Laboratory

Exercise No. 1

IMPORTANT
TERMS IN
PLANT
PATHOLOGY

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Activity

Name: Grant Linjon I. Punzalan SCORE:

Course, Year and Section: BSAM3-B
Instructor: Mr. Rael Tejada
Date of Submission:

Laboratory Exercise No. 1

IMPORTANT TERMS IN PLANT PATHOLOGY

I. INTRODUCTION
Terminologies in plant pathology are very important to ensure proper naming,
identification and diagnoses of plant problems and diseases. Familiarization with
different terminologies and accurate definition of the terms will help in the development
of exact concepts and correct preventive measures for our crop production practice. The
following terms and definitions are basic to the study of plant pathology. In addition,
expertise with the vocabulary words and skill will develop through exposure to
diagnostics, experience and correct use of the appropriate terms.

II. OBJECTIVES
To familiarize important terminologies used in plant pathology.

III. MATERIALS
1. Ballpen
2. Reference books, lectures or reliable internet sources

IV. METHODOLOGY
1. Carefully write and define the following terms indicated below in the answer
space provided.
1.1. Pathogen;
1.2. Parasite;
1.3. Obligate parasite;
1.4. Facultative parasite;
1.5. Host

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1.6. Pathogenicity;
1.7. Pathogenesis;
1.8. Virulence;
1.9. Resistance;
1.10. Susceptibility;
1.11. Tolerance;
1.12. Causal agent;
1.13. Plant injury;
1.14. Virulent;
1.15. Autotrophs;
1.16. Saprophytes;
1.17. Host range;
1.18. Symbiosis;
1.19. Disease cycle;
1.20. Propagules;
1.21. Inoculation;
1.22. Inoculum;
1.23. Repeating cycle;
1.24. Monocyclic;
1.25. Polycyclic;
1.26. Transmission;
1.27. Vector;
1.28. Infection;
1.29. Infection court;
1.30. Infestation;
1.31. Colonization;
1.32. Epidemic;
1.33. Endemic;
1.34. Epidemiology;
1.35. Epidemic rate;
1.36. Taxonomy;

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 1.37. Pest;
1.38. Microorganism;
1.39. Masked symptoms; and
1.40. Symptomless carrier.

V. OUTPUT
NO. TERM DEFINITION

1 Pathogen •A plant pathogen is an organism that causes disease in

plants. Although some plant pathogens have ancestors
that cause disease in humans or animals, the majority of
plant pathogens only harm plants. Plant infections are
similar to pathogens that affect humans and animals.
Fungi, organisms that resemble fungi, bacteria,
phytoplasmas, viruses, viroids, nematodes, and parasitic
higher plants are all examples of plant pathogens..

2 Parasite •• - A parasite is an organism that lives on or in another

organism and obtains nutrition from it (from the Greek
"parasitos," which means "one who eats at another's
table"). An obligatory parasite is a living organism that is
completely dependent on another living thing for
nourishment.
- an organism that forms a close bond. a plant that
spreads/grows at the expense of a plant that
spreads/grows at the expense of plant.
.

3 Obligate parasite • - Obligate parasites are biotrophs that rely solely on a

living host for food (gr."bio," "life," "trophies," "nourish,"
"feed").Organisms that cannot complete their life cycle
without their host are called obligatory parasites.They
cannot survive without the host.

4 Facultative parasite • - The facultative parasites' capacity, or "talent," to adapt

to a different way of life (i.e.:a facultative parasite (also
known as a saprophyte) is an organism that is capable of
engaging in parasitic activity but does not entirely rely on
any host to complete its life cycle.They live free, but if
they get a chance to infect a host, they might turn into
parasites.

5 Host • - A host is an organism (such as a plant) that provides

nutrition to a parasite or pathogen. Bacteria can enter a
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 plant through natural plant holes such as stomata,
hydathodes, or lenticels. They can enter through
abrasions or wounds on leaves, stems, or roots, or
through certain eating insects.

6 Pathogenicity • -In an introductory text on plant pathology,

pathogenicity is defined as "the ability of a pathogen to
produce disease," and virulence is defined as "the
degree of pathogenicity of a given pathogen."
Pathogenicity refers to a pathogenic agent's ability to
cause disease. Pathogenic agents include infectious
bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi, viroids, and parasites that
cause disease.
.

7 Pathogenesis • Plant pathogens form close relationships with their

hosts in order to acquire the resources they need to
develop, thrive, and reproduce.This process, which
includes infection, colonization, and pathogen
reproduction, is referred to as pathogenesis.

8 Virulence •- the harm that a microbe can cause to its host.

- Plant pathologists have a complicated relationship with
the term "virulence." Here, we define virulence as the
level of harm caused by a parasite infection in the host,
which is thought to be inversely related to host fitness,
and pathogenicity as a parasite's specific ability to infect
and harm the host.

9 Resistance •- offers two levels of resistance to pathogens:pre-

formed substances and chemicals, in addition to
infection-induced immune system responses.Plant
resistance is the capacity of plants to escape an
enemy attack, either partially or completely, in order
to lessen the damage they sustain.

10 Susceptibility • - If a particular plant variety is unable to stop the

development and/or growth of a specific pest, it is
said to be susceptible.
- It's customary to consider a plant's susceptibility to
diseases in terms of loss of resistance. However,
because the pathogen may require active host
cooperation to spread and cause illness,
susceptibility cannot be equated with plant passivity.

11 Tolerance • - Tolerance is the capacity of a crop to maintain

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yield in the presence of disease. The traits that
make up tolerance are frequently not well-defined,
making it a difficult characteristic to measure. It has
been studied as a trait of plant genotypes growing
separately or in monoculture crop stands.

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12 Causal agent • In common parlance, a casual agent is an animate
or inanimate component that initiates and regulates
disease and harm. Biotic pathogens are incidental
agent organisms.

13 Plant injury • - A plant injury is when a persistent irritant causes

a sudden change in form or function.Damage to
plants can be caused by insects, animals, physical,
chemical, or environmental forces..

14 Virulent • The term "virulence" has a complicated history in

the field of plant pathology; here, we define it as the
degree of host harm caused by a parasite infection,
which is thought to be inversely related to host
fitness, and pathogenicity as the specific capacity of
a parasite to infect and harm the host.

15 Autotrophs • - An autotroph is a living organism that can

generate its own food through the use of light, water,
carbon dioxide, or other substances. Autotrophs are
also known as producers because they produce
their own food. Although plants are the most well-
known autotrophs, there are many other types of
autotrophs.

16 Saprophytes • - an organism, especially one that is a plant or one

that resembles a plant, that feeds, absorbs, or
thrives on decomposing organic materials.
- Saprophytes are organisms that consume dead
organic material like leaves, wood that has fallen
from the tree, and animal carcasses. Many times,
saprophytes don't harm living things. The primary
nutrient recyclers are saprophytes, which explains
why they are so beneficial to the environment.

17 Host range • - The idea of a plant pathogen's host range is best

illustrated by the sets of plants used as differentials
to characterize rust fungi strains, leading to matrices
of compatible and incompatible reactions and the
identification of races. A simple metric that is
essential to comprehension and pathogenicity is
host range, which is defined as the number of host
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 species used by a pathogen. It is believed that the
host range significantly contributes to the evolution
of viruses and affects their dynamics of survival and
transmission.

18 Symbiosis • -Plant symbiosis is the close, long-term

coexistence of individuals from various species, at
least one of which is a plant. In most cases, the
interaction is advantageous for both the plant and its
symbiont..

19 Disease cycle • -Plant disease cycles represent pathogen biology

as a series of interconnected developmental stages,
such as dormancy, reproduction, dispersal, and
pathogenicity. How these stages develop is
controlled by a continuous series of interactions
between the host, virus, and environment.

20 Propagules • A propagule is any plant material used to

propagate other plants. In asexless reproduction, a
propagule is frequently a stem cutting. Some plants
let you use a piece of the root or the leaf.

21 Inoculation • In order to initiate the infection process, inoculation is the

process of introducing a pathogen or any component of a
pathogen into a plant at a specific location.

22 Inoculum •An inoculum is the act of introducing a pathogen or a portion

of a pathogen into a host's body to initiate the infection
process (defined as the intimate contact of the pathogen with
its host). As a result, the inoculant could be a whole bacterial
cell, protozoan, virus, or viroid..

• A repeating cycle is a series of secondary infections that last

23 Repeating cycle for a specific amount of time during the growth season..

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24 Monocyclic • Every crop cycle, monocyclic pathogens only produce one
development cycle (or infection cycle).

25 Polycyclic • Polycyclic pathogens are those that produce multiple

infection cycles per crop cycle.

26 Transmission • Numerous factors, such as biotic, abiotic, and environmental

factors, contribute to the transmission, dispersion, and spread
of pathogens. Transmission typically refers to an active
transfer using grafting, insects, mechanical elements, animals,
etc. Spreading or disseminating something is known as
disseminating.

27 Vector • An organism that can acquire and then spread a pathogen to

plants (most commonly viruses, but also bacteria and fungi) is
referred to as a "vector."

28 Infection • This occurs when the pathogen invades plant tissue and
establishes a parasitic relationship with the host plant.

29 Infection court • A plant's infection court is susceptible to a particular

pathogen or group of infections.The condition typically
presents with symptoms following successful infections..

30 Infestation •Infestation is the term for

establishment (or "running over") of a large population of
insects or other animal pests on the surface of a host. There is
no indication that infection has occurred when there is an
infestation.
.

31 Colonization • The pathogen establishes, grows, and reproduces on or in

infected plants, resulting in colonization of the host..

32 Epidemic • An epidemic is the uncontrolled, widespread, and typically

brief expansion of an infectious disease.An epidemic can
spread over a large or small area in a single season or over
many years.

33 Endemic • An endemic disease is one that has a moderate or severe

form that lasts forever in a specific area.Following the
pathogen's initial introduction, endemic diseases typically
become indigenous..

34 Epidemiology • The study of the factors that influence the outbreak and
spread of infectious diseases is known as epidemiology..

35 Epidemic rate epidemic: a situation in which a disease temporarily has a

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 high prevalence. A pandemic is an epidemic that affects a
large geographic area, such as the entire world. An infectious
disease's rise and fall in epidemic prevalence is a probability
phenomenon that depends on the spread of an infectious
agent's effective dose from an infected person to a
susceptible one.

36 Taxonomy • Taxonomic classification is the systematic ordering of plants

and animals.

37 Pest • Any organism that spreads disease, destroys property, or is

otherwise a nuisance is considered a pest..

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38 Microorganism • Some microbes are beneficial and even safe. Only
when a microbe causes disease is it regarded as a
pathogen.

39 Masked symptoms • A disease's outward manifestation in the plant is called

a disease symptom.Symptoms of a plant's response to
the pathogen may include a noticeable alteration in the
plant's color, form, or function.
Symptomless
40 a plant that exhibits no obvious symptoms despite being
carrier infected with a pathogen (usually a virus).

VI. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

QUESTION:
Relate the importance of plant pathology terminologies with agricultural crop
production.

ANSWER:
The study of pathogens that hinder crop production is known as plant pathology.This
is a very important topic.Controlling pathogens is impossible without plant pathology,
a branch of agricultural science that studies crop plant diseases in the same way that
medical professionals study human diseases.The pathogen that causes disease in
plants is the focus of pathologists in plant pathology.They investigate the favorable
conditions for the pathogen's existence and the pathogen ecosystem in which they
thrive.They deal with the chemicals used to control pathogens, saving the farmer
community a lot of money.The proper naming, identification, and diagnosis of plant
diseases depend on understanding plant pathology terminology.Our crop production
practice will benefit from the development of precise concepts and correct
preventative measures if we are familiar with various terminologies and their precise
definitions.

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