ITI

Introduction to
Computer Networks & Cyber Security
Prepared By : Mohamed AboSehly
 References

o Essential Computer Science “ Paul D. Crutcher,Neeraj Kumar Singh,Peter Tiegs”

o Cisco Student Guide ICND1

o CompTIA Network

o Data and Computer Communications “ William Stallings 10th Edition”

o TCP/IP Protocol Suite “Behrouz A. Forouzan 4th Edition”

o Understanding IPv6 “Joseph Davies 2nd Edition”

o Distributed Systems ”van Steen, Maarten, Tanenbaum, Andrew S.”

 Course Duration and Assessment
Duration

Lectures: 7
Labs: 2

 Assessment
• Final Exam : 70%
• Assignments : 10 %
• Labs : 20 %

BY :MOHAMED ABOSEHLY 3
 Agenda

 Part 1
Network Essentials

 Part 2
Cyber Security Essentials

 Part 3
Distributed Systems
 Part 1 (Network Essentials)
• Course Outlines
Computer Networks
• Definition and Basic Terminologies
• OSI Model

– TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• Network Access Layer (Physical Layer /Datalink Layer)
• Internet layer
• Transport layer
• Application Layer
– Network Devices
– Network Media

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Part 1 (Computer Networks Definition)
• Computer Network :
• a collection of computers, and other devices, or
peripherals connected together through connecting
media to perform certain task such as :
Share Resources

• Resources can be :
• File Sharing
• Devices Sharing
• Software Sharing with multi-user licenses.
• Voice and Video calls
• Shared Internet Access
Part1 (Network Elements)
• Network Elements ‫ ﻟو ﻋﺎوز اوﺻل اﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺷﺑﻛﮫ ھﺳﺗﺧدم‬.. ‫ال ﺳوﯾﺗش ﺑﯾرﺑط اﻻﺟﮭزه ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ‬
‫اﻟراوﺗر‬
Hardware
• Devices
• Computers – Printers –Phone – Routers - Switches

• Medium
• Wired -Wireless –Satellites

Software
• Messages
• Information that travels over the medium such as Mails-WhatsApp….etc

• Protocols
• Governs how messages flow across network such as http –https-FTP-RDP
Session 1 (Network Basic Terminologies )
• NIC (Network Interface Card)/network adapter or LAN adapter.
• a hardware that enable the device to directly access the network
• Internal NIC (plugs into the motherboard directly)
• External NIC(Wireless and USB based )
• Mac address:
• Physical Address, Unique address over the world burned on the NIC
card
• IP address :
• logical address, identify each device on an IP network layer.
• Protocols
• Communication rules that all entity must agree on http –https-FTP-RDP
• Topology
• how devices are connected (shape) and how message flow from one
device to another device
Session 1 (Network Basic Terminologies )
• Hub
• Allow different nodes to communicate with each other at the same
network(Slow the network)
• Switch
• Allow different nodes to communicate with each other at the same
network and time without slowing each other

• Router
• Allow different networks to communicate with each other

• Access point (AP)

• allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network. An AP is a
physical location where Wi-Fi access is available.

• Repeater
• Regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal
becomes too weak or corrupted
 How to apply networks ?
 According to Covered Area
 How large is the network?

 According to network topology

 How the computer are connected?

 According to network model

 What type of model?
Networks Classifications

According to Covered Area

PAN – MAN- WAN-INTERNET
 According to Covered Area
• Personal Area Networks (PAN)

– a computer network for interconnecting

devices centered on an individual person's
workspace.
– A PAN provides data transmission among
devices such as computers, smartphones,
tablets and personal digital assistants
 According to Covered Area
• Local Area Networks (LAN)
– a group of computers connected in small
geographical area
– a limited area such as a residence, school,
laboratory, university campus or office
building (100 -1000 M)
– Allow users to share files and services
– High speed of communications
– Under your administrative Control
 According to Covered Area
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

– A MAN connects an area larger than a LAN

but smaller than a WAN (Up to 100 km)
– such as a city.
– dedicated or high-performance hardware
 According to Covered Area
• Wide Area Networks (WAN)

– A WAN is a group of computers connected in

Large geographical area such as country
– A WAN often connects two LANs (WAN Link)
– WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such
as LANs or MANs.
– Very low Speed
– Under your ISP Administrative control
example of WAN is Internet
 What is Internet ?
• Internet (WWW)
– The internet is defined as a global mesh of interconnected
networks
– the most used service on the Internet is the World Wide
Web
– No one actually owns the Internet
– Many Orgs, ISPs, Companies, Govs own pieces of Internet
Infrastructure.
– ISOC: Internet Society
– IETF: Internet Engineering Task Forum
– ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
Internet Gateway in Egypt_ Submarine Cable
 Networks Classifications

According to Network Topology

Bus – Star- Ring- Mesh-Hybrid

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 Network Topology
Topology
• Refers to the shape of a network, or the network's layout.
• Types
• Physical Topology: how computers connected to each
other physically (wired)

• Logical Topology: how to send message from device

to other, (the way in which to the generated signal
actual path across the network).
• Dependent on :
 Type and number of equipment being used
 Cost
Each topology has its own advantages and disadvantages.

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 Network Topology
Bus Topology

 All devices are connected to a

central cable, called the bus or
backbone
 Both ends of the network must be
terminated with a terminator.
 A barrel connector can be used to
extend the network.

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 Network Topology
Frame Transmission - Bus LAN
• The backbone functions as a shared
communication medium
• Device wanting to communicate with another
device on the network sends a message onto the
backbone
 The message is heard by all stations, but only
the intended recipient actually accepts and
processes the message.
• Terminator absorbs frames at end of medium Station C want to transmit a
frame of data to station A.
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 Network Topology
Bus Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
– Simple, easy to use and construct
– Requires least amount of cable (less expensive)
– Reliable
• Disadvantages
– A faulty cable take the entire LAN down
– Difficult to troubleshoot
– No security
– Slow during peak traffic period

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 Network Topology
Star Topology

- All the devices are connected to a

centralized unit such as a Hub or
Switch.
- Nodes communicate across the
network by passing data through the
central device.
 Network Topology
Star Topology types

 Hubbed Star ( Broadcasted Star Topology)

 Central node can broadcast (Hub)
- Physical star, logically bus
- Only one station can transmit at a time

 Switched Star
 Central node can act as frame switch
- Retransmits only to destination

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 Network Topology
Star Advantages and Disadvantages
 Advantages:
– Network not affected if one PC fails
– Network expansion and reconfiguration is simple
– Network management and monitoring can be
centralized
– Troubleshooting is easy
 Disadvantages
– If the central device fails, all the network fails

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 Network Topology
Ring Topology
 A cable connects one node to another to form a ring (shape of a
closed loop)

 each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on

either side of it.

 All messages travel through a ring in the same direction

 token is used to transmit data and pass over each station

 Medium access control determines when station can insert frame

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 Network Topology
Frame Transmission - Ring LAN
Data transmitted in frames (token)
 Circulate past all stations
 Destination recognizes address and copies
frame
 Data is passed one way from device to
device.
 Frame circulates back to source where it is
removed
 Medium access control determines when
station can insert frame

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 Network Topology
Dual Ring Topology

• Signals travel in opposite directions.

• More resilient than single ring.

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 Network Topology
Ring Advantages and Disadvantages
 Advantages:
– Fair (Equal access for all users)
– Perform well under heavy traffic
 Disadvantages
– Network expansion or reconfiguration will affect the
network operation
– If one node fails, the entire network fails
– Difficult to troubleshoot
– very bad if we have about 60 pc, Slow Network

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 Network Topology
Mesh Topology
 Each device/PC is connected to every other
device/PC in the network by its own cable
 Amount of cables needed can be calculated by:
CN = (D * (D-1)) / 2
(where CN is Cables Needed, and D is the amount
of devices on the network)
 Mesh Types:

 Full Mesh

 Partial Mesh

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 Network Topology
Mesh Advantages and Disadvantages
 Advantages:
– Mesh topology boasts the highest fault tolerance of
all of the network topologies
– Redundancy exist
– Secure
 Disadvantages
– Because each connection needs its own cable a
Mesh topology can get very expensive

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 Network Topology
Hybrid Topology

 Hybrid means that there is more than one

topology exist
 Combine bus ,star and ring topologies
 Allow network expansion
 Flexible

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 Network Topology
Hybrid Advantages and Disadvantages

 Advantages:
– Network expansion is simple
 Disadvantages
– If hub fails connections between failed hub
and other hubs will fail
Networks Classifications

According to Network Model

- Peer to Peer Networks
– Client/Server Networks
 Network Model
Peer-to-Peer Networks
 No dedicated resources to present specific
service
 Easy to work with
 All nodes are the same (equal to use the
resources )
Example : Windows Workgroup
 Network Model
Client/Server Networks

 Some nodes (SERVER) are dedicated to

present services to other nodes (CLIENTS)
 Server is more powerful
Examples:
 Mail Server
 Web Server
 File Server
 Print Server
 Network Model
Client/Server Networks

 computers providing the service are

called Servers
 computers that request and use the
service are called Client
computers.
 number of servers is very small
compared with the number of clients
Peer to peer vs client/server model
 Building the network

What do you need to build your network?

Simple Network
 Basic Network Elements ( Hardware / Software )

– Hardware
– Devices
• Computers – Printers –Phone – Routers - Switches
– Medium
• Wired -Wireless –Satellites

– Software
– Messages
• Information that travels over the medium
• Mails-WhatsApp….etc
– Protocols
• Governs how messages flow across network
• http –https-FTP-RDP
Basic Network Elements (Software)

Software
Protocols
 Basic Network Elements (Software)
What is Protocols ?
- Communication rules that all entity must agree on
- Method to connect internetworking elements
Why we need Protocols ?
• To communicate efficiently
• Enable data to flow from one NIC to another
• Control the messages and the messages quantity in the network.
 Host to Host Communication
Older Model

• Proprietary
• Application and combinations software controlled by one
vendor

Standard based Model

• Multivendor software
• Layered approach
Thank You