Scribd
Upload
101 views

Lecture 3

This document discusses stress concentration factors (Kt) which relate the actual maximum stress at a geometric discontinuity to the nominal stress. Stress concentrations arise from irregularities like holes, notches, threads that alter the stress distribution. Kt depends only on geometry, not material. Charts provide Kt values for common shapes under various loadings like tension, bending, torsion. Kt is applied to nominal stress (σ0 or τ0) to predict failure stress in brittle materials, but not ductile materials where plasticity relieves stress concentrations. The document also provides an example problem calculating maximum stresses at a stress concentration point using given load and Kt values.

Uploaded by

M.H
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
101 views

Lecture 3

This document discusses stress concentration factors (Kt) which relate the actual maximum stress at a geometric discontinuity to the nominal stress. Stress concentrations arise from irregularities like holes, notches, threads that alter the stress distribution. Kt depends only on geometry, not material. Charts provide Kt values for common shapes under various loadings like tension, bending, torsion. Kt is applied to nominal stress (σ0 or τ0) to predict failure stress in brittle materials, but not ductile materials where plasticity relieves stress concentrations. The document also provides an example problem calculating maximum stresses at a stress concentration point using given load and Kt values.

Uploaded by

M.H
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

MACHINE DESIGN

Lecture 3
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy/
Industrial Engineering Branch/ Third Stage

BY
Dr. Omar Hashim Hassoon
The angle of twist, in radians, for a solid round bar is

Torsion

where T = torque
l = length
G = modulus of rigidity
J = polar second moment of area
Shear stresses develop throughout the cross section. For a round bar in torsion, these stresses are proportional to
the radius ρ and are given by
Torsion
Designating r as the radius to the outer surface, we have

For a solid round section,

where d is the diameter of the bar. For a hollow round section,

where the subscripts o and i refer to the outside and


inside diameters, respectively.
Torsion
It is often necessary to obtain the torque T from a consideration
of the power and speed of a rotating shaft. For convenience
when U. S. Customary units are used, three forms of this
relation are

where H = power, hp, T = torque, lbf ・ in , n = shaft speed, rev/min, F = force, lbf, V = velocity, ft/min

When SI units are used, the equation is

❖ where H = power, W, T = torque, N ・ m, ω = angular velocity, rad/s

The torque T corresponding to the power in watts is given approximately by

where n is in revolutions per minute.


Torsion
There are some applications in machinery for noncircular
cross section members and shafts where a regular
polygonal cross section is useful in transmitting torque to a
gear or pulley that can have an axial change in position.
Because no key or keyway is needed, the possibility of a
lost key is avoided.

Saint Venant (1855) showed that the maximum shearing stress in a rectangular b × c section bar
occurs in the middle of the longest side b and is of the magnitude

where b is the width (longer side) and c is the thickness (shorter side). They can not be interchanged. The
parameter α is a factor that is a function of the ratio b/c as shown in the following table.5 The angle of twist is
given by
Torsion
where β is a function of b/c, as shown in the table.

where b is the width (longer side) and c is the thickness (shorter side). They can not be interchanged. The parameter α
is a factor that is a function of the ratio b/c as shown inthe following table.5 The angle of twist is given by
Closed Thin-Walled Tubes (t<<r)
• In closed thin-walled tubes, it can be shown that the product of shear stress times thickness of the
wall τ t is constant, meaning that the shear stress τ is inversely proportional to the wall thickness t.

where Am is the area enclosed by the section median line.


Solving for τ gives

For constant wall thickness t, the angular twist (radians) per unit
of length of the tubeθ1 is given by
STRESS CONCENTRATION
In the development of the basic stress equations for tension, compression, bending, and torsion, it
was assumed that no geometric irregularities occurred in the member under consideration. but it is
quite difficult to design a machine without permitting some changes in the cross sections of the
members. rotating shafts must have shoulders designed on them so that the bearings can be properly
seated and so that they will take thrust loads; and the shafts must have key slots machined into them
for securing pulleys and gears. a bolt has a head on one end and screw threads on the other end,
both of which account for abrupt changes in the cross section. other parts require holes, oil grooves,
and notches of various kinds. any discontinuity in a machine part alters the stress distribution in the
neighborhood of the discontinuity so that the elementary stress equations no longer describe the
state of stress in the part at these locations. such discontinuities are called stress raisers, and the
regions in which they occur are called areas of stress concentration.
The distribution of elastic stress across a section of a member may be uniform as in a bar in tension,
linear as a beam in bending, or even rapid and curvaceous as in a sharply curved beam. Stress
concentrations can arise from some irregularity not inherent in the member, such as tool marks,
holes, notches, grooves, or threads. The nominal stress is said to exist if the member is free of the
stress raiser. This definition is not always honored, so check the definition on the stress-
concentration chart or table you are using.
A theoretical, or geometric, stress-concentration factor Kt or Kts is used to relate the actual
maximum stress at the discontinuity to the nominal stress. The factors are defined by the equations.

where Kt is used for normal stresses and Kts for shear stresses. The nominal stress σ0 or
τ0 is the stress calculated by using the elementary stress equations and the net area, or
net cross section. Sometimes the gross cross section is used instead, and so it is always
wise to double check the source of Kt or Kts before calculating the maximum stress.
The subscript t in Kt means that this stress-concentration factor depends for its value only on the
geometry of the part. That is, the particular material used has no effect on the value of Kt. This is
why it is called a theoretical stress-concentration factor.
The analysis of geometric shapes to determine stress-concentration factors is a difficult problem,
and not many solutions can be found. Most stress-concentration factors are found by using
experimental techniques. Though the finite-element method has been used, the fact that the
elements are indeed finite prevents finding the true maximum stress. Experimental approaches
generally used include photoelasticity, grid methods, brittle-coating methods, and electrical strain-
gauge methods. Of course, the grid and strain-gauge methods both suffer from the same drawback
as the finite-element method.
Stress-concentration factors for a variety of geometries may be found in the following charts. An
example is shown in Fig, that of a thin plate loaded in tension where the
plate contains a centrally located hole.

Bar in tension or simple compression with a transverse hole. σ0 = F/A, where A


= (w − d)t and t is the thickness.
In static loading, stress-concentration factors are applied as follows. In ductile materials (ɛf ≥ 0.05),
the stress-concentration factor is not usually applied to predict the critical stress, because plastic
strain in the region of the stress is localized and has a strengthening effect. In brittle materials (ɛf <
0.05), the geometric stress concentration factor Kt is applied to the nominal stress before comparing
it with strength. Gray cast iron has so many inherent stress raisers that the stress raisers introduced
by the designer have only a modest (but additive) effect.
Rectangular bar with a transverse hole in bending.
σ0 = Mc/I, where I = (w − d)h3/12.
Notched rectangular bar intension or simple compression.
σ0 = F/A, where A = dt and t is the thickness.
Notched rectangular bar in bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where
c = d/2, I = td3/12, and t is the thickness.
Rectangular filleted bar in tension or simple compression.
σ0 = F/A, where A = dt and t is the thickness.
Rectangular filleted bar in bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where
c = d/2, I = td 3/12, t is the thickness.
Round shaft with shoulder fillet in tension. σ0 = F/A, where
A = πd 2/4.
Round shaft with shoulder fillet in torsion. τ0 = Round shaft with shoulder fillet in
Tc/J, where bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where
c = d/2 and J = πd 4/32. c = d/2 and I = = πd 4/64
Grooved round bar in tension. σ0 = F/A, where Grooved round bar in bending. σ0 = Mc/l, where
A = πd 2/4. c = d/2 and I = πd 4/64.
Grooved round bar in torsion. Τ 0 = Tc/J, where Plate loaded in tension by a pin through a hole. σ0 = F/A,
c = d/2 and J = πd 4/32. where A = (w − d)t .
• EXAMPLE
Considering the stress concentration at point A shown in Fig bellow, determine the maximum
normal and shear stresses at A if F = 200 lbf.

You might also like