Birds eye view of the BIFD2022 programme

Version of 20 July 2022

Tue 16 August Wed 17 August Thu 18 August Fri 19 August

Harmonie Harmonie Academy Academy Harmonie Harmonie Harmonie Harmonie
building, room building, room building, building, room A2 building, room building, room building, room building, room
1314.0026 1314.0014 Heymanszaal 1314.0026 1314.0014 1314.0026 1314.0014
8:40 Badge pickup
9:00 P3 Keynote lecture: Keynote lecture:
9:20 Opening P4 P3 Andrew Hazel Henk Dijkstra
9:40 Keynote lecture: P4 P7
10:00 Karin Jacobs P4 P7 Poster pitches P8
10:20 P4 P9 P8
10:40 Coffee break Coffee break Coffee break Coffee break
11:00 Poster session
11:20 P5 P1 P4 P8
11:40 P5 P1 P4 P8
12:00 P5 P1 P4 P6 P8
12:20 P5 P1 P4 P6 P8
12:40 P5 P1 Next edition P6 P8
13:00 Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break P8
13:20 Closing
13:40
14:00
14:20
14:40 P5 P1 Time for collaborations P6 P2
15:00 P5 P1 P6 P2
15:20 P5 P1 P6 P2
15:40 P5 P1 P6 P2
16:00 Coffee break Coffee break
16:20
16:40 P5 P1 P6 P2
17:00 P5 P1 City walk P6
17:20 P1 P6
17:40 P1 P6
18:00 P1
18:20
18:40
19:00 Welcome reception Dinner
19:20
19:40
20:00
20:20
20:40
21:00

1
Tuesday 16 August
Harmonie building, room 1314.0026 Harmonie building, room 1314.0014
8:40-9:20 Badge pickup
9:20-9:40 Opening
9:40-10:40 Karin Jacobs — Instabilities and bifurcations:
the good, the bad and the beauty
10:40-11:20 Coffee break
P5 (chair: TBA) P1 (chair: TBA)
11:20-11:40 Fred Feudel — The influence of a differential Eugene Benilov — Dynamics of a drop floating
rotation on bifurcations of buoyancy driven spherical in vapor of the same fluid
shell convection
11:40-12:00 Julian Koellermeier — Equilibrium mani- Alexander Oron — Buoyancy instabilities in
folds and stability analysis of extended shallow water a liquid layer subjected to an oblique temperature
models gradient
12:00-12:20 Jonathan Demaeyer — Global bifurcation Michael Bestehorn — Hopf instability of a
of Shilnikov type in a low-order coupled ocean- Rayleigh-Taylor unstable thin film heated from the
atmosphere model gas side
12:20-12:40 Oisin Hamilton — Investigating the impacts of Alexander Nepomnyashchy — Dynamics
non-linearised temperature equations in a low-order and instabilities of non-isothermal floating droplet
quasi-geostrophic model
12:40-13:00 Katia Ali Amar — Combined effects of viscous Stephen Wilson — Rivulet flow over and
dissipation and Soret effect on mixed convection of through a permeable membrane
Poiseuille flows of binary fluid mixtures
13:00-14:40 Lunch break
P5 (chair: TBA) P1 (chair: TBA)
14:40-15:00 Alexander Mikishev — Modulated patterns Michael Grinfeld — Perfectly wetting pendent
in Marangoni convection with deformable surface steady rivulets on an inclined plane
covered by surfactant
15:00-15:20 Ilias Sibgatullin — Wave attractors in large Ranga Narayanan — Effect of a deep periodic
aspect ratio domains corrugated wall on Rayleigh-Taylor instability of an
interface
15:20-15:40 Antoine Meyer — Stability of a dielectric liq- Lennon Ó Náraigh — A cross-validation
uid confined in a differentially heated vertical Taylor- study of computational methods for droplet impact
Couette system with applied radial electric field
15:40-16:00 Giuseppe Arnone — Density inversion phe- Patricia Pfeiffer — Merging of bubbles in New-
nomenon in porous penetrative convection tonian and non-Newtonian liquids
16:00-16:40 Coffee break
P5 (chair: TBA) P1 (chair: TBA)
16:40-17:00 Jacopo Alfonso Gianfrani — The weakly Eugene Benilov — Condensation of vapour in
nonlinear Sutton problem: the transition between a corner formed by two walls
the Darcy-Bénard problem and the Wooding prob-
lem
17:00-17:20 Lekha Sharma — Effect of horizontal aspect ra- Khang Ee Pang — A mathematical model and
tio on magnetoconvective instabilities in liquid met- mesh-free numerical method for contact-line motion
als in lubrication theory
17:20-17:40 Luca Biancofiore — Spatiotemporal evolution
of evaporating liquid films sheared by a gas
17:40-18:00 Rodica Borcia — Phase field modelling in liq-
uid binary mixtures: isothermal and non-isothermal
problems
18:00-18:20 Teng Dong — Partial coalescence of aqueous
droplets on liquid-liquid interfaces
18:30-20:30 Welcome reception

2
Wednesday 17 August
Academy building, Heymanszaal Academy building, room A2
P4 (chair: TBA) P3, P9, P7 (chair: TBA)
9:00-9:20 Alexander Morozov — Strong correlations
and the origin of collective motion in dilute mi-
croswimmer suspensions
9:20-9:40 Lou Kondic — Instabilities and dewetting of ne- Uwe Thiele — Homoclinic snaking and emer-
matic liquid crystal films gence of oscillations in Cahn-Hilliard and phase-field-
crystal systems with nonreciprocal coupling
9:40-10:00 Yakov Nezhihovski — Experimental measure- Ganlin Lyu — Studies of disturbance growth in
ments versus linear stability analysis for primary in- transonic boundary layers over complex geometries
stability of stratified two-phase flows in a square rect- using embedded DG simulations
angular duct
10:00-10:20 Patrick Farrell — Computing disconnected bi- Didzis Berenis — Numerical simulations on bi-
furcation diagrams with deflation furcations and experiments on bi-stability in forced
transparent electrolyte flow in a ring-shaped con-
tainer
10:20-10:40 Nicolas Boullé — Optimal control of bifurca- Javier Sierra Ausin — Dynamics of low
tion structures Reynolds number laminar plane impinging flow
10:40-11:20 Coffee break
P4 (chair: TBA)
11:20-11:40 Yuri Feldman — Fully-implicit direct forcing
immersed boundary method: SIMPLE-Schur com-
plement approach
11:40-12:00 Sven Baars — FVM: a parallel Python package
for bifurcation problems in incompressible flows
12:00-12:20 Darı́o Martı́nez Martı́nez — A Schwarz do-
main decomposition method applied to the Rayleigh-
Bénard convection problem
12:20-12:40 Ilya Barmak — Instability of two-phase strati-
fied pipe flows
12:40-13:00 Announcement next BIFD conference
13:00-14:40 Lunch break
14:40-16:40 Time for collaborations and networking
17:00-18:40 City walk
19:00-21:00 Dinner

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Thursday 18 August
Harmonie building, room 1314.0026 Harmonie building, room 1314.0014
9:00-10:00 Andrew Hazel — Bubbly bifurcations
10:00-10:40 Poster pitches
10:40-11:20 Coffee break
11:20-12:00 Poster session
Ajay Chatterjee — A three-dimensional
branching flow with a surface perturbation
Lou Kondic — Dielectrowetting of a thin ne-
matic liquid crystal layer
Vivaswat Kumar — Experimental investiga-
tion of the nutation angle’s effect on the flow inside
a precessing cylinder
Sutapa Mandal — Transition near the onset of
rotating convection
Michele Pellegrino — Molecular simulations
of shear-induced critical transitions for confined nan-
odroplets
Ilias Sibgatullin — Dynamics of (n, 1) wave
attractors
Teke Xu — Lax-Wendroff scheme on Saint-
Venant equation with dynamical boundary condi-
tions and non-linearity
P6 (chair: TBA)
12:00-12:20 Marine Aulnette — Non-linear wind waves
over a highly viscous liquid
12:20-12:40 Miguel Bustamante — On the role of contin-
uous symmetries in the solution of the 3D Euler fluid
equations and related models
12:40-13:00 Yohann Duguet — The concept of edge state
in the presence of a linear instability
13:00-14:40 Lunch break
P6 (chair: TBA) P2 (chair: TBA)
14:40-15:00 Paolo Falsaperla — Stability of Bingham flow Mattias Brynjell-Rahkola — Edge states in
in an inclined channel ducts subject to transversal magnetic fields
15:00-15:20 Daniel Andrés Mora Paiba — Three- Cyril Courtessole — Relaminarization of
dimensionality of the triadic resonance instability of magneto-convective flow around a pair of submerged
a plane inertial wave differentially heated cylinders
15:20-15:40 Alexander Morozov — Time-dependent 3D Ilke Kaykanat — Thermocapillary and elec-
dynamics in viscoelastic pressure-driven channel flow trohydrodynamic instability of trilayer flow in a mi-
crochannel
15:40-16:00 Péter Tamás Nagy — The investigation of the Ashish Mishra — Nonlinear Simulations of
enstrophy growth at the energy stability limit in the Magnetorotational Instability: Scaling Properties
plane channel flow and Their Importance In Upcoming DRESDYN-
MRI Experiment
16:00-16:40 Coffee break
P6 (chair: TBA) P2 (chair: TBA)
16:40-17:00 Juan Pimienta — Characterization and evolu- Alfaisal Hasan — Electrogravitational stability
tion of the recirculation bubble of a backward-facing of an oscillating streaming fluid cylinder
step flow through different Reynolds number
17:00-17:20 Lohengrin Van Belle — Structures of non-
buoyant round jets subjected to background rotation
17:20-17:40 Michael Zaks — Transport anomalies in steady
plane flow patterns with degenerate stagnation
points
17:40-18:00 Eyal Heifetz — Zero absolute vorticity plane
Couette flow as an hydrodynamic representation of
quantum energy states under perpendicular mag-
netic field

4
Friday 19 August
Harmonie building, room 1314.0026 Harmonie building, room 1314.0014
9:00-10:00 Henk Dijkstra — Bifurcation analysis of ocean
flows
P8 (chair: TBA)
10:00-10:20 Ion Dan Borcia — Resonance on surface waves
in a circular channel
10:20-10:40 Jakub Fabisiak — Low-Reynolds number mix-
ing and hydrodynamic instability in the presence of
non-symmetric wall corrugation
10:40-11:20 Coffee break
P8 (chair: TBA)
11:20-11:40 Johann Herault — Parametric instability of a
snake-like robot on the water surface
11:40-12:00 Juan Marin — Drift instabilities in localised
Faraday patterns
12:00-12:20 Oz Oshri — Dynamic response of a laterally com-
pressed sheet in a closed fluid contained chamber
12:20-12:40 Sebastian Richter — Direct numerical simu-
lation of liquid films on a non-planar substrate under
external vibration
12:40-13:00 Julien Sablon — Modal and nonmodal stability
of variable-density trailing vortices
13:00-13:20 Jishen Zhang — Wind wave growth over a vis-
cous liquid
13:20-13:30 Closing

5
Key note lectures
Instabilities and bifurcations: the good, the bad and the beauty
Karin Jacobs — Saarland University
“What are you researching?” – “Instabilities and bi- a good thing or a bad thing? Depends on to whom you
furcations!” – “Instabilities? You mean risk analy- are talking...
ses?” Small talk like this is something many of us may
However, instabilities in experiments or simulations of-
have had before. Dealing with “instabilities” sounds
ten carry an irresistible beauty. That’s what happened
weak, fragile, and a bit pessimistic, too. “Bifurca-
to me when I saw “my first instability”: a dewetting
tions,” on contrast, sounds stronger, more promising
thin polymer film. The analysis took some time, but
(because unknown?), and more optimistic. Yet in our
the result is still important to my research today! Mul-
research work, neither of these attributes are there.
tiple instabilities are for instance also involved in bac-
As an experimentalist, I come more in contact with terial adhesion, which in my group is characterized
“instabilities”, and having been in this “business” for by atomic force microscopy in single-cell force spec-
more than two decades, I suffer from a “déformation troscopy mode. So I’ll take you on a journey through
professionelle” and see instabilities everywhere. Is that the good, the bad, and the beauty of instabilities!

Bubbly bifurcations
Andrew Hazel — University of Manchester
(Co-authors: Anne Juel, Alice Thompson, Andres Franco-Gomez, Antoine Gaillard, Jack Keeler, Jack Lawless,
Gregoire Lemoult)
The behaviour of fluids is beautiful, complex and diffi- ture, meaning that a single bifurcation diagram can-
cult to predict. If a viscous liquid containing gas bub- not capture the system’s dynamics. For a fixed set
bles is driven through a confined geometry, it exhibits of control parameters (e.g. flow rate and total bub-
complex nonlinear behaviour, even in the absence of ble volume) the solution structure can change several
fluid inertia. The behaviour is driven by interaction times over the course of an experiment. In addition,
between the geometry, capillary forces at the liquid- the system shows heightened sensitivity to perturba-
gas interface, and viscous forces within the bulk liquid. tions in regimes where the bubble is likely to break
The system is relatively simple, yet it exhibits a re- up. We find multiple steadily propagating and oscil-
markable variety of nonlinear phenomena, making it latory states, regions of multi-stability and practical
ideally suited to studies of bifurcations and instabili- unpredictability, where the final outcome is extremely
ties in fluid dynamics. sensitive to minor perturbations.
At the Manchester Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics, We use numerical bifurcation techniques to determine
we use a combined experimental and theoretical ap- the structures that organise the dynamics of the sys-
proach to study such flows through Hele-Shaw chan- tem, including key roles played by unstable periodic
nels with small axially-uniform variations in channel orbits and weakly unstable steadily propagating solu-
depth. From a theoretical point of view, the system tions. We find a strong correspondence between sin-
is attractive because it can be accurately described by gle and multiple bubble solutions which allows us to
depth-averaged equations. Moreover, the state of the predict and construct non-trivial stable multi-bubble
system is characterised by the bubbles’ shapes and rel- states. Although our interest in these systems is mo-
ative locations within the channel, which are easy to tivated by the desire to understand complex nonlinear
access experimentally. An unusual feature of the sys- dynamics, there are applications to microfluidics. In
tem is its frequent topology changes as bubbles break this talk, I will present a survey of what we know about
up into smaller bubbles that can later recombine or the system so far, it’s connection to other interfacial
not. Topology changes alter the entire solution struc- flows and present some of the open challenges.

Bifurcation analysis of ocean flows

Henk Dijkstra — Utrecht University
The global ocean circulation is a complex three- In this talk, I will give an overview of these instability
dimensional flow, but it can roughly be described by a phenomena and the numerical techniques to determine
mostly wind-driven surface flow and a density affected the associated bifurcations, with a focus on the west-
overturning flow. Each of these components is suscep- ern boundary currents (e.g. the Gulf Stream) and the
tible to large-scale instabilities due to the existence of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
several feedbacks.

6
P1 Films, drops and liquid bridges
Dynamics of a drop floating in vapor of the same fluid
Eugene Benilov — University of Limerick
Evaporation of a liquid drop surrounded by either va- drops evaporate, larger drops act as centers of con-
por of the same fluid, or vapor and air, is usually at- densation and grow. The developed model is used to
tributed to vapor diffusion – which, however, does not estimate the evaporation time of a drop floating in sat-
apply to the former setting, as pure fluids do not dif- urated vapor. It is shown that, if the vapor-to-liquid
fuse. The present paper puts forward an additional density ratio is small, so is the evaporative flux – as
mechanism, one that applies to both settings. It is a result, millimeter-sized water drops at temperatures
shown that disparities between the drop and vapor in lower than 70◦ C survive for days. If, however, the
terms of their pressure and chemical potential give rise temperature is comparable (but not necessarily close)
to a flow. Its direction depends on the vapor density to its critical value, such drops evaporate within min-
and the drop’s size. In undersaturated and saturated utes. Micron-sized drops, in turn, evaporate within
vapor, all drops evaporate – but in oversaturated (yet seconds for all temperatures between the triple and
subspinodal) one, there exists a critical radius: smaller critical points.

Condensation of vapour in a corner formed by two walls

Eugene Benilov — University of Limerick
The dynamics of saturated vapour between two inter- contact angle corresponding to the fluid/solid combi-
secting walls is examined. It is shown that, if the angle nation under consideration. This criterion has a simple
ϕ between the walls is sufficiently small, the vapour physical explanation: if it holds, the meniscus surface
becomes unstable, and spontaneous condensation oc- is concave—hence, the so-called Kelvin effect causes
curs in the corner, similar to the so-called capillary condensation. If the near-vertex region of the corner
condensation of vapour into a porous medium. As a is smoothed, the instability can be triggered off only
result, an ever-growing liquid meniscus develops near by finite-size perturbations, including enough liquid to
the corner. The diffuse-interface model and the lubri- cover the smoothed aria by a microscopically-thin liq-
cation approximation are used to demonstrate that the uid film.
meniscus grows if and only if ϕ+2θ < π, where θ is the

Hopf instability of a Rayleigh-Taylor unstable thin film heated from the gas side
Michael Bestehorn — BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg
(Co-authors: Alex Oron)
A thin liquid film located on the underside of a horizon- We have found that in a certain range of fluid param-
tal solid substrate can be stabilized by the Marangoni eters and layer depths the first instability is oscilla-
effect if the liquid is heated from the free surface. Ap- tory and sets in with a finite but small wave number.
plying long wave approximation and projecting the ve- The oscillatory branch is computed by a linear stability
locity and temperature fields onto low-order polyno- analysis of the long wave model but also by solving the
mials, we derive a dimension-reduced set of three cou- linearized hydrodynamic original equations. Finally,
pled model equations where nonlinearities in both the numerical solutions in three spatial dimensions of the
Navier-Stokes and the heat equation are considered. reduced nonlinear model equations are presented.

Spatiotemporal evolution of evaporating liquid films sheared by a gas

Luca Biancofiore — Bilkent University
(Co-authors: Omair A.A. Mohamed, Michael C. Dallaston)
Evaporating liquid films have many important techno- sidered where the shearing gas’s role was modeled by
logical applications across a wide range of industries prescribing a constant shear stress along the liquid in-
e.g., in distillation, combustion, and chemical synthe- terface. Following Joo et al. (JFM, 1991), long-wave
sis, among many others. The evolution of the liquid theory was applied to derive a “Benney-like” equation
film’s interface is tied directly to the performance and governing the evolution of the liquid interface under the
efficiency of these systems, which, if enhanced, can re- effects of inertia, hydrostatic pressure, surface tension,
sult in large economic and environmental gains. The thermocapillarity, evaporation, and gas shear. Linear
spatiotemporal evolution of an evaporating liquid film stability theory was used to investigate the temporal
subjected to a shearing gas was investigated, where and spatiotemporal properties of the flow, where it was
both thermal and inertial instability modes were con- found that the evaporation of the film can cause con-

7
vective/absolute transitions in the nature of the per- spatiotemporal analysis where we found the wave-front
turbations. It was also found that a strong enough dynamics to be dictated nonlinearly (linearly) for weak
counter-flowing shearing gas can suppress the inertial (strong) thermal instabilities. Finally, we investigated
instability mode, confirming similar results found by the role of the dimensionless shear stress, among other
previous studies for a strongly confined film (Lavalle parameters, on the film’s rupture mechanism through
et al., JFM, 2019). In the nonlinear regime, the liquid an analytical self-similarity analysis, which was subse-
interface’s governing equation was solved numerically quently validated by comparison to rescaled numerical
to simulate the film’s evolution subject to finite per- evolution interface data.
turbations. This was followed by a nonlinear numerical

Phase field modelling in liquid binary mixtures: isothermal and non-isothermal problems
Rodica Borcia — BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg
(Co-authors: Ion Dan Borcia, Michael Bestehorn, Deewakar Sharma, Sakir Amiroudine)
Based on the conservative phase field model developed transformations through T c in a way to permit a two-
by Lowengrub and Truskinovsky [Proc. R. Soc. Lond phase system in the subcritical (immiscible) regime and
A 454, 2617 (1998)] for almost incompressible liquid a mono phase in the supercritical (miscible) regime.
binary mixtures, we propose an extended scheme for Numerical simulations in two spatial dimensions have
studying immiscible/miscible liquids. Below a critical been performed for isothermal problems (with r as con-
temperature Tc , the liquids are immiscible with sepa- trol parameter) as well as for non-isothermal problems
rating interfaces. Above Tc , the interfacial effects van- with the energy equation describing the temperature
ish and the liquids become perfectly miscible. The distribution. These simulations reveal the behavior
free energy density of the system depends not only of liquid mixtures and droplet coalescence placed in
on the phase field variable (which describes the sys- temperature gradients with temperatures continuously
tem composition) but also on the reduced temperature varying from T < Tc to T > Tc , problems that could
r = (Tc − T )/Tc which measures the distance to the be of large interest in phase transitions in micro- and
critical point described by Tc . The free energy suffers nanofluidics.

Partial coalescence of aqueous droplets on liquid-liquid interfaces

Teng Dong — University College London
(Co-authors: Qianyi Chen, Panagiota Angeli)
Often, when a droplet approaches and contacts a as well as the morphology of the coalescing droplet, a
liquid-liquid interface it does not completely merge hypothesis was suggested to explain the partial coales-
with its homophase, but leaves secondary droplets be- cence phenomenon. The pressure fields, the strain rate
hind, resulting in partial coalescence. The phenomenon field, and the shear field were extracted from the orig-
can repeat itself several times producing different sizes inal PIV velocity data to further discover the mech-
of daughter droplets and extending the whole coalesce anism of partial coalescence. It was found that the
time, which brings challenges in processes such as the horizontal stress due to the Laplace pressure that acts
separation of oil/water dispersions in liquid/liquid co- on the droplet liquid favours the generation of a liquid
alescers. There has been a lot of studies on this topic cylinder, while the subsequent pinch-off is promoted by
but the mechanism of coalescence is still not well un- the pressure distribution in the droplets. Simulations
derstood. In this work, a 2 dimensional high-speed were conducted on the same liquid system as the exper-
PIV study was carried out on the coalescence of mm iments using the VOF model. The initial shapes of the
size aqueous droplets at the interface of liquid/liquid deformed droplet and the phase interface from the ex-
systems. To match the refractive index, a 0.65 cst Sil- periments were used to initialize the simulation. The
icone oil was chosen as organic liquids while the aque- advantages and shortcomings of applying 2D PIV in
ous phase was a glycerol/water mixture at a volume the study of 3-dimensional coalescence were discussed.
concentration of 33%. By analysing the velocity fields

Perfectly wetting pendent steady rivulets on an inclined plane

Michael Grinfeld — University of Strathclyde
We consider the existence of perfectly wetting pendent niques such as the Liapunov-Schmidt reduction and
steady rivulets of Newtonian fluid flowing down an in- time maps, and compare our results to those obtained
clined plane. We work in the lubrication approxima- by using linearized equations. We will also briefly con-
tion framework without neglecting curvature effects. sider the non-perfectly wetting case.
We use classical differential equations analysis tech-

8
Effect of a deep periodic corrugated wall on Rayleigh-Taylor instability of an interface
Ranga Narayanan — University of Florida
(Co-authors: Thomas Corbin, B. Dinesh)
Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability of a thin liquid film not necessarily when a bilayer sandwiched by a top
overlying a passive fluid is analysed when the film is wavy wall and bottom flat wall is considered. In the
attached to a periodic wavy deep corrugated wall. A latter case interface tracking shows that primary and
powerful reduced-order long-wave model constructed secondary troughs will evolve and subsequently slide
using a weighted residual integral boundary layer along the flat wall due to symmetry breaking. It is
(WRIBL) technique shows that the wavy wall enhances further shown that this sliding motion of the interface
the instability toward rupture when the interface pat- can ultimately be arrested by the top wavy wall, de-
tern is sub-harmonic to the wall pattern. An analytical pending on the holdup of the fluids. In other words,
expression that approximates the growth constant of there exists a critical value of the interface position
instability is obtained for any value of wall amplitude beyond which the onset of the sliding motion is ob-
for the special case when the wall consists of two full served and below which the sliding is always arrested.
waves and the interface consists of a full wave. Non- The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from NSF
linear computations of the interface evolution shows 2025117 and NASA via grant numbers NNX17AL27G
that sliding is arrested by the wavy wall if a single liq- and 80NSSC20M0093 (FSGC). TC acknowledges fund-
uid film residing over a passive fluid is considered but ing from the REU program, NSF EEC-1852111.

Dynamics and instabilities of non-isothermal floating droplet

Alexander Nepomnyashchy — Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
(Co-authors: Ilya Simanovskii)
Droplets on a liquid substrate (“liquid lenses”) play the droplet and in the liquid substrate, is generated.
an important role in various branches of engineer- That flow changes the shape of the interfaces, espe-
ing, including microfluidics, chemical engineering, en- cially that of the interface between the droplet and the
vironment protection, etc. In applications, it can be substrate. With the enhancement of heating, instabili-
necessary to change the shape of floating droplets or ties are developed. By heating from below, the droplet
move them in a controllable way. The simplest way acts as a seed for the development of the monotonic
to influence a liquid droplet is heating which creates deformational Marangoni instability of the substrate
Marangoni convection in the droplet and in the liquid layer leading to its rupture. Cooling from below can
substrate. In the present talk, we consider a droplet lead to an oscillatory instability of the droplet. That
of a liquid that floats on the layer of another liquid instability manifests itself as a time-periodic or irreg-
when being in contact with the gas phase. Assuming ular change of the droplet shape. The spatially non-
that the liquid droplet is slender because of a small homogeneous cooling creates a disbalance of thermo-
(negative) spreading coefficient or because of the ac- capillary stresses that leads to the redistribution of the
tion of gravity, we apply the long-wave approximation liquids in the droplet and in the substrate: they be-
that allows to reduce the problem to a closed system of come thicker in the colder region and thinner in the
equations that govern the evolution of the shapes of in- hotter region. The temporal modulation of heating
terfaces. In the region of the droplet, the top layer has a also changes the droplet’s shape. The internal oscilla-
macroscopic thickness, and it is described by standard tions are either synchronized to the oscillations caused
thin-film equations. In the precursor, the equations are by the Marangoni number modulation or coexist with
amended by corresponding disjoining pressures. If the them creating quasiperiodic oscillations. The research
temperature of the substrate is different from that of was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant
the gas and the droplet is axisymmetric, a stationary No. 843/18).
radially symmetric thermocapillary flow, both inside

A cross-validation study of computational methods for droplet impact

Lennon Ó Náraigh — University College Dublin
(Co-authors: Juan Mairal)
We simulate the impact of millimetre-scale droplets spread of a droplet impacting on a surface, as a func-
impinging on a surface. The purpose of the simula- tion of surface wettability. Overall we find that, in the
tions is twofold. We aim to confirm if OpenFOAM, parameter regime studied (Oh  1 and Weber num-
an open-source toolbox for the solution of continuum ber We = O(1)), traditional correlations underestimate
mechanics problems, can be used to simulate droplet the importance of viscous dissipation, and new correla-
impact in the low-Ohnesorge-number (Oh) limit, this tions need to be found. We provide such correlations,
is done by cross-validation with respect to the Diffuse and validate them for the case of idealized cylindrical
Interface Method. Secondly, we aim to validate ex- droplets and more realistic axisymmetric droplets.
isting correlations in the literature for the maximum
9
Buoyancy instabilities in a liquid layer subjected to an oblique temperature gradient
Alexander Oron — Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
(Co-authors: Ramkarn Patne)
We investigate the temporal and spatiotemporal buoy- tiotemporal stability analysis reveals the existence of
ancy instabilities in a horizontal liquid layer supported a convectively unstable long-wave regime due to the
by a poorly conducting substrate and subjected to an HTG. Weakly nonlinear stability analysis reveals the
oblique temperature gradient (OTG) with horizontal supercritical type of bifurcation changing from pitch-
and vertical components, denoted as HTG and VTG, fork in the presence of a pure VTG to Hopf in the
respectively. General linear stability analysis (GLSA) presence of the OTG. Numerical investigation of the
reveals a strong stabilizing effect of the HTG on the spatiotemporal dynamics of the temperature distur-
instabilities introduced by the VTG for Prandtl num- bances in the layer in the weakly nonlinear regime re-
bers P r > 1 via inducing an extra vertical temperature veals the emergence of travelling wave regimes prop-
gradient opposing the VTG through energy convection. agating against the direction of the HTG and whose
For P r < 1, a new mode of instability arises as a re- phase speed depends on P r. In the case of a small but
sult of a velocity jump in the liquid layer caused by non-zero Biot number, the wavelength of these trav-
cellular circulation. A long-wave weakly nonlinear evo- elling waves is larger than that of the fastest-growing
lution equation governing the spatiotemporal dynam- mode obtained from GLSA.
ics of the temperature perturbations is derived. Spa-

A mathematical model and mesh-free numerical method for contact-line motion in lubrication
theory
Khang Ee Pang — University College Dublin
(Co-authors: Lennon Ó Náraigh)
We introduce a mathematical model with a mesh- ing–including Tanner’s Law for the evolution of the
free numerical method to describe contact-line motion contact line. The model can be configured to describe
in lubrication theory. We show how the model re- complete wetting or partial wetting, and we explore
solves the singularity at the contact line, and gener- both cases numerically. In the case of partial wet-
ates smooth profiles for an evolving, spreading droplet. ting, the model also admits analytical solutions for the
The model describes well the physics of droplet spread- droplet profile, which we present here.

Merging of bubbles in Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids

Patricia Pfeiffer — Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg
(Co-authors: Claus-Dieter Ohl)
Soap bubbles fascinate children and adults alike due alescing soap bubbles in air, entrapping a tiny volume
to their beauty and fragility. Furthermore, they play of air, or when bubbles coalesce in a liquid solution,
an important role in many industrial applications such entrapping a tiny volume of the liquid. Due to illu-
as waste water treatment and separation of different mination with monochromatic light in a top/bottom
liquids. Although soap bubbles are studied for cen- view, interference rings become visible and the thick-
turies, their coalescence is not very well understood by ness of the entrapped volume can be determined. Here,
now. The coalescence of centimeter-sized bubbles in a we try to visualize the dimple from the side in a Hele-
soap solution is studied with varying soap concentra- Shaw cell using diffuse illumination of the bubbles to
tions. The soap solutions are either Newtonian or non- allow light passing through the whole bubble interface
Newtonian (shear thinning) by adding a polymer to the in combination with high-speed imaging of the bubble
solution. One bubble is induced from the top and the coalescence. The collision time of the bubbles is ana-
other from the bottom in a Hele-Shaw cell via a thin lyzed with varying surfactant concentration and their
capillary. Typically, bubbles form a dimple when they collision velocity. The latter is determined via the op-
approach each other. This occurs either in case of co- tical flow method.

Rivulet flow over and through a permeable membrane

Stephen Wilson — University of Strathclyde
(Co-authors: Abdulwahed S. Alshaikhi, Brian R. Duffy)
Motivated by small-scale natural and industrial pro- nite width over and through an even thinner perme-
cesses involving flow over and/or through a layer of a able membrane is formulated and analysed. The three
porous medium, a mathematical model for the steady dimensional shape of the free surface of a rivulet with
gravity-driven flow of a thin rivulet of fluid with fi- either fixed semi-width or fixed contact angle is de-

10
termined, and it is shown how the length, base area values of the semi-width; moreover, a sessile rivulet
and volume of the rivulet on the permeable part of the with fixed semi-width has a finite maximum possible
membrane depend on the physical properties of the length which is attained in the limit of a wide rivulet.
system. In particular, whereas there is a physically re- Alshaikhi, A.S., Wilson, S.K., Duffy, B.R. Phys. Rev.
alisable pendant rivulet solution only if the semi-width Fluids 6 (10) 104003 (2021) doi: 10.1103/PhysRevFlu-
does not exceed a critical value, there are physically ids.6.104003
realisable sessile and vertical rivulet solutions for all

11
P2 Magneto- and electrohydrodynamics
Edge states in ducts subject to transversal magnetic fields
Mattias Brynjell-Rahkola — Technische Universität Ilmenau
(Co-authors: Yohann Duguet, Thomas Boeck)
The study of laminar-turbulent transition from a dy- placed on different possible transition routes, as well as
namical systems perspective has significantly advanced the interaction between the different boundary layers,
our understanding of subcritical transition in common whose relative importance for the flow dynamics may
hydrodynamic (HD) shear flows such as pipes and be changed by varying the aspect ratio of the duct, or
channels. In spite of this success, little attention has modifying the Hartmann number (keeping the variable
been paid to these developments in the magnetohydro- R constant). Since edge states correspond to unsta-
dynamic (MHD) community, where subcritical tran- ble states that are attracting along the edge manifold,
sition can be expected in both applications involving initial conditions that reside close to the edge are ex-
liquid metals and astrophysical contexts. In a duct sub- pected to resemble edge states during transient times.
ject to a transverse magnetic field, electromagnetic in- To address these, the quasi-static MHD approximation
duction leads to the formation of Hartmann and Sher- (assuming low magnetic Reynolds number) is invoked,
cliff layers on the walls orthogonal and parallel to the wherein a one-way coupling exists between the velocity
field direction, respectively. Traditionally, transition and the magnetic flux density. The governing electro-
to turbulence in such flows has been characterized by magnetic equations (i.e. Ohm’s law with charge con-
a critical Reynolds number R based on the Hartmann servation) have been incorporated into the spectral el-
layer thickness, which is the ratio between the Reynolds ement solver Nek5000, and for edge state calculations,
and the Hartmann number based on the bulk velocity the bisection algorithm is employed. In our contribu-
and the duct half width. On the contrary, modern tion, numerical aspects of the quasi-static MHD im-
direct numerical simulations (DNS) suggest that tran- plementation will be outlined together with the results
sition first takes place in the Shercliff, instead of in of the edge tracking. Specifically, edge states in pe-
the Hartmann layers. Motivated by this slight contra- riodic square ducts will be discussed along with their
diction in literature, we will revisit the classical MHD dependence on the magnetic field strength, and domain
duct flow using high-order DNS and concepts originally length.
developed within the HD community. Emphasis is

Relaminarization of magneto-convective flow around a pair of submerged differentially heated

cylinders
Cyril Courtessole — Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(Co-authors: Hans-Jörg Brinkmann, Leo Bühler)
Magnetoconvection is of great interest for engineering with a large number of thermocouples on walls and in-
applications, in particular in the field of nuclear fu- side the fluid [2]. A parametric study was performed
sion technology. It has applications in liquid metal over a range of Grashof numbers 1E6 < Gr < 5E7 and
breeding blankets such as the water-cooled lead-lithium Hartmann numbers 0 < Ha < 3000. The former one is
(WCLL) blanket, which was recently selected as a Eu- a nondimensional measure for the driving temperature
ropean candidate for a future DEMO reactor [1]. In difference and the latter for the strength of the applied
this concept, heat conversion is ensured by the eutectic magnetic field. Results demonstrate braking of convec-
lead-lithium alloy that serves both as breeder material tive motion by the electromagnetic force. Depending
and heat transfer fluid. Power extraction is achieved by on the strengths of buoyant and electromagnetic forces,
water-cooled pipes immersed into the liquid metal, re- several flow regimes were observed from recorded tem-
sulting in large temperature gradients driving thermal perature data. The present work focuses on the relam-
convection. The latter is opposed by the strong mag- inarization of buoyant flow by the magnetic field. The
netic field that confines the fusion plasma. Blanket analysis of the time-dependent signals indicates that,
engineering requires a good understanding of the com- in the absence of a magnetic field, convection between
bined effects of buoyant and electromagnetic forces on the pipes is turbulent. By increasing the magnetic field,
the flow when internal obstacles (pipes) are present. it is possible to determine the critical Hartmann num-
Within this scope, a generic geometry has been se- ber beyond which the core flow becomes laminar. [1]
lected for studying magneto-convective heat transfer Federici et al. ”An overview of the EU breeding blan-
between two differentially heated isothermal horizon- ket design strategy as an integral part of the DEMO
tal cylinders submerged in the model fluid GaInSn. design effort,” Fus. Eng. Des., vol. 141, pp. 30-42,
The experimental volume is confined to a thermally 2019. [2] Koehly et al. ”Design of a test section to an-
and electrically insulated rectangular box and placed alyze magneto-convection effects in WCLL blankets,”
in the gap of a large dipole magnet in the MEKKA Fus. Sci. Tech., vol. 75, pp. 1010-1015, 2019.
laboratory at KIT. The test section is instrumented

12
Electrogravitational stability of an oscillating streaming fluid cylinder
Alfaisal Hasan — Arab Academy for Science
The electrogravitational instability of an oscillating limiting cases from the present general one. The model
streaming fluid cylinder surrounded by a selfgravitat- is stable due to the stabilizing effect of the transverse
ing tenuous medium pervaded by transverse varying electric field in all modes of perturbation. The capil-
electric field is discussed under the action of selfgravi- lary force has a strong destabilizing influence on the
tating, capillary and electro dynamic forces. This has selfgravitating instability of the model. The streaming
been done for all modes of perturbation. A second has a strong destabilizing effect in all kinds of pertur-
order integro-differentialequation of Mathieu type has bation.
been derived. Several published works are obtained as

Thermocapillary and electrohydrodynamic instability of trilayer flow in a microchannel

Ilke Kaykanat — Bogazici University
(Co-authors: Uguz Kerem)
Microdroplets can be used as microreactors to reduce ties in channels. The microfluidic plugs dispersed in an
the contamination and the use of large amounts of immiscible carrier fluid are used in protein crystalliza-
chemical. Microdroplets can also be used for better tion, synthesis of microparticles and double emulsions,
mixing of reactants. When an electric field is applied enzymatic assays, protein expression, and screening re-
to a system of two or more immiscible fluids, the in- action conditions. Thus, the flexibility of controlling
terface(s) may be deflected. This process is known as the droplet volume plays a crucial role, which can be
electrohydrodynamic (EHD) instability. When the sys- achieved by combining the TC and EHD effects. In
tem consists of leaky dielectric fluids and the electric addition, applying electric field and thermal field si-
field is applied normal to the flat interface between multaneously, would reduce the strengths of the fields.
these fluids, the electric field has either a stabilizing or In this work, the physical system includes three im-
a destabilizing effect depending on the electrical prop- miscible, leaky dielectrics, incompressible Newtonian
erties of the fluids. The droplet volume is a function fluids subjected to a pressure-driven base flow in a mi-
of the applied voltage, the flow rates and the physi- crochannel. These interfaces can be destabilized in the
cal properties of the fluids, and the interfacial tension, presence of an externally applied electric field. The
which depends on temperature. The interfacial tension walls are kept at constant temperatures. A linear sta-
gradients due to temperature fluctuations may cause bility analysis is performed. A surface coupled model
thermocapillary (TC) instability. Having three immis- is used. The important parameters that are analysed
cible fluids instead of two, provides many advantages. are the electric and the Marangoni numbers, the flow
A major application for the third fluid could be to sep- rates, the thicknesses, the viscosities and the electrical
arate plugs of different reagents with different viscosi- properties of the fluids.

Nonlinear simulations of magnetorotational instability: scaling properties and their importance

in upcoming DRESDYN-MRI experiment
Ashish Mishra — Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf
(Co-authors: George Mamatsashvili, Frank Stefani)
Magnetorotational instability (MRI) is considered as ber, Re ∈ [103 , 105 ]. For fixed Rm, we investigated
the most likely mechanism driving angular momen- the nonlinear dynamics of SMRI to very small mag-
tum transport in astrophysical disks. However, de- netic Prandtl numbers down to P m ∼ O(10−5 ) typical
spite many efforts, the direct and conclusive exper- of liquid metals. For all sets of (Lu, Rm), the time
imental evidence of MRI in lab is still elusive. Re- evolution of magnetic energy shows that the exponen-
cently, performing 1D linear analysis of the standard tial growth rate in the simulations coincides reasonably
version of MRI (SMRI) between two rotating coaxial well with the growth rate obtained in our 1D linear
cylinders with imposed axial magnetic field, we showed stability analysis. Since the magnetic energy of SMRI
that SMRI can be detected in the context of upcoming depends on Rm, the exponential growth rate and sat-
new DRESDYN-MRI experiments based on cylindrical uration energy is smaller for smaller Rm. However,
MHD Taylor-Couette flow with liquid sodium (Mishra the torque exerted on the cylinders, characterizing an-
et al. 2022, Phys. Rev. Fluids, submitted). Here, we gular momentum transport, increases substantially for
study the nonlinear evolution and saturation properties larger Rm both in exponential growth and saturated
of SMRI and analyse its scaling behaviour with respect state. Normalised turbulent torque in the saturated
to various system parameters using the pseudo-spectral state, for fixed Rm, increases with increasing Re. We
code. We did a detailed analysis for the extensive also studied the scaling of magnetic energy and tur-
ranges of magnetic Reynolds number Rm ∈ (8.5, 33), bulent torque in the saturate state as a function Re
Lundquist number Lu ∈ [1.5, 15.5] and Reynolds num- and conduct a power law fit of the form aReb . For

13
all sets of (Lu, Rm), magnetic energy in the saturated Reynolds number. The scaling laws derived here will
state and normalised turbulent torque appear to form be instrumental in subsequent analysis and comparison
a family of parallel lines for Re > 1000 with averaged of numerical results with that obtained from upcoming
b ≈ −0.5 and b ≈ 0.5, respectively. We also explored DRESDYN-MRI experiments for conclusively and un-
the dependence on Lundquist number and magnetic ambiguously identifying SMRI in laboratory.

14
P3 Active fluids: biophysical fluids, reacting flows, crystal growth
Strong correlations and the origin of collective motion in dilute microswimmer suspensions
Alexander Morozov — University of Edinburgh
(Co-authors: Viktor Skultety, Cesare Nardini, Joachim Stenhammar, Davide Marenduzzo)
Recent years witnessed a significant interest in phys- istence of strong correlations even below the transition
ical, biological and engineering properties of self- to collective motion. We calculate the velocity-velocity
propelled particles, such as bacteria or synthetic mi- correlation functions and the effective diffusivity of pas-
croswimmers. The main distinction of this ’active mat- sive tracers, and reveal their non-trivial density depen-
ter’ from its passive counterpart is the ability to extract dence. The theory is in quantitative agreement with
energy from the environment and convert it into di- our recent Lattice-Boltzmann simulations [2] and cap-
rected motion. One of the most striking consequences tures the asymmetry between pusher and puller swim-
of this distinction is the appearance of collective motion mers below the transition to collective motion. We
in self-propelled particles suspended in a fluid observed finish by discussing the influence of strong correlations
in recent experiments and simulations: at low densi- on the origin of the transition to collective motion.
ties particles move around in an uncorrelated fashion,
[1] V Skultety et al., Phys. Rev. X 10, 031059 (2020)
while at higher densities they organise into jets and vor-
tices comprising many individual swimmers. Here, we [2] J. Stenhammar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 028005
present a novel kinetic theory [1] that predicts the ex- (2017)

Homoclinic snaking and emergence of oscillations in Cahn-Hilliard and phase-field-crystal sys-

tems with nonreciprocal coupling
Uwe Thiele — Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Münster
(Co-authors: Tobias Frohoff-Hülsmann, Max Holl)
We consider nonreciprocal coupling between the discuss the emergence of drifting and oscillatory states.
species of a mixture (as a particular type of active In the second part we show that also for PFC models
media) as modelled by continuum models namely (i) nonreciprocal coupling may strongly change the bifur-
a generic two-field Cahn-Hilliard (CH) model and (ii) cation behaviour of periodic (crystalline) and localized
a two-field phase-field-crystal (PFC) model. First, we states and can result in the occurrence time-periodic
briefly consider the stability and bifurcation behaviour states.
of the CH model in the passive limiting case (only re-
[1] T. Frohoff-Hülsmann, J. Wrembel, and U. Thiele,
ciprocal coupling). Then we show that in the active
Suppression of Coarsening and Emergence of Oscilla-
case its linear stability can be mapped onto the one of
tory Behavior in a Cahn-Hilliard Model with Nonvari-
the classical Turing system, i.e., we show that activ-
ational Coupling, Phys. Rev. E 103, 042602 (2021).
ity not only allows for the usual large-scale stationary
(CH) instability of the well-known passive case but also [2] T. Frohoff-Hülsmann and U. Thiele, Localised
for small-scale stationary (Turing) and large-scale os- States in Coupled Cahn-Hilliard Equations, IMA J.
cillatory (Hopf) instabilities. In consequence of the Appl. Math. 86, 924 (2021).
Turing instability, activity may completely suppress
[3] M. P. Holl, A. J. Archer, S. V. Gurevich, E.
the usual CH coarsening dynamics and result in the
Knobloch, L. Ophaus, and U. Thiele, Localized States
emergence of localized patterns. This is supported by
in Passive and Active Phase-Field-Crystal Models,
a number of bifurcation diagrams that also allow us to
IMA J. Appl. Math. 86, 896 (2021).

15
P4 Computational, numerical and analytical methods
FVM: a parallel Python package for bifurcation problems in incompressible flows
Sven Baars — University of Groningen
(Co-authors: Alexander Heinlein, Jonas Thies, Fred Wubs, Henk Dijkstra)
We will present the Python package FVM side FVM we also built the Python package JaDaPy
(https://github.com/BIMAU/fvm), which contains a (https://github.com/BIMAU/jadapy), which enables
continuation code and a set of standard bifurcation us to perform stability analysis during the continua-
problems in fluid dynamics in 2 and 3D, among oth- tion process by computing eigenvalues with the Jacobi-
ers lid-driven cavity, Rayleigh-Benard, Taylor-Couette, Davidson method. HYMLS and FROSch can again be
and differentially heated cavity. These problems are used for solving the occurring linear systems. Dur-
discretized using the finite volume method. FVM can ing the presentation, we will discuss the packages and
be used as a standalone package, in which case solvers show the results on a number of the above-mentioned
available in scipy will be used, or as an interface with problems, including novel results for the differentially
MPI parallel solvers available through Trilinos, such heated cavity.
as HYMLS (https://github.com/nlesc-smcm/hymls)
[1] Heinlein, Hochmuth, and Klawonn. Reduced di-
and FROSch (https://shylu-frosch.github.io/). These
mension GDSW coarse spaces for Monolithic Schwarz
methods allow us to solve 3D problems on fine grids.
domain decomposition methods for incompressible
Both solvers, written in C++, have several design
fluid flow problems, International Journal for Nu-
concepts in common: they are based on a domain
merical Methods in Engineering, 121(6), 2020,
decomposition approach and make use of parallel
https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.6258.
linear algebra packages from Trilinos. Moreover,
FROSch allows for acceleration by performing local [2] Baars, van der Klok, Thies and Wubs.
solves on GPUs. Whereas FROSch implements mul- A staggered-grid multilevel incomplete LU for
tilevel Schwarz solvers for general linear systems aris- steady incompressible flows, International Jour-
ing from PDEs, HYMLS is a special purpose multi- nal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 93(4), 2021,
level solver for finite volume methods on structured https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.4913.
grids for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes
[3] Wubs and Dijkstra, Bifurcation Analysis for Fluid
equation extended with transport equations. Along-
Flows, forthcoming.

Instability of two-phase stratified pipe flows

Ilya Barmak — Tel Aviv University
(Co-authors: Alexander Gelfgat, Neima Brauner)
In this work, we study the instability of two-phase closed-form analytical solution (Goldstein et al., 2015).
stratified flow in a circular pipe geometry. For this The base flow and the fluid-fluid interface are subject
purpose, we formulate and solve numerically in bipo- to perturbations of all wavenumbers propagating in
lar coordinates the linearized 3D governing equations the axial direction. The linearized governing equations
in each phase, combined with the linearized bound- and boundary conditions for the 3D perturbed flow
ary conditions at the pipe walls and the fluid-fluid in- are formulated as an eigenvalue problem, discretized
terface. To the best of our knowledge, this problem on a staggered grid using a finite-volume method that
has never been solved before. Previous studies were we developed for the bipolar coordinate system. The
formulated either in the framework of the simplified eigenvalue problem is solved by the Arnoldi iteration
mechanistic Two-Fluid models or in the simpler two- in the shift-and-invert mode. The numerical solution
plate geometry. However, due to those simplifications, for the base flow was validated by comparison with the
the implications of circular pipe geometry on stability analytical solution. The stability characteristics calcu-
characteristics are still unknown. Only recently, a rig- lated in bipolar coordinates are validated by compari-
orous stability analysis of two-phase stratified flow in son with those we obtain independently using the well-
a rectangular duct was reported (Gelfgat et al., 2021). established Immersed Boundary Method in Cartesian
Bipolar coordinates are used since they are convenient coordinates. The resulting stability boundaries, the
for analysing two-phase stratified pipe flows. In these critical perturbations that trigger flow instability and
coordinates the pipe walls and a fluid-fluid interface of their patterns in the pipe cross section will be reported
constant curvature coincide with the coordinate lines. and discussed for gas-liquid and liquid-liquid stratified
The base flow of the stability analysis is laminar, steady pipe flows of particular practical importance.
and fully developed, for which there exists an exact

16
Optimal control of bifurcation structures
Nicolas Boullé — University of Oxford
(Co-authors: Patrick Farrell, Alberto Paganini, Marie Rognes)
Many problems in engineering can be understood as rithm consists of solving an optimization problem con-
controlling the bifurcation structure of a given device. strained by an augmented system of equations that
For example, one may wish to delay the onset of insta- characterize the location of the branch points. The
bility, or bring forward a bifurcation to enable rapid flexibility and robustness of the method also allows us
switching between states. In this talk, we will describe to advance or delay a Hopf bifurcation to a target value
a numerical technique for controlling the bifurcation of the bifurcation parameter, as well as controlling the
diagram of a nonlinear partial differential equation by oscillation frequency. We will apply this technique on
varying the shape of the domain or a parameter in systems arising from biology, fluid dynamics, and engi-
the equation. Our aim is to delay or advance a given neering, such as the FitzHugh–Nagumo model, Navier–
branch point to a target parameter value. The algo- Stokes, and hyperelasticity equations.

Computing disconnected bifurcation diagrams with deflation

Patrick Farrell — University of Oxford
(Co-authors: Nicolas Boullé)
The combination of pseudo-arclength continuation fying the residual of a problem to prevent the conver-
with branch switching is very powerful for exploring the gence of Newton’s method to known roots (under mild
bifurcation diagrams of partial differential equations. assumptions). By preventing convergence to known
However, this combination does not detect branches roots, deflation enables the discovery of unknown ones,
that are disconnected from the initial data, and can even from the same initial guess for Newton’s method.
thereby miss important solutions. In this work we pro- By combining deflation with continuation methods dis-
pose a complementary numerical technique, referred to connected branches of bifurcation diagrams may be
as deflation, for detecting disconnected branches and discovered robustly. We verify the utility of deflation
computing more complete bifurcation diagrams. In by using it to discover disconnected branches for PDE
particular, deflation allows for the discovery of discon- systems arising in Rayleigh-Bénard convection, Allen-
nected branches without modifying secondary param- Cahn phase separation, and liquid crystals.
eters to restore symmetries. Deflation works by modi-

Fully-implicit direct forcing immersed boundary method: SIMPLE-Schur complement approach

Yuri Feldman — Ben Gurion University
A novel formulation of immersed boundary method uti- complement approach which allows one to decompose
lizing a fully implicit direct forcing approach incorpo- the regularization, interpolation and Helmholtz oper-
rated within the SIMPLE method is presented for the ators, constituting the KKT system and take advan-
simulation of incompressible flows. Both the incom- tage of any existing solvers developed for the solution
pressibility and the no-slip kinematic constraints are incompressible flows governed by the Helmholtz opera-
treated implicitly as distributed Lagrange multipliers tor. The capabilities of the developed methodology are
and are fully coupled with each other by incorporat- demonstrated by applying it to the simulation of repre-
ing them into a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) system of sentative 2D and 3D flows driven by pressure gradient,
equations. The system is solved by utilizing the Schur shear and buoyancy forces.

Experimental measurements versus linear stability analysis for primary instability of stratified
two-phase flows in a square rectangular duct
Yakov Nezihovski — Tel Aviv University
(Co-authors: Alexander Gelfgat, Amos Ullmann, and Neima Brauner)
The onset of the primary instability of two-phase air- calculated linear stability boundary, are presented in
water stratified flow in a square duct was studied ex- a plane of the air and water superficial velocities, as
perimentally. Measurements were carried out by a spe- commonly used in flow pattern maps. Good quantita-
cially designed non-intrusive technique. Critical values tive agreement is obtained between the experimentally
of the air and water superficial velocities correspond- measured and numerically predicted critical superficial
ing to the primary instability were measured and suc- velocities. We observed that instability may set in due
cessfully compared with the computationally predicted to short or long waves. The long wave mode is charac-
stability diagram. The experimentally measured stable terized by streamwise wavenumber and oscillation fre-
and unstable flow regimes, separated by a numerically quency values tending to zero. Nevertheless, this mode

17
preserves a finite value of the phase velocity. On the frequencies of the critical perturbations indicates that
other hand, a short wave mode is characterized by finite the numerically predicted frequencies are in the range
values of the streamwise wavenumber and of the oscil- of the experimentally observed ones. At low superficial
lation frequency. A comparison of the measured and air velocities, long wave instability is predicted. Based
calculated oscillation frequencies is more difficult than on the experimentally obtained spectra of the inter-
that of the critical superficial velocities, and can be face oscillations, we offer some arguments favoring a
done only for the short-wave modes. The qualitative conjecture that the long-wave instability is indeed en-
agreement obtained between predicted and measured countered at low superficial air velocities.

Instabilities and dewetting of nematic liquid crystal films

Lou Kondic — New Jersey Institute of Technology
(Co-authors: Linda Cummings)
Partially wetting nematic liquid crystal (NLC) films the imposed substrate anchoring. Going further into
on substrates are unstable to dewetting-type instabil- the nonlinear regime, considered via large-scale GPU-
ities due to destablizing solid/NLC interaction forces. based simulations, shows however that nonlinear effects
These instabilities are modified by the nematic nature may play an important role, in particular in the case
of the films, which influences the effective solid/NLC of strong substrate anchoring anisotropy. Our simula-
interaction. In this work, we focus on the influence of tions show that instability of the film develops in two
imposed substrate anchoring on the instability devel- stages: the first stage involves formation of ridges that
opment. The analysis is carried out within a long-wave are perpendicular to the local anchoring direction; and
formulation based on the Leslie-Ericksen description of the second involves breakup of these ridges. Acknowl-
NLC films. Linear stability analysis of the resulting edgements: This work was funded by National Science
equations shows that some features of the instability, Foundation, Grant No. DMS-1815613.
such as emerging wavelengths may not be influenced by

A Schwarz domain decomposition method applied to the Rayleigh-Bénard convection problem

Darı́o Martı́nez Martı́nez — Universidad de Castilla la Mancha
(Co-authors: Henar Herrero Sanz, Francisco Pla Martos)
A Schwarz domain decomposition (DD) method ap- ing partitions in both the vertical and horizontal axis.
plied to the Rayleig-Bénard problem is presented in Then, the problem is re-arranged and solved in each
this work. The problem is modeled using the incom- subdomain independently using the Newton and Leg-
pressible Navier-Stokes equations alongside the heat endre collocation methods as before. Although each
equation in a rectangular domain (2D). The Boussinesq subdomain has the same problem of ill-conditioning,
approximation and infinite Prandtl are considered. As the mesh used for the whole domain is bigger than
this problem has non-linear terms, a Newton method without the DD method, and therefore, better condi-
is used first. In each iteration of the Newton method, tioned. The numerical convergence of this method is
a Legendre collocation discretization is applied. How- theoretically proved if there is an overlapping area be-
ever, the collocation methods are ill-conditioned. This tween adjacent subdomains. Thanks to the Schwarz
means that if the problem is too complex or big, the DD method it is possible to use a Legendre-Gauss-
method will have problems to find a real solution. The Lobatto mesh with high order and small computational
Schwarz DD method is then used with these two meth- cost. Moreover, the aspect ratio and the Rayleigh num-
ods to avoid this issue. The Schwarz DD method splits ber of the problem can be increased in order to reach
the domain in several rectangular subdomains, mak- turbulence.

18
P5 Flows driven by buoyancy, density gradients and/or Marangoni
effect
Combined effects of viscous dissipation and Soret effect on mixed convection of Poiseuille flows
of binary fluid mixtures
Katia Ali Amar — University of Lille
(Co-authors: Silvia Hirata, Mohamed Najib Ouarzazi)
Linear stability analysis of a binary fluid mixture on the separation ratio ψ, which measures the impact
heated from below or from above in the presence of of Soret effect on the stability of the system. It is found
Poiseuille flow is performed analytically and numeri- that there exists a particular value ψc at the codimen-
cally. Both vis- cous dissipation and Soret effects are sion two bifurcation point such that for ψ > ψc , the
taken into account. No external temperature difference system undergoes a pitchfork bifurcation at the onset
is imposed on the layer: the upper wall is isothermal leading to monocellular flow when ψ > ψmono . On
and the lower bound- ary is adiabatic. Thus, the sole the other hand, when ψ < ψc , a Hopf bifurcation may
cause of thermal instability is the flow rate, through set up leading to oscillatory convection. The critical
the volumetric heating induced by the viscous dissi- Reynolds number and the frequency determined at the
pation. A linear stability analysis suggests that the onset of convection are proposed as criteria to deter-
most unstable perturbations are in the form of longi- mine the separation ratio of binary mixtures used in
tudinal rolls. The nature of their bifurcation depends experiments.

Density inversion phenomenon in porous penetrative convection

Giuseppe Arnone — University of Naples Federico II
(Co-authors: Florinda Capone)
Penetrative convection occurs in many natural phe- spectral method, from which codes on MatLab software
nomena where an unstable stratified fluid moves into a have been developed in order to solve the generalized
stable one. This topic is of interest in many research eigenvalue problems arising from the linear and non-
field like, for example, in geophysics and astrophysics linear analysis.
[1, 2]. In the preset talk, the onset of penetrative con-
[1] George, J. H. and Gunn, R. D. and Straughan, B.:
vection in a horizontal porous layer saturated with wa-
Patterned ground formation and penetrative con- vec-
ter is investigated, on taking into account for VERO-
tion in porous media. Geophysical and Astrophysical
NIS’ quadratic density law [2]: ρ = ρ0 (1 − α(T − T0 )2 )
Fluid Dynamics 46, 135–158 (1989)
(1) motivated by the anomalous density-temperature
relation of water, sometimes called density-inversion [2] Veronis, G.: Penetrative Convection. Astrophysical
phenomenon [3]. For the problem at stake, the strong Journal 137,641–663 (1963)
form of the principle of exchange of stabilities has
[3] Mahidjiba, A. and Robilland, L. and Vasseur, P.:
been proved and hence the convection can occur only
Onset of penetrative convection of cold water in a
through a steady motion. The critical RAYLEIGH
porous layer under mixed boundary conditions. In-
numbers for the onset of stationary convection have
ternationl Journal of Mass and Heat Transfer 49,
been found via the linear instability analysis of the
2820–2828 (2006)
conduction solution. Moreover, the nonlinear stability
of the motionless state has been investigated with the [4] Hill, A. A. and Rionero, S. and Straughan,
energy method [4] and suitable LYAPUNOV functions B.: Global stability for penetrative convection with
have been introduced to this aim. Numerical simula- through- flow in a porous material. IMA Journal of
tions have been performed through CHEBYSHEV-tau Applied Mathematics 72, 635–643 (2007)”

Global bifurcation of Shilnikov type in a low-order coupled ocean-atmosphere Model

Jonathan Demaeyer — Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium
Low-order double-gyre ocean models are known to ex- on the predictability of the model’s coupled modes of
hibit global bifurcation scenarios like the Shilnikov phe- variability is considered. References Nadiga, B. T., &
nomenon (Nadiga and Luce, 2001). We show here Luce, B. P. (2001). Global bifurcation of Shilnikov
that this type of bifurcation is also present in a low- type in a double-gyre ocean model. Journal of phys-
order coupled ocean-atmosphere model (Vannitsem et ical oceanography, 31(9), 2669-2690. Vannitsem, S.,
al., 2015) which is known to possess coupled modes Demaeyer, J., De Cruz, L., & Ghil, M. (2015). Low-
of low-frequency variability. The model solutions near frequency variability and heat transport in a low-order
the bifurcation are computed and studied in more de- nonlinear coupled ocean–atmosphere model. Physica
tail to analyze how they structure the regimes of the D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 309, 71-85.
system. In addition, the impact of these bifurcations

19
The influence of a differential rotation on bifurcations of buoyancy driven spherical shell convec-
tion
Fred Feudel — University of Potsdam
(Co-authors: Ulrike Feudel)
We investigate numerically the bifurcation phenomena mode number m = 3. However in comparison to the
of buoyancy driven convection in a rotating spherical configuration without differential rotation, now in ad-
shell which is heated by imposing a constant tempera- dition, a new RW branch with no symmetry, m = 1,
ture difference between the inner and outer spheres, bifurcates in a saddle node bifurcation, separated from
and is subject to a radially directed gravity force. the other branches. The stable m = 3 MRWs and the
Along with the overall rotation of the fluid shell the arising stable m = 1 RWs are coexisting along a cer-
influence of a shear generated by a differential rota- tain interval of the Rayleigh numbers creating a region
tion between both spheres on the convection pattern of bistability. We demonstrate that finally the stable
is the focus of this work. This configuration is an ap- m = 3 MRW branch collides with an unstable RW
propriate model of convection flows in geophysical and branch in an homoclinic bifurcation, and the m = 1
astrophysical applications, as e.g. in the outer cores of MRW branch remains in this scenario the only stable
terrestrial planets. Due to the imposed differential ro- branch for larger Rayleigh numbers. In summary, in
tation of both spheres the dynamics for small Rayleigh contrast to the situation with no differential rotation
numbers generates a nonzero basic flow which possesses in this configuration a saddle node bifurcation gener-
features of the spherical Couette flow. Increasing the ates a branch with no axial subsymmetry which also
Rayleigh number the axisymmetry of the flow is broken enhances the heat transfer in comparison to the other
in successive Hopf bifurcations generating new stable branches and which forms the final attractor after the
branches of rotating waves (RWs) and modulated ro- homoclinic bifurcation.
tating waves (MRWs), respectively, with an azimuthal

The weakly nonlinear Sutton problem: the transition between the Darcy-Bénard problem and
the Wooding problem
Jacopo Alfonso Gianfrani — University of Naples Federico II
(Co-authors: F. Capone, G. Massa, D.A.S. Rees)
The Sutton problem [1] involves the thermoconvec- is subcritical for the Wooding problem. The general
tive instability which is induced by heating a uniform aim of this talk is to use weakly nonlinear theory to
porous layer from below, but it differs from the classi- obtain a Landau equation for the amplitude of convec-
cal Darcy-Bénard problem by allowing for a constant tion and from this to identify the nature of the onset
fluid suction through the upper and lower boundaries. of convection. We find that onset of convection is su-
The throughflow velocity is characterised by the Péclet percritical when P e is less than 3.1617, but it is then
number, P e, and the strength of buoyancy forces by the subcritical for larger values. The loss of symmetry in
Darcy-Rayleigh number, Ra. The Darcy-Bénard prob- the basic temperature field, which is brought about
lem is recovered by taking the P e → 0 limit and, after by the suction velocity, gives rise to a resonance phe-
some minor rescaling, the Wooding problem [2] is ob- nomenon at those points on the neutral curve where
tained in the P e → ∞ limit. For all values of P e, the the wavenumbers, k and 2k, correspond to the same
linear stability curve is unimodal with a well-defined critical Darcy-Rayleigh number. We modify the weakly
minimum when the wavenumber is k = kc (P e). How- nonlinear analysis to investigate the mutual interaction
ever, the two limiting cases are well-known to have dif- between these modes for those cases when P e << 1. A
ferent stability characteristics: the onset of convection coupled pair of Landau equations result from this and
is supercritical for the Darcy-Bénard problem, while it these are analysed.

Investigating the impacts of non-linearised temperature equations in a low-order quasi-geostrophic

model
Oisin Hamilton — Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium
(Co-authors: Jonathan Demaeyer, Stéphane Vannitsem, Michel Crucifix)
Reduced order quasi-geostrophic ocean-atmosphere bifurcations in the Earth’s climate due to their simpli-
coupled models provide a platform that preserve key fied but insightful dynamics. In our present work, we
atmosphere behaviours, while still being simple enough compare the dynamics of an ocean-atmosphere coupled
to allow for analysis of the system dynamics. For ex- model, previously implemented with linearised tem-
ample, these models produce typical atmospheric dy- perature equations (Vannitsem et al., 2015), against
namical features like atmospheric blocking and other the same model but now including the non-linear
low-frequency variability. For this reason, these mod- Stefan-Boltzmann law in the radiative temperature
els are well suited to investigating tipping points or term. When compared with the linearised temperature

20
model, this modified version of the model is found to Vannitsem, S., Demaeyer, J., De Cruz, L., & Ghil, M.
produce different dynamics and to change the stability (2015). Low-frequency variability and heat transport
of the solutions, leading to an increase in the number in a low-order nonlinear coupled ocean–atmosphere
of stable attractors for certain model parameter values. model. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 309, 71-85.
The comparison between the dynamics of both mod- Jonathan Demaeyer, Stéphane Vannitsem, Michel Cru-
els is further investigated using Lyapunov exponents cifix
and by analysing the unstable periodic orbits (UPOs).

Equilibrium manifolds and stability analysis of extended shallow water models

Julian Koellermeier — University of Groningen
(Co-authors: Qian Huang, Wen-An Yong)
We present the stability analysis of equilibrium man- tify three different stability manifolds based on three
ifolds of hyperbolic shallow water moment equations. different limits of the right-hand side friction term,
Shallow water moment equations describe shallow flows which physically correspond to water-at-rest, constant-
for complex velocity profiles which vary in vertical di- velocity, and bottom-at-rest velocity profiles. The sta-
rection and the models can be seen as extensions of the bility analysis shows that the structural stability con-
standard shallow water equations. Equilibrium stabil- ditions are fulfilled for the water-at-rest equilibrium
ity is an important property of balance laws that de- and the constant-velocity equilibrium. However, the
termines the linear stability of solutions in the vicinity bottom-at-rest equilibrium can lead to instable modes
of equilibrium manifolds and it is seen as a necessary depending on the velocity profile. Relaxation towards
condition for stable numerical solutions. After an anal- the respective equilibrium manifolds is investigated nu-
ysis of the hyperbolic structure of the models, we iden- merically for different models.

Stability of a dielectric liquid confined in a differentially heated vertical Taylor-Couette system

with applied radial electric field
Antoine Meyer — BTU Cottbus Senftenberg
(Co-authors: Martin Meier, Peter Szabo, Yaraslau Sliavin, Vasyl Motuz, Philipp Gerstner, Jonas Roller, Vin-
cent Heuveline, Christoph Egbers)
A dielectric fluid is subjected to the dielectrophoretic perature difference and of the electric tension applied.
(DEP) force when an inhomogeneous a.c. electric field In the studied system two additional buoyancies are
is applied to it. The DEP force results from the dif- considered. Indeed both the Earth’s gravity and the
ferential polarization of fluid particles, which is due in centrifugal acceleration produced by the inner cylinder
the present study, to a temperature stratification. The rotation act on the density stratification. Those two
dielectric fluid is confined in a gap formed by two con- buoyancies complement the DEP force and lead to a
centric vertical cylinders. The inner cylinder is heated complex dynamic behavior of the system. The com-
and rotates while the outer one is cooled and is at rest. bined effects of those mechanisms are evaluated using
Finally, the two cylinders are maintained at different a linear stability analysis. Stability diagrams spanned
electric potential, so that a radial alternating electric by the dimensionless electric potential and by the Tay-
field is created. The DEP force can be seen as natu- lor number are calculated for different fluid properties.
ral buoyancy generated by an effective centripetal elec- Those results serve for the parameterization of a labo-
tric gravity. The thermoelectric buoyancy is able to ratory experiment which is in preparation.
destabilize the flow depending on the values of the tem-

Modulated patterns in Marangoni convection with deformable surface covered by surfactant

Alexander Mikishev — Sam Houston State University
(Co-authors: Alexander Nepomnyashchy)
In the vicinity of the threshold of a pattern-forming Bi is the Biot number). The problem is characterized
instability, the perturbation theory can be applied for by two conservation laws, those of the liquid volume
description of the basic periodic solutions and their and amount of the surfactant. They create two addi-
longwave modulation. That theory leads to the am- tional slowly evolving modes corresponding to the sur-
plitude equations of the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) type face deformation and surfactant redistribution. Cou-
with real coefficients. Here we investigate the nonlinear pling of the GL-type equations with equations govern-
dynamics of the large-scale patterns formed by mono- ing those modes influences the pattern stability sig-
tonic Marangoni convection in a liquid layer with the nificantly. Our previous research shows that the typ-
deformable free surface covered by insoluble surfactant ical stationary patterns in this problem can be rolls,
(interval of wave numbers k = O(Bi1/2 ), Bi << 1, squares and hexagons. The dependence of roll stabil-

21
ity on the heat transfer from the deformable surface the existence of the surfactant. Additionaly, we stud-
of the liquid characterized by Biot number and the ied the modulation of the hexagonal pattern. Here the
gravity effects described by Galileo number at differ- deformability of the free surface generates new non-
ent values of surfactant concentration is studied. The gradient quadratic terms with the spatial derivatives
interaction of long-wave disturbances near the bifurca- within the GL-system and produces the non-equilateral
tion point produces a modulational instability of the hexagons based on the resonance of the wave vectors
patterns. The linear analysis of this type of instability with slightly different lengths. Systematic investiga-
is performed. Longitudinal as well as two types of tran- tion of these deformed hexagons in the framework of a
verse modulations of the rolls are considered. Different self-consistent non-potential model is performed. Also,
regions of supercritical rolls representing the boundary the influence of insoluble surfactant’s concentration on
of the monotonic Eckhaus instability and their depen- the modulational instability is considered. Acknowl-
dence on insoluble surfactant concentration are found. edgments. A.A.N. acknowledges the support by Israel
The zigzag instability condition does not depend on Science Foundation (grant No.843/18).

Effect of horizontal aspect ratio on magnetoconvective instabilities in liquid metals

Lekha Sharma — National Institute of Technology Durgapur
(Co-authors: Manojit Ghosh, Pinaki Pal)
Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) nents have been identified depending on the strength
are performed to uncover the effect of horizontal aspect of the magnetic field and Γ. For weak and moderate
ratio (Γ = ky /kx , kx and ky being the wave numbers magnetic field (Q < 100), the exponent α is found to be
along the x and y directions, respectively) on magne- much higher compared to that of a stronger magnetic
toconvective instabilities using plane layer Rayleigh- field (Q ≥ 100) and gradually decreases with the incre-
Bénard geometry in presence of an external uniform ment in Γ. Different routes to chaos are also observed
horizontal magnetic field. The fluid under consider- depending on Γ and Q including the well-known pe-
ation is an electrically conducting, Newtonian fluid riod doubling and quasiperiodic routes to chaos. The
(liquid metal) having a very small Prandtl number appearance of transient chaos (TC) in the system due
(Pr ∼ 10−2 ) and vanishingly small magnetic Prandtl to the presence of chaotic saddles is found to be a re-
number (Pm ∼ 10−6 ). Extensive DNS are conducted markable finding of the present study. It is found that
to explore the dynamics of the system by varying the TC eventually leads to persistent chaos and can be
control parameters, namely, the Chandrasekhar num- considered as a possible route to chaos in magnetocon-
ber (Q, strength of the magnetic field) and the Rayleigh vection. Chaotic flow reversals induced by attractor-
number (Ra, vigor of the buoyancy) together with Γ in merging crisis are also observed for Γ ≤ 3. Interest-
the ranges of 0 < Q ≤ 103 , 0 < Ra ≤ 7 × 103 and ingly, we notice transient chaotic flow reversals in a
1/2 ≤ Γ ≤ 6. It is found that both Q and Γ have wide parameter space which may be attributed to the
a similar effect on the system dynamics in the sense presence of a merged chaotic saddle there. It is found
that increment in either of them delays the oscillatory that transient chaotic flow reversals also lead to per-
instability and enhances the stability regime of two- sistent chaotic flow reversals as the Rayleigh number
dimensional rolls. The onset of oscillatory instability increases.
is found to scale as Qα . Two different scaling expo-

Wave attractors in large aspect ratio domains

Ilias Sibgatullin —
(Co-authors: Stepan Elistratov, Evgeny Ermanyuk, Thierry Dauxois)
Dynamics of internal and inertial waves in closed do- wave motion exhibits significant peaks at integer and
mains possess a remarkable property of focusing on the half-integer multiples of the forcing frequency. For the
geometrical limit cycles called wave attractors. The aspect ratio of about one tenth the temporal average
significant growth of amplitude at wave attractors re- of total kinetic energy grows monotonically with am-
sults in instabilities in case of viscous fluids. The sce- plitude and have a bend at a particular amplitude. Be-
narios of transition to turbulence and description of low this amplitude the cascade transferring energy to
fully turbulent regimes differ substantially from the superharmonic components prevails, while above this
cases observed in closed domains in absence of wave amplitude the amplitudes of subharmonic and super-
attractors. The previous studies demonstrated the key harmonic waves are comparable. The spatial spec-
role of a cascade of triadic resonances as the route tra of waves in the domains of the aspect ratio vary-
to fully developed wave turbulence, either with over- ing from small values to the values close to unity are
turning events or not. In the present report we show compared. It is shown that in the former case (i.e.
that in a shallow elongated domain with small as- for elongated shallow domains) the spectrum has two
pect (depth-to-length) ratio, the frequency spectrum of zones (at small and high wave numbers) characterized

22
by different slopes. The fully turbulent regimes show regimes with complex resonant dynamics of large-scale
the trend toward long-term evolution leading to new coherent structures.

23
P6 Mechanically-driven flows
Non-linear wind waves over a highly viscous liquid
Marine Aulnette — PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris
(Co-authors: Marc Rabaud, Frédéric Moisy)
When the wind blows over a liquid of low viscosity, wave packet is the result of the Kelvin-Helmholtz in-
small disorganized deformations first appear. These stability of a highly viscous fluid sheared by a turbu-
structures are the random wakes generated by the tur- lent airflow: The critical friction velocity and critical
bulent pressure fluctuations in the air flow. When wavelength are independent of the liquid viscosity νl ,
the wind velocity is increased above a threshold, these whereas the phase velocity decreases as 1/νl [1,2], in
wrinkles evolve into almost periodic waves propagating agreement with Miles’ prediction (1959). The subcriti-
in the direction of the wind. If we strongly increase cal nature of the transition to viscous solitons is demon-
the viscosity of the liquid over which wind blows, the strated by mechanically triggering them using a wave
picture changes. The initial wave-packet becomes un- maker for a wind velocity under their natural thresh-
stable and generates large isolated fluid bumps pushed old. Using PIV visualizations, we also show that the
by the wind. We call these non-linear objects, first flow field induced by a viscous soliton is well described
observed by J. R. D. Francis (1954), viscous solitons. by a two-dimensional Stokeslet singularity. The result-
Their shape and dynamics result from a balance be- ing viscous drag, and therefore the soliton’s propaga-
tween wind drag, surface tension and viscous dissipa- tion velocity, is found to depend on the liquid depth, in
tion in the liquid. We present here an experimental good agreement with our measurements. [1] Aulnette,
study of their generation and propagation using a wind M., Rabaud, M., & Moisy, F. (2019). Wind-sustained
tunnel blowing wind over a liquid bath. We show that, viscous solitons. Physical Review Fluids, 4(8), 084003.
above a critical viscosity, an unstable wave train ap- [2] Aulnette, M., Zhang, J., Rabaud, M., & Moisy, F.
pears at small fetch, where the shear stress is larger. (2022). Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and formation of
This wave train generates a soliton that can propagate viscous solitons on highly viscous liquids. Physical Re-
at larger fetch, where the stress is lower, indicating view Fluids, 7(1), 014003.
that the instability is subcritical. We show that the

On the role of continuous symmetries in the solution of the 3D Euler fluid equations and related
models
Miguel Bustamante — University College Dublin
We review the continuous symmetry approach based motion and/or a Lie algebra of new symmetries. For
on Sophus Lie’s transformation theory, and apply it steady Euler flows this leads directly to the distinction
to find the solution of the 3D Euler fluid equations of (non-)Beltrami flows: an example is given where the
in several instances of interest, via the construction topology of the spatial manifold determines whether
of constants of motion and infinitesimal symmetries, extra infinitesimal symmetries can be constructed. As
without recourse to Noether’s theorem, in a setup that for unsteady flows, we study the stagnation-point-type
allows for unsteady flows as well as unsteady infinites- exact solution of the 3D Euler fluid equations intro-
imal symmetries. Roughly speaking, an infinitesimal duced by (Gibbon et al., Physica D, vol. 132, 1999, pp.
symmetry is a vector field that is continuously trans- 497-510) along with a one-parameter generalisation of
ported along the flow. When the flow admits two lin- it introduced by (Mulungye et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol.
early independent infinitesimal symmetries, we obtain 771, 2015, pp.468-502). Applying the continuous sym-
a number of general results: (i) If these symmetries metry approach to these models allows for the explicit
commute, then we construct a constant of motion for construction of constants of motion and the subsequent
the flow. (ii) If these symmetries do not commute, integration of the fields (vorticity, its stretching rate,
then we construct a new infinitesimal symmetry and and the back-to-labels map) along pathlines, revealing
can repeat the search (i) with a new pair of symme- a fine structure of blowup, depending on the value of
tries, or repeat the search (ii) to find a complete Lie the free parameter and on the initial conditions. A
algebra of infinitesimal symmetries. Another general remarkable formula for the blowup time is obtained,
result, of remarkable geometrical and dynamical im- which shows how the flow’s regularity depends on the
portance for both steady and unsteady flows, is that initial conditions. We produce explicit blowup expo-
the vorticity field is an infinitesimal symmetry of the nents and prefactors for a generic type of initial condi-
flow. Therefore, if the flow admits another infinitesi- tions. This work will appear in Philosophical Transac-
mal symmetry other than the vorticity, then by points tions A (doi 10.1098/rsta.2021.0050).
(i) and (ii) above one can construct new constants of

24
The concept of edge state in the presence of a linear instability
Yohann Duguet — LISN-CNRS
(Co-authors: Miguel Beneitez, Dan S. Henningson)
The transition to turbulence in many shear flows pro- parametrized by the linear instability growth rate. The
ceeds along two competing routes : the bypass route edge manifold evolves topologically, via a global saddle-
is linked with finite-amplitude disturbances while the loop bifurcation of the underlying invariant sets, from
classical route originates from a linear instability. This the separatrix between two attraction basins to the me-
phenomenon is notorious in the Blasius boundary layer diator between two transition routes. For larger insta-
flow as well as in plane channel flow as will be shown bility rates, the stable manifold of the saddle point in-
based on unsteady spectral numerical simulations. The creases in codimension from 1 to 2 after an additional
dynamical systems concept of an edge manifold has local pitchfork bifurcation, causing the collapse of the
been suggested in the subcritical case to explain the edge manifold. As the growth rate is increased, three
partition of the state space of the system. This inves- different regimes of this model are identified, each one
tigation is devoted to the evolution of the edge mani- associated with a flow case from the recent hydrody-
fold when linear stability is added in such subcritical namic literature. A simple non-autonomous generaliza-
systems, a situation poorly studied despite its preva- tion of the model is also suggested in order to capture
lence in realistic fluid flows. In particular, the fate of the complexity of spatially developing flows such as the
the edge state as a mediator of transition is unclear. Blasius boundary layer.
A deterministic three-dimensional model is suggested,

Stability of Bingham flow in an inclined channel

Paolo Falsaperla — Università degli Studi di Catania
(Co-authors: Andrea Giacobbe, Giuseppe Mulone)
We consider the flow of a Bingham fluid in an inclined system with an energy method (Lyapunov functions)
open channel. We apply to this problem recent results solving a generalised Orr equation. We prove that the
of Falsaperla et al. for laminar Couette and Poiseuille streamwise perturbations are always stable, while the
flows of Newtonian fluids in inclined channels. In this spanwise perturbations are energy-stable below a crit-
article, we prove a stabilizing effect of the Bingham ical Reynolds number. This system has geophysical
parameter B. We also study the stability of the linear applications to the evolution of landslides.

Zero absolute vorticity plane Couette flow as an hydrodynamic representation of quantum energy
states under perpendicular magnetic field
Eyal Heifetz — Tel Aviv University
(Co-authors: Leo Maas, Julian Mak)
Here we extend the Madelung transformation of the rotating frame, where the cyclotron frequency plays a
Schrödinger equation into a fluid-like form to include role equivalent to that of the Coriolis frequency in a ro-
the influence of an external electromagnetic field on a tating frame. We show how the Landau levels and the
charged particle. The vorticity of the Madelung fluid extended modes in the integer quantum Hall effect are
is then in the opposite direction to the imposed mag- all mapped into such zero absolute vorticity-like plane
netic field and equal in magnitude to the cyclotron Couette flows, where the latter exhibit a geostrophic-
angular frequency. When the particle motion is con- like balance between the magnetic force and the gradi-
fined to a plane, perpendicular to an imposed mag- ents of the quantum (Bohm) potential and the electric
netic field, the equivalent flow dynamics is that of zero force. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0075911
absolute vorticity obtained in a quasi-two-dimensional

Three-dimensionality of the triadic resonance instability of a plane inertial wave

Daniel Andrés Mora Paiba — FAST / CNRS / Université Paris Saclay
(Co-authors: Eduardo Monsalve, Maxime Brunet, Thierry Dauxois, Pierre-Philippe Cortet)
We analyze theoretically and experimentally the triadic wave (the rotation axis is parallel to the vertical). In
resonance instability (TRI) of a plane inertial wave in the inviscid limit, we prove this result analytically, in
a rotating fluid. Building on the classical triadic in- which case the change in the horizontal propagation
teraction equations between helical modes, we show by direction induced by the TRI evolves from 60 to 90 de-
numerical integration that the maximum growth rate grees depending on the frequency of the primary wave.
of the TRI is found for secondary waves that do not Thanks to a wave generator with a large spatial ex-
propagate in the same vertical plane as the primary tension in the horizontal direction of invariance of the

25
forced wave, we are able to report experimental evi- criterion. These results reveal that the triadic resonant
dence that the TRI of a plane inertial wave is three- interactions between inertial waves are very efficient at
dimensional. The wave vectors of the secondary waves redistributing energy in the horizontal plane, normal
produced by the TRI are shown to match the theo- to the rotation axis.
retical predictions based on the maximum growth rate

Time-dependent 3D dynamics in viscoelastic pressure-driven channel flow

Alexander Morozov — University of Edinburgh
(Co-authors: Martin Lellep, Moritz Linkmann)
Dilute polymer solutions do not flow like Newtonian flows. We show that this state sub-critically connects
fluids. Their flows exhibit instabilities at very low to significantly higher values of polymer concentration
Reynolds numbers that are driven not by inertia, but and lower flow rates [2], rendering travelling-wave so-
rather by anisotropic elastic stresses. Further increase lutions experimentally relevant. Upon embedding the
of the flow rate results in a chaotic flow, often referred 2D coherent states in a 3D domain, we observe the
to as purely elastic turbulence. The mechanism of this emergence of a time-dependent, turbulent-like state,
new type of chaotic motion is poorly understood. In see Fig.1 for an instantaneous snapshot. We perform
this talk we present the first coherent state in purely extensive characterisation of the ensuing dynamics and
elastic parallel shear flows. We consider a model shear- demonstrate its strong connection to purely elastic tur-
thinning viscoelastic fluid driven by an applied pressure bulence.
gradient through two- and three-dimensional channels.
By starting from a linearly unstable mode recently dis- [1] M. Khalid et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 134502
covered by Khalid et al.[1] at very large flow rates (2021)
and very low polymer concentrations, we demonstrate
the existence of 2D travelling-wave solutions in such [2] A. Morozov, arXiv:2201.01274 (2022)

The investigation of the enstrophy growth at the energy stability limit in the plane channel flow
Péter Tamás Nagy — Budapest University of Technology and Economics
The laminar-turbulent transition in a channel flow is Unfortunately, the predicted Reynolds number is very
subcritical. It usually occurs at a much lower Reynolds conservative and not practical in many cases. An at-
number in experiments than the predicted Reynolds tempt is made to improve the method using the en-
number using the eigenvalues of linear stability anal- strophy, which is the volume integral of the squared
ysis. However, it can be shown that the non-linear vorticity. Previously published results showed that the
term in the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation is enstrophy stability limit is significantly larger than the
energetically conservative. This problem is also known kinetic energy limit. However, it can be used only in
as the Sommerfeld paradox which can be partially ex- two-dimension since in three dimensions, the non-linear
plained with the non-orthogonality of the eigenvectors terms in the vorticity equation affect the enstrophy
of the linearised Navier-Stokes equations or with its change. Here, the enstrophy change of the solution (the
pseudo spectrum. In practice, the estimation of the critical perturbation) of the Reynolds-Orr equation is
transition Reynolds number is the desired aim, but the evaluated. Since the equation is linear, the solution
previously mentioned linear method fails in this case. is assumed in a waveform, whose tilt angle and wave-
A promising candidate is the energy or Reynolds-Orr length are varied. The significant result of the study is
method. In that case, the stability limit can be de- that the kinetic energy change and enstrophy change
termined using a variational problem. The perturba- are zero in the case of critical perturbation with a long
tion velocity field is varied to minimise the Reynolds wavelength and with a tilt angle of 45◦ . A recently
number, where the temporal derivative of the energy is published paper found that the travelling wave solu-
zero. Below this Reynolds number, the kinetic energy tion at the lowest Reynolds number has a tilt angle of
change must be negative, and the energy of any per- 45◦ by using edge tracking direct numerical simulation.
turbation decays exponentially. Since the non-linear This result can explain that. Furthermore, the wave-
term has no direct effect on the energy change and the length of the most critical perturbation wave is close
result is independent of the perturbation amplitude, to that of the critical travelling wave.
this method is called the non-linear energy method.

26
Photon Lines
Juan Pimienta — PMMH laboratory
(Co-authors: Jean-Luc Aider)
Characterization and evolution of the recirculation the fluctuations of turbulent kinetic energy on the in-
bubble of a backward-facing step flow through different stantaneous velocity fields, the power spectra of the
Reynolds number The Backward-Facing Step (BFS) flow, as well as modal analysis. Analysis of the in-
flow is considered and used as a relevant benchmark stantaneous velocity fields allowed us to observe the
case for shear flows and separated flows [1]. Its rele- occurrence of turbulent spots close to the frontier of
vance lies in its simple geometry, a downward step of the instantaneous recirculation bubble through differ-
height ”h”, with a sharp edge, producing very com- ent Reynolds numbers, which seems to be a key phe-
plex fluid structures such as a shear layer, vortex nomenon in the transition process towards turbulent
rolling/paring/shedding, formation of coherent struc- flow. The 2D2C PIV measurements were performed
tures, superimposed to a large recirculation bubble. using an Optical-Flow based code developed in collab-
In this study we characterize [2] the BFS flow in a oration with Photon Lines. It allows a higher resolu-
gravity-driven hydrodynamic tunnel for Reynolds num- tion of the velocity fields and a better characterization
bers ranging from 100 to 3200 with a Reynolds step of the natural BFS flow than in previous studies, lead-
Reh = 100. For each Reynolds number, the flow is ing to the first observation of turbulent spots in the
measured using PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) in instantaneous velocity fields. References: [1] Jean-Luc
11 horizontal planes distributed along the height of the Aider, Alexandra Danet, Marcel Lesieur, Large-eddy
BFS. It allowed us to perform a full 3D reconstruction simulation applied to study the influence of upstream
of the volume of the time-averaged recirculation bub- conditions on the time-dependant and averaged char-
ble at each Reynolds, and to observe the variation of acteristics of a backward-facing step flow, Journal of
the average recirculation area at each plane of mea- Turbulence, 8, N51, 2007 [2] Gautier N. and Aider J.-
surement. We could also study the variation of the L. 2013 Control of the separated flow downstream of
dynamics and frequencies of the flow throughout the a backward-facing step using visual feedback Proc. R.
different heights and Reynolds numbers by observing Soc. A. 469 : 20130404

Structures of non-buoyant round jets subjected to background rotation

Lohengrin Van Belle — KU Leuven
(Co-authors: Sam Booth, Maarten Vanierschot, Peter Thomas)
In this work, the flow structures in a non-buoyant The jet precesses at St 0.016 and St 0.038 for a Rossby
round jet, subjected to a rotating environment are number of 5.5 and 2.75, respectively. Besides the pre-
investigated. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) is cession motion, the background itself shows oscillatory
performed at Re 200 in a standstill and rotating en- behavior. Flow patterns are analyzed using Fourier
vironment. The simulation in the standstill environ- analysis and are evaluated for inertial waves. The in-
ment resulted in a laminar, self-similar solution fur- stability criterion of Nagarathinam, Sameen & Mathur
ther downstream. When the jet is subjected to back- (J. Fluid Mech. (2015), vol. 769, pp. 26-45) is applied
ground rotation, an anticyclonic precession around the and suggests that axisymmetric centrifugal instabilities
central axis develops with well-defined time-periodic are present. To corroborate on the flow structures, a
structures. The precessing frequency is directly pro- Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) analysis is initiated.
portional to the environment’s background frequency.

Transport anomalies in steady plane flow patterns with degenerate stagnation points
Michael Zaks — Humboldt University of Berlin
We consider time-independent flow patterns in plane in transport anomalies. The time within which a tracer
layers of viscous incompressible fluids. Arrays of steady traverses the elementary cell of the flow, diverges near
vortices in such flows can be excited e.g. by the action the stable separatrix of a stagnation point. The char-
of spatially periodic forces. If the velocity field fea- acter of divergence predetermines the kind of transport
tures periodicity with respect to both spatial coordi- anomaly. Near hyperbolic stagnation points, singular-
nates, Lagrangian dynamics of a drifting particle turns ities of passage times are logarithmic, causing weak
into a flow on a two-torus. When the rotation number subdiffusion: logarithmic time growth for the variance
of this flow is irrational, the streamlines outside the in ensembles of advected tracers. In absence of hy-
vortices are not closed: each of them comes arbitrar- perbolicity, singularities of passage times are stronger;
ily close to stagnation points of the velocity field. Al- accordingly, time growth for the variance obeys power
though in absence of molecular diffusion the motion of laws. At the saddle-center bifurcation that creates new
passive tracers stays deterministic, cumulative effect of stagnation points in the flow pattern, transport of trac-
repeated passages through the stagnation zones results ers is subdiffusive. For degeneracies of the higher order

27
the transport becomes superdiffusive, as we demon- the streamlines, heteroclinic to the stagnation points,
strate with an explicit example of the velocity field. play in the transport.
We also discuss the role that the barriers, formed by

28
P7 Bifurcating flows in labs and applications, experimental methods
Numerical simulations on bifurcations and experiments on bi-stability in forced transparent elec-
trolyte flow in a ring-shaped container
Didzis Berenis — University of Latvia
(Co-authors: Ilmārs Grants)
We study stability of an electrically conducting liquid and only vary the T a. We find that the first instabil-
flow, generated by a transversely magnetized perma- ity occurs at T a = 2.7e4 and is axially symmetric and
nent magnet rotating inside the bore of a cylindrical monotonic. Consequently, a new stationary solution
ring. In the dimensionless approach, the half-height manifests which can take one of two mirror-symmetric
and the inner radius of the ring are set to unity and possibilities – the jet facing upwards or downwards.
R, the outer radius of the ring, controls the flow type. The secondary instability, which is cyclic and path
A previous study has already established that width of dependent, develops at T a = 5.5e4. Increasing EM
the ring is responsible for the change in flow regimes. force further leads to the flow becoming aperiodic at
In a thin ring configuration (R < 2), which resembles a around T a = 1.2e5 and transitioning to bi-stable tur-
centrifugal pump, the core of the flow exhibits almost bulence, in which the jet is no longer settled in one
solid body rotation. It is a well-known solution for the of the positions but is switching between facing up-
uniformly rotating magnetic field generated flows. On wards or downwards, at T a > 2e5. The time interval
the contrary, in wide ring configurations (R > 2) the between two consecutive switching events is stochastic
flow stability decreases because of a distinctive out- and can exceed the characteristic diffusion time of the
ward radial jet that develops at the mid-plane. The momentum. When EM force is increased further yet,
previous parametric study [Grants & Berenis2020] in- the turbulence starts to dominate and the bi-stability
vestigated ring configuration up to R = 3. The findings disappears. Numerical results suggest that bi-stability
of the current research with a wider ring configuration persists after reasonable deviations from the symme-
are that the critical Taylor number (T a) as well as try and, thus, should be observable experimentally. A
the critical Reynolds number (Re) drops noticeably at time-lapse photography will be performed to observe
R = 3.2. For instance, increasing outer radius from 3 the direction change of the radial flow over a period
to 4 leads to critical Re drop from 190 to 60. To in- of several hours. Injected dye at several points around
vestigate the instabilities in more detail we set R = 4 the azimuth will serve as a flow direction indicator.

Dynamics of low Reynolds number laminar plane impinging flow

Javier Sierra Ausin — IMFT-UPS/UNISA
(Co-authors: Ajay Chaterjee, David Fabre, Flavio Giannetti)
We present a summary of comprehensive results for the of a stable quasiperiodic orbit. Second, we consider
dynamics of a confined laminar plane impinging flow the three dimensional transition. The flow becomes
as a two parameter system defined by the relative dis- subject to travelling, standing and mixed waves which
tance H from the jet exit to the impinging surface, and are spatially localized within the prominent recircula-
Re the Reynolds number of the flow. Previous work tion regions of the steady flow. The organizing cen-
of the two dimensional impinging jet has revealed the tre is a double-Hopf bifurcation with O(2) symmetry,
self-sustained instability associated with the flapping of where its associated normal form is a four-dimensional
the jet and spanwise symmetry breaking leading to a complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. Finally, we dis-
slow three dimensional flow. We characterise the bifur- cuss the interaction between the two prominent phys-
cation scenario in the two parameter space (H, Re) and ical mechanisms, the flapping of the jet and the span-
distinguish three scenarios. First, we analyze the two- wise motion of the recirculation region. The dynam-
dimensional problem whose dynamics are driven by the ics are modulated by the interaction of symmetric and
codimension-three Cusp-Hopf bifurcation. Such an or- antisymmetric spanwise waves, and the simple period-
ganizing centre is characterized by three codimension icity (or quasiperiodicity) observed in the limit of two-
one lines: a pair of saddle nodes and a Hopf line, three dimensional perturbations is destroyed. Nonetheless,
codimension two points: a cusp and a pair of Zero- the main characteristics of the flow remain, i.e., the
Hopf points, a global Heteroclinic codimension-one line flapping of the jet even though it occurs at an already
and a Neimark-Sacker line. The flow exhibits bursting unstable steady-state, and the slow-fast dynamics evi-
phenomena wherein the dynamics are governed by the denced by the clear separation of time-scales between
coupling between slow and fast timescales, the latter the two mechanisms.These results have implications for
corresponding to the frequency of the jet flapping mode a variety of impinging flows such as those in cooling
associated with the Hopf bifurcation, and the former applications, fluidic oscillators, valves and membrane
driven by the existence of a heteroclinic orbit which systems.
connects two steady-states and leads to the existence

29
P8 Control of instabilities and parametric excitations
Resonance on surface waves in a circular channel
Ion Dan Borcia — Brandenburgische Technische Universität
(Co-authors: Rodica Borcia, Wenchao Xu, Michael Bestehorn, Sebastian Richter, Uwe Harlander, Leo R.M.
Maas)
We excite surface waves in a ring channel placed on a gion where they meet (collide) or reflect. In the follow-
rotating table [1,2]. The tank can rotate with constant ing we will use a geometrical method for identifying the
velocity and/or can librate. The experiment works in resonance windows. The method is very similar with
two parameter regimes: high libration amplitudes and that used for inertia-gravity waves. The method was
small frequencies are used for the generation of travel- successfully used in finding attractor windows in wa-
ing surface waves, while smaller amplitudes and higher ter waves in (usually 2D but also 3D) basins governed
frequencies are necessary for studying the patterns gen- by a canonical, second-order, hyperbolic equation on a
erated by horizontally excited Faraday waves. For the closed domain. Although the model is linear, it gives
horizontal Faraday instability only high viscosity liq- information about the nonlinearities [3]. [1] I. D. Bor-
uids (glycerin-water solutions) can be excited by the cia, R. Borcia, W. Xu, M. Bestehorn, S. Richter, and
mean shear. For the resonance, low viscosity liquids U. Harlander, Undular bores in a large circular chan-
(pure water) can be used. For an efficient excitation, a nel,” Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids 79, 2020 [2] I. D. Borcia,
barrier should be placed in the channel. A proper com- R. Borcia, S. Richter, W. Xu, M. Bestehorn, and U.
parison between experimental and numerical data de- Harlander, Horizontal faraday instability in a circular
mands a reconstruction of the whole space-time series channel”, PAMM 19, 2019 [3] Maas, LRM, ”Wave at-
for the experimental data. The concept will start from tractors: Linear yet nonlinear”, Int. J. of Bifurcation
the fact that the waves usually change their shape very and Chaos, 15, 2005.
slowly during propagation with the exception of the re-

Low-Reynolds number mixing and hydrodynamic instability in the presence of non-symmetric

wall corrugation
Jakub Fabisiak — Warsaw University of Technology
(Co-authors: Stanislaw Gepner)
Mixing is a phenomenon observed throughout na- negative index are currently being researched. Bas-
ture, science and technology. Processes, such as flows ing on operator, that can be interpreted as an inverse
through heat exchangers, both in micro- and macro- gradient, they are smoothing concentration gradients
scale, polymer and metal processing, extrusion or in- and emphasizing the role of advection in the forma-
jection or systems handling fragile, biological flows to tion of small scales, at the same time downplaying the
a large extend employ principles of mixing. Improv- diffusive action. It is known that channel corrugation
ing mixing efficiency is a way to improve performance might result in the onset of hydrodynamic instabili-
of numerous devices. A common approach is flow tur- ties, leading to complex flow patterns and consequently
bulisation, but however effective, this approach is not improved mixing via principles of chaotic advection.
always desirable or realizable. Processing of highly vis- In this work we perform Direct Numerical Simulation
cous fluids, microfluidic applications or biological flows (DNS) of low Reynolds number, pressure driven flow in
containing sheer-sensitive molecules calls for laminar a doubly-periodic, one-side-corrugated channel to anal-
mixing to be applied. Mixing in the laminar regime yse mixing inspired by hydrodynamic instabilities. We
is particularly difficult since flows remain dominated investigate impact of symmetry breaking of the geom-
by viscous effects and lacks strong advection and stir- etry and its influence on stirring and mixing efficiency.
ring. Another challenge is the choice of an appropriate We use a mixing measure based on a negative index
mixing quantification method. Commonly used vari- Sobolev mix-norm. The DNS is performed utilizing
ance is able to catch concentration decrease caused by Nektar++ Spectral/hp Element framework. Flows of
both advection and diffusion. However time deriva- varying Reynolds and Schmidt numbers are simulated
tive of variance excludes advection and explicitly de- to analyse mixing in different advective and diffusive
pends on diffusivity only, which is problematic in cases conditions. We compare obtained asymmetric channel
featuring weak diffusion or where improved stirring is results with results in symmetry preserving corrugated
the objective. To overcome shortcomings of variance channel considered in previous works of co-author.
a class of ‘mix-norms’, defined as Sobolev norms of

30
Parametric instability of a snake-like robot on the water surface
Johann Herault — IMT Atlantique Nantes
(Co-authors: Xiao Xie, Max Roccuzzo, Vincent Lebastard, Frédéric Boyer)
The diversity and beauty of animal locomotion have the robot’s response as a function of the gait features
always been a source of inspiration and fascination given by the frequency and the amplitude of the bend-
for biologists, physicists, and engineers. For twenty ing wave running along its backbone. We observe the
years, a new generation of marine robots inspired by presence of an unstable region describing an “Arnold
eels and aquatic snakes has emerged in academic con- tongue” in-between two areas of beating oscillations.
texts. These hyper-redundant serial robots (HR) are This is the unmistakable signature of a parametric res-
compact and highly maneuverable, and are now de- onance, which accounts for the solid roll motion. How-
ployed in industrial context. Despite the great poten- ever, our results show that this resonance does not
tial of these bio-inspired robots, their stability on the follow the standard framework of the Mathieu equa-
water surface remains too precarious at low speed or tion. Indeed, the resonance occurs at frequencies sig-
during extreme conditions (swell, wind, current). Fur- nificantly much smaller than the eigenfrequency of the
thermore, their slender morphology, which accounts for robot, while unstable frequency bands are larger than
their performances, becomes a handicap on the water expected. We instead show that a Mathieu-Duffing
surface at low speed. Indeed, they are susceptible to equation finally describes this instability. Besides, we
the roll motion due to their low axial moment of inertia have also the unique opportunity to investigate exper-
and the destabilizing buoyancy forces. Here, we want imentally the role played by the hydrodynamics effects
to address the questions: What causes this instability? (wave-drag, added mass..etc) thanks to our snake-like
How to stabilize the roll instability? To address these robot. Finally, we address the mechanisms of stabi-
questions, we perform experimental, numerical, and lization and the implications of this instability on the
theoretical investigations of the instability mechanisms swimming performances.
during undulatory swimming. To do so, we explore

Drift instabilities in localised Faraday patterns

Juan Marin — University of Santiago
(Co-authors: Rafael Avila, Saliya Coulibaly, Majid Taki, Leonardo Gordillo, Monica Garcia-Ñustes)
Nature is intrinsically heterogeneous, and remarkable retical model describing the growth of localized Fara-
phenomena can only be observed in the presence of in- day patterns under heterogeneous parametric drive,
trinsically nonlinear heterogeneities. Spontaneous pat- unveiling the presence of symmetry-breaking nonlinear
tern formation in nature has fascinated humankind gradients. Furthermore, the model reveals new dynam-
for centuries, and understanding underlying symmetry- ics in the phase of the underlying patterns, exhibiting
breaking instabilities has been of longstanding scien- convective instabilities when the system crosses a sec-
tific interest. In this talk, I will summarize theoreti- ondary bifurcation point. Finally, we discuss the im-
cal and experimental evidence that heterogeneities can pact of our results in understanding convective insta-
generate convection (drift instabilities) in the ampli- bilities induced by heterogeneities in generic nonlinear
tude of localized patterns. We derive a minimal theo- extended systems far from equilibrium.

Dynamic response of a laterally compressed sheet in a closed fluid contained chamber

Oz Oshri — Ben-Gurion University
Mechanical instabilities that emerge from the interac- the chamber. Given a small dynamic perturbation on a
tion between thin elastic sheets and a fluid medium is static equilibrium configuration of the sheet, we derive
of interest in the design of many technological applica- an analytical model that can predict the largest growth
tions including, for example, soft mechanical switches rate, and its corresponding flow field, at the onset of
and energy harvesting devices. Motivated by these ap- the instability. Approximated analytical solutions to
plications, we study the dynamic response of a thin these growth rates are derived under the assumption
sheet that is compressed between the two sides of a that the amplitude of the sheet remains small. Our
closed rectangular chamber. The two parts of the theoretical results agree well with the numerical solu-
chamber, above and below the sheet, are filled with tion of the nonlinear equations. In addition, we inves-
an ideal fluid. We show that the system is governed by tigate the system’s behavior slightly beyond the linear
three dimensionless numbers. One is the lateral com- instability regime and discuss how the potential energy
pression of the sheet, second is the density ratio be- stored initially in the sheet is subsequently transferred
tween the sheet and the fluid multiplied by the slender- to the fluid.
ness of the sheet, and third is the vertical dimension of

31
Direct numerical simulation of liquid films on a non-planar substrate under external vibration
Sebastian Richter — BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg
(Co-authors: Michael Bestehorn)
We study the dynamics of a two-dimensional liquid the pressure satisfying momentum and mass conserva-
layer subjected to an external time-periodic force. The tion can be obtained from the discretized Navier-Stokes
layer is bounded by a solid and non-planar substrate equations taking into account the continuity equation.
on the bottom side and by its free surface on the top Vertical excitations produce classic Faraday waves, and
side. Based on direct numerical simulations, a finite in the case of lateral forces and low thickness of the
difference method on staggered grids for the full incom- liquid film, we observe coarsening droplets. With lat-
pressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented allowing eral excitation breaking the horizontal mirror symme-
the investigation of the formation of surface instabil- try x → −x, a preferred direction of motion of the
ities. Surface tracking and interpolations are avoided drops and a non-vanishing mean flow rate are found.
by employing the nonlinear coordinate transformation The results are compared with those of systems with
z = (h(x, t) − s(x))z 0 , which maps the layer on a con- planar substrate.
stant rectangular region. A sparse linear system for

Modal and nonmodal stability of variable-density trailing vortices

Julien Sablon — ISAE-SUPAERO, Université de Toulouse
(Co-authors: Jérôme Fontane, Laurent Joly)
The stability of trailing vortices has been studied for and axial velocity scales. First, a linear modal stability
years and remains an active research subject nowa- analysis is performed on this baseflow and shows that
days. These vortices, unavoidable by-product of lift- the presence of a density distribution within the vortex
generating finite wings, can be hazardous for aircrafts core yields an extension of the unstable domain up to
following each other especially in take-off and land- infinite swirl numbers. A complete parameter study
ing phases. This led to the imposition of security has been conducted to consider the influence of the
standards that limit airports capacity. Besides, these swirl number, the Atwood number, the Reynolds num-
trailing vortices interact with engine effluents at cruise ber, the velocity-to-density radius ratio and both the
level and, in some specific atmospheric conditions, are azimuthal and axial wavenumbers of the modes. These
very persistent and can induce artificial cirrus clouds different parameters do not have independent influence
which have a significant impact on the radiative forc- on the stability of the flow and the main effects are out-
ing. Therefore, the mitigation of contrails is a subject lined. As the modal stability analysis only deals with
of active research and one strategy relies on the con- long term behaviours, a non-modal stability analysis
trol of natural instabilities. The understanding of the has also been conducted to unveil possible transient
destabilisation mechanisms stands as a prerequisite be- energy growth and associated unstable physical mech-
fore developing control techniques that could be tested anisms. Due to the non-normality of Navier–Stokes op-
and implemented on aircraft. Therefore, this study erator, short term perturbations that develop quickly
consists in conducting a stability analysis of an isolated are likely to trigger early vortex destabilisation and
variable density trailing vortex which is well approxi- lead to rapid vortex mitigation via phenomenon such
mated by the analytical q-vortex model, where q is the as vortex breakdown, even when the flow is asymptot-
swirl number measuring the ratio between azimuthal ically stable.

Wind wave growth over a viscous liquid

Jishen Zhang — Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, FAST
(Co-authors: Marc Rabaud, Frédéric Moisy)
Theoretical and laboratory studies of wind-wave gener- ing Free-Surface synthetic Schlieren, a refraction-based
ation have focused primarily on the air-water interface, optical method with micrometer accuracy. Using band-
with weak effects of viscosity. Here we are interested pass filtering of the surface elevation, we can selectively
in the growth rate of wind waves with strong viscous measure the growth rate for each excitation frequency,
effects close to the onset velocity. In our experiment, even if the excited wave is attenuated while amplified
wind is blowing over a layer of silicon oil, of viscosity 20 waves are present at other frequencies. We measure
times more viscous than water, and waves are excited systematically the spatial growth rates for all wind ve-
by an immersed wave-maker. At low wind velocity, all locities and wave frequencies, from which we deduce
frequencies are attenuated, whereas beyond a critical the marginal stability curve. By subtracting the vis-
wind velocity, waves are amplified in a certain range cous damping rate from the measured growth rates, we
of frequencies, that widens as the velocity is increased. show that our results compare well with the classical
We measure the spatial evolution of the wave field us- Miles’ prediction.

32
P9 Miscellaneous
Studies of disturbance growth in transonic boundary layers over complex geometries using em-
bedded DG simulations
Ganlin Lyu — Imperial College London
(Co-authors: Chao Chen, Shahid Mughal, Xi Du, Spencer J. Sherwin)
Laminar boundary layer natural transition for external clean geometry and the geometry with a forward-facing
flows is of particular interest in both the aeronauti- step are studied. The zero-pressure gradient is adopted
cal industry and academia. The transitional process is for the clean case while for the stepped case pressure
dominated by the linear growth of disturbances, e.g., gradient is generated due to the existence of the step
Tollmien–Schlichting waves and crossflow waves, and although the same boundary conditions are enforced.
therefore a correct prediction on the development of the Good agreements in comparisons of N-factors obtained
disturbances is necessary for a successful transitional by others verify the approach. Moreover, it is worth
analysis. Most conventional studies focused on the dis- mentioning that the reflected wave at the step is dom-
turbances developing based on incompressible bound- inated by acoustics since the pressure component has
ary layer flows over ideal, clean geometries. However, the largest amplitude while the velocity components
the physical settings for the real conditions are different also have a comparable amplitude. We then study the
for the flow compressibility and geometrical complex- disturbance development over wing sections with sur-
ity. The compressibility stems from the transonic oper- face imperfections. High fidelity DG simulations are
ational conditions, and for the real geometries the main carried out in a near-wall, reduced domain which is
source of the complexity is the existence of surface im- embedded in a full 3D RANS solution. The boundary
perfections, which typically take the form of steps and data of the reduced domain is interpolated from the
gaps whose sizes are comparable with the boundary outer solution, and pressure compatibility is achieved
layer thickness. In the current work we therefore fur- through the entropy-pressure compatible Riemann in-
ther extend the physical settings to transonic laminar flow. After the computation for the disturbance fields,
boundary layer at realistic Reynolds numbers, and over the N-factor on this wing section is subsequently gen-
wing sections with surface imperfections. The valida- erated. In the conference we will demonstrate the sim-
tion of the method will be demonstrated by analyzing ulation results of the disturbances’ growth with the ex-
a 2D transonic flow over flat plates at Mach 0.8. Both istence of a step as well as cover the following analysis.

33
Poster presentations
A three-dimensional branching flow with a surface perturbation
Ajay Chatterjee — San Francisco State University
(Co-authors: Jorn Sesterhenn)
Bifurcations in laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid are plane of the corresponding two-dimensional branching
seen in many flow configurations, a classical example flow. We present numerical linear stability results for
being the two-dimensional flow through a sudden ex- the critical Reynolds number and describe the char-
pansion. We consider a three-dmensional model flow acteristics of the two asymmetric stable flows which
in a Cartesian T-junction branching configuration with emerge beyond the bifurcation point. Since wall shear
a geometrical perturbation of the impinging surface. stress is an important consideration in arterial flows
The perturbation represents a local surface bulge in we depict its distribution on the walls of the pertur-
the neighborhood of the T-junction, and it is located bation structure and observe a three-fold variation due
symmetrically about the mid-plane of the geometry. to the flow asymmetry. The streamlines of the flow
Its height is less than half the width of the inlet chan- also are considerably modified, with those originating
nel for the flow, and due to its symmetrical placement from points near the geometrical axis acquiring a he-
the steady flow stagnation point is at the center of the lical character such that neighboring streamlines wrap
perturbation. Such a perturbation feature models flow around the central streamline as they traverse towards
into a shallow cavity, and in a physiological context the arms of the T-junction from the interior of the
may represent an idealization of an aneurysm structure perturbation region. Although a symmetry breaking
in a branching arterial flow. Within the domain of the instability is expected to occur in this flow, its appear-
perturbation the steady flow at low Reynolds numbers ance at such a low Reynolds number is interesting and
100-150 possesses symmetry in both planes perpendic- important for relevant applications. We also briefly
ular to any axial plane, such as the plane z=0 which comment on experimental work underway to character-
locates the T-junction. However, this flow is asymp- ize the bifurcation flow, and continuing detailed numer-
totically unstable, the first instability being a pitch- ical calculations to analyze exhaustively the features of
fork bifurcation. The bifurcation leads to a flow which the instability.
exhibits asymmetry in any plane perpendicular to the

Dielectrowetting of a thin nematic liquid crystal layer

Lou Kondic — New Jersey Institute of Technology
(Co-authors: Linda Cummings)
We consider a mathematical model that describes the evolution of the thin film. This equation is coupled
flow of a Nematic Liquid Crystal (NLC) film placed on to a boundary value problem that describes the inter-
a flat substrate, across which a spatially-varying elec- action between the local molecular orientation of the
tric potential is applied. Due to their polar nature, NLC (the director field) and the electric potential. We
NLC molecules interact with the (nonuniform) electric investigate numerically the behavior of an initially flat
field generated, leading to instability of a flat film. Im- film for a range of film heights and surface anchoring
plementation of the long wave scaling leads to a partial conditions. (Work funded by NSF Grant No. DMS-
differential equation that predicts the subsequent time 1815613.)

Experimental investigation of the nutation angle’s effect on the flow inside a precessing cylinder
Vivaswat Kumar — Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf
(Co-authors: Federico Pizzi, Andre Giesecke, Thomas Gundrum, Matthias Ratajczak, Sten Anders, Frank Ste-
fani)
Precession-driven flows are considered as potential frequency was built. The typical non-axisymmetric
sources of dynamo action on Earth, ancient moon, and Kelvin mode, which initially increases as the precession
some asteroids. At the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden- ratio increases, is alone not suitable for dynamo action
Rossendorf (HZDR), a precession-driven dynamo ex- in the experiment. However, a secondary axisymmet-
periment is now being constructed as part of the ric mode that appears in a narrow region of the preces-
DRESDYN project. It is a cylinder filled with liquid sion ratio was demonstrated to be particularly promis-
sodium with a radius of 1 m and a height of 2 m. The ing for dynamo action in the sodium experiment. To
cylinder rotates at a frequency of up to 10 Hz and pre- predict dynamo behavior for different precession ra-
cesses around the second axis at a rate of up to 1 Hz. To tios and precession angles, a thorough understanding
gain a better understanding of the hydrodynamics of of the flow structure in the precessing cylindrical vessel
a precessing cylinder, a downscaled 1:6 water mockup is required. For that purpose, we performed a series of
with the same aspect ratio, rotation, and precession precession measurements on the downscaled water ex-

34
periment with Ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) ized by the Reynolds number Re = Ωc R2 /ν, and the
at various precession angles of 60 degree, 75 degree, and precession ratio P o = Ωp /Ωc , where ν is the viscosity
90 degree. We present the effect of precession angle and and Ωp = 2πfp is the angular frequency of the pre-
rotation direction (i.e. prograde or retrograde) on the cession. The experimental results are compared with
dominant flow modes, and quantify this behaviour in numerical simulations.
dependence on the rotation rate, which is parameter-

Transition near the onset of rotating convection

Sutapa Mandal — National Institute of Technology Durgapur
(Co-authors: Manojit Ghosh, Priyanka Maity, Ankan Banerjee, Pinaki Pal)
Supercritical as well as subcritical rotating Rayleigh- stationary as well as time dependent solutions are ob-
Bénard convection (RBC) near the onset is investi- served. The origin of subcritical as well as supercrit-
gated in low Prandtl number fluids with no-slip bound- ical onset of convection are explained using a low di-
ary conditions by performing direct numerical simula- mensional model constructed using the Chandrasekhar
tions (DNS) and low dimensional modeling. The gov- functions. In the steady convection onset regime (su-
erning parameters, namely, the Taylor number (Ta), percritical or subcritical), DNS shows that as the Ra is
the Rayleigh number (Ra) and the Prandtl number increased beyond the onset of convection, system first
(Pr) are varied in the ranges of 0 < Ta ≤ 8 × 103 , becomes time dependent and standing wave solutions
1708 < Ra ≤ 104 and 0 < Pr ≤ 0.35. From DNS, for are observed. Travelling waves are observed as Ra is
a fixed Pr < 0.3, finite amplitude supercritical or sub- increased further. For very small Prandtl number fluid
critical convection is observed at the onset according as like mercury (Pr = 0.025), interestingly, for Ta > 1000
Ta < Tac (Pr) or Ta > Tac (Pr), where Tac (Pr) is a Pr finite amplitude time dependent solutions of subcriti-
dependent threshold value of Ta. While, for Pr > 0.3, cal origin are observed. These time dependent finite
steady two dimensional (2D) rolls of supercritical ori- amplitude solutions at the onset show standing wave
gin are observed at the onset in the entire range of Ta. (SW) pattern for smaller Ta and traveling wave (TW)
At the subcritical onset of convection, finite amplitude patterns for higher Ta.

Molecular simulations of shear-induced critical transitions for confined nanodroplets

Michele Pellegrino — KTH
(Co-authors: Berk Hess)
Understanding droplet breakage, film deposition and bifurcation of the flow streamlines. Large oscillations
liquid bridge formation in micro-/nano-scale flows is in the motion of contact lines emerge for sub-critical
of the utmost importance for the control of many in- wall velocities close to the critical value, which we hy-
dustrial processes, such as printing or coating. In pothesize are the product of both a molecular stick-slip
many cases, these critical transitions are connected to process and of the coupling between the inertia of the
the motion of a fluid-vapour interface over surfaces; surrounding flow field and the moving contact line fluc-
hence, an effective mathematical modelling of three- tuations. In the case of hydrophilic surfaces, the asym-
phases contact line dynamics confers predictive power metry between advancing and receding contact lines
and allows for the quantification of critical parame- upon critical transition can be explained by consider-
ters. We perform Molecular Dynamics simulations of ing a contact line friction model based on energy barri-
SPC/E water nanodroplets confined between silica-like ers in molecular jumping and rolling motion [2], which
walls which are moved in opposite directions in order to predicts the maximum velocity attainable by receding
induce a fluid flow [1]. Depending on the speed of the contact lines being different than the one of advancing
moving walls the resulting flow may be steady (sub- contact lines, and can thus explain the onset of film
critical wall speed) or unsteady (super-critical wall deposition. This work constitutes a stepping stone to-
speed). In the latter case, depending on the liquid- wards demystifying dynamic wetting on high-friction
solid interaction energy we observe either the forma- hydrophilic substrates. It also aims to build an openly
tion and the consecutive breakage of a liquid bridge accessible database of NEMD benchmarks, available
(hydrophobic surfaces), or the development of a liquid for the validation of contact line motion models. Ref-
film at the receding contact line while the advancing erences: [1] Lācis et al, arXiv:2112.09682 [physics.flu-
contact line is not affected significantly (hydrophilic dyn] (2021) [2] Johansson and Hess, Phys. Rev. Fluids
substrates). We observe that the critical transition on 3, 07420 (2008)
hydrophobic substrates is anticipated by a node-saddle

35
Dynamics of (n, 1) wave attractors
Ilias Sibgatullin —
(Co-authors: Alexandr Petrov, Xiulin Xu, Leo Maas)
The simplest geometry of the domain, for which inter- parameter plane, and the shape of this triangle is ex-
nal wave attractors were for the first time investigated plicitly given with the help of inequalities or vertices.
both experimentally and numerically, has the shape of The expression for the Lyapunov exponents and their
a trapezium with one vertical wall and one inclined lat- connection to the focusing parameters is given analyt-
eral wall, characterized by two parameters. Using the ically. The corresponding direct numerical simulations
symmetries of such a geometry we give an exact so- with low viscosity fully support the analytical results
lution for the coordinates of the wave attractors with and demonstrate that in bounded domains (n, 1) wave
one reflection from each of the lateral boundaries and attractors can be effective transformers of the global
an integer amount n of reflections from each of the forcing into travelling waves. The saturation time from
horizontal boundaries. The area of existence for each the state of rest to the final wave regime depends al-
(n, 1) attractor has the form of a triangle in the (d, τ ) most linearly on the number of cells.

Lax-Wendroff scheme on Saint-Venant equation with dynamical boundary conditions and non-
linearity
Teke Xu — University of Groningen
(Co-authors: Hugo Carrillo, Alden Waters)
In water supply systems, water hammer or hydraulic but they did not take into account an extra nonlin-
shock is inevitable and sometimes causes the bursting ear friction term. To this end, we study the nonlinear
of the pipes if the pressure is too high. It is impor- Saint-Venant equations with dynamical boundary con-
tant to predict the water flow and the pressure in the ditions and non-linearity by using the Lax-Wendroff
pipes especially during the transient due to the sud- scheme, which is more general. Our result is new by
den closure of the valve. The classical Euler equations taking into account both the moving boundary condi-
or otherwise known as Saint-Venant equations in one tions and giving convergence for the numerical approx-
dimension case have been widely used to describe the imations to the solution to the semi-linear hyperbolic
fluid flow in the pipeline models. However, specific system, and these numerical techniques will be applica-
solutions of these nonlinear hyperbolic equations are ble to more general (conservative) systems of the form.
hard to obtain and we therefore try to look for possible A long range future application of the research is to ex-
numerical approximations. Several numerical methods pand the results to multiple valves opening and closing-
have been used to model the Saint-Venant equations, modelling the human circulatory system or blood flow
such as the Upwind Scheme and Galerkin methods, in the human body.

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