RESEARCH REVIEWER

Research
- Research pertains to systematic investigation of any social or natural phenomena where results
and conclusions are aimed at contributing to generalized knowledge. (Mendoza et al.., 2017)
- Research is a process of steps to collect and analyze information in order to expand our knowledge
about a topic or issue. (Piano Clark & Creswell, 2015)

Main Characteristics of a Research

1. It poses a question
2. It gathers data about the question
3. It analyzes the data to answer the question

Criteria in Determining Research Reports (Plano Clark & Creswell)

1. Terms that identify the report as research are present such as study, investigation,
empirical research, or original research.
2. The authors describe gathering data
3. The authors describe analyzing the gathered data and report results of the analysis.

Why Research?
The reason the researchers conduct and report research studies is to add to the overall
knowledge base that exists about a topic.
The primary way that new knowledge is gained about important issues is by scholars
conducting research.

PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEWS IN RESEARCH

● POST POSITIVIST

PHILOSOPHY MAIN CONCEPT EXAMPLE

"We cannot be positive Researchers subscribe Satisfaction of students

in our claims of to the idea that would be expressed in
knowledge when everything should be percentage in relation to
studying behavior and quantified to produce the overall numbers.
actions of humans." meaningful and
concrete results.

● TRANSFORMATIVE

PHILOSOPHY MAIN CONCEPT EXAMPLE

"Research inquiry Researchers in this A researcher conducts

 should be intertwined group support the idea research on waste
with politics and political that research should segregation since he
change the agenda." be conducted to believe that the results
increase quality of life may help in the
and produce better development of valuable
societies. programs.

● CONSTRUCTIVIST

PHILOSOPHY MAIN CONCEPT EXAMPLE

"Individuals develop Researchers in this Analyzing the

subjective meanings of group believe that satisfaction of students
their experiences." experience expressed should consider their
through words can verbatim comments and
paint a better picture of experiences rather than
a certain phenomena. numbers.

● PRAGMATIC

PHILOSOPHY MAIN CONCEPT EXAMPLE

"We need to look to Researchers in this A student reports the

many responsibilities for group promotes the use percentage of smokers
collecting and analyzing of both quantitative in the campus, as well
data." and qualitative data in as the reasons for
expressing research smoking in a study.
findings.

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

Research is a process. A researcher should follow a series of steps to arrive at a good and
quality research quality paper.
Research typically undergo several phases of development.

THE FIVE PHASES OF RESEARCH (CDEAD)

C - Conceptualization Phase
D - Design Phase
E - Empirical Phase
A - Analytical Phase
D - Dissemination Phase

THE STEP IN RESEARCH PROCESS

1. Identifying a research problem
2. Reviewing the literature
 3. Specifying a Purpose
4. Choosing a Research design
5. Selecting Participants and Collecting data
6. Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
7. Drawing Conclusions
8. Dissemination and evaluating research

CONCEPTUALIZATION PHASE
● This is where a Research Project starts, and where the topic is identified.
● It is recommended to focus on not-too-broad but not-too-specific concepts.
● Topic selection should be followed by objective framing or identifying the central
questions.

1.Identifying a research problem - Specifying a problem, Justifying its importance, Arguing for the
need to study it for audiences

2. Reviewing the Literature - Selecting sources about the problem, Summarizing the sources,
Critically evaluating the sources

3. Specifying a purpose - Stating the study’s intent and focus, Narrowing the purpose to research
questions or hypotheses

DESIGN PHASE
This phase is also known as the planning phase where researchers decide on the detailed
procedures in gathering and analyzing data.
Answering the how, where, and when the study will be conducted and analyzed.

4. Choosing a Research Design - Selecting an overall approach for the study, Planning the study’s
methods

5.1. Selecting Participants and Collecting Data - Selecting sites and individuals to study, Obtaining
permissions, Gathering information

EMPIRICAL PHASE
This is where the actual data gathering and collection happen.
In this phase, the researchers are equipped with the necessary tools and behavior in
gathering the data from prospective data sources.

5.2. Collecting Data - Selecting an overall approach for the study, Planning the study’s methods

ANALYTICAL PHASE
 The most challenging phase of the research Process. The researchers prepare and assess the
data through the use of several tools and their own understanding as supported by the previous
research.

6. Analyzing Data and Reporting Results - Breaking down the data, Making sense of the data,
Representing the data

7. Drawing Conclusion - Relating the study results to the literature, Identifying limitations of the
study, Suggesting implications for practice and future research

DISSEMINATION PHASE
The most valuable phase in conducting a Research. This is where the researchers are advised to
share their study's findings to the general public.

8. Disseminating and Evaluating the Research - Sharing the research with audiences, Having the
study’s process assessed by audiences

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
It is a type of research in which the researcher studies a problem that calls for an explanation
about variables.
It aims at establishing cause and effect relationship between two variables by using
mathematical, computational and statistical methods.
The data collected by the researcher can be divided into categories or put into rank, or it
can be measured in terms of units of measurement.

In this type of research, the researchers:

● decides what to study;
● asks specific, narrow questions;
● collects quantifiable data from participants;
● analyzes these numbers using statistics and graphs;
● and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
It is a type of research in which the researcher studies a problem that calls for an exploration
of a phenomenon.
It provides insights and understanding of the problem setting.
It is used to gain an in-depth understanding of human behaviour, experience, attitudes,
intentions, and motivations, on the basis of observation and interpretation, to find out the way
people think and feel.

In this type of research, the researchers:

● relies on the views of participants;
● asks broad, general questions;
● collects data consisting largely of words from participants;
 ● describes and analyzes these words for themes;
● conducts the inquiry in a subjective & reflexive manner.

MIXED METHOD
It utilizes both Quantitative and Qualitative Research in understanding a topic.
It is a type of research in which the researcher studies a problem that calls for explanation
and exploration.
The researchers are interested in both explaining variables and exploring a phenomenon.

In this type of study, the researcher:

● asks narrow, specific questions and broad, general questions;
● collects data consisting of numbers and words;
● analyzes these data for statistical trends and themes;
● and combines the two sets of results into an overall understanding of the topic

ASPECT QUALI QUANTI

Approach Subjective Objective

Research Type Exploratory Conclusive
Reasoning Inductive Deductive
Data Verbal Measurable
Objective To explore and To examine cause and
discover ideas effect relationships

QUALITY OF A GOOD RESEARCHER

● Technical Competency
● Utility Competency
● Patience
● Service
● Effort
● Guts and Risk
● Care

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

Historical Research - It is the systematic study of the past events which examines the documents of
the past.

Narrative Research - The researchers used this to describe the lives of individuals by collecting and
telling stories about them.

Case Study - An in-depth analysis of a single entity or a small group. Examines the complexities of
what happens in a system of people.
Phenomenological Research - A systematic study of lived experiences of individuals. It seeks to
understand how people experience a phenomenon.

Ethnography - A process that involves observing, exploring, documenting, and analyzing the ways
and cultural beliefs of a particular group of people.

Grounded Theory - It is used to generate a general explanation called grounded theory for a
process, action, or interaction among people.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH - used when a researcher intends to test the effect of an intervention
by manipulating the conditions experienced by participants.

True experimental design - researchers manipulate the conditions experienced by the

participants and use a special procedure called random assignment.
Quasi-experimental design - type of experimental research design in which the
researchers test an intervention using intact groups of individuals.

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH - used when researchers intend to describe variables without

manipulation the conditions experienced by participants.

Correlation research - investigators measure the degree of association or relationship

between two or more variables using statistical procedure of correlational analysis.
 Survey research - used when the researchers want to administer a survey questionnaire
to a smaller group of people iorder to describe trends and attitudes of a larger group of people.

IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC

1. Interviews
2. Personal experiences
3. Own professional practices
4. Experts in the field
5. Literatures

FIVE REASON TO PURSUE A PROBLEM

1. It must fill the gap of the existing studies.
2. It must replicate past result about the research problem.
3. It must extend past results.
4. It is needed to learn from people affected by the problem.
5. It is needed to improve the current practices related to the research problem.

TO MAKE AN EFFECTIVE RESEARCH TITLE

1. Select a topic and a title that should embody the idea of the research paper.
2. It must contain as few words as possible. Many journals limit Titles to 12 words.
3. It must be concise, timely but not flashy, and easy to understand.
WAYS TO WRITE RESEARCH TITLE
1. Interrogative Form (What is the motivation for using Facebook?)
2. Combinational: Question and title (Why uses facebook? An investigation into the relationship
between narcissism and loneliness)
3. Combinational:powerful phrase and title (Too much face and not enough books: The
relationship between multiple indices of facebook use and academic performance)
4. Use Of novel method (Attitudes of elferly Korean patients toward death and dying: An
application of q-methodology)
5. Result Of The Paper (preventive health behaviors influenced by self-perceptions of aging)

RESEARCH PROBLEM
A Research problem is the issue, controversy, or concern that guides the need for a study.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A statement of the problem is an argument at the beginning of a research report that justifies
why the research study was needed.
● This can be found in the Introduction Section.
● Usually written as a heading: Statement of the Problem

The researchers tend to address a common set of elements in their statements of the problem.
These elements include:
1. The topic
2. The research problem
3. Evidence for the importance of the problem
4. The knowledge about the problem that is missing
5. The audiences that may benefit from the new knowledge
PURPOSE STATEMENT
The purpose for research indicates what the researchers actually intend to do by collecting
and analyzing data in the study.

The purpose is the goal for one specific research study, not a larger problem in society that is a
concern to many.

The purpose statement is a statement that advances the overall direction for a study. As
discussed, these sentences typically identify the focus and intent for the study, and may mention the
participants, setting, and the researcher’s framework.

The overall intent - what the researchers want to learn about the specific topic.
The framework - the theory or conceptual framework that guides the researchers perspectives.
The participants - the people or organizations to be examined in the study.
The setting - where the study takes place.
RESEARCH QUESTION
Research questions are statements used to narrow the purpose statement to specific
questions that the researcher seeks to answer by conducting a study.
To locate research questions, look for passages in which authors identify the questions they
are addressing.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Hypotheses are statements in which the investigator makes a prediction or
conjecture about the relationship that exists among two or more attributes or
characteristics (i.e.,variables).
Narrowing the purpose using hypothesis is used only in Quantitative studies.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
1. Simple Hypothesis
2. Complex Hypothesis
3. Null Hypothesis
4. Research Hypothesis
5. Directional Hypothesis
6. Non-directional Hypothesis
THE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A RESEARCH

FRONT MATTER, INTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW, METHODOLOGY,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, BACK MATTER

FRONT MATTER -
● Title
● Authors
● short abstract
● It can be found at the very start of the report document. Reading this information
tells you what study is being reported and who conducted it.
● It identifies information for the study.,
● It identifies the authors.
● It provides an abstract of the paper.

THE TITLE
THE AUTHORS
THE ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION - Researchers generally begin their research articles with one or

two introductory sections that introduce the study and provide background for
the study being reported.

In Introduction Section, you can expect the researcher to report information about
the first three steps of the research process:

● It identifies a research problem.

● It reviews the literature.
● It specifies a purpose.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
PURPOSE STATEMENT

LITERATURE REVIEW -
Researchers report what they learned from reviewing articles and books to
document what is already known about the problem being studied.
There are five common ways that researchers use their literature
review. These uses include:

● providing a justification for the research problem,

● documenting what is and is not known about the topic,
● identifying the theory or conceptual framework behind a study,
● providing models for the methods and procedures, and
● interpreting results

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

BASED ON PREVIOUS RESEARCHES
PRESENTING THE EXISTING
THEORIES ABOUT THE TOPIC
SUPPORT THE NEED TO STUDY
THE TOPIC OR ISSUE

METHODOLOGY - procedures used to conduct the study. The researchers

describe the procedures used to implement the next three steps of the research
process: choosing a research design; selecting participants and collecting data;
and analyzing data and reporting results.

● It identifies the study's research design.

● It describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data.
● It describes the procedures to analyze the data.

RESEARCH DESIGN
PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING
INSTRUMENTS
PROCEDURE
DATA ANALYSIS

THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - The Results section of an article represents the
heart of the research study report. When you read a Results section, you can
expect the researcher to describe one step in the research process: analyzing data
and reporting results.
 ● It reports the details of and findings from the data analysis.
● It describes how the researchers analyze the data they gathered, and
summarize the results of the analysis in paragraphs, tables, and figures

RESPONSES
DATA ANALYSIS
TABLES AND FIGURES
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

CONCLUSION - researchers make interpretations about the procedures and results of

the study. These interpretations appear within the Conclusion section of a report.

● It reports the interpretations of the study.

● It summarizes the main findings of the study.
● It connects the results to the current and previous research.

SUMMARY OF THE MAIN

FINDINGS
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
CONCLUDING STATEMENT
RECOMMENDATIONS
BACK MATTER - All research reports end with important information that supports the
content of the study report. The back matter of a research report includes information
such as a list of references and extra materials such as appendices. The start of the back
matter immediately follows the end of the Conclusion section.
● It includes a list of references cited within the study report.
● It includes extra supporting materials called appendix or appendices.

LIST OF REFERENCES
APPENDICES / ATTACHMENTS
AUTHORS' SHORT BIOGRAPHY /
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

LITERATURE MATRIX - The matrix method is a structure and a process for systematically
reviewing the literature and a system for bringing order out of the chaos of too much
information spread across too many sources in too many places.

WRITING INTRODUCTION
I. Hook: Introduce your topic
 II. Background of the study
III. Statement of the problem
IV. Purpose statement
V. Research Question/ hypothesis

LITERATURE REVIEW - a summary of the state of existing knowledge on a research

problem or topic. It is an analysis and synthesis of articles related to the research topic
being studied.

WRITING LITERATURE REVIEW

SEARCHING RELEVANT ARTICLES - Searching for the related literature, books, journal
articles, etc. about the topic or chosen problem.

READING AND ANALYZING REPORTS - Reading, scanning and skimming of the reading
materials and creating a literature matrix.

WRITING DESCRIPTION - Using the summary notes/literature matrix, synthesize the

existing information about the topic and its factors.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - A graphical presentation of concepts under study and the

existing relationships that exist between or among these concepts.
It is also referred to as theoretical framework, if the study has its roots in a specified
conceptual model.

DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

You may follow the ff. steps in developing a framework:
1. Select a topic and clarify your objectives.
2. Review the literature and discuss problems with colleagues.
3. Develop ideas based on the reviewed literature and based on one's own experiences.
4. Create a conceptual scheme based on the developed ideas.

PLAGIARISM - The wrongful use of an idea or language of another author and

representing them as your own or as your original work. Using the exact words or ideas
without citing the rightful owner of the source is a form of academic dishonesty.

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
1. Plagiarism of words - using another author's exact words.
2. Plagiarism of structure - cited the sources, but just paraphrased it by changing
sentence construction.
 3. Plagiarism of ideas - presenting someone else's ideas as your own.
4. Plagiarism of authorship - replication of another's work.
5. Plagiarism of self - receiving two credits for a single output, use of one's previous
work.
note:
● Use a previously written material as a basis, but write something new and original.
● Rely on experts' opinions regarding a certain topic, but improve those opinions.
● Always give credit where and when it is due.
● Researchers should follow a certain documentation format like APA, MLA, etc.