Romblon State University

College of Engineering and Technology

Civil Engineering Department

Module 1  Elementary Numerical Analysis by Atkinson and

Han
Review of Mathematical  Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Ruben

Foundation
Cope
 Engr. Aprille Ann M. Sim
 Engr. Raymond Jay G. Severo
Table of Contents
Complex Analytic Functions
COMPLEX ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Physical Meaning of Derivatives and Integrals
 Complex Numbers
Sequences and Series
The imaginary unit I there are quadratic equations
Learning Objectives that have no real solutions. For instance, the quadratic
equation of x2 + 1 = 0 has no real solution because there is
Student Learning Objectives for this Module no real number x that can be squared to
produced -1. To overcome this efficiency, mathematicians
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
created an expanded system of numbers using the
Complex Analytic Functions
imaginary unit i.

 Define what is a complex number

 Carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division of complex number
 Use de Moivre’s Theorem for the powers of
complex numbers, determining roots of numbers,
cosines and sines of nθ and powers of cosines
and sines
 Use complex numbers in exponential form
 Physical Meaning of Derivatives and Integrals
 Know the physical meaning of Derivatives and
Integrals
 Sequences and Series
 Use sequences and series, determining limits,
series of power of integers
 Complex numbers notation:

Learning Activities A complex number z consists of an ORDERED pair of real

numbers x and y. That is, z= (x,y) is thought as a complex
Activities for this module
number and x is called the real part and y is called the
 Do the assignments/ exercises/ problem sets imaginary part. In notation, x = Re z and y= Im z. The
imaginary unit, (0,1), is denoted by i. Thus, a more common
 Take the quizzes notation is: z=(x,y) =x+iy

Graded Assessment
 Powers of imaginary numbers
Evidence to proceed
1. If i is raised to an even number, divide the power by 2, and
 Completed all the exercises and tasks in this if the quotient is even then the answer is 1 and if it is an odd
module then the answer is -1.
Examples
References Simplify the powers of i
a. i362
 Essential Mathematics for Engineering by The exponent 362 will be divided by 2, so the answer is 181
W.Bolton since it is an odd so therefore;
 An Introduction to Numerical Methods and
i362= -1
Analysis by James F. Epperson
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b. i488
c. and add or subtract real part to real part and
The exponent 488 will be divided by 2, so the answer is 244
imaginary part to imaginary part.
since it is an even so therefore; Note: Using scientific calculator, you can add or subtract
i488 = 1 two or more complex numbers with different forms.

2. If i is raised to an odd number, it became

and divide (n-1) by 2, and if the quotient is even
then the answer is i and if it is an odd then the
answer is -i.
Examples
Simplify the powers of i Examples
a. i83 1. (8 + 5i) + (2 – 3i)
It became i1 * i82, then exponent 82 will be divided by 2, so (8 + 5i) + (2 – 3i) = (8 + 2) + (5i – 3i)
the answer is 41 since it is an odd so therefore; = 10 + 2i answer
i83 = -i 2. (10 + 4i) – (15 + 4i)
(10 + 4i) – (15 + 4i) = (10 – 15) – (4i – 4i)
b. i373 = -5 answer
It became i1 * i372 , then the exponent 372 will be divided 3. (5 + 4i) + (4 – 2i) – (9 + 2i)
by 2, so the answer is 1186 since it is an even so therefore; (5 + 4i) + (4 – 2i) – (9 + 2i)=(5 + 4 – 9)+ (4i – 2i –2i )
I373 = i =0 answer

 Theorems of complex numbers 2 2. Multiplication

1. If (x1+y1i)(x2+y2i) = 0, then (x1+y1i) = 0 and (x2+y2i) = 0
2. If (x1+y1i)= (x2+y2i), then x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 Rule 1: The product of two or more complex
3. If (x+yi) = 0, then x = 0 and y = 0 numbers in polar form is equal to the product of their
magnitudes and the sum of their directions.
 Forms of Complex numbers
1. Rectangular Form Rule 2: To find the product of two or more complex
Z = (xyi) numbers in rectangular form, i.e
2. Polar (or Steinmetz ) form (x1+y1i)(x2+y2i) = (x1 x2 - y1 y2) + i(x1y2+ x2y1)
Z=r Rule 3: Convert all complex numbers to polar form
θ = argument or displacement in degrees and apply rule 1
r= ; θ = arctan
Note: Using scientific calculator, you can add or
3. Trigonometric form
subtract two or more complex numbers with different
Z = r(cos θ  i sinθ) = rcis θ
θ = argument or displacement in degrees
forms.
4. 4Exponential form
Z = reθi Notice below how these properties are used when
θ = argument or displacement in radians two complex numbers are multiplied.
*180  =  radians 57.3 = 1 radian

 Operations of Complex Numbers

1. Addition and Subtraction
a. To add or subtract two or more complex
numbers in rectangular form, add or subtract
real part to real part and imaginary part to
imaginary part.
b. To add or subtract two or more complex
numbers not in rectangular form, convert first
these complex numbers to rectangular form
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2.
Examples
3.

DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM

It states that for any complex number raised to the mth

power, the outcomes will be equal to another complex
number with magnitude equal to the original complex
number’s magnitude raised to the mth power and the
argument equal to the original complex number’s
argument multiplied by “m”.

Expressing the theorem in equation we have;

Find the product and express the result in polar form

(6+4i)(6∠45°)
= (7.211∠33.69°)(6∠45°)
= 8.485+42.426i = 43.266∠78.69° Ans.

3 Division
Rule 1: To perform division of complex numbers in polar
form, divide their magnitude and get the difference of their
directions.
Rule 2: The procedures for division of complex number in
rectangular form, multiply both numerator and
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator. The
conjugate of a complex number in rectangular form say
(a+bi) is (a-bi). After multiplying the conjugate of the
denominator both numerator and denominator, apply rule
2 of the multiplications of complex numbers.

Examples

1.
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LOGARTIHM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

The natural logarithm of the complex number can be

obtained when it is expressed in exponential form;

Examples

1. Determine the general value of the following

a.
b.
2. Evaluate the following and express your final answer in
polar form
a.
b.
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for the modelling of nature go far deeper than this simple

geometric application might imply. After all, you can see
yourself drawing finite triangles to discover slope, so why is
the derivative so important? Its importance lies in the fact
that many physical entities such as velocity, acceleration,
force and so on are defined as instantaneous rates of
change of some other quantity. The derivative can give
you a precise instantaneous value for that rate of change
and lead to precise modelling of the desired quantity.

The integral of a function can be geometrically interpreted

as the area under the curve of the mathematical function
f(x) plotted as a function of x. You can see yourself drawing
a large number of blocks to approximate the area under a
complex curve, getting a better answer if you use more
blocks. The integral gives you a mathematical way of
drawing an infinite number of blocks and getting a precise
analytical expression for the area. That's very important for
geometry - and profoundly important for the physical
sciences where the definitions of many physical entities
can be cast in a mathematical form like the area under a
curve. The area of a little block under the curve can be
thought of as the width of the strip weighted by (i.e.,
multiplied by) the height of the strip. Many properties of
continuous bodies depend upon weighted sums, which to
be exact must be infinite weighted sums - a problem tailor-
made for the integral. For example, finding the center of
mass of a continuous body involves weighing each
element of mass by its distance from an axis of rotation, a
process for which the integral is necessary if you are going
to get a precise value. A vast number of physical problems
PHYSICAL MEANING OF DERIVATIVES
AND INTEGRALS

Foundational working tools in calculus, the derivative and involve such infinite sums in their solutions, making the
integral permeate all aspects of modelling nature in the integral an essential tool for the physical scientist.
physical sciences.
 The Derivative

The derivative of a function can be geometrically

interpreted as the slope of the curve of the mathematical
function f(x) plotted as a function of x. But its implications
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Let us understand this with an example. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ... is

Maxima and Minima a sequence where there is a common difference of 2
Steps in Solving the Maxima Minima Problems between any two terms and the sequence goes on
increasing up to infinity unless the upper limit is given. These
1. Identify the variable to be maximized or types of sequences are known as arithmetic sequences.
minimized Now if we add the numbers in the sequence like 1 + 3 + 5 +
7+ 9... this will make a series of this sequence. These kinds of
2. Express this variable in terms of the other relevant
series are known as arithmetic series. A few examples of
variable/s
sequence and series are given in the image shown below:
3. If the function shall consist of more than one
variable expressed it in terms of one variable
using the conditions in the problem
4. Differentiate and equate the derivative to zero

 The Integral

Difference Between Sequence and Series

The important differences between sequence and
series are explained in the table given below:

Sequence Series

In sequence, elements are

placed in a particular order In series, the order of the
following a particular set of elements is not necessary.
rules.

It is just a collection (set) of

It is a sum of elements that
SEQUENCES AND SERIES elements that follow a
follow a pattern.
pattern.
Sequence and series are used in mathematics as well as in
our daily lives. A sequence is also known as progression and
a series is developed by sequence. Sequence and series is Order of appearance of The order of appearance is
one of the basic concepts in Arithmetic. Sequences are the numbers is important. not important.
the grouped arrangement of numbers orderly and
according to some specific rules, whereas a series is the
sum of the elements in the sequence. For example, 2, 4, 6, Example: Harmonic
Example: Harmonic series: 1
8 is a sequence with four elements and the corresponding sequence: 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4,
+ 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ...
series will be 2 + 4 + 6+ 8, where the sum of the series or ...
value of the series will be 20.
What Are Sequence and Series?
The sequence is the group or sequential arrangement
of numbers in a particular order or set of rules. Series is
formed by adding the terms of a sequence. In a sequence,
an individual term can be present in many places.
Sequences can be of two types, i.e. infinite sequence and
finite sequence and series will be then defined by adding
the terms of the sequence. Sum of infinite terms in a series is
possible in some cases as well.
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Types of Sequence and Series Geometric Sequence and Series Formulas

There are various types of sequences and series, in this The various formulas used in geometric sequence are given
section, we will discuss some special and most commonly below:
used sequences and series. The types of sequence and
series are:
 Arithmetic Sequences and Series
 Geometric Sequences and Series Geometric
a, ar, ar2,….,ar(n-1),…
 Harmonic Sequences and Series sequence
Arithmetic Sequence and Series
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence where the
successive terms are either the addition or subtraction of
the common term known as common difference. For Geometric
a + ar + ar2 + ...+ ar(n-1)+ …
example, 1, 4, 7, 10, ...is an arithmetic sequence. A series series
formed by using an arithmetic sequence is known as the
arithmetic series for example 1 + 4 + 7 + 10... is an
arithmetic series.
Geometric Sequence and Series First term a
A geometric sequence is a sequence where the successive
terms have a common ratio. For example, 1, 4, 16, 64, ...is
an arithmetic sequence. A series formed by using
geometric sequence is known as the geometric series for
example 1 + 4 + 16 + 64... is a geometric series. The Common ratio r
geometric progression can be of two types: Finite
geometric progression and infinite geometric series.
Harmonic Sequence and Series
A harmonic sequence is a sequence where the sequence
is formed by taking the reciprocal of each term of an nth term ar(n-1)
arithmetic sequence. For example, 1, 1/4, 1/7, 1/10,... is a
harmonic sequence. A series formed by using harmonic
sequence is known as the harmonic series for example 1 +
1/4 + 1/7 + 1/10.... is a harmonic series. Finite series: Sn = a(1−rn)/(1−r) for r≠1,
Sum of and Sn = an for r = 1
Arithmetic Sequence and Series Formula geometric series Infinite series: Sn = a/(1−r)​ for |r| <
The various formulas used in arithmetic sequence are given 1, and not defined for |r| > 1
below:

Arithmetic
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ...
sequence

a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + (a
Arithmetic series
+ 3d) + ...

First term: a

Successive term –
Common
Preceding term or an - an-
difference(d):
1

nth term, an a + (n-1)d

Sum of arithmetic
(n/2)(2a + (n-1)d)
series, Sn
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Series Examples:
SEQUENCES
1. Iron pipes are stored in 8 rows. The top row contains of 13
pipes, next row always contains of one more pipe than the
1. Write down the first five terms of the sequence x[k]
defined by x[k] = ½ k2 +k when k≥0 previous one. How many pipes are there?
2. State the fifth term of (a) arithmetic sequence given by
4, 7, 10,…. (b) the geometric sequence given by 12,
6,3,…
3. Write an equation for the kth term where k = 1,2,3,… for
the following sequences (a) 1, -1, 1, -1 (b) 5,10,15,20,…
(c) 2,1.5,1,0.5,….

2. T he number 2048 is which term in the following

Geometric sequence 2, 8, 32, 128, . . . . . . . . .
Solution: Here a = 2 and r = 4
nth term G.P is an = arn-1
⇒ 2048 = 2 x ( 4) n-1
⇒ 1024 =( 4) n-1
⇒ ( 4) 5 = ( 4) n-1
⇒ n = 6
3. Salary of Robin, When his salary is ₹ 5,00,000 per
Additional : annum for the first year and expected to receive
Infinite Geometric Progression/Series yearly increment of 10%. Now find the Robin salary
at staring of 5th year.
Geometric Progression in which Solution: Here a = 5,00,000 and common ratio = 1.1
Robin salary at staring of 5th year i.e n = 5
(-1 < r < 1), r is not equal to 0 and n→∞ Formula for nth term G.P is an = arn-1
a5 = 500000 x (1.1)4 = 500000 x 1.4641 = 7,32,050

4. The second term of an H.P. is and the fifth term is .

Find the sum of its 6th and the 7th term.

Explanation: If a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ……. are in A.P.

then are in H.P.

Now
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and

Solving these two equations, we get and

Now

And
So the sum of the 6th and the 7th term of H.P.

is

SERIES OF POWERS OF INTEGERS

The series 1+2+3+4+…+n is an arithmetic and so its sum for
the first k terms is given by the equation:

Consider the series 12 +22+32+42+….n2. This is not an

arithmetic series or geometric series. To determine the sum
for the first k terms we make use of the identity:

Then
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