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Hemant Sir

This document contains information about various electrical measurement instruments and concepts across 5 modules. Module 1 discusses current and voltage measurements, measurement errors, and resonant frequency calculations. Module 2 covers converting a D'Arsonval movement into a multirange voltmeter and operating principles of true RMS meters. Module 3 includes calculations involving inductance, capacitance, and resistance measurements using bridges. Modules 4 and 5 discuss liquid crystal displays, waveform analyzers, transducers, thermometers, and linear variable differential transformers.

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kamal
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149 views5 pages

Hemant Sir

This document contains information about various electrical measurement instruments and concepts across 5 modules. Module 1 discusses current and voltage measurements, measurement errors, and resonant frequency calculations. Module 2 covers converting a D'Arsonval movement into a multirange voltmeter and operating principles of true RMS meters. Module 3 includes calculations involving inductance, capacitance, and resistance measurements using bridges. Modules 4 and 5 discuss liquid crystal displays, waveform analyzers, transducers, thermometers, and linear variable differential transformers.

Uploaded by

kamal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1

1. (a) A 270Ω ±10% resistance is connected to a power supply source


operating at 300 V dc. What range of current would flow if the resistor
varied over the range of ±10% of its expected value? What is the range of
error in the current?
(b) The output voltage of an amplifier was measured at eight different
intervals using the same digital voltmeter with the following results:
20.00, 19.80, 19.85, 20.05, 20.10, 19.90, 20.25, 19.95. Which is the most
precise measurement?
(c) An ammeter is used to measure a known current of 75 A. 40 % of the
readings are within 0.8 A of true value. Estimate the standard deviation of
the meter and the probability of an error of 1.2 A.
2. (a) A 160 ± 10% pF capacitor, an inductor of 160 ± 10% µH and a resistor of
1200 ± 10 Ω are connected in series.
(i) If all the three components are ± 0% and the resonant frequency is f r =
1
2π √ 1 compute the resonant frequency of the combination.
LC
,
(ii) If all the three components are +10%, compute the expected resonant
frequency of the combination and the percentage error when computed to the
results of part (i).
(iii) If all the three components are -10%, compute the expected resonant
frequency of the combination and the percentage error when computed to the
results of part (i).
(b) How do various types of errors occur in the measurement system? Intricate
these types of errors in detail.

3. (a) Describe the terms- (i) Repeatability (ii) Calibration


(b) How are these characteristics being different- (i) Accuracy and Uncertainty
(ii) Precision and Accuracy

Module 2

1. (a) Convert a basic D’Arsonval movement with an internal resistance of


100 Ω and a full-scale deflection of 10 mA into a multirange DC
voltmeter with ranges from 0-5 V, 0-50 V, and 0-100 V.
(b) Explain how a PMMC can be used as an AC voltmeter.
(c) Explain the operating principle of a true RMS voltmeter.
2. (a) What is the need of using a squaring device in a true RMS meter? Explain
with a diagram the operation of a squaring device.
(b) Explain the method of turns compensation used in current transformers to
reduce ratio error. The explanation should be illustrated with the help of a
suitable example.
3. (a) Define the following terms as used for instrument transformers:
(i) Transformation ratio (ii) Nominal Ratio (iii) Turns ratio (iv) Ratio correction
factor (v) Burden
Use specific examples to illustrate your answer.
(b) A 1000/5, 50 Hz current transformer has a secondary burden comprising a
non-inductive impedance of 1.6 Ω. The primary winding has one turn. Calculate
the flux in the core and ratio error at full load. Neglect leakage reactance and
assume the iron loss in the core to be 1.5 W at full load. The magnetizing mmF
is 100 A.

Module 3

1. (a) A very low loss coil is tested with a Q meter and the self (distributed)
capacitance of the coil is found to be 820 pF. Resonance occurred at an
angular frequency of 106 rad/sec, with a capacitance of 9.18 nF. What is
the inductance of the coil?
(b) An A.C. Bridge ABCD as shown in the figure. It has the following:
AB arm: a resistor 2 KΩ,
BC arm: a resistor 120 KΩ shunted by 0.005 µF lossless capacitor,
CD arm: an imperfect capacitor,
DA arm: a resistor 138 Ω.
Determine the constants of the arm CD, for both series and parallel form, if the
bridge is balanced at a frequency of 8000 cycles per second.
2. (a) The bridge circuit shown in figure is balanced at supply frequency ω
= 1000 rad/sec for the values: R1= 1 KΩ, R2= 2 KΩ, C2= 0.1 µF, C3= 0.05
µF. The unknown element ‘x’ may be a pure resistance, a pure
inductance, or a pure capacitance. (i) Identify the element ‘x’. (ii) Find
the value of ‘x’ and ‘R4’

(b) Sketch the block diagram and systematic waveform for a digital voltmeter
using a ramp generator type. Also, explain its operation.

3. (a) What are the different factors that affect the precision measurement of
medium resistances with the Wheatstone bridge? Explain how their
effects are minimized/eliminated.
(b) A Kelvin double bridge each of the ratio arms P= Q= p=q=1000 Ω.
The emf of the battery is 100 V and a resistance of 5 Ω is included in the
battery circuit. The galvanometer has a resistance of 500 Ω and the
resistance of the link connecting the unknown resistance to the standard
resistance may be neglected. The bridge is balanced when the standard
resistance S = 0.001 Ω.
(i) Determine the value of unknown resistance.
(ii) Determine the current (approximate value) through the unknown
resistance R at balance.
(iii) Determine the deflection of the galvanometer when the unknown
resistance, R, is changed by 0.1 % from its value at balance. The
galvanometer has a sensitivity of 200 mm/µA.

Module 4
1. Describe the working principle of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Also,
explain the types of LCDs, and the advantages and disadvantages of
LCDs?
2. (a) Describe in detail the electronic instrument used for analyzing waves
in the frequency domain.
(b) Explain how heterodyne wave analyzer differs from frequency
selective wave analyzer?
3. What do you mean by the term “Harmonic distortion” and “Total harmonic
distortion”? Explain how total harmonic distortion can be measured?

Module 5
1. (a) Describe the different criteria for the selection of transducer for a
particular application.
(b) A Piezo-electric transducer has a capacitance of 1000 pF and a charge
sensitivity of 40 X 10-3 C/m. The connecting cable has a capacitance of
300 pF while the oscilloscope used for readout has a readout input
resistance of 1 MΩ with a parallel capacitance of 50 pF.
(i) What is the sensitivity (V/m) of the transducer alone?
(ii) What is the high sensitivity (V/m) of the entire measuring system?
2. (a) Describe the construction and working of a restive type thermometer.
Describe the advantage of 3 wire and 4 wire constructions.
(b) Does it make any difference how the lead wire extensions are
connected to a thermocouple? Point out the mechanism of lead wire
extensions connected with a thermocouple.

3. (a) An AC LVDT has the following data- input = 6.3V, output = 5.2V, range
= ± 0.5in. Determine-
(i) The output vs core position for a core movement going from +0.45 in. to -
0.30 in.
(ii) The output voltage when the core is -0.25 in. from the center.
(b) Under what conditions are a “dummy” strain gauge used and what is the
function of that gauge?
________

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