.

Find a term in the page - Type a term in the Find in page field in the
toolbar and click Go.

Other features available in the display pane are: copying information,

evaluating a selection, and viewing Web pages.
Current Directory Browser

MATLAB file operations use the current directory and the search path as
reference points. Any file you want to run must either be in the current
directory or on the search path.

Search Path

To determine how to execute functions you call, MATLAB uses a search

path to find M-files and other MATLAB-related files, which are organized in
directories on your file system. Any file you want to run in MATLAB must
reside in the current directory or in a directory that is on the search path. By
default, the files supplied with MATLAB and MathWorks toolboxes are
included in the search path.

Workspace Browser

The MATLAB workspace consists of the set of variables (named arrays)

built up during a MATLAB session and stored in memory. You add
variables to the workspace by using functions, running M-files, and loading
saved workspaces.

To view the workspace and information about each variable, use the
Workspace browser, or use the functions who and whos.

To delete variables from the workspace, select the variable and select
Delete from the Edit menu. Alternatively, use the clear function.

The workspace is not maintained after you end the MATLAB session. To
save the workspace to a file that can be read during a later MATLAB
session, select Save Workspace As from the File menu, or use the save
function. This saves the workspace to a binary file called a MAT-file, which
has a .mat extension. There are options for saving to different formats. To
read in a MAT-file, select Import Data from the File menu, or use the load
function.

Array Editor

Double-click on a variable in the Workspace browser to see it in the

Array Editor. Use the Array Editor to view and edit a visual representation of
one- or two-dimensional numeric arrays, strings, and cell arrays of strings
that are in the workspace.

Editor/Debugger

Use the Editor/Debugger to create and debug M-files, which are

programs you write to runMATLAB functions. The Editor/Debugger
provides a graphical user interface for basic text editing, as well as for M-file
debugging.

You can use any text editor to create M-files, such as Emacs, and can use
preferences (accessible from the desktop File menu) to specify that editor as
the default. If you use another editor, you can still use the MATLAB
Editor/Debugger for debugging, or you can use debugging functions, such as
dbstop, which sets a breakpoint.

If you just need to view the contents of an M-file, you can display it in
the Command Window by using the type function.

5.6 MANIPULATING MATRICES

5.6.1 Entering Matrices

The best way for you to get started with MATLAB is to learn how to
handle matrices. Start MATLAB and follow along with each example.

You can enter matrices into MATLAB in several different ways:

 Enter an explicit list of elements.
 Load matrices from external data files.
 Generate matrices using built-in functions.
 Create matrices with your own functions in M-files.
Start by entering Dürer's matrix as a list of its elements. You have only to
follow a few basic conventions:

 Separate the elements of a row with blanks or commas.

 Use a semicolon, ; , to indicate the end of each row.
 Surround the entire list of elements with square brackets, [ ].
To enter Dürer's matrix, simply type in the Command Window

A = [16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1]

MATLAB displays the matrix you just entered.

A=

16 3 2 13

5 10 11 8

9 6 7 12

4 15 14 1

This exactly matches the numbers in the engraving. Once you have
entered the matrix, it is automatically remembered in the MATLAB
workspace. You can refer to it simply as A.

5.6.2 Expressions
 Like most other programming languages, MATLAB provides
mathematical expressions, but unlike most programming languages, these
expressions involve entire matrices. The building blocks of expressions are:

 Variables
 Numbers
 Operators
 Functions
Variables

MATLAB does not require any type declarations or dimension

statements. When MATLAB encounters a new variable name, it
automatically creates the variable and allocates the appropriate amount of
storage. If the variable already exists, MATLAB changes its contents and, if
necessary, allocates new storage. For example,

num_students = 25

Creates a 1-by-1 matrix named num_students and stores the value 25 in its
single element.

Variable names consist of a letter, followed by any number of letters,

digits, or underscores. MATLAB uses only the first 31 characters of a
variable name. MATLAB is case sensitive; it distinguishes between
uppercase and lowercase letters. A and a are not the same variable. To view
the matrix assigned to any variable, simply enter the variable name.

Numbers

MATLAB uses conventional decimal notation, with an optional decimal

point and leading plus or minus sign, for numbers. Scientific notation uses
the letter e to specify a power-of-ten scale factor. Imaginary numbers use
either i or j as a suffix. Some examples of legal numbers are
3 -99 0.0001

9.6397238 1.60210e-20 6.02252e23

1i -3.14159j 3e5i

All numbers are stored internally using the long format specified by the
IEEE floating-point standard. Floating-point numbers have a finite precision
of roughly 16 significant decimal digits and a finite range of roughly 10-308
to 10+308.

5.6.3 Operators

Expressions use familiar arithmetic operators and precedence

rules.

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

\ Left division (described in "Matrices and Linear

Algebra" in Using MATLAB)

^ Power

' Complex conjugate transpose

() Specify evaluation order

5.6.4 Functions

MATLAB provides a large number of standard elementary mathematical

functions, including abs, sqrt, exp, and sin. Taking the square root or
logarithm of a negative number is not an error; the appropriate complex
result is produced automatically. MATLAB also provides many more
advanced mathematical functions, including Bessel and gamma functions.
Most of these functions accept complex arguments. For a list of the
elementary mathematical functions, type help elfun, For a list of more
advanced mathematical and matrix functions, type help specfun help elmat

Some of the functions, like sqrt and sin, are built-in. They are part of the
MATLAB core so they are very efficient, but the computational details are
not readily accessible. Other functions, like gamma and sinh, are
implemented in M-files. You can see the code and even modify it if you
want. Several special functions provide values of useful constants.

Pi 3.14159265...

I Imaginary unit, √-1

I Same as i

Eps Floating-point relative precision, 2-52

Realmin Smallest floating-point number, 2-1022

Realmax Largest floating-point number, (2- ε)21023

Inf Infinity

NaN Not-a-number
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

To recover or restore high resolution image from low resolution image. There
are many forms of image enhancement which includes noise-reduction, up-
scaling image and color adjustments. This post will discuss enhancing low
resolution images by applying Adaptive Power-Law Image Intensity
Transformation to produce high resolutions images. Our main target is to
reconstruct super resolution image or high resolution image by up-scaling low
resolution image such that texture detail in the reconstructed SR images is not
lost.

CONCLUSION

Image quality enhancement algorithm based on the game theory model is

designed in this research. The results of the quantitative evaluation show that
our proposed method can effectively use unsupervised learning methods to
enhance artificially synthesized low-light images and natural and real low-light
images, and restore more vivid, clear, intuitive, and natural high-quality image.
In our future study, the robust test will be done to test the feasibility.
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