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Oriental amphorae discovered at Histria

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 ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ
INSTITUTUL DE ARHEOLOGIE „VASILE PÂRVAN”

MATERIALE
ŞI
CERCETĂRI
ARHEOLOGICE

SERIE NOUĂ
XI

2015

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE

BUCUREŞTI, 2015
 Colegiul de redacţie

Prof. Dr. ALEXANDRU BARNEA (Universitatea Bucureşti), Dr. SANDA BALESCU (Université des Sciences et
Technologies de Lille, Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Quaternaire, CNRS, France), Prof. Dr. CLIVE BONSALL
(University of Edinburgh, U.K.), Prof. Dr. NIKOLAUS BOROFFKA (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut – Eurasien
Abteilung, Berlin, Germany), Dr. GHEORGHE I. CANTACUZINO (Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan”,
Bucureşti), Dr. PIERRE DUPONT (Université Lyon, CNRS, France), Dr. UWE FIEDLER (Berlin, Germany),
Dr. RADU HARHOIU (Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan”, Bucureşti), Dr. CORIOLAN OPREANU (Institutul
de Arheologie şi Istoria Artei), Prof. dr. ANNIE RENOUX (Université du Maine, Le Mans), Academician VICTOR
SPINEI (Institutul de Arheologie, Iaşi), Prof. Dr. ERIK TRINKAUS (Department of Anthropology, Washington
University), Prof. Dr. ALAIN TUFFREAU (Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Laboratoire de
Préhistoire et Quaternaire, CNRS, France), Academician ALEXANDRU VULPE (Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile
Pârvan”, Bucureşti)

Comitetul de redacţie
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© 2015, EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE

 SUMAR / SOMMAIRE / CONTENTS

PALEOLITIC / PALÉOLITHIQUE / PALAEOLITHIC

ADRIAN DOBOŞ, RADU IOVITA

Paleoliticul inferior din România: o reevaluare din perspectiva descoperirilor din
situl Dealul Guran ....................................................................................................... 5
Lower Palaeolithic in Romania: a revaluation from the perspective of the discoveries
from Dealul Guran site
ROXANA DOBRESCU, ALAIN TUFFREAU, SANDA BALESCU
Le gisement paléolithique supérieur ancien de la « Vii 1 » à Ciuperceni (Vallée du
Danube)....................................................................................................................... 19
Early Upper Palaeolithic site from Ciuperceni-Vii1 (Danube Valley)
ALEXANDRU CIORNEI
Petrographic analysis of raw materials from Lespezi-Lutărie: implications for
Upper Palaeolithic sites from the Middle and Lower Bistriţa Valley ......................... 43
MARIAN COSAC, GEORGE MURĂTOREANU, ALEXANDRU RADU,
LOREDANA NIŢĂ
Aşezarea paleolitică de la Malu Dinu Buzea (sat Cremenea, com. Sita Buzăului,
jud. Covasna). O sinteză a campaniilor 2011–2013 ....................................................... 81
The Palaeolithic settlement from Malu Dinu Buzea (Cremenea village, Sita Buzăului
commune, Covasna County). A synthesis of the excavation campaigns from
2011–2013

NEOLITIC / NÉOLITHIQUE / NEOLITHIC

ALIN FRÎNCULEASA, BIANCA PREDA, ADRIAN BĂLĂŞESCU, ANDREI

SOFICARU, OCTAV NEGREA, TIBERIU NICA
Cultura Starčevo-Criş în Nordul Munteniei. Cercetări recente la Seciu
(jud. Prahova)............................................................................................................ 101
Starčevo-Criş culture in Northern Wallachia. Recent research at Seciu (Prahova
County)
CRISTIAN EDUARD ŞTEFAN
O locuinţă Vădastra de la Slatina, jud. Olt................................................................. 127
A Vădastra dwelling from Slatina, Olt County

EPOCA GREACĂ / ÉPOQUE GRECQUE / GREEK PERIOD

PIERRE DUPONT
Note sur une pièce de harnachement scythe d’Histria ................................................ 139
Note on a Scythian harness piece from Histria

MATERIALE ŞI CERCETĂRI ARHEOLOGICE (serie nouă), XI, 2015, p. 1–298

 EPOCA ROMANĂ / ÉPOQUE ROMAINE / ROMAN PERIOD

LIANA OŢA, MIGDONIA GEORGESCU, ZIZI ILEANA BALTĂ

Despre cele două morminte din tell-ul de la Dridu ..................................................... 143
On the two graves from the Dridu-tell
VALENTIN BOTTEZ, ALEXANDRA LIŢU, ALEXANDRA ŢÂRLEA
Preliminary results of the excavations at Histria, the Acropolis Centre-South Sector
(2013–2014) ................................................................................................................ 157
ALEXANDRU BĂDESCU, ALEXANDRA BIVOLARU
Oriental amphorae discovered at Histria in the Acropolis Centre-South Sector
(2014)................................................................................................................................ 193
ALEXANDRU BĂDESCU, LAURENŢIU CLIANTE
Late Roman kitchen pottery discovered at Histria in the Centre-North Sector
(2012).......................................................................................................................... 209

EPOCA MEDIEVALĂ / ÉPOQUE MÉDIÉVALE / MIDDLE AGES

ANDRA SAMSON
Fântânile din aşezarea medievală de la Şibot (jud. Alba) ........................................... 227
The wells from the medieval settlement at Şibot (Alba County)

PERIEGHEZE / RECHERCHES DE TERRAIN / FIELD SURVEYS

JÓZSEF PUSKÁS
Contribuţii la repertoriul arheologic al judeţului Covasna (III) .................................. 257
Contributions to the repertory of discoveries from Covasna County (III)

RECENZII / COMPTES RENDUES / BOOK REVIEWS

Radu Băjenaru, Sfârşitul bronzului timpuriu în regiunea dintre Carpaţi şi Dunăre,

Editura Argonaut, Cluj-Napoca, 2014, 340 p., 86 fig., 68 pl., 11 hărţi (Cristian
Eduard Ştefan) ............................................................................................................ 291

Abrevieri / Abréviations / Abbreviations .......................................................................... 293

 ORIENTAL AMPHORAE DISCOVERED AT HISTRIA
IN THE ACROPOLIS CENTRE-SOUTH SECTOR (2014)

ALEXANDRU BĂDESCU*, ALEXANDRA BIVOLARU**

Keywords: Late Antiquity, Roman period, Scythia, Histria, can be deduced from the shape, because important
pottery, amphorae. civilizations produce specializations – of words, of
Abstract: The 75 amphora fragments presented in this paper
are part of a lot made up of 315 fragments discovered in 2014 jobs, of buildings, of weapons and soldiers”1. Even
at Histria, in the sector conventionally named Acropolis for the Roman world, there are often doubts on the
Centre-South (Acropolă Centru-Sud). The ceramic material is specific use of an amphora – for storage, transport
divided in 11 types of amphora and three types of amphora or as tableware.
lids. The total pottery lot numbers 12,044 fragments divided as
follows: amphorae (72.791%), kitchen ware (22.038%), pottery
Amphorae represent a special, very important
that could not be ascribed to a certain category (4.018%), category of pottery, as they best reflect trade relations
lamps (0.232%), different other categories (construction material, with other provinces of the Roman Empire. The
Greek pottery, chips; 0.921%). The statistics based on the information they provide, doubled or not by written
entire ceramic lot demonstrate that amphorae remain the most sources, allow us to obtain well delimited regional
important category of pottery, followed by kitchen ware,
pottery that could not be ascribed to a certain category and and chronological “X-rays” that can be related to
different other categories (construction material, Greek pottery, historical events. Another advantage provided by
chips). The lot we have processed can be divided as follows: the study of amphorae is the “survival” of certain
amphorae (39.142%), kitchen ware (48.857%), lamps (7.428%) shapes from the Greek down to the Roman or even
and others (4.573%). Roman-Byzantine periods.
Cuvinte-cheie: Antichitatea târzie, epocă romană, Scythia, The disadvantages for the Roman-Byzantine
Histria, ceramica, amfore. amphorae are represented by the “dilution” of the
Rezumat: Cele 75 de fragmente de amfore, prezentate în merchandize – shape relation, which for the Greek-
studiul de faţă, fac parte dintr-un lot format din 315 fragmente Roman period was a quasi-permanent reality. As
descoperite în campania 2014, la Histria, în sectorul Acropolă
Centru-Sud. Materialul ceramic poate fi împărţit în unsprezece
the pots could be used for several transports, in
tipuri amforice şi trei tipuri de capace de amforă. Lotul many cases a type of amphora was used for trans-
ceramic descoperit numără 12.044 fragmente împărţite astfel: porting different products. The analysis of organic
amfore (72,791%), ceramica de bucătărie (22,038%), ceramica matter on the walls of Late Roman amphorae
neîncadrată într-o categorie (4,018%), opaiţe (0,232%), diverse confirmed this fact2. In this situation it is clear that
(materiale de construcţie, ceramica de perioadă greacă, jetoane;
0,921%). Statistica realizată pe întreg lotul ceramic descoperit
one of the criteria used in classifying the transport
demonstrează că amforele rămân cea mai importantă categorie amphorae, namely according to the transported
ceramică, urmată de ceramica de bucătărie, ceramica neînca- product, must be used considering this fact.
drabilă şi diverse (materiale de construcţie, ceramica de perioadă Another criterion for classifying the amphorae
greacă, jetoane). Lotul triat pentru prelucrare se împarte astfel: is the production centre, used especially for the
amfore (39,142%), ceramica de bucătărie (48,857%), opaiţe
(7,428%) şi diverse (4,573%). Greek amphorae. Typological and chronological
analyses become more difficult in the case of
*** Roman and Roman-Byzantine amphorae that have
For the description of the archaeological context highly varied variants. And, to make matters more
of the pottery analyzed in this contribution see complicated, very often the same type of amphora
Bottez et alii 2015 (present volume). was produced in several centres.

*** I. ORIENTAL AMPHORAE

I.1. Berenice LRA 1; Carthage LRA 1; British B II;

AMPHORAE
Rădulescu 1976, type 10; Scorpan 1976, type

As it happens in the case of important 1

Teodor 2001, p. 53.
2
civilisations, such as the Roman one “the function Steckner 1989, p. 65.
∗
The National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest; e-mail: [email protected].
∗∗
University of Bucharest, Faculty of History; e-mail: [email protected].

MATERIALE ŞI CERCETĂRI ARHEOLOGICE (serie nouă), XI, 2015, p. 193–208

194 Alexandru Bădescu, Alexandra Bivolaru

VIII B; Egloff 1977, no. 169, 164, 166; Böttger 7. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, part of the neck and handle).
1982, type II/1; Peacock 1984 shape 2; Keay 1984, Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, solid
reddish yellow (5YR6/6), with porosities up to 1 mm; fine
type LIII; Kuzmanov 1985, type XIII-XIV; calcite, iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG =
Peacock, Williams 1986, type 44; Hayes 1992, 110 mm, DMP = 210 mm, DMI = 110 mm, DA = 27/34 mm,
type 5; Kuzmanov, Salkin 1992, type 26; Sazanov H = 103 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 1001–
1997, type 1; Opaiţ 1991a, D I; Papadopoulos 7001, package 469, no. 269, Fig. 3/7.
8. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, part of the neck and handle).
1989, type 23. Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, yellowish
red (5YR5/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with fine
Catalogue porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine
1. Amphora (fragmentary, complete upper half profile). oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 118 mm,
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish DMP = 235 mm, DMI = 95 mm, H = 63 mm. Histria 2014,
yellow (5YR6/6), with porosities up to 1 mm; small calcite the ACS Sector, context 15002, package 424, no. 245,
and iron oxide particles. Dimensions4: DMG = 106 mm, Fig. 3/8.
DMP = 278 mm, H = 234 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS 9. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, neck and part of the handle).
Sector, context 1001–7001, package 475, no. 272, Fig. 3/1. Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, yellowish
2. Amphora (fragmentary, complete upper half profile). red (5YR5/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with fine
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine
yellow (5YR6/6), with porosities up to 1 mm; small calcite oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 118 mm,
and iron oxide particles. Dimensions: DMG = 114 mm, DMP = 245 mm, DMI = 98 mm, H = 62 mm. Histria 2014,
DMP = 282 mm, DMI = 270 mm, H = 215 mm. Histria the ACS Sector, context 15001, package 291, no. 189,
2014, the ACS Sector, context 7001, package 149, no. 311, Fig. 3/9.
Fig. 3/2. 10. Amphora (fragmentary, neck and part of the handle).
3. Amphora (fragmentary, neck, part of the body and the Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, yellowish
handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, red (5YR5/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with fine
reddish yellow (5YR6/6), with small pebbles (max. 2 mm) porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine
and porosities of 1–2 mm; small particles of calcite, iron oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 108 mm,
oxide and mica. Dimensions: DMG = 80 mm, DMP = DMP = 247 mm, H = 85 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS
165 mm, H = 138 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, Sector, context 11001, package 253, no. 103, Fig. 3/10.
context 12001, package 132?, no. 122, Fig. 3/3. 11. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, neck and part of the
4. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, part of the neck and handle). handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste,
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish yellowish red (5YR5/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4),
yellow (5YR6/6), with porosities up to 1 mm; small calcite with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and
and iron oxide particles. Dimensions: DMG = 108 mm, very fine oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG =
DMP = 226 mm, DA = 32/40 mm, H = 138 mm. Histria 94 mm, DMP = 199 mm, DMI = 90 mm, DA = 21/38 mm,
2014, the ACS Sector, context 15002, package 422, H = 68 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 18001,
no. 244, Fig. 3/4. package 413, no. 209, Fig. 3/11.
5. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). 12. Amphora (fragmentary, part of the neck). Uniform oxidant
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, sandy, primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish yellow (5YR6/6),
light brown (7.5YR6/4), with fine porosities (maximum very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with fine porosities
1 mm); medium oxide and very fine calcite and mica (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine oxides and
particles. Dimensions: DMG = 112 mm, DMP = 112 mm, mica particles. Dimensions: DMS = 102 mm, DMP =
H = 28 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 12001, 139 mm, H = 57 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector,
package 185, no. 125, Fig. 3/5. context 15002, package 411, no. 239, Fig. 3/12.
6. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and handle). Uniform oxidant 13. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and neck). Uniform oxidant
primary burn, yellowish red (5YR5/6), semi-coarse paste, primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish yellow (5YR6/6),
very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), sandy, low-quality very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with fine porosities
workmanship, with 1–4 mm porosities and pebbles; (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine oxides and
medium calcite and iron oxide and fine mica particles. mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 116 mm, DMP =
Dimensions: DMG = 108 mm, DMP = 132 mm, DMI = 135 mm, H = 118 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector,
113 mm, H = mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context context 18001, package 363, no. 238, Fig. 4/1.
14001, package 235, no. 167, Fig. 3/6. 14. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish
3
yellow (5YR6/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with
For general description of the type, area of diffusion, fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine
contents and origin see Bădescu, Cliante 2014, p. 174–175. oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 120 mm,
4
Abbreviations used in the text: ACS = Acropola Centru DMP = 143 mm, H = 120 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS
Sud; c = square; DB = diameter of the base; DM = maximum Sector, context 18001, package 363, no. 227, Fig. 4/2.
diameter (for ceramic objects other than pots); DA = diameter 15. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, part of the neck and
of the handle; DMG = maximum diameter of the mouth; DMI = handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste,
maximum lower diameter; DMP = maximum diameter preserved; reddish yellow (5YR6/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4),
DMS = upper maximum diameter; DSP = upper diameter with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and
preserved; GrM = maximum thickness (for ceramic objects very fine oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG =
other than pottery); H = preserved height of the ceramic fragment; 110 mm, DMP = 151 mm, H = 122 mm. Histria 2014, the
l = preserved width of the ceramic fragment; S = section. ACS Sector, context 1000, package 182, no. 332, Fig. 4/3.
 Oriental amphorae discovered at Histria in the Acropolis Centre-South Sector (2014) 195

16. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). DMP = 90 mm, H = 30 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector,
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish context 13001, package 183, no. 148, Fig. 4/12.
yellow (5YR6/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with 25. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, part of the neck and
fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste,
oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 118 mm, reddish yellow (5YR6/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4),
DMP = 118 mm, DMI = 104, H = 108 mm. Histria 2014, with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and
the ACS Sector, context 18001, package 363, no. 228, very fine oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG =
Fig. 4/4. 100 mm, DMP = 147 mm, DMI = 92 mm, H = 90 mm.
17. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, part of the neck and Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 16002, package 401,
handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, no. 318 a–318 b, Fig. 4/13.
reddish yellow (5YR6/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), 26. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the handle).
with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, sandy,
very fine oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = reddish yellow (5YR7/6), with medium porosities (maximum
108 mm, DMP = 125 mm, DMI = 102 mm, H = 88 mm. 2 mm); fine oxide particles and very fine calcite particles.
Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 16002, package 401, Dimensions: DMG = 110 mm, DMP = 118 mm, H = 63 mm.
no. 319, Fig. 4/5. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 15001, package 287,
18. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, neck and part of the no. 185, Fig. 4/14.
handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-coarse, 27. Tableware amphora?? (fragmentary, mouth and part of the
yellowish red paste (5YR5/6), very pale brown slip neck). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste,
(10YR8/4), sandy, brittle, low-quality workmanship, with reddish yellow (5YR6/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4),
small pebbles; small and medium calcite and iron oxide with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and
particles. Dimensions: DMG = 100 mm, DMP = 206 mm, very fine oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG =
DMI = 82 mm, DA = 26/36 mm, H = 101 mm. Histria 110 mm, DMP = 112 mm, H = 39 mm. Histria 2014, the
ACS Sector, context 18001, package 363, no. 231, Fig. 4/15.
2014, the ACS Sector, context 15001, package 271,
28. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
no. 182, Fig. 4/6.
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, sandy, reddish
19. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
yellow (5YR7/6), with medium porosities (maximum
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish
2 mm); fine oxide particles and very fine calcite particles.
yellow (5YR6/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with Dimensions: DMG = 114 mm, DMP = 114 mm, DMI =
fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine 106 mm, H = 61 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector,
oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 96 mm, context 1001–7001, package 466, no. 267, Fig. 4/16.
DMP = 96 mm, H = 77 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, 29. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
context 13001, package 153, no. 133, Fig. 4/7. Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, yellowish
20. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, part of the neck and red (5YR5/6), light-yellow slip, very pale brown (10YR8/4),
handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); very fine calcite,
brown (7.5YR5/4), light brown slip (7.5YR6/4), with iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 108 mm,
medium porosities (maximum 2 mm); fine calcite and very DMP = 108 mm, H = 42 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS
fine oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 100 mm, Sector, context 17000, package 289, no. 44, Fig. 4/17.
DMP = 115 mm, DMI = 92 mm, H = 67 mm. Histria 2014, 30. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
the ACS Sector, context 1000–2000, package 284, no. 273, Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish
Fig. 4/8. yellow (5YR6/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with
21. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and handle). Uniform oxidant fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine
primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish yellow (5YR6/6), oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 96 mm,
very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with fine porosities DMP = 100 mm, H = 31 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS
(maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine oxides and Sector, context 13001, package 169, no. 158, Fig. 4/18.
mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 112 mm, DMP = All above amphorae fragments are dated in 6th c. AD.
112 mm, DMI = 96 mm, H = 50 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS
Sector, context 16002, package 364, no. 249, Fig. 4/9.
I.2. Berenice LRA 2; Carthage LRA 2; British B
22. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, sandy, I; Keay 1984, type LXV; Dimitriu et alii 1954,
yellowish red (5YR5/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), type 4; Rădulescu 1976, type 8; Scorpan 1976,
with small pebbles (maximum 2 mm), fine porosities type VII-A; Böttger 1982, type I, shape 1; Peacock
(maximum 1 mm); fine iron oxide particles and very fine 1984, shape 1; Kuzmanov 1985, type I; Peacock,
calcite and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 102 mm,
DMP = 102 mm, H = 52 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Williams 1986, type 43; Hayes 1992, type 9;
Sector, context 11001, package 234, no. 101, Fig. 4/10. Kuzmanov, Salkin 1992, type 28; Krapivina 1993,
23. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, part of the neck and type 18; Sazanov 1997, type 2; Papadopoulos
handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, 1989, type 15.
reddish yellow (5YR6/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4),
with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and Catalogue
very fine oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 31. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
82 mm, DMP = 92 mm, H = 50 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid red (2.5YR5/6) semi-
Sector, context 18001, package 363, no. 229, Fig. 4/11. fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm; very fine calcite,
24. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 152 mm,
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, reddish
yellow (5YR6/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with
fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine 5
For general description of the type, area of diffusion,
oxides and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 90 mm, contents and origin see Bădescu, Cliante 2014, p. 176–178.
196 Alexandru Bădescu, Alexandra Bivolaru

DMP = 152 mm, H = 43 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 13001, package 169,
Sector, context 12001, package 185, no. 124, Fig. 5/1. no. 157, Fig. 5/11.
32. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). 42. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid, semi-fine paste, light Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid reddish brown
red (2.5YR6/8), with porosities up to 1 mm; fine calcite (2.5YR5/4) semi-fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm;
and very fine iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: fine calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica particles.
DMG = 130 mm, DMP = 130 mm, H = 55 mm. Histria Dimensions: DMG = 110 mm, DMP = 110 mm, H = 49 mm.
2014, the ACS Sector, context 17000, package 289, no. 45, Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 13001, package 184,
Fig. 5/2. no. 164, Fig. 5/12.
33. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). 43. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid red (2.5YR5/8) semi- Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid red (2.5YR5/8) semi-
fine paste, with rare porosities of maximum 1 mm; very fine paste, with rare porosities of maximum 1 mm; very
fine calcite, iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: fine calcite, iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions:
DMG = 130 mm, DMP = 130 mm, H = 50 mm. Histria DMG = 88 mm, DMP = 88 mm, DMI = 63 mm, H = 50 mm.
2014, the ACS Sector, context 18000, package 294, no. 48, Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 15002, package 411,
Fig. 5/3. no. 240, Fig. 5/13.
34. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
44. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the handle).
Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid light red (2.5YR7/6)
Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid light red (2.5YR7/6)
semi-fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm; very fine
semi-fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm; very fine
calcite, iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG =
calcite, iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG =
100 mm, DMP = 100 mm, DMI = 81 mm, H = 35 mm.
Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 16001, package 336, 96 mm, DMP = 96 mm, DMI = 78 mm, H = 36 mm.
no. 200, Fig. 5/4. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 15001, package 291,
35. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). no. 190, Fig. 5/14.
Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid red (2.5YR5/6) semi- 45. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm; very fine calcite, Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid light red (2.5YR7/6)
iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 108 mm, semi-fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm; very fine
DMP = 108 mm, H = 34 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, calcite, iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG =
context 13001, package 183, no. 147, Fig. 5/5. 98 mm, DMP = 120 mm, H = 44 mm. Histria 2014, the
36. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). ACS Sector, context 13001, package 169, no. 156, Fig. 5/15.
Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid red (2.5YR5/6) semi- 46. Amphora (fragmentary, base). Uniform oxidant primary
fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm; very fine calcite, burn, semi-fine paste, light red (2.5YR6/8), with porosities
iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 110 mm, up to 1 mm; fine calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica
DMP = 110 mm, H = 40 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, particles. Dimensions: DB = 10 mm, DMP = 190 mm, H =
context 13001, package 153, no. 138, Fig. 5/6. 50 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 14001,
37. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). package 255, no. 174, Fig. 5/16.
Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid reddish brown All above amphorae fragments are dated in 6th c. AD.
(2.5YR5/4) semi-fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm;
fine calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica particles.
Dimensions: DMG = 100 mm, DMP = 100 mm, DMI =
I.3. Berenice LRA 4; Carthage LRA 5; Dimitriu
77 mm, H = 44 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context et alii 1954, type 5; Scorpan 1976, type VI-H;
1000, package 182, no. 335, Fig. 5/7. Egloff 1977, no. 186; Peacock 1984, Shape 4;
38. Amphora (fragmentary, base). Uniform oxidant primary Kuzmanov 1985, type III; Peacock, Williams
burn, solid light red (2.5YR7/6) semi-fine paste, with
porosities up to 1 mm; very fine calcite, iron oxide and
1986, type 46 “Palestinian”; Hayes 1992, type 8;
mica particles. Dimensions: DB = 22 mm, DMP = 99 mm, Kuzmanov, Salkin 1992, type 31; Sazanov 1997,
H = 51 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 8001, type 56.
package 49, no. 331, Fig. 5/8.
39. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). Catalogue
Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid, semi-fine paste, 47. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the body).
reddish brown (2.5YR5/4), with porosities up to 1 mm; Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, light red
fine calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica particles. (2.5YR6/8), with rare medium porosities of maximum
Dimensions: DMG = 98 mm, DMP = 104 mm, H = 80 mm. 2 mm; fine calcite and very fine iron oxide particles.
Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 10001, package 200, Dimensions: DMG = 132 mm, DMP = 160 mm, H = 31 mm.
no. 98, Fig. 5/9.
Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 15001, package 287,
40. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck).
no. 43, Fig. 6/1.
Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid red (2.5YR5/6) semi-
48. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the body).
fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm; very fine calcite,
iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 94 mm, Probably is part of the same amphora as no. 135. Uneven
DMP = 94 mm, H = 63 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, red (2.5YR5/8),
context 12001, package 168, no. 114, Fig. 5/10. olive interior (5Y5/4), pink slip (7.5YR8/4), with rare
41. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). porosities of maximum 1 mm; medium calcite and very
Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid reddish brown fine iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG =
(2.5YR5/4) semi-fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm;
fine calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica particles. 6
For general description of the type, area of diffusion,
Dimensions: DMG = 122 mm, DMP = 122 mm, H = 53 mm. contents and origin see Bădescu, Cliante 2014, p. 181–182.
 Oriental amphorae discovered at Histria in the Acropolis Centre-South Sector (2014) 197

104 mm, DMP = 104 mm, H = 51 mm. Histria 2014, the brown (5YR3/2), due to the merchandize it transported.
ACS Sector, context 13001, package 254, no. 166, Fig. 6/2. Dimensions: DB = 26 mm, DMP = 70 mm, H = 42 mm.
49. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the body). Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, passim, package 272,
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, light red no. 303, Fig. 6/11.
(2.5YR6/8), with rare medium porosities of maximum All above amphorae fragments are dated in the beginning of
2 mm; fine calcite and very fine iron oxide particles. the 6th c. AD.
Dimensions: DMG = 124 mm, DMP = 141 mm, H = 60 mm.
Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 13001, package 153, I.4. Antonova 1971, type 9; Sagui et alii 1997
no. 134, Fig. 6/3.
50. Amphora (fragmentary, neck, part of the body). Uniform type Castrum Perti; Yakobson 1979, fig. 3/10.
oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, yellowish red General description of the type: pear-shaped
(5YR5/6), with rare medium porosities of maximum
2 mm; rare medium calcite and very fine oxide and mica body, decorated with ribs, wide mouth, rounded rim,
particles. Dimensions: DMG = 124 mm, DMP = 168 mm, tronconic neck, base with umbo and the handles are
H = 55 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 8001, oval in section.
package 49, no. 336, Fig. 6/4. Diffusion: they are attested at Histria8, Halmyris9,
51. Amphora (fragmentary, neck and part of the body).
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, yellowish
Argamum10, Aegyssus11, Capidava12, Tropaeum
red (5YR5/6), with rare medium porosities of maximum Traiani13, Libida14, and in the nearby monastic
2 mm; rare medium calcite and very fine oxide and mica complex15. They are also attested in Italy, Greece16,
particles. Dimensions: DMG = 112 mm, DMP = 160 mm, Palestine17 and in the northern Black Sea area18
H = 58 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 13001, between the middle of the 6th – beginning of the
package 169, no. 155, Fig. 6/5.
52. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the body). 7th c. AD.
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, yellowish The Antonova 9 amphorae imitate the Berenice
red (5YR5/6), with rare medium porosities of maximum LR 2 type and were produced, most likely, by
2 mm; rare medium calcite and very fine oxide and mica centres that also produced the “main” type19.
particles. Dimensions: DMG = 110 mm, DMP = 148 mm,
H = 52 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 16001,
Examples similar for both types were discovered in
package 292, no. 196, Fig. 6/6. the northern Black Sea area20 as well as at
53. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the body). Halmyris21. In this site, the Antonova 9 amphorae
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, light red represent 2.8% (22 pieces) of all determined
(2.5YR6/8), with rare medium porosities of maximum Roman and Roman-Byzantine amphorae, and at the
2 mm; fine calcite and very fine iron oxide particles.
Dimensions: DMG = 114 mm, DMP = 238 mm, DMI = end of the 6th – beginning of the 7th c. AD (on N 11
197 mm, H = 104 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, and 12) they reach 8.7 %22.
passim, no. 302, Fig. 6/7. The only measured piece at Capidava (inv.
54. Amphora (fragmentary, handle and part of the body). no. 3142) has a capacity of 15 l, and another,
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, light red
(2.5YR6/8), with rare medium porosities of maximum
fragmentary piece (inv. no. 12838) has a lower
2 mm; fine calcite and very fine iron oxide particles. capacity, which confirms A. Opaiţ’s hypothesis
Dimensions: DMS = 171 mm, DMP = 276 mm, H = 80 mm. according to which the amphorae discovered in
Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 17001, package 408, Scythia have larger capacities than those discovered
no. 207, Fig. 6/8. in Palestine23.
55. Amphora (fragmentary, handle and part of the body).
Probably is part of the same amphora as no. 166. Uneven
8
oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, red (2.5YR5/8), Opaiţ 1996, p. 69.
olive interior (5Y5/4), pink slip (7.5YR8/4), with rare 9
Opaiţ 1991a, p. 140/cat. no. 64–65, pl. 10; Opaiţ 1996, p. 69,
porosities of maximum 1 mm; medium calcite and very pl. 18/1; Topoleanu 2000, p. 134/cat. no. 333–335, pl. XLI.
fine iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMS = 10
Unpublished.
220 mm, DMP = 370 mm, DMI = 310 mm, H = 85 mm. 11
Opaiţ 1996, p. 69, pl. 18/2.
Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 13001, package 153, 12
Covacef 1980, pl. V/4; Opriş 2003, p. 82–83/cat.
no. 135, Fig. 6/9. no. 169–170. pl. XXIX.
56. Amphora (fragmentary, base). Uniform oxidant primary 13
Bogdan-Cătăniciu, Barnea 1979, p. 190, fig. 167/3.3;
burn, semi-fine paste, light red (2.5YR6/8), with rare Opaiţ 1996, p. 69.
medium porosities of maximum 2 mm; fine calcite and 14
Opaiţ 1991c, 30/cat. no. 25, fig. 5.
very fine iron oxide particles. The interior is dark reddish 15
Opaiţ et alii 1990, p. 26/cat. no. 4–5.
brown (5YR3/2), due to the merchandize it transported7. 16
Williams, Zervos 1983, p. 30/cat. no. 80, pl. II.
Dimensions: DB = 25 mm, DMP = 65 mm, H = 47 mm. 17
Zemer 1977, p. 79, pl. 23/67, apud Opaiţ 1996, p. 69.
Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 15001, package 291, 18
Antonova et alii 1971, p. 86, fig. 9; Yakobson 1979,
no. 191, Fig. 6/10.
p. 16. fig. 3/10.
57. Amphora (fragmentary, base). Uniform oxidant primary 19
Opaiţ 1991a, p. 140.
burn, semi-fine paste, light red (2.5YR6/8), with rare 20
medium porosities of maximum 2 mm; fine calcite and Yakobson 1979, p. 16, fig. 3/4.
21
very fine iron oxide particles. The interior is dark reddish Topoleanu 2000, p. 134/cat. no. 333, pl. XLI.
22
Topoleanu 2000, p. 134.
23
Zemer published an amphora with a volume of 4.7 l
7
Amphorae were recipients used for a long time. (Zemer 1977, p. 79).
198 Alexandru Bădescu, Alexandra Bivolaru

The paste’s characteristics, the area of diffusion (2.5YR6/8), with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine
and typological origin indicate the Eastern Medi- calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica particles.
Dimensions: DMG = 128 mm, DMP = 128 mm, DMI =
terranean as a production area for this type of 111 mm, H = mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context
amphora. Moreover, according to the structure and 15001, package 291, no. 187, Fig. 7/6.
colour of the paste, the two related types were All above amphorae fragments are dated in the middle of the
produced in the same area, probably Crete, or 6th – beginning of the 7th c. AD.
maybe even in the same centre24.
Contents: unknown. I.5. “Bellows” amphorae; Robinson 1959, M 273;
Origin: Discussions concerning the production Rădulescu 1976, type 7; Scorpan 1976, type III-I;
area for these amphorae are ongoing, with Kuzmanov 1985, type II; Papadopoulos 1989,
discoveries in Western Europe considered of North types III-VII; Baumann 1995, type IV; Opaiţ
African origin25, in Crete a local production26, and 1996, type C-II28
in the Lower Danube area considered as Pontic
products27. Catalogue
64. Amphora (fragmentary, neck, part of the body and the
handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, dense, brown
Catalogue
58. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). (7.5YR5/4), semi-fine paste, with porosities up to 1 mm;
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, sandy, rare very fine mica, iron oxide and calcite particles.
yellowish red (5YR5/6), very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), Dimensions: DSP = 58 mm, DMP = 200 mm, DA = 16/
with small pebbles (maximum 2 mm), fine porosities 26 mm, H = 133 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector,
(maximum 1 mm); fine iron oxide and very fine calcite and context 7001, no. 325, Fig. 7/7.
mica particles. Dimensions: DMG = 128 mm, DMP = This amphora fragment is dated in 6th c. AD.
157 mm, H = 115 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector,
context 12001, package 168, no. 113, Fig. 7/1. I.6. Kapitän 1972, type II; Berenice MRA 7;
59. Amphora (fragmentary, neck, part of the body and the Zeest 1960, type 79; Popilian 1976, type IV;
handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste,
light red (2.5YR6/8), with fine porosities (maximum Scorpan 1976, type I-E; Peacock, Williams 1986,
1 mm); fine calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica type 47; Kelemen 1990, type 21; Kuzmanov,
particles. Dimensions: DMG = 132 mm, DMP = 173 mm, Salkin 1992, type 20; Krapivina 1993, type 9;
H = 119 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 12001,
package 186, no. 128, Fig. 7/2.
Bjelajac 1996, type XII; Robinson 1959, M237
60. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, neck and part of the General description of the type: the body is
handle). ). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste,
light red (2.5YR6/8), with fine porosities (maximum conical, ending in a massive tubular base and with
1 mm); fine calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica raised handles with an oval section. The rim is
particles. Dimensions: DMG = 120 mm, DMP = 149 mm, separated from the neck by a deep groove and the
H = 107 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 18001, neck is tronconic. It has pronounced grooves on the
package 338, no. 213, Fig. 7/3.
61. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). neck and base. The capacity is of approx. 10 l.
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, light red Dimensions: H = 60 = 80 cm; Dg = approx.
(2.5YR6/8), with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine 7 cm; Dm = approx. 25 cm; Db = 6–7 cm.
calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica particles. Diffusion: The Kapitän II type is attested in
Dimensions: DMG = 124 mm, DMP = 124 mm, DMI =
115 mm, H = 103 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, Scythia, at: Histria29, Cogealac30, Fântânele31 (in
context 10001, package 29, no. 328, Fig. 7/4. the Histrian territory), at Tomis32, Arsa (in the
62. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the handle). Callatian territory)33, at Bizone34, at Nicopolis ad
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, light red Istrum35, at Novae (where it represents almost 10%
(2.5YR6/8), with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine
calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica particles.
Dimensions: DMG = 120 mm, DMP = 145 mm, DMI = 28
For general description of the type, area of diffusion,
111 mm, H = mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context contents and origin see Bădescu, Cliante 2014, p. 178–179.
14001, package 235, no. 168, Fig. 7/5. 29
Suceveanu 1982, phase II A–B, p. 116/cat. no. 18–22,
63. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the handle).
pl. 15; Suceveanu 2000, p. 173–174, pl. 84; Bădescu 2013,
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, light red
p. 192–194, Pl. 3/1–11.
30
Lungu et alii 1990, p. 172, fig. 8/8.
24 31
Paraschiv 2006a, p. 96–97. Angelescu 1998, p. 228/cat. no. 116, 231/cat. no. 149,
25
Sagui et alii 1997, p. 36, fig. 2/4–5 (discovered in Rome 154, 233/cat. no. 176, pl. XIII, XV, XVI, XXIII.
32
in an archaeological contexts dated at the beginning of the Scorpan 1976, p. 156–157, pl. I/3; 1977, p. 269–270,
7th c. AD). fig. 1/3; Opaiţ 1991a, pl. 20/A; 1996, p. 57, pl. 10/ 6.
26 33
Portale, Romero 2000, p. 422, fig. 5/44 (in southern Georgescu, Ionescu 1996, p. 173/cat. no. 14, fig. 5.
Crete, ar Gortina, dated to the 7th – 8th c. AD). 34
Kuzmanov, Salkin 1992, p. 39/cal. no. 47–48, pl. IV.
27 35
Opaiţ 1996, p. 69; Opriş 2003, p. 82, 178. Falkner 1999, p. 251 /cat. no. 150–153, fig. 9.52.
 Oriental amphorae discovered at Histria in the Acropolis Centre-South Sector (2014) 199

of the Early Roman amphorae)36, at Aegyssus, at I.7. Berenice LRA 3; Carthage LRA 4; Dimitriu
Halmyris37, in the latter’s territory, at Plopu (Lake et alii 1954, type 7, variant c; Almagro 1955,
Beibugeac), at Teliţa – Amza (in the territory of type 54; Almagro 1960, type 54; Scorpan 1976,
Noviodunum)38, at Bărboşi39, at Troesmis40, at type XIV -J; Egloff 1977, no. 182-183; Yakobson
Sacidava41, and in the territory of Ibida, at Babadag – 1979, fig. 3/10; Böttger 1982, type II varia;
Topraichioi42 and Slava Rusă – Kurt Baiîr43, in Peacock 1984, shape 5; Keay 1984, type LIV;
contexts dated between the end of the 2nd – Kuzmanov 1985, type IV; Peacock, Williams 1986,
beginning of the 6th c. AD, but especially between types 48-49; Papadopoulos 1989, type 4; Hayes
250–450. They are very often encountered in the 1992, type 6; Kuzmanov, Salkin 1992, type 30;
Eastern Mediterranean, especially in the Aegean – Kelemen 1993, type 26; Majcherek 1995, shapes
at Corinth and Argos (where they represent between 2, 3 and 4; Sazanov 1997, type 448.
30 and 45% of the transport pottery in the closed
Catalogue
complexes dated to the beginning of the 4th c and 66. Amphora (fragmentary, base). Uniform oxidant primary
almost 10% of those dated at the end of the same burn, fine, red (2.5YR5/8) paste, with rare porosities of
century), in Dacia, Moesia Superior, Pannonia, maximum 1 mm; very fine calcite, iron oxide and mica
particles. Dimensions: DB = 70 mm, DMP = 100 mm, H =
Italia, Dalmatia and Northern Africa (at Berenice 71 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 10001,
they represent 10–15% of the amphorae dated to package 78, no. 83, Fig. 7/9.
the first half of the 3rd c.) and, in smaller numbers, This amphora fragment is dated in 6th c. AD.
in Gallia and the Northern and North-western
Black Sea area. They are dated between the middle I.8. Berenice MRA 4; Robinson 1959, G 199;
of the 2nd c. and beginning of the 5th c. AD, but at Kuzmanov 1985, type V49.
Berenice they are also attested in contexts dated to
the first half of the 6th c. AD44. Catalogue
67. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth, part of the neck and
Contents: wine. handle). Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste,
Origin: the diffusion and the paste, which seems yellowish red (5YR5/6), with very fine porosities; very
to be identical regardless of the context of discovery, fine iron oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DMG =
are arguments for the existence of a single centre 100 mm, DMP = 115 mm, DMI = 95 mm, H = 57 mm.
Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 9001–10001,
located, most probably, in the Eastern Aegean45. package 216, no. 285, Fig. 7/10.
Still, analyses have demonstrated the existence of
several centres46, none of which could be in Rhodes
though, some specialists so believed47. II. AMPHORAE LIDS – Opercula
Dating of the late variant: 4th – beginning of the
th
6 c. AD.
The amphora lids – made on purpose or cut
Catalogue from the walls of some broken amphorae or bricks –
65. Amphora (fragmentary, mouth and part of the neck). were used to seal the amphorae in order to transport
Uneven oxidant primary burn, solid light red (2.5YR6/8) oil, salted fish or sauces. They were sealed with
semi-fine paste, olive interior (5Y5/4), light red slip lime cement, and in some situations, the contents
(2.5YR6/6), with rare porosities of maximum 1 mm;
medium calcite and very fine iron oxide and mica particles. made necessary the use of cork stoppers for a tight
Dimensions: DMG = 80 mm, DMI = 105 mm, H = 98 mm. sealing50.
Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 9001–10001, Because of their small size, the majority of the
package 216, no. 283, Fig. 7/8. amphora lids were complete when found. Despite
the fact they were not important chronologically, as
36
Dyczek 1996, p. 37, fig. 5, 18. their shape did not change in time, their number is
37
Opaiţ 1991a, p. 148–149; 1996, p. 56; Topoleanu 2000, a good indicator for the quantity of a certain type of
p. 140–141/cat. no. 355–356, pl. XLIV.
38
Baumann 1995, p. 91/cat. no. 23, pl. LXVII/1, 3; 2003,
amphorae found on a particular site or archaeo-
p. 198–199/cat. no. 79; Opaiţ 1996, p. 56. logical level.
39
Sanie 1981, p. 136, pl. 32/5, 33/1, 3. The majority of the lids discovered in Scythia
40
41
Opaiţ 1980, p. 298, 301, pl. V/ 1, XII/2. are to be included in a type common for all the area
Scorpan 1975, p. 267–268, pl. 1/1–2. covering the basins of the Mediterranean and Black
42
Opaiţ 1991a, p. 221, pl. 27/1–2; 1996, p. 56, pl. 10/7–8.
43
Opaiţ 1996, p. 57.
44 48
Riley 1979, fig. 34. For general description of the type, area of diffusion,
45
Abadie-Reynal 1989, p. 47 (the author believes it can be contents and origin see Bădescu, Cliante 2014, p. 180–181.
49
located in Cos). For general description of the type, area of diffusion,
46
Empereur, Picon 1989, p. 233. contents and origin see Bădescu, Cliante 2014, p. 183.
47 50
Empereur, Picon 1989, p. 233. Opriş 2003, p. 88.
200 Alexandru Bădescu, Alexandra Bivolaru

Seas. They were produced for sealing the Berenice 70. Amphora lid (almost complete, complete profile). Uniform
LR 1 and Berenice LR 2 type amphorae, between oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, pink (7.5YR7/4),
with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); medium iron oxide
the 1st c. BC and the beginning of the 7th c. AD.51 and fine calcite and mica particles. Dimensions: DMS =
The most important published amphorae lids 18 mm, DM = 70 mm, H = 29 mm. Histria 2014, the
come from Halmyris52 and Capidava53. ACS Sector, context 10001, package 181, no. 93,
Fig. 7/16.
II.1. Peacock 1984, fig. 75/91–92; Vegas 1973, 71. Amphora lid (almost complete, complete profile). Uniform
fig. 57/1–5; Kuzmanov 1985, PI. 109/17–2554 oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, pink (7.5YR8/4),
very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with fine porosities
General description: the body is concave and (maximum 1 mm); medium iron oxide and fine calcite and
the handle is rounded or flattened. mica particles. Dimensions: DMS = 13 mm, DM = 66 mm,
Diffusion: in Scythia they are attested at H = 31 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 12001,
package 185, no. 130, Fig. 7/17.
Halmyris55, Histria56, Capidava57 and Argamum58.
72. Amphora lid (complete). Uniform oxidant primary burn,
Origin: they are the most often encountered semi-fine paste, pink (7.5YR8/4), very pale brown slip
amphora lids, discovered from Spain and Northern (10YR8/4), with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm);
Africa east to the Black Sea, between the 1st – first medium iron oxide and fine calcite and mica particles.
decades of the 7th c. AD. Dimensions: DMS = 18 mm, DM = 62 mm, H = 30 mm.
Dating of the late variant: 4th – first decades of Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 10001, package 200,
the 7th c. AD. no. 100, Fig. 7/18.
This type of objects were produced and burned
at the same time with the amphorae they were II.2. Amphora lids made of amphora body
produced for. At Halmyris 43 such objects were fragments 60
discovered. One lid, with a flattened body (Inv. General description: they are circular and are
H 901), deformed during the drying, is presented made of fragments of broken amphorae; most of
by the author of the analysis as being, maybe, them type LRA 1 and LRA 2.
produced in a centre at Halmyris59.
Diffusion: in Scythia the only published examples
Catalogue are from Argamum61 and Halmyris62, but they are
68. Amphora lid (fragmentary, complete profile). Uniform attested in most Roman-Byzantine sites excavated.
oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, pink (7.5YR8/4),
very pale brown slip (10YR8/4), with fine porosities Catalogue
(maximum 1 mm); medium iron oxide and fine calcite and 73. Amphora lid (complete). Made of a fragment of a type
mica particles. Dimensions: DMS = 15 mm, DM = 66 mm, LRA 2 amphora. Uniform oxidant primary burn, solid light
H = 24 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 15001, red (2.5YR6/6) semi-fine paste, with rare porosities of
package 291, no. 192, Fig. 7/14.
maximum 1 mm; very fine calcite, iron oxide and mica
69. Amphora lid (almost complete, complete profile). Uniform
particles. Dimensions: DM = 80 mm, GrM = 11 mm.
oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, pink (7.5YR7/4),
with fine porosities (maximum 1 mm); medium iron oxide Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 10001, package 200,
and fine calcite and mica particles. Dimensions: DMS = no. 99, Fig. 7/11.
16 mm, DM = 57 mm, H = 23 mm. Histria 2014, the 74. Amphora lid (complete). Made probably of a fragment
ACS Sector, context 7004, package 69, no. 330, from a type LRA 1 amphora. Uniform oxidant primary
Fig. 7/15. burn, semi-fine paste reddish yellow (5YR6/8), with fine
porosities (maximum 1 mm); fine calcite and very fine iron
51 oxide and mica particles. Dimensions: DM = 68 mm, GrM =
Opriş 2003, p. 88.
52 11 mm. Histria 2014, the ACS Sector, context 14001,
Topoleanu 2000, p. 162–164, Pl. LV.
53 package 235, no. 170, Fig. 7/12.
Opriş 2003, p. 88–91, Pl. XXXI.
54 All above amphorae fragments are dated in 4th – first decades
General analogies: Hayes 1976, p. 106/D29, fig. 17,
of the 7th c. AD.
4th c. AD; Bogdan-Cătăniciu, Barnea 1979, p. 185, fig. 156 N
IV A 7(1), 2nd – 4th c. AD; Fulford 1984, p. 202, fig. 75/91–92,
6th – 7th c. AD; Kuzmanov 1992, p. 217, PI. 109/25–26, 4th – II.3. Amphora lids made of dolium fragments
6th c. AD; Kuzmanov, Salkin 1992, p. 38, type 19, cat. 46, PI.
4/46, 4th c. AD; Böttger 1982, p. 120, cat. 309–313, Taf. Description: they are circular and are made of
25/309 – 313, beginning of the 5th – middle of the 6th c. AD. dolium fagments.
55
Topoleanu 2000, p. 163, no. cat. 445–450, pl. LV/445–
450.
56 60
Suceveanu 2007, p. 217–218, pl. LXXIX/88–95. General analogies Bass 1982, p. 160–161, fig. 8/7
57
Opriş 2003, p. 89, no. cat. 189–190, pl. XXXI/189–212. (beginning of the 7th c. AD).
58 61
Paraschiv 2006b, p. 318, pl. IV/61. Paraschiv 2006b, p. 318, pl. IV/62–64.
59 62
Topoleanu 2000, p. 163. Topoleanu 2000, p. 164, no. cat. 451, 347, pl. LV/451.
 Oriental amphorae discovered at Histria in the Acropolis Centre-South Sector (2014) 201

Analogies: Yassi Ada (165 “lids”, dated to the Bădescu, Cliante 2014 – A. Bădescu, L. Cliante, Oriental
beginning of the 7th c. AD)63. amphorae discovered at Histria in the Central-North
Sector (campaign 2012), MCA 10, 2014, p. 173–193.
Diffusion: in Scythia, only two examples were Băjenaru 2003–2005 – C. Băjenaru, Histria – Basilica C.
published at Argamum64 and Halmyris65, but their Rezultate preliminare, SCIVA 54–56, 2003–2005, p. 149–
number is very large in all Late Roman sites66. 165.
Bjelajac 1996 – L. Bjelajac, Amfore gornjo mejiskog
Catalogue Podunavia, Beograd, 1996.
75. Amphora lid (complete). Made from a dolium fragment. Bogdan-Cătăniciu, Barnea 1979 – I. Bogdan-Cătăniciu, I.
Uniform oxidant primary burn, semi-fine paste, dusty, pink Barnea, Ceramica şi descoperiri mărunte, in: I. Barnea
(7.5YR8/4), with rare medium porosities of maximum (ed.), Tropaeum Traiani, I, Biblioteca de Arheologie 35,
3 mm; fine iron oxide and very fine mica particles. Bucureşti, 1979, p. 177–266.
Dimensions: DM = 71 mm, GrM = 26 mm. Histria 2014, Böttger 1982 – B. Böttger, Die Gefäßkeramik aus dem Kastell
the ACS Sector, context 16001, package 336, no. 202, Iatrus, in: Iatrus-Krivina, Spaetantike Befestigung Und
Fig. 7/13. Frühmittelalterliche Siedlung an Der Unteren Donau:
All above amphorae fragments are dated in 4th – first decades Band 2: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1966-1973, Schriften
of the 7th c. AD. zur Geschichte und Kultur der Antike 17, Berlin, 1982,
p. 33–148.
Bottez 2014 – V. Bottez, Histria. The Basilica “Pârvan”
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Oriental amphorae discovered at Histria in the Acropolis Centre-South Sector (2014) 203
204 Alexandru Bădescu, Alexandra Bivolaru
Oriental amphorae discovered at Histria in the Acropolis Centre-South Sector (2014) 205
206 Alexandru Bădescu, Alexandra Bivolaru
Oriental amphorae discovered at Histria in the Acropolis Centre-South Sector (2014) 207
208 Alexandru Bădescu, Alexandra Bivolaru
 ABRÉVIATIONS / ABBREVIATIONS / ABREVIERI

ACMIT – Anuarul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice, Secţiunea pentru Transilvania, Cluj

ActaArchHung – Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest
Acta Geologica Polonica – The Journal of Polish Academy of Sciences
ActaMN – Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj
ActaMP – Acta Musei Porolissensis, Zalău
Acta Siculica – Acta Siculica. Anuarul Muzeului Naţional Secuiesc, Sfântu Gheorghe
ActaTS – Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, Universitatea Lucian Blaga, Sibiu
AIGR – Anuarul Institutului Geologic al României, Bucureşti
AKGS – Aufnahmskarte des Grossfürtenthums Siebenbürgen (1769–1773), Österreichisches Staatarchiv
Wien, Kriegsarchiv
Aluta – Aluta. Revista Muzeului Naţional Secuiesc Sfântu Gheorghe
AM – Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung
AmphRom – Recherches sur les amphores romaines, Collection de l’École Française de Rome
Angustia – Angustia. Arheologie, Etnografie, Sfântu Gheorghe
l’Anthropologie – l’Anthropologie, Paris
Anthropologie (Brno) – Anthropologie. International Journal of Human Diversity and Evolution, Brno
AO – Arhivele Olteniei, Craiova
Apulum – Apulum. Arheologie, Istorie, Etnografie, Alba-Iulia
ArchKorr – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Mainz
ArheologijaSofia – Arheologija. Organ na Archeologičeskija Institut i Muzej, Sofia
ArhMold – Arheologia Moldovei, Iaşi
AVSL – Archiv des Vereins für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, Sibiu.
BA – Biblioteca de Arheologie, Bucureşti
BAR – British Archaeological Reports. British Series, Oxford
BARIntSer – British Archaeological Reports. International Series, Oxford
BCH – Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Athènes-Paris
BerRGK – Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts,
Frankfurt am Main
BiblThrac – Bibliotheca Thracologica, Bucureşti
BMA – Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis, Piatra-Neamţ
BMBH – Biblioteca Muzeului Bistriţa. Seria Historica, Bistriţa-Năsăud
BMJT – Buletinul Muzeului Judeţean Teleorman, Alexandria
BMTAGiurgiu – Buletinul Muzeului „Teohari Antonescu”, Giurgiu
BSPF – Bulletin de la Societé Préhistorique Française, Paris
BSSC – Buletinul Societăţii de Ştiinţe din Cluj
Bulletin AIESEE – Annuaire de l’Institut des Etudes Sud-Est Européennes, Bucarest
Bull. Ass. fr. Etude Quatern. – Bulletin de l’Association Française pour l’Étude du Quaternaire, Paris
Carthage 1. 2 – M. G. Fulford, D. P. S. Peacock (eds.), Excavations at Carthage: the British mission, 1, 2.
The Avenue du President Habib Bourguiba, Salammbo: the pottery and other ceramic objects from the
site, Sheffield, 1984
CA – Cercetări Arheologice, Bucureşti
CCA – Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România, Bucureşti
CCDJ – Cultură şi Civilizaţie la Dunărea de Jos, Călăraşi
CEDAC – CEDAC. Bulletin. Centre d’études et de documentation archéologique de la conservation de
Cartage
CCE – Cahiers de la céramique égyptienne, Cairo
CEFR – Collection de l’École Française de Rome
CercIst – Cercetări Istorice, Iaşi
Dacia – Dacia. Recherches et découvertes archéologiques en Roumanie, Bucureşti; nouvelle série: Révue
d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne, Bucureşti

MATERIALE ŞI CERCETĂRI ARHEOLOGICE (serie nouă), XI, 2015, p. 293–294

 294 Abrevieri

EAZ – Ethnographisch-archäologische Zeitschrift, Berlin

EphArh – Ephemeris Archaiologike, Athena
Eurasian Prehistory – Eurasian Prehistory: a Journal for Primary Data, Harvard University, Jagiellonian
University
ERAUL – Études et Recherches archéologiques de l’Université de Liège
ÉtThas – Études thasiennes, École Française d’Athènes, Athènes-Paris
Hesperia – Hesperia. Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Cambridge
Iatrus-Krivina 2 – Spätantike Befestigung und frühmittelalterliche Siedlung an der unteren Donau, 2 : Ergebnisse
der Ausgrabungen 1966-1973, Berlin, 1982
Iatrus-Krivina 4 – Spätantike Befestigung und frühmittelalterliche Siedlung an der unteren Donau, 4 : Ergebnisse
der Ausgrabungen 1975-1981, Berlin, 1991
INM Varna – Izvestija na Narodnija Muzej Varna, Varna
Int J Earth Sci – International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geol Rundsch)
Marisia – Marisia. Studii şi materiale. Arheologie – Istorie – Etnografie. Târgu Mureş
MatIstMuzBuc – Materiale de Istorie şi Muzeografie, Bucureşti
MemAnt – Memoria Antiquitatis, Piatra Neamţ
MCA – Materiale şi Cercetări Arheologice, Bucureşti
MIA – Materialy i issledovanija po arheologii SSSR, Moscova-Leningrad (St. Petersburg)
MünchBeitrVFG – Münchner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte
MuzNaţ – Muzeul Naţional, Bucureşti
Nemere – Nemere. Politikai, társadalmi, szépirodalmi és közgazdászati lap. 1871–1884, Sfântu Gheorghe
Paléo – Paléo. Revue d’Archéologie Préhistorique, Les Eyzies, France
Peuce – Peuce, Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, Institutul de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale, Tulcea
Pontica – Pontica. Studii şi materiale de istorie, arheologie şi muzeografie, Muzeul de Istorie Naţională şi
Arheologie Constanţa
Quartär – International Yearbook for Ice Age and Stone Age Research
Quaternaire – Quaternaire. Revue de l’Association Française pour l’Étude du Quaternaire, Paris
Quaternary Geochronology – Quaternary Geochronology. The International Research and Review Journal in
Advances in Quaternary Dating Techniques
Quaternary International – Quaternary International. The Journal of the International Union for Quaternary
Research
Quaternary Science Reviews – Quaternary Science Reviews. The International Multidisciplinary Research
and Review Journal
RazPr – Razkopki i Proučvanija, Sofia
RCRFActa– Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum
RevIst – Revista Istorică, Bucureşti
RevMuz – Revista Muzeelor, Bucureşti
RMI – Revista Monumentelor Istorice, Bucureşti
RPRP – Reports of Prehistoric Research Projects, Salt Lake City, Utah
RSAC – Recherches suisses d’archéologie copte, Genève
SCIV(A) – Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche (şi Arheologie), Bucureşti
SCŞMI – Studii şi Comunicări Ştiinţifice ale Muzeelor de Istorie, Bucureşti
SMA – Seria Monografii Arheologice, Sfântu Gheorghe
SP – Studii de Preistorie, Bucureşti
StudCom Satu Mare – Studii şi comunicări Satu Mare
SupplBCH – Suppléments au Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Athènes-Paris
Suppl. Bulletin Assoc. Fr. Etude Quaternaire, INQUA, Paris – Supplement au Bulletin de l’Association
Française pour l’Étude du Quaternaire, INQUA, Paris
Tectonophysics – The International Journal of Integrated Solid Earth Sciences
Terra Sebvs – Acta Mvsei Sabesiensis, Anuarul Muzeului Municipal „Ioan Raica”, Sebeş
UPA – Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie, Bonn
Valachica – Valachica. Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi istoria culturii, Complexul Muzeal Naţional Curtea
Domnească Târgovişte

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