NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE::NELLORE

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
II B.TECH ECE - I SEM
2-Marks Questions

Sub: Signals & Systems Staff Name: Mr.C.Leela Mohan

UNIT-I
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
1. Define Signal.
Signal is a physical quantity that varies with respect to time, space or any other
independent variable (or) it is a mathematical representation of the system.
Ex: y(t) = t. and x(t)= sin t.
2. Define system..
A set of components that are connected together to perform the particular task.
3. Name some elementary signals?
1. Real exponential signal
2. Complex exponential signal
3. Signum function
4. Sampling function
4. Define discrete time signals and classify them.
Discrete time signals are defined only at discrete times, and for these signals,
theindependent variable takes on only a discrete set of values.
Classification of discrete time signal:
1.Periodic and Aperiodic signal
5. Define continuous time signals and classify them.
Continuous time signals are defined for a continuous of values of theindependent
variable. In the case of continuous time signals the independentvariable is continuous.For
example:
(i) A speech signal as a function of time
(ii) Atmospheric pressure as a function of altitude
Classification of continuous time signal:
(i) Periodic and Aperiodic signal
(ii) Even and Odd signal

6. Define discrete time unit step &unit impulse.

Discrete time Unit impulse is defined as
δ[n]= {0, n≠0
{1, n=0
Unit impulse is also known as unit sample.

Discrete time unit step signal is defined by

U[n]= {0,n=0
{1,n>= 0
7. Define continuous time unit step and unit impulse.
Continuous time unit impulse is defined as
δ(t)={1, t=0
{0, t≠0
Continuous time Unit step signal is defined as
U(t)={0, t<0
{1, t≥0
8. Define unit ramp signal.
Continuous time unit ramp function is defined by
r(t)={0,t<0
{t, t≥0
A ramp signal starts at t=0 and increases linearly with time‘t’.
9. Define periodic signal and nonperiodic signal.
A signal is said to be periodic,if it exhibits periodicity.
i.e.,x(t +T)=x(t), for all values of t.
Periodic signal has the property that it is unchanged by a time shift of T.
A signal that does not satisfy the above periodicity property is called anaperiodicsignal.
10. Define even and odd signal?
A discrete time signal is said to be even when,x[-n]=x[n].
The continuous time signal is said to be even when,x(-t)= x(t)
For example, Cosωn is an even signal.
The discrete time signal is said to be odd when, x[-n]= -x[n]
The continuous time signal is said to be odd when, x(-t)= -x(t)
Odd signals are also known as nonsymmetrical signal.
Sine wave signal is an odd signal.
11. Define Energy and power signal.
A signal is said to be energy signal if it have finite energy and zero power.
A signal is said to be power signal if it have infinite energy and finite power.
If the above two conditions are not satisfied then the signal is said to beneigther energy nor power
signal.
POWER SIGNAL ENERGY SIGNALS
The normalized average Total normalized energy is
power is finite and non-zero finite and non- zero.
Practical periodic signals Non-periodic signals are
are power signals energy signals

12. Define unit pulse function.

Unit pulse function Π(t) is obtained from unit step signals, Π(t)=u(t+1/2)- u(t-1/2)
The signals u(t+1/2) and u(t-1/2) are the unit step signals shifted by 1/2units inthe time axis
towards the left and right ,respectively.
13. Define continuous time complex exponential signal.
The continuous time complex exponential signal is of the form, x(t)=Ceat, where c
and a are complex numbers.
14. What is continuous time real exponential signal.
Continuous time real exponential signal is defined byx(t)=Ceat
Where c and a are complex numbers. If c and a are real, then it is called as real exponential.
15. What is continuous time growing exponential signal?
Continuous time growing exponential signal is defined asx(t)=Ceat
Where c and a are complex numbers.
If a is positive,as t increases, then x(t) is a growing exponential.
16. What is continuous time decaying exponential?
Continuous time growing exponential signal is defined asx(t)=Ceat
Where c and a are complex numbers.
If a is negative, as t increases, then x(t) is a decaying exponential.
17. State parseval’s theorem for continuous time periodic signals.
Parseval’s relation for continuous time periodic signals is
1/T |x (t) 2|dt =∑|ak2|
Parseval’s relation states that the total average power in a periodic signalequals the sum of
the average power in all of its harmonic components.
18. Define continuous time system.
A continuous time system is a system in which continuous time input signals
areapplied and result in continuous time output signals.
19. State Convolution property.
The laplace transform of convolution of two functions isequivalent to multiplication of
their laplace transforms.
L[x1(t)*x2(t)]=X1(s)X2(s)
20. Define a causal system.
The causal system generates the output depending upon present &pastinputs only. A
causal system is non anticipatory.

UNIT-II
CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM

1. What are the types of Fourier series?

1. Exponential Fourier series
2. Trigonometric Fourier series
2. Write down the exponential form of the fourier series representation of a periodic signal?
x(t)=∑akejkwot
Here the summation is taken from -  to +  .
− jkw 0 t
ak=1/T  x(t ) e
Here the integration is taken from 0 to T.
The set of coefficients { ak} are often called the fourier series coefficientsor spectral
coefficients. The coefficient ao is the dc or constant component of x(t).
3. Write down the trigonometric form of the fourier series representation of aperiodic signal?
x(t)= ao+  [ancosnωot + bn sin nωot ]
where
 ao=1/T  x(t) dt
an =1/T  x(t)cosnωotdt

bn=1/T  x(t)cosnωotdt
4. Write short notes on dirichlets conditions for fourier series.
a. x(t) must be absolutely integrable
b. The function x(t) should be single valued within the interval T.
c. The function x(t) should have finite number of discontinuities in any finite interval of time T.
d. The function x(t) should have finite number of maxima &minima in theinterval T.
5. State Time Shifting property in relation to fourier series.
x(t-to) FS ak e-jkωot
Time shifting property states that; when a periodic signal is shifted intime, the magnitudesof
its fourier series coefficients, remain unaltered.
6. What is meant by linear system?
A linear system should satisfy superposition principle. A linear systemshould satisfy
F[ax1(t)+bx2(t)] a y1(t)+by2(t) y1(t)=F[x1(t)] y2(t)=F[x2(t)]
7. Define time invariant system.
A system is time invariant if the behavior and characteristics of the systemare fixed
over time. A system is time invariant if a time shift in the input signal results in anidentical
time shift in the output signal.
For example,a time invariant system should produce y(t-t0)as the output
when x(t-to) is the input.
8. Define stable system?
When the system produces bounded output for bounded input, then the systemis called
bounded input& bounded output stable.
If the signal is bounded, then its magnitude will always be finite.
9. Define memory and memoryless system.
The output of a memory system at any specified time depends on theinputs at that
specified time and at other times.Such systems have memory orenergy storage elements.
The system is said to be static or memoryless if its output depends uponthe present input only.
10. Define invertible system.
A system is said to be invertible if the input is get from the output input.
Otherwise the system is noninvertible system.
11. What is superposition property?
If an input consists of the weighted sum of several signals, then the output
is the superposition that is, the weighted sum of the responses of the system toeach of those signals.
12. What is recurssive system.
If the present output is dependent upon the present and past value of input then the
system is said to be recursive system
13. What is Non recursive system.
If the present output is dependent upon the present and past value of input and past
value of output then the system is said to be non recursssive system.
14. Compare double sided and single sided spectrums.
The method of representing spectrums of positive as well as negative frequencies are
called double sided spectrums.
The method of representing spectrums only in the positive frequencies is known as single
sided spectrums.

15. Define Quadrature Fourier Series.

Consider x(t) be a periodic signal. The fourier series can be written for this signal as
follows
x(t)= ao+  [ancosnωot + bn sin nωot ], This is known as Quadrature Fourier Series.

16. Define exponential fourier series.



C e
j 2nt / To
x(t)=
n
n =1

The method of representing a signal by the above form is known as exponential fourier series.

17. State Dirichlets conditions.

(i).The function x(t) should be single valued within the interval T0
(ii). The function x(t) should have atmost a finite number of discontinuitiesin the interval T0
(iii). The function x(t) should have finite number of maxima and minima in the interval T0
(iv). The function should have absolutely integrable.

18. State the properties of Fourier Series.

• Linearity property
• Shifting property
• Convolution in time domain
• Multiplication in time domain
• Duality property
• Parseval’s theorem

19. What is Fourier spectrum?

The fourier spectrum of a periodic signal x(t) is a plot of its fourier coefficients versus
frequency ω. It is in two parts (a). The amplitude spectrum (b).The phase spectrum.the plot
of the amplitude of fourier coefficients versus frequency is known as the amplitude spectra
and the plot of the phase of fourier coefficients versus frequency is known as the phase
spectra.the two plots together are known as fourier spectrum of x(t).

20. List the properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier series.

Linearity, Time shifting ,frequency shifting ,time reversal ,time scaling ,periodic
convolution, multiplication differentiation,Integration,Conjugation and conjugate symmetry
Parseval’s theorem for power signals
 UNIT-III
DTFT

1. Define fourier transform pair.

Consider the aperiodic signal x(t) &Fourier transform of x(t) is defined as
X(jω) =  x(t) e-jωtdt -------------(1)
Inverse fourier transform of x(t) is given by
x(t) =1/2π  X(jω) ejωtdω ------(2)
Equations (1)& (2) are referred to as the fourier transform pair.

2. Write short notes on dirichlets conditions for fourier transform.

a. x(t) be absolutely integrable
b. x(t) have a finite number of maxima and minima within any finite interval.
c. x(t) have a finite number of discontinuities within any finite interval.
Furthermore each of these discontinuities must be finite.

3. Explain how aperiodic signals can be represented by fourier transform.

Consider the aperiodic signal x(t) &Fourier transform of x(t) is defined as
X(jω) =  x(t) e-jωtdt -------------(1)
Inverse fourier transform of x(t) is given by
x(t) =1/2Π  X(jω) ejωtdω ------(2)

4. State convolution property in relation to fourier transform.

Y(t)= x(t)*h(t)
Y(jω)= H(jω)X(jω)
Convolution property states that convolution in time domain correspondsto
multiplication in the frequency domain.

5. State parseval’s relation for continuous time fourier transform.

If x(t) and X(jω) are a fourier transform pair then
 |x(t) |dt = 1/2 πi  |X(jω)| dω
2 2

6. What is meant by step response of the DT system.

The output of the system y(n) is obtained for the unit step input u(n)then it is said to be step
response of the system.

7. Define Transfer function of the DT system.

The Transfer function of DT system is defined as the ratio of Z transformof the system output
to the input. That is,H(z)=Y(z)/X(z),
8. Define impulse response of a DT system.
The impulse response is the output produced by DT system when unitimpulse is
applied at the input.The impulse response is denoted by h(n).
The impulse response h(n) is obtained by taking inverse Z transform fromthe transfer function H(z).
9. State the significance of difference equations.
The input and output behaviour of the DT system can be characterizedwith the help of
linear constant coefficient difference equations.
10. Write the differece equation for Discrete time system.
The general form of constant coefficient difference equation is
Y(n) = -∑ak y(n-k) +∑bk x(n-k)
Here n is the order of difference equation.x(n) is the input and y(n) is theoutput.
11. Define frequency response of the DT system.
The frequency response of the system is obtained from the Transfer function by replacing, z = e jω
i.e, H(z)=Y(z)/X(z), Where z = ejω
12. What is the condition for stable system?
A LTI system is stable if ∑h|(n)| < ∞.
Here the summation is absolutely summable.
13. Define Fourier Transform.
Let x(t) be the signal which is the function of time t. The fourier transform of x(t) is given by
X(jω) =  x(t) e-jωtdt
14. What is the relationship between Fourier transform and Laplace transform?
X(s)=X(jw) when s=jw
This states that laplace transform is same as fourier transform when s=jw.
15. List the properties of DTFT.
_ Periodicity
_ Linearity
_ Time shift
_ Frequency shift
_ Scaling
_ Differentiation in frequency domain
_ Time reversal
_ Convolution
_ Multiplication in time domain
_ Parseval‟s theorem
16. Find the fourier transform of sgn function.
Ans: 2/jW
17. What is the relationship between Fourier transform and Laplace transform.
X(s)=X(jw) when s=jw
This states that laplace transform is same as fourier transform when s=jw.
18. State the convolution property of fourier transform.
If x1(t) and x1(f) are fourier transform pairs and x2(t) and x2(f) are fourier transform pairs, then
 x1(t)x2(f-t)dt is fourier transform pair with X1(f)X2(f)
19. Find the Fourier transform of function x(t)=δ(t)
Ans: 1
20. Define DTFT.
Let us consider the discrete time signal x(n).Its DTFT is denoted as X(w).It is
given as X(w)= x(n)e-jwn
 UNIT-IV
SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LTI SYSTEMS

1. Why CT signals are represented by samples.

A CT signal can not be processed in the digital processor or computer.
To enable the digital transmission of CT signals.
2. What is meant by sampling?
A sampling is a process by which a CT signal is converted into a sequence ofdiscrete
samples with each sample representing the amplitude of the signalat the particular instant of time.
3. State Sampling theorem.
A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequencycomponents higher
than the W hertz, is completely described by specifying thevalues of the signal at the instant
of time separated by 1/2W seconds andA band limited signal of finite energy, which has no
frequencycomponents higher than the W hertz, is completely recovered from the
knowledge of its samples taken at the rate of 2W samples per second.
4. What is meant by aliasing?
When the high frequency interferes with low frequency and appears aslow then the
phenomenon is called aliasing.
5. What are the effects aliasing?
Since the high frequency interferes with low frequency then thedistortion is
generated. The data is lost and it can not be recovered.
6. How the aliasing process is eliminated.
i). Sampling rate fs ≥2W.
ii). Strictly band limit the signal to ‘W’.
This can be obtained by using the Low pass filer beforethe sampling process.It is also called
as antialiasing filter.
7. Define Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval.
When the sampling rate becomes exactly equal to ‘2W’samples/sec, for a given
bandwidth of W hertz, then it is called Nyquist rate.
Nyquist interval is the time interval between any two adjacent samples.
Nyquist rate = 2W Hz
Nyquist interval = 1/2W seconds.
8. Define sampling of band pass signals.
A bandpass signal x(t) whose maximum bandwidth is ‘2W’ can becompletely
represented into and recovered from its samples, if it is sampled at theminimum rate of twice
the band width.
9. What arte the classification of the system based on unit sample response.
a. FIR (Finite impulse Response) system.
b. III (Infinite Impulse Response) system.
10. What is meant by FIR system?
If the system has finite duration impulse response then the system is said to
be FIR system.
11. What is meant by IIR system?
 If the system have infinite duration impulse response then the system is said to be FIR
system.
12. What is LTI system?
The system which satisfies linear and time invariant properties then that type of systems are
said to be LTI systems.
13. Define Signal Bandwidth?
Signal bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies.
14. Define system Bandwidth?
System bandwidth is the range of frequencies which a system can carry.
15. What is paley-Wiener criterion for physical system realization?
The Paley-Wiener criterion states that a necessary and sufficient condition for causality is

16. What is the relationship between rise time and BW?

Rise time X Band width = Constant

17. Define Impulse response?

In signal processing, the impulse response, or impulse response function (IRF), of a
dynamic system is its output when presented with a brief input signal, called an impulse.
More generally, an impulse response is the reaction of any dynamic system in response to
some external change.
18. The Impulse Response of the continuous time system is

19. Define PSD?

The power spectral density (PSD) of the signal describes the power present in the
signal as a function of frequency, per unit frequency. Power spectral density is commonly
expressed in watts per hertz (W/Hz)

20. What is distortion less transmission through LTI systems?

Transmission is said to be distortion-less if the input and output have identical wave
shapes. i.e., in distortion-less transmission, the input x(t) and output y(t) satisfy the condition:
y (t) = Kx(t - td)
Where td = delay time and
k = constant.

UNIT-V
LAPLACE & Z-TRANSFORM

1. What is the use of laplace transform?

Laplace transform is an another mathematical tool used for analysis ofsignals and
systems.Laplace transform is used for analysis of unstable systems.
2. What are the types of laplace transform?
1.Bilateral or twosidedlaplace transform.
2. Unilateral or single sided laplace transform.
3. Define Bilateral and unilateral laplace transform.
The bilateral laplace transform is defined as
X(s)=  x(t)e-stdt
Here the integration is taken from -∞ to +∞.Hence it is called bilateral laplacetransform
The unilateral laplace transform is defined as
X(s)=  x(t)e-stdt
Here the integration is taken from 0 to ∞.Hence it is called unilateral laplacetransform.
4. Define inverse laplace transform.
The inverse laplace transform is given as
x(t)=1/2πj  X(s) estds
Here the integration is taken from σ-j∞ to σ+j∞.
5. State the linearity property for laplace transform.
Let x1(t) X1(S) and x2(t) X2(s) be the two laplace transform pairs. Then
linearity property states that
L[a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)]=a1X1( s)+a2X2(s)
Here a1 and a2 are constants.
6. State the time shifting property for laplace transform.
Let x(t) X(S) be a laplace transform pair.If x(t) is delayed bytime t0 ,then its
laplace transform is multiplied by e-sto.
L[x(t-t0)]= e-sto X(s)

7. Region of convergence of the laplace transform.

The range of values of s for which the integral i.e.,  x(t)e-stdtconverges is referred to as the
region of convergence of the laplace transform.
8. What is pole zero plot.
The representation of X(s) through its poles and zeros in the splane is referred to as pole zero plot.
8. State initial value theorem and final value theorem for laplace transform.
If L[x(t)]=X(s), then initial value theorem states that
x(0)=lim(s---> ∞ ) SX(S)
If L[x(t)]=X(s), then final value theorem states that
lim(t---> ∞) x(t)=lim(s---> 0) SX(S)

9. Define Z transform.
The Z transform of a discrete time signal x[n] is denoted by X(z) and it isgiven as
X(z)=∑x[n] z-n and the value n range from -∞ to +∞. Here ‘z’ is the
complex variable.This Z transform is also called as bilateral or two sided Ztransform.
10. What are the two types of Z transform?
(i) Unilateral Z transform
(ii) Bilateral Z transform
11. Define unilateral Z transform.
The unilateral Z transform of signal x[n] is given as
X(z)=∑x[n] z-n
 The unilateral and bilateral Z transforms are same for causal signals.
12. What is region of Convergence.
The region of convergence or ROC is specified for Z transform ,where itconverges.
13. What are the Properties of ROC.
i. The ROC of a finite duration sequence includes the entire z- plane,
except z= 0 and |z|=∞.
ii. ROC does not contain any poles.
iii. ROC is the ring in the z-plane centered about origin.
iv. ROC of causal sequence (right handed sequence) is of the form |z| > r.
v. ROC of left handed sequence is of the form |z| < r.
vi. ROC of two sided sequence is the concentric ring in the z plane.
14. What is the time shifting property of Z transform.
x[n] X(Z) then
x[n-k] Z-k X[Z].
15. What is the differentiation property in Z domain.
x[n] X(Z) then
nx[n] -z d/dz{X[Z].}.
16. State convolution property of Z transform.
The convolution property states that if
x1[n] X1(Z) and
x2[n] X2(Z) then
x1[n] *x2[n] X1(Z) X2(Z)
That is convolution of two sequences in time domain is equivalent tomultiplication of their Z
transforms.
17. State the methods to find inverse Z transform.
a. Partial fraction expansion
b. Contour integration
c. Power series expansion
d. Convolution method.
18. State multiplication property in relation to Z transform.
This property states that if ,
x1[n] X1(Z) and
x2[n] X2(Z) then
x1[n] x2[n] ½ Πj  X1(v). X2(Z/v)v-1dv
Here c is a closed contour .It encloses the origin and lies in the Roc which is
common to both X1(v). X2(1/v)
19. State parseval’s relation for Z transform.
If x1[n] and x2[n] are complex valued sequences, then the parseval’s relationstates that
∑x1[n] x2*[n]= ½ Πj  X1(v). X2*(1/v*)v-1dv.
20. What is the relationship between Z transform and fourier transform.
X(z)=∑x[n] z-n.------------------1.
X(w)= ∑x[n]e-jωn. ----------------2
X(z) at z = ejωis = X (w).
 When z- transform is evaluated on unit circle (ie.| z |= 1) then it becomes fourier
21. What are the different types of structure realization.
( i.)Direct form I (ii.) Direcct form II (iii.) Cascade form (iv.) Parallel Form.

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