TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT
KADUNA STATE WATER CORPORATION (KADSWAC) MALALI, KADUNA
NORTH

BY

AMINA ABUBAKAR

MATRIC NO: KASU/18/CHM/1109

DEPARMENT OF CHEMISITRYY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

KADUNA STATE UNIVERSITY.

NOVEMBER, 2022.

1
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that AMINA ABUBAKAR with matriculation number

KASU/18/CHM/1109 Compiled this report based on his twenty weeks Student Industrial
Working Experience Scheme (SIWES) carried out at Kaduna State Corporation
(KADSWAC) Malali, Kaduna North.

Dr. Kelvin Nwokem _______________________

SIWES Supervisor Signature & Date

Mal. Jafar Yusuf _______________________

SIWES Cordinator Signature & Date

Dr.Abdullahi Maikudi Nuhu _______________________

Head of Department Signature & Date

2
 DECLARATION
I AMINA ABUBAAR hereby declare that this SIIWES report was written by based on
experience I acquired during the course of my SIWES program in Kaduna State Water
Corporation (KADSWAC) Malali, Kaduna North. Under the supervision of Malam Jafar Yusuf.
This report has not been submitted anywhere for the award of any certificate

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 DEDICATION
This research work is dedicated to ALLAH (S.W.A) who made my academic dreams become a
reality and to my parents ALHAJI MUHAMMAD TANKO AND HAJIYA KARIMAT, my
siblings and my late sister Haj. Habiba Zakari

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My profound gratitude goes to Almighty Allah, the first and the last, the ever living whose in His
infinite mercy protect me throughout my Industrial Training and for keeping me safe and healthy
till today.
I say a big thank you to my parent and my husband for their endless love and support throughout
the program, as well as their prayers that kept me going. I appreciate my SIWES supervisor Dr.
Kelvin Nwokem for his time and effort towards this activity.
I also appreciate my siblings and my friends. I appreciate the SIWES unit of the Kaduna State
University as well as the Department of Chemistry for giving me the opportunity to apply the
theoretical gained in school, in a real environment related to my field of study. I appreciate the
staff of KADSWAC for giving me the opportunity to learn a lot in their
organization.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Declaration
Dedication
Certification
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
CHAPTER ONE:
1.1Introduction
1.2Brief History of SIWES
1.3Objectives of SIWES
CHAPTER TWO:
2.1 Background of Organisation
2.2 Objectives of Organisation
2.3 Department and Offices
2.4 Mission of Kaduna North Treatment Plant & Water Works
25 Functions of Kaduna State Water Corporation
CHAPTER THREE:
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physical, Chemical & Properties of Water
3.3 Raw Water
3.4 Source of Raw Water
3.5 Characteristics of Raw Water
3.6 Nigeria Standard of Drinking Water
3.7 Chemical & Reagent
3.8 Water Treatment
3 9 Stages of Water Treatment
3.10 Water Treatment Processes

6
3.11 Quality Control Test
3.12 Equipment in the Laboratory
3.13 Maintenance of Water at Kaduna North Treatment Plant
3.14 Problems & Challenges Associated in Water Treatment Plant
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.1 Conclusion
4.2 Recommendations
4.3 Suggestion
4.4 References
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Criteria
Table 3.2 Jar Test Analysis Record
3.5 Characteristics of Raw Water
3.6 Nigeria Standard of Drinking Water
3.7 Chemical & Reagent
3.8 Water Treatment
3.9 Stages of Water Treatment
3.10 Water 1reatment Processes
3.11 Quality Control Test
3.12 Equipment in the Laboratory
3.13 Maintenance of Water at Kaduna North Treatment Plant
3.14 Problems & Challenges Associated in Water Treatment Plant

Figure 2.1
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3,3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6

7
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Organogram of KADSWAC
3.1 Screening bar at the Intake & Intake Tower
3.2 Flash Mixing taking Place at the Mixing Chamber
3.3 Pipes beneath the Clarifier
3.4 Sludge forms and Pumped out
3.5 Filtration Process
3.6 pH Comparator Set

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a programme designed by the Federal
Government to expose students to the practical aspects of their field of study. It involves the
attachment of a student to an organization in line with his/her respective course of study that can
provide the training and experience required in the industry, as these experiences and training
cannot be obtained in the classrooms but the theoretical knowledge taught in the lecture room
shall be applied by the student in the industry.
The six (6) months SIWES is a programme is an essential component in the development of the
practical and professional skills required and also stands as an aid to prospective employment. As a
student of Industrial Chemistry, I have been able to obtain this most relevant and effective practical
industrial training and experience, having been exposed to practical on water treatment processes
and distribution.
This report is therefore an illustration of the nature of activities being carried out in the
production plant and the work done during the course of the industrial programme. It also shows
the sequence of the unit operation from the intake tower down to the reservoir.
1.2 Brief History of SIWES
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was initiated in 1973 by the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF). It is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria and jointly coordinated
by ITF and the National Universities Commission (NUC). It is a skill training programme
designed to expose and prepare students of tertiary institutions for the industrial work situation they
are likely to meet after graduation. The scheme also affords the students the opportunity of
familiarizing and exposing themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment and
machinery. It forms art of the requirement for graduation in the Nigerian Tertiary Institutions.
1.3 Objectives of SIWES:
 To provide an avenue for students in the tertiary institutions toacquire
industrial skills and experience during their study.

 To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after
graduation.

 To expose the students to work methods and techniques in handling

9
 equipment and machinery that may not be available in their institution.

 To allow the transition from school to the world of working environment easier
and facilitate students contact for later job placement.

 To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in

real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

 To provide students with additional knowledge and sometimes creating

opportunity for self-reliance.

10
 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Background of Organization
The Kaduna State Water Board, KADSWAC is an organization that engages in the treatment of
water. They make available, suitable, portable and safe water for drinking (domestic),
commercial and industrial use. The KADSWAC has three plants, one located in Kaduna South
while the other two are located in Kaduna north, Malali (Old and New Works). The plant's main
source of water is River Kaduna. Each plant has a chemical laboratory attached to it. The central
laboratory is located at Barnawa, where major tests and analysis are carried out. The Old Works
of the Malali treatment plant treats 90 million litres per Day while the New Works treats 150
million litres per Day.
The Kaduna State Water Board was established by the Edict No.2 of 1971. The Edict established
the Board (a cooperate body with perpetual succession and common seal). This Board has the
power to sue and be sued in its cooperate name. The Board is authorized to control, manage,
expand and construct water supply scheme to meet domestic, trade, agricultural and industrial
requirement in the state and it is done to recruit, train, motivate and discipline its employees.

2.2 Objectives of the Organization;

 To produce safe drinking water for the Kaduna State Community.
 To harness all water resources of the state for economic development
 To ensure the supply of adequate portable water to the Kaduna people at affordable cost.
 To manage and control all Water Works in the State.
2.3 Departments and offices
 The plant has the following Departments and Offices;
 The Plant Manager
 The Deputy Plant Manager
 The Accounting department
 The Administration department
 The Training department
 The Treatment department
 The Electrical department.

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 The Mechanical department
 The Auditing department
 Deputy plant
 Manager
 Accounting
 HOD training
 Plant
 Manager (pm)
 Treatment
 Mod electrical
 Mechanical
 Store officer
 Pump
 Operators
 Water works
 Attachment
 Assistant
 Chemist
 Senior
 Electrician
 Assistant
 Technical
 Officer
 Assistant
 Store officer
 Training
Supervisor
 Lab assistant
 Electrician

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  Technician
 Attachee
 Trainee
 Chemical
 Welder
FIG 2.1 Organogram of KADSWAC

2.4 Mission of Kaduna North Treatment Plant and Water Works

The increase in the population in Kaduna state brought about the establishment of the new water
works in the Kaduna north treatment plant and water works in order to increase in both the
quality and quantity of water to the designated buster stations. It is thereby missioned at
ascertaining the well-being of the citizens in Kaduna metropolis in terms of providing good and
adequate drinking water supply

2.5 Functions of Kaduna State Water Corporation

The Kaduna State Water Corporation was formed to ensure:
 Production of quality water and its distribution to the People of Kaduna state.
 Production of good drinking water at a reasonable cost with respect to capital operation and
maintenance.
 Collection of rates for water consumed by customers.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Introduction
WATER: Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and
odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most
studied chemical compound and it’s described as the universal solvent and the solvent of life. It
is the most abundant solvent on earth and the only common compound to exist as solid, liquid
and gas on earth's surface. It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe. It has a
chemical formula H2O meaning that each of it molecule contain one oxygen and two hydrogen
atoms connected by covalent bond.
3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water
3.2.1 Physical Properties
Water is colorless and tasteless liquid. The molecules of water have extensive hydrogen bond
resulting to unusual properties in the condense form. This also leads to a high melting and
boiling point as compared to other liquids, water has a higher specific heat, thermal conductivity,
surface tension.
3.2.2 Chemical Properties
 It has a recommended pH between 6.5 to 7.5.
 Water is a chemical substance with chemical formula H2O.
 It has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
 Water is an ionizing agent.
 Water is a universal solvent.

3.3 Raw Water: raw water is water found in the environment that has not been treated and does
have any of its mineral, ions particles, bacteria or parasite removed. It is also the water that is
contaminated with impurities and it has a high pH, high turbidity. It is the input used in treatment
plant. The raw water used in Kaduna north is river Kaduna
Source of Raw Water
There are many sources of raw water. It can be gotten from the ground water, upland lakes, and
reservoirs, rivers, canals and low land reservoirs, atmospheric water generation, rain water

14
harvesting or fog collection, desalination of seawater and surface water. However all these
sources can be classified into two;
1. Ground water:
Ground water is the water emerging from some deep ground water may have fallen as rain years
ago. Soils and rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity and often, it
does not require additional treatment besides adding chlorine as secondary disinfectant such
water may emerge as springs, or may be extracted from boreholes or wells.
2. Surface water
Surface water is obtained from rivers, dams, oceans, lakes, springs and others sources that are on
the surface of the earth. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost
through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, evapo-transpiration and sub-surface seepage.
3.5 General Characteristics of Raw Water
 Raw water is contaminated with impurities.
 Raw water has color and offensive smell or odor.
 Raw water contains ions.
 Raw water is polluted with industrial waste.
 Raw water contains debris such as organic matter and decomposed minerals.
 Raw water contains chemicals and microorganisms.
3.6 Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Criteria
National council on water resources together with World Health Organization (WHO)
recognized the need to urgently established Nigeria Standard for drinking water to ensure safety
and protection of the general public. The Nigeria Standard of drinking is shown below:
Table 3.1 Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Criteria-
ARA
METERNSDWC
TURBIDITY (NTU)
in
PH VALUE
6.5
- 8.5
CHLORIDES CL (mg/1)
0.2
- 0.5

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3.7 Chemicals and Reagents
Chemicals and Reagents are used in water treatment to improve the quality of water. Each carries
out a specific function in the treatment of water. Some of this chemicals and reagents include;
Aluminium Sulphate [ALSO,], Alum for short is used as a coagulant.
b. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH, also known as Lime is used as a softener.
Chlorine C1, is used for disinfection.
Orthotolidine Reagent used to indicate the presence of chlorine in Water.
Bromothymol Blue Indicator, used to check water pH using the comparator disk
Cresol red, used in monitoring p
3.8 Water Treatment
Is any process that improves the quality of water to make it more acceptable for a specific end
use. The end use may be domestic, industrial agricultural and other uses.
3.9 Stages of Water Treatment
The Kaduna North water works and treatment plant has several stages of water treatment.
These stages include:
 Intake unit
 Balancing tank
 Mixing chamber or flow division chamber
 Clarifiers
 Filters
 Reservoir
3.9.1. Intake Unit:
This can also be known as low lift, it is located at the bank of River Kaduna. This is where the
Raw water is screened, abstracted and pumped to other part of the plant. The main source of
water is River Kaduna. The raw water that is collected contains a lot of impurities and toxic
gases. Some if this impurities and gases include:-
 Aquatic animals such as fishes and frogs.
 Industrial waste from nearby industries.
 Living organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, etc
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  Gases like No, CO, CO2, etc
 Solid particles like empty cans, plastics, rocks, wood, decaying plant and animal remains.
Water treatment begins at the intake. Raw water is abstracted as it passes through screen whose
main purpose is to keep solid particles from passing through. The raw water is pumped- in
through three (3) centrifugal pumps (also known as the Low-Lift pumps) which is controlled
from the control room. Currently, only two pumps are working labelled P1 and P2 respectively.
P1 and P2 have pump capacities of 85MLD and 85MLD respectively. (MLD- Million Litres per
Day). The water is then sent to the next unit (for further treatment).
FIG 3.1 Screening Bars At The Intake And Intake Tower.
3.9.2 Balancing Tank
This is where water from the intake is collected. This is a secondary stage of biological treatment
that deals with uniform flow of raw water to allow more stable operation functions.
It helps in reducing chemical dosage, the raw water undergoes a process known as aeration,
where it is exposed to UV light to reduces odour, microorganisms, gases like CO2, HaS and
some heavy metals like lead. Sedimentation begins at this stage, where solid particles settle at the
bottom. Water that leaves this tank is called *aerated water'
3.9.3 Mixing Chamber (Or Flow Division Chamber)
Is a channel in which raw water and chemicals (such as alum, lime polyelectrolyte, and ammonia
sulphate) are mixed together. The mixing is done with the help of flash mixer, a machine that
evenly distributes the chemical throughout the division.
Chlorine powder is also added at this stage for disinfection, a process called Pre-chlorination.
Coagulation and Flocculation occur in this unit. These processes enable proper disinfection,
proper flocs formation and for sedimentation to take place. The water formed in this chamber is
called "Flocs water"
Fig 3.2: flash mixing taking place at the mixing chamber
3.9.4 Clarifier:
Clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being
deposited by sedimentation. A clarifier is generally used to remove solids particulates or
suspended solids from liquid for clarification.
The process of sedimentation take place at this stage There are four (3) clarifiers in the plant and
they are numbered no.1, no.2, no.3 and no.3 respectively. Each clarifier has a sedimentation

17
basin and a settler. The sedimentation basin collects the flocs water and then left undisturbed for
suspended particles (flocs) to settle at the bottom while the clear water enters the settler. The
flocs accumulate at the bottom of the basin to form "Sludge'. The clear water is sent to the next
unit for further treatment.
3.9.5 Filter Unit
The filter bed is a layer of sand arranged in 3 layers (fine, coarse and gravels) with a nozzle
beneath it which draws the water with the aid of air. The sedimented water from clarifier moves
to the filter through an inlet and the process of filtration takes place. The 3 layers of sand
arranged helps to stop particles which have not been settled at the clarifier, the filtered water
moves down through the gallery to the reservoir.
3.9.6 Reservoir
The reservoir is the final stage of treatment. It has a depth of 13ft. This is where further
disinfection takes place. Post-chlorination and Post-Liming are carried out. Chlorine and lime
powder are added at this stage to kill microorganism that might still be present in the water,
adjust the ph and possibly reduce the hardness of the water. The water is kept here before it is
sent to the pumping station for distribution.
3.10 Water Treatment Processes
Many impurities and toxins are present in raw water. Several processes are required to be carried
out in water treatment to produce clean water that is suitable for consumer use.
The raw water from river Kaduna undergoes several treatment process in which they are done at
different stages. These processes are:
 Abstraction
 Screening
 Aeration
 Coagulation and flocculation
 Liming
 Sedimentation
 Filtration
 Disinfection
3.10.1 Screening:

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This process takes place in the tower where waste water entering the treatment plant includes
items like rocks, sticks, papers, leather, plants and even death animals and some large objects
that can clog or damage plant equipment is trapped on screening and removed. Screening is
achieved by some arranged wire-mesh device (such as metallic sieve) mounted at the mouth of
the suction line. Unless if removed they could cause problem in the treatment plant and even
damage of the machineries.
3.10.2 Abstraction:
After screening the raw water from physical contaminant, the water is being abstracted with the
aid of low lift pumps to the mixing chamber for further treatment. The pumps at the intake are
called the low-lift pumps because of their ability to pump the water only within the plant.
There are three low-lift pumps used in abstracting the raw water from the source, but only two
are functioning. It take two (2) hours for the sedimentation basin to fill if there are two pumps on
the line.
3.10.3 Aeration
Aeration is a natural process in which water is exposed to sunlight (UV light) to remove gases
like CO2 and H2S and also kill microorganisms in the water. This process occurs at the Balancing
Tank. It also oxidizes heavy metals like Iron (Fe) and other volatile compounds.
This is the first major process in water treatment.
The equation showing the reaction of raw water and UV light is;
HO + CO2+ UV light
> CO + OH + 02 + H21
The water, carbon dioxide and UV light react to form Carbon monoxide, hydroxide ion and
oxygen, which oxidizes the water. Hydrogen gas is liberated.
3.10.4 Liming
This is a treatment process in which lime solutions are prepared and added to water to adjust
the p, reduce the temporal hardness of water and possible adjust the taste.
i. Lime neutralizes acidity:
HC\(aq) + Ca (OH)2(aq)
CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O
H2S03 (aq)
+ Ca (OH)2(ag)

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CaSO3(ag) + 2H200
i. Lime removes the temporal hardness in water:
Ca (HCO3)2(ag) + Ca (OH)2(a q)
2CaC03(aq) + 2H200)
Liming is carried out in the Mixing chamber (Pre-Liming) and the Reservoir (Post-Liming).
3.10.5 Coagulation
Coagulation is adding liquid aluminum sulfate or alum and/or polymer to raw or untreated water.
The resulting mixture causes the dirt particles in the water to coagulate or stick together. Then,
the groups of dirt particles attach together, forming larger particles named flocs that can easily be
removed via filtration or settling Sedimentation.
3.10.6 Flocculation
Flocculation is a process that causes the suspended solids to agglomerate. There is a slow stirring
that causes the gathering together of small, coagulated particles (micro-flocs) into larger, settle-
able particles (macro-flocs). During the flocculation stage, there is contact between the particles
to promote their gathering together into formation of flocs and the flocs formation is controlled
by the rate of effective collision which occurs between the coagulant particles.
The purpose of flocculation is to create flocs of a good size, density, and toughness for later
removal in the sedimentation and filtration processes. The best flocs sizes range from 0.1mm to
about 3mm, depending on the type of removal process used.
3.10.7 Sedimentation
The purpose of the sedimentation process is to remove suspended solid particles that are denser
than water and to reduce the load on the filters. Sedimentation is accomplished by decreasing the
velocity of the water being treated below the point where it cannot transport settled materials
thus allowing gravitational force to remove particle held in suspension. As the water settles
undisturbed, these particles will slowly begin to settle to the bottom of the basin (Suffredini,
1993),
3.10.8 Filtration
Filtration is the process of passing water through material such as sand beds, coal, or other
granular substances like gravels to remove flocs and particulate impurities in the water. These
impurities consist of suspended particles (fine silt and clays) colloids, biological forms (bacteria

20
and plankton) and flocs in the treated water. The plant uses Sand gravity filters, so the water
passes through three layers of sand particles; gravel, coarse and fine sand.
This step usually is the last one in the process of removing solids from the water. The filtration
chamber has five different valves namely, inlet valve, up wash valve, outlet valve, outwash valve
and air valve.
3.10.9 Disinfection
Clarification of water by sedimentation, filtration removes suspended solids and also reduces the
number of bacteria in the water. Total elimination of bacteria can be achieved only by
disinfection. Chlorine is the most common disinfectant in water treatment. It is capable of
removing E. coli and substantially reducing other bacteria. The accepted range of chlorine in
drinking water as published by the World Health Organization (WHO) should be from 0.2 to
0.5mg/L.
Chlorine can be present in water as free available chlorine and as combined available chlorine.
Both exists in the same water and can be determined by carrying out tests like Residual chlorine
test. Free chlorine is present as Hypochlorous acid, HOC1. The reaction of chlorine with water is
shown below;
Ch+ HO
HOCI + HCI
3.10.10 Distribution:
Distribution in Water Treatment, is a process of sending out treated water to consumers. From
the reservoir, the water is sent to the pumping station after which it is sent to the booster stations
for distribution to consumers.
This is also known as the High lift, where the distribution process is carried out. It is a control
room with booster pumps and their various engines. There are three booster pumps in this lift,
each having two identical engines (one is kept as replacement in case the first one in faulty.
3.11 Quality Control Test
The quality of water produced for consumers is very important in water treatment plant. There
are various tests carried out in the laboratory to check the quality of water and make sure it is in
good condition for consumer use. Some of these tests include Jar Test, Residual chlorine test, pH
test and Turbidity test.
3.11.1 Jar Test

21
This test is design to show the nature of one chemical treatment which will prove effective in the
full scale plant. It is carried out in order to determine the estimated quantity of coagulants
(aluminium sulphate) to be use in the day's treatment of water in the plant. The concentration of
the raw water varies from time to time because of the changes in the turbidity. During the rainy
season the turbidity of the water is high, therefore high amount of coagulant is required, while in
dry season the turbidity is low and low coagulant is required. This experiment is based on
observing the quality of the same quantity of water in four beakers with different concentration
of the coagulant to determine the beaker that meets the following conditions;
The beaker that first starts forming flocs.
> The beaker with bigger flocs.
> The beaker with the fastest settling time.
> The beaker with the clearest water.
Aim: To determine the chemical consumption and optimum clarity of water.
Materials: Flocculator machine, six 1000ml beakers, 1000ml measuring cylinder, pipette, 20%
concentration of alum solution, water sample, turbid meter and pH meter.
Procedures
1. The five beakers were thoroughly rinsed with distilled water.
2. The raw water is used to fill the five beakers after measuring the turbidity using (NTU) and
pH of the raw water.
3. Different doses of the coagulants were placed into each beaker. The dose used is usually in
ascending order which is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.6 ml respectively.
4. The beakers were then placed in the flocculator.
5. The paddles of the flocculator were put into the beakers.
6. The flocculator was-switched on and allowed to flocculate at high speed (flash mixing) for a
minute or two, then at a slow rate for 30minutes. The process of stirring enhanced complete
dissolution and mixing of chemicals with the raw water to form flocs.
Once the stirring was completed, the stirrers were stopped and the beakers were left to settle
for ten minutes for the flocs to settle.
7. The turbidity of each of the five beakers was measured with the turbidity meter and also the
pH of all the beakers were also taken and recorded.

22
8. The beaker with the clearest view was-chosen as the best beaker for the dose, and
subsequently the jar with the best ppm is determined.
JAR TEST ANALYSIS RECORD
Jar Test Analysis Record
Initial raw water turbidity
250 (NTU)
Initial raw water temperature
28°C
Initial raw water pH
6.6
At the end of the experiment, beaker no.2 was observed to have the best result because it was
clearer, it had the lowest turbidity, 8NTU.
The Best ppm water then calculated;
Best PPM= the lowest turbidity of volume of alum y % of Alum concentration × 10g volume of
raw water
100
Best ppm
0.2
20
•X
× 106
1000
100
= 30g/m°
The Quantity demand (chemical consumption) was calculated;
Assuming a 85MLD pump is pumping water from the intake to the plant,
Chemical consumption/QD
Flow rate of a 75MLD pump × best ppm
1000
3331 × 40
1000

23
=133.23kg/h
Weight of Alum bags = 50kg
133.24
50kg
= 2.66bags/hr
Total consumption for one day,
=2.66 × 23hrs
=63.96bags/day
Approximately 63bags/day
3.11.2 pH Test
pH indicates the acidity or alkalinity of water. It actively measures the potential activity of
hydrogen ions(H+) in the water. pH measurement runs from 0-13 on a scale, with 8.0 considered
neutral. Water with a pH below 8.0 is acidic, while water with a p' above 8.0 is considered basic.
pH test is one of the common water quality test performed. ph affects most of the chemical
reactions that takes place in water treatment, so it is important to test the pH
Aim: To determine the alkalinity or acidity of water
Materials: pt meter (disc comparator), water sample (raw and treated), bromothymol blue, test
tube, measuring cylinder.
Procedure:
The pH meter disc was inserted into the comparator.
10ml of the sample was measured using the measuring cylinder and poured into the test
tube
10 drops of bromothymol blue solution was added into the sample.
The test tube was shaken vigorously and observed for any colour change.
The test tube containing the solution was inserted into the comparator
The colour of the solution in the test tube was compared to that of the comparator disc.
This is done by turning the p# disc comparator to find the colour that match that of the test tube
The pH value was recorded.
3.11.3 Residual Chlorine Test
Chlorine, Cl is an element with atomic number 18. Chlorine is quite dangerous to the health,
especially when ingested in high dosages. The amount of chlorides present in the treated water

24
ranges from 0 to 5mg/L. This test is carried out in order to know the amount of chlorine present
in the water. And this helps to control its reduction and addition in the water.
Aim: To determine the amount of chlorine present.
Materials: a comparator, chlorine disc, water sample (treated water), orthotolidine, test tube,
measuring cylinder,
Procedure:
Using the measuring cylinder, 10ml of the sample is poured in the test tube
Add 1 drop of ortho-tolidine solution into the test tube
Shake the test tube vigorously and observe if there is any colour change.
Insert the solution in the test tube into the comparator and compare the colour of the solution in
the test tube to that on the chlorine disc
Carefully observe the colour and record the readings on the comparator disc.
3.12 Equipment in the Laboratory
There are a lot of equipment in the laboratory and each carries out a specific function. Some of
these are:-
1. FLOCCULATOR MACHINE
2. BEAKERS
3. TURBIDITY METER
4. PH COMPARATOR DISK
S. STOPWATCH
6. MEASURING CYLINDER
7. REFRIDGERATOR
3.6 pH Comparator Set
Kaduna north plant and water works adopted predictive method of maintenance for their
infrastructure and equipment in the plant, in order to have substantial cost saving and higher
system reliability. It has been established that if this method is employed, some equipment can
run continuously for more than five years without breakdown.
There are some major types of maintenance work that is carried out in the plant a few are
discussed below:
3.13.1 Scrubbing

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This is carried out on the sedimentation basin; the clarifiers and the wall of the filter bed are
scrubbed with brush to remove algae and sand particles which are deposited on the sedimentation
basin wall. The presence of this impurities affect the color of the water, thereby making it
unsuitable for consumption and it block the clarifier and reduced the flow rate of settle water into
the filter bed. The equipment use is as follows: strainer, scrapper etc.
3.13.2 Disludging
As coagulation and flocculation takes place in the mixing chamber (where raw water mixes with
Alum), it moves to the clarifiers where sedimentation of flocs takes place, this sedimented flocs
are known as sludge. The sludge normally settles at the bottom of the clarifiers, thus the sludge
can be removed by use of the dislodging pump. The dislodging pumps are opened using the
dislodging valve which has an outlet for the sludge to leave the clarifiers in a process known as
dislodging.
3.14 Problems/Challenges Associated In Water Treatment Plant
There is no alternative means of power supply at Kaduna south treatment plant to solve the
problem of power failure.
Maintenance of the machines at the plant is not often done, until when the problem has occurred
and has started affecting production in the plant.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Conclusion
It can be concluded that water sustain life, being it the most widely used entity in the world and
for the fact that all living things need water for survival. Therefore an upmost necessity for
research on the supply of portable and safe water for survival of living things is paramount.
Thus, a chemists has a role to play by applying his knowledge of chemistry to provide clean and
safe drinking water for consumption. At the end of my industrial training, I discovered that the
general public are more concerned about the cleanliness of water and disregard the safety for
their consumption. Despite the reasonable awareness about this effect some areas do consider
clean water safe. A plant without the service of qualified chemist could eventually die.
4.2 Recommendation
i. Kaduna State government should increase the funds allocated to the treatment section.
ii. Government should ensure that there is daily production in the plant.
iii.Kaduna North treatment plant should ensure proper supervision, maintenance and replacement
of worn out equipment's.
iv. Provision of safety equipment such as face mask, goggles, laboratory coats and hand gloves
should be provided for the staff and IT students.
v. Standby generator should be put in place at the plant to reduce the problems encountered when
there is any power failure at the plant.
4.3 Suggestion
The state government should increase the capacity of the plant due to the increase in population
of Kaduna state residents.

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Government should provide the necessary measures on pipes leakages so that the treated water
will reach out residents without impurities,

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