Harvard Referencing

1
Why Reference?
3 A’s

Acknowledge others’ work

Allows reader to locate your sources.

Avoids accusations of plagiarism.

2
Factors Need to Consider before Referencing

Understanding on the Concept Triangulation

 Appraising Information

3
 Triangulation
• Confirm your stuff that something is accurate by finding the same or similar point
in other sources.

• In order to triangulate something, you should aim to find three or more sources
that say roughly the same thing.

• You can then feel confident that the facts you have found are reasonably accurate.

• The more sources that you can find to confirm a piece of information, the more
confident you can be that it is accurate.

4
 Appraising Information
(Key points to check)

Bias – Some websites might contain information that was written from a specific point of
view. If possible, investigate any sites so you can identify their particular form of bias.
Date of publication – You should aim to find material that is as recent as possible. Aim
to find the most up-to-date ideas to include in your assignments.
Citations – If you find a reference to a theorist of a report on a web page, you could try
searching for it on Google Scholar™. Look at the number of citations that the resource
has had in other people’s articles. The more times a source has been cited, the better
quality it is likely to be.

5
 Benefits of Knowing Referencing Skill
• Develop your ability to filter and refine the data from search results so you can
extract the most relevant points
• Assure paper quality in which information available in your paper is seriously
appraised.
• Habits to consider carefully whether the sites you look at are appropriately
authoritative sources.
• You are aware that although the internet provides a wide range of information
sources, not all of these sources provide accurate or valid information.
• You are able to verify the accuracy of material that you find online, or indeed
from an off-line source

6
Manual and Electronic Harvard Referencing

Need to Know
 MIC uses Anglia (2008) Referencing Style
 Cite as many academic sources as possible in your academic
paper, all in text citations should be included in the reference list
of your paper.
Clear understanding on the type of reference material

7
 Referencing Systems

Within the Text—In-text Citations

Cross Referencing

At the End of the Text—List of References

Bibliography lists

8
 Within the Text (In -text citations)
“In-text references or citations are used to acknowledge the work or ideas of others”
Types of reference material do you think to cite in your paper
Common Types of Reference Material
Book Electronic Source
Book Collection Art
Articles in Journal Thesis Dessertation
Conference Proceeding Distionary
Report Interview
Web site Map
Email
Document from web site
Lecture

9
 Cross Referencing in the Assignment

A note in a book that tells you to look somewhere

else in the book for more information about something

Refer back to the in-text referencing

10
At the End of the Text— List of References

At the end of your text, you must include a List of References, a
list of all the books, journal articles and other sources of
information you have used to research your assignment.

This reference list also includes important details such as the

title and publisher.

11
 Bibliography Lists
A bibliography lists relevant items that you have used in the
preparation of the assignment but not necessarily cited in your text.

A bibliography should also be in the Harvard style and the inclusion

of such a list shows that you have read widely beyond the items you
have cited.

12
Citing Reference In-text using the
Harvard Referencing System

13
 General Guideline for Manual
Author: Surname with capital first letter and followed by a comma.
Initials: In capitals with full-stop after each and comma after full-stop of last initial.
Year: Publication year (not printing or impression) followed by full-stop.
Title: Full title of book/thesis/dissertation in italics with capitalization of first word and proper nouns only.
Followed by full-stop unless there is a sub-title.
Sub-title: Follows a colon at end of full title, no capitalization unless proper no
Edition: Only include this if not first edition and use number followed by abbreviation ed. Followed by full-
stop.
Place of publication: Town or city, follow by colon. If there may be confusion with UK place names, for USA
towns include the State in abbreviated form, eg. Chester(CT).
Publisher: Company name followed by full-stop. uns. Follow by full-stop.

14
 Book with one author
The required elements for a book reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication
(this must be a town or city, not a country): Publisher.
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:

Organizations have been found to differ (Baron, 2008) when there is ...

Leading social scientists such as Redman (2006) have noted ...

15
 Paraphrasing from Textbooks with Two Authors
Within your report

According to (Kotler & Armstrong, 2008), marketing management’s ability to

cultivate and maintain successful relationships with the intended target
market is influenced by the market environment.

In your Reference List

Kotler, P. & Armstrong, G. 2008. Principles of Marketing 12th Ed. New Jersey:
Pearson Education Inc.

16
 Paraphrasing from Textbooks with More than Two Authors

Within your report

According to (Hughes et al.,2009), leadership does not exist in a

vacuum.

In your Reference List

Hughes, R.L., Ginnett, R.C., Curphy, G.J. 2009. Leadership Enhancing the
Lessons of Experience 6th Ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).

17
 Quoting from Textbooks with One Author
Within your report

(Kotler, 2003, p.13) states that “relationship marketing has the aim of building
mutually satisfying long-term relationships with key parties.”

In your Reference List

Kotler, P. 2003. Marketing Management 11th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

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 Referencing from Internet Articles

Within your report

According to the (Singapore Department of Statistics , 2008), strong economic

growth and a tight labour market saw the average household incomes rose by
9.6% between 2006 and 2007 to $6,280.

In your Reference List

Singapore Department of Statistics. 2008. Key Household Income Trends. Available at:
http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/op-s14.pdf [Accessed 01 July 2016]

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 Step to follow online journal article
Author: Surname with capital first letter and followed by comma.
Initials: In capitals with full-stop after each and comma after full-stop of last initial.
Year: Publication year followed by full-stop.
Title: Full title of article NOT in italics with capitalization of first word and proper nouns only.
Followed by full-stop unless there is a sub-title.
Sub-title: Follows a colon at end of full title, no capitalization unless proper nouns. Followed by
full-stop.
Journal title: Full title of journal, in italics, with capitalization of key words. Followed by comma.
Volume number: Issue/Part number: In brackets, followed by comma.
Page numbers: Preceded by pp. for a range of pages and p. for a single page. Followed by full-
stop.

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 Referencing from Internet Articles
Within your report

For example, (Tan, 2008) explained in the case of Ren Ci Hospital, the ex-
CEO was charged with using hospital funds to offset an outstanding loan by
the Mandala Buddhist Cultural Centre and of extending loans to associates.

In your Reference List

Tan, V. 2008. Former head of Ren Ci Hospital, Ven Shi Ming Yi, charged in
court. [online]. Channel News Asia. Available at:
http://www.channelnewsasia.com/cna/cgibin/search/search_7days.pl?status
=&search=ren%20ci&id=360407 [Accessed 18 July 2016]

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 Referencing from Journal Articles
Within your report
Singapore, the newspapers have featured a large number of articles on
entrepreneurship, there is a proliferation of entrepreneurship and business
awards (Tan 2003, Chow 2003) and a special Minister for
Entrepreneurship has been created (Lim, 2003).

In your Reference List

Chow, H. 2003. “The people’s choice of top entrepreneurs.” The Straits Times, 11
September, A13.
Lim, R. 2003: “For SMEs, the three seeds of success.” The Straits Times, 12 August, 11.
Tan, A. 2003: “Number of business awards here shoots up.” The Straits Times, 20 August,
H6.

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 Referencing from Journal Articles
Within your report
“Existing explanations for entrepreneurship are incomplete because they do
not explain adequately the process of opportunity discovery, an important
part of the entrepreneurship process” (Shane 2000, p. 465).

In your Reference List

Shane, S. 2000. “Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial

Opportunities.” Organization Science, 11(4), 448-469.

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 More than one author cited in the text

Where reference is made to more than one author in a

sentence, and they are referred to directly, they are both
cited:

Jones (1946) and Smith (1948) have both shown……

24
 More than One Author not Cited Directly in the Text

List these at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the
sentence, putting the author’s name, followed by the date of
publication and separated by a semi-colon and within brackets:

Further research in the late forties (Jones, 1946; Smith, 1948) lead
to major developments………….

25
 Two Authors for the Same Work
When there are two authors for a work they should both be noted in the text:
White and Brown (1964) in their recent research paper found……..
with regard to PREP and the role of libraries, Crane and Urquhart (1994)
suggest…
OR
indirectly, using an ampersand (&) :
During the mid nineties research undertaken in Luton (Slater & Jones, 1996)
showed that…………….
Earlier research (White & Brown, 1966) demonstrated that the presence of
certain chemicals would lead to………
26
 More than Four Authors for a Work

Where there are several authors (more than two), only the first
author should be used, followed by ‘et al.’ meaning ‘and others’:
Green, et al. (1995) found that the majority ……
OR
Indirectly:
Recent research has found that the majority of……(Green, et al.,
1995)

27
 Chapter Authors in Edited Works
References to the work of an author that appears as a chapter, or part of a
larger work, that is edited by someone else, should be cited within your text
using the name of the contributory author and not the editor of the whole
volume:
In his work on health information, Smith (1975) states…
In the reference list at the end of your document, you should include details
of both the chapter author and the editor of the entire work:

28
 Several works by one author in different years

If more than one publication from an author illustrates the same

point and the works are published in different years, then the
references should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first):
as suggested by Bloggs (1992, 1994)

OR
Indirectly:
(Bloggs 1992, 1994)……

29
 Several works by one author in the same year

If you are quoting several works published by the same author in the same year, they
should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the year for each item:
Earlier research by Smith (1993a) found that………but later research suggested again by
Smith (1993b) that…….

If several works published in the same year are referred to on a single occasion – or an
author has made the same point in several publications they can all be referred to by
using lower case letters (as above):
Bloggs (1993a, b) has stated on more than one occasion that…

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 Several Authors on the Similar Work
(Blankson & Cheng, 2005); (Amalia et al., 2008); (Aziz & Yasin, 2010); (Kobylanski et al.,
2011); (Brockman et al., 2012); (Dubihlela, 2013); (Joanna, 2015) and (Hussian et al.,
2016) pointed out that there are insufficient studies on investigating the concept of
market orientation in SMEs in developing countries like Asian countries.

(1) Chronological order of the year

(2) If two authors did the same year, order the name alphabetically

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 E-books
Author, Year, Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher.
Followed by “Available at:” include e-book source and web site
address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and routing details if needed.
[Accessed date].

Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle
Press. Available at: University Library/Digital Library/e-books
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk / E-books [Accessed 5 June 2015].

32
 E -book
E-books available through the University Library
For e-books accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the
required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by Available
through: Anglia Ruskin University Library website <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed date].

Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press. Available through:
Anglia Ruskin University Library website <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed 12 May 2010].

Carlsen, J. and Charters, S., eds. 2007. Global wine tourism. [e-book] Wallingford: CABI Pub.
Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library website <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk>
[Accessed 9 June 2008].

33
 E -book
For an open access e-book freely available over the internet such as through Google
books

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication (if known): Publisher.
Followed by Available at: e-book source andweb address or URL for the e-book
[Accessed date].

Cookson, J. and Church, S. eds., 2007. Leisure and the tourist. [e-book] Wallingford:
ABS Publishers. Available at: Google Books <http://booksgoogle.com> [Accessed 9
June 2008].

34
 E -book
For an e-book from specific e-readers and other devices such as Kindle, or Nook

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book type] Place of publication (if available): Publisher.
Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address [Accessed date].

Patterson, M. 2012. Lost places in dreams. [Kindle DX version] Transworld Media. Available at:
Amazon.co.uk <http:// www.amazon.co.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2012].

If you include a quotation from an ebook without page numbers, use the section heading or
chapter heading as a guide to locating your quotation, if available.

35
 Secondary sources (second-hand references)
While you are consulting an original work, you may come across a summary of
another author’s work, which you would like to make reference to in your own
document. This is called secondary referencing:
A direct reference: Research recently carried out by
Brown (1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142) found that……..

In this example, Brown is the work, which you wish to refer to, but have not read
directly for yourself. Bassett is the secondary source, where you found the summary
of Brown’s work..
or indirectly:
(Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142)

36
 Tables and Diagrams

When reproducing selected data from a diagram or table, or copying the entire
table or diagram, a reference must be made to the source.
A reference within the text to a table taken from eg. a book, should include the
author and page (Smith, 2005, p.33) to enable the reader to identify the data.
If the source of the data is not the author’s own, but obtained from another
source, it becomes a secondary reference and needs to be cited as such:

(United Nations, 1975 cited in Smith, 2005, p.33)

37
 If you wish to reproduce the table in your own work – replicate the table

Figure 3.2 (Title Name)

Source: (International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook , 2016)

38
 Interview or other Personal Communication
Include the abbreviation ‘pers. comm.’ in your in-text reference:

(B Daly 1994, pers. comm., 7 Aug.)

Note that the initial(s) precede the surname.

39
 Interview

Where you are conducting the interview, it is important to check with the person being
interviewed that they will be in agreement with a transcript of the interview being made
available. Since this will not be a publicly available document, it may be included as a transcript
within an Appendix in your piece of work.
The citation for this interview should refer to the Appendix.
In an interview (Appendix A) the findings of the report were reviewed and White agreed with
...

In the Appendix you should include details such as:

Interviewee's name. Year of interview. Title of interview. Interviewed by ...name. [type of
medium/format] Location and exact date of interview . Together with the transcript.

40
 Interview
Where you are using an interview from a source such as a television programme

Interviewee name, Initials., Year of Interview. Title of Interview. (or Interview

on ..name of programme) Interviewed by ...name (first name and surname).
[type of medium/format] Name of Channel, Date of transmission, time of
transmission.
Ahern, B., 1999. Interview on Morning Ireland. Interviewed by... John Boyd.
[radio] RTE Radio 1, 15 February 1999, 08:30.

An in-text reference for the above examples would read:

(Ahern, 1999)

41
 Newspapers and Magazines

If there is no author, list the name of the newspaper, the date, year and
page number:
(Sydney Morning Herald 7 March 1994, p. 8)

If there is an author, cite as you would for a journal article:

(Donaghy 1994, p. 3)

42
To cite a work reproduced in a book (Image, Poem, Painting etc)

Refer to the work in the text, then include book, author, date, page number:

De Kooning’s 1952 painting ‘Woman and Bicycle’

(Hughes 1980, p. 295) is an example of ...’

Hughes, R 1980, The shock of the new: art and the century of change, British
Broadcasting Corporation, London.

43
 Brochure
In the text, cite the author or authoring body and the date if available:
(New South Wales Dept of Primary Industries 2005)

New South Wales Dept of Primary Industries 2005, Saltwater recreational fishing
in NewSouth Wales: rules & regulations summary, brochure, NSWDPI, New
South Wales.

44
 MAP – Print Map, Digimap, Google Earth
Map maker, Year of issue. Title of map. Map series, Sheet number, scale. Place of publication: Publisher.
Ordnance Survey, 2006. Chester and North Wales. Landranger series, Sheet 106, 1:50000. Southampton: Ordnance
Survey.

The required elements for Digimap are:

Map publisher (origin), Year of publication. Created map title, Scale. Source [online] Available through Library website
<http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed date].
Ordinance Survey, 2011. Anglia Ruskin University: Chelmsford Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap [online]. Available
through: Anglia Ruskin University Library <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed 31 August 2011].

The suggested elements for Google Earth are:

Google Earth version (if applicable), Year data released. Image details - location, co-ordinates, elevation. Data set (if
applicable) [online] Available through: URL [Accessed date].
Google Earth 6.0, 2008. Hylands House and Estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D Buildings data
layer. Available through: <http://www.google.com/earth/index.html> [Accessed 31 August 2011].

45
 Thesis Dissertation
Author, Initials., Year of publication. Title of dissertation. Level. Official name of University.

Richmond, J., 2005. Customer expectations in the world of electronic banking: a case
study of the Bank of Britain. Ph. D. Anglia Ruskin University.

The required elements for an e-version are:

Author, Initials., Year of publication. Title of dissertation. Level. Official name of University.
Available at <url> [Accessed on date]

Fisher, C. W., 2008. The legacy of leadership - a study of leadership influence within a
single organisation. DEd. University of Sheffield. Available at: <uk.bl.ethos.489114>
[Accessed 30.07.2017].

46
 Email Correspondence
If you are quoting from these as they may include personal email addresses and be from a restricted
source.
Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted.

Name of sender, email address, Year. Message or subject title from posting line. [type of medium]
Recipient's name and (email address). Date sent: Including time. Available at: URL (e.g. details of where
message is archived) [Accessed date].

Jones, P., [email protected], 2005. Mobile phone developments. [email] Message to R G. Schmit
([email protected]). Sent Monday 7 June 2005: 08:13. Available at:
<http://gog.defer.com/2004_07_01_defer_archive.html> [Accessed 7 July 2005].

Copies of such correspondence should be kept, as these may need to be submitted as an appendix in an
academic submission

47
 Personal Communication

More informal personal communication, e.g. letter, email, phone call or

conversation, provide as much detail as possible and note the nature of the
communication.

Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted, and a copy
retained for reference.

Hindle, E., 2000. Introducing Cow & Gate Omneo Comfort: an infant milk for
digestive comfort. [letter] (Personal communication, 2 June 2000).

O'Sullivan, S., 2003. Discussion on citation and referencing. [letter] (Personal

communication, 5 June 2003).

48
 Government Publications

If there is no obvious author or editor, cite the sponsoring agency

as the author:
(Department of Education, Science & Training 2000)

49
 ABS Statistics

Use the full name in the first in-text reference:

(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005)
and use the abbreviation ‘ABS’ in subsequent references:
(ABS 2005)
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, New South Wales in focus, Cat. no. 1338.1,
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.
name of agency as author
year of publication
title of publication (in italics)
catalogue number
name of publisher
place of publication

50
 Course material / lecture notes
Course material / lecture notes - print version

The required elements for a reference are:

Lecturer/Author, Initials., Year. Title of item, Module Code Module title. HE Institution,
unpublished.

Williams, B., 2008. Guide to project management, BD45001S Management. Anglia Ruskin
University, unpublished.
(See appendix X)
An in-text reference for the above example would read:

(Williams, 2008)

51
Course material / lecture notes
Course Material electronic

Lecturer/Author, Initials., Year. Title of item, Module Code Module Title [online via internal VLE], HE
Institution. Available at: web address if available over the internet, otherwise indicate if available
through WebCT, SharePoint or other virtual learning environment address. [Accessed date]
Williams, B., 2008. Guide to project management, BD45001S Management. [online via internal VLE]
Anglia Ruskin University Available at: <J:\AIBS\AIBS Admin\ASSESSMENT MATERIAL\ASSESSMENT
MATERIAL 2009-10\IBS & MARKETING & MA ARTS\IBS Sem 2 2009-10 Approved Material\Sem 2>
[Accessed Date 13 June 2008].

An in-text reference for the above examples would read:

(Williams, 2008) ...

52
 Law Report

It is recommended that you follow accepted legal citation, which is not part of the Harvard system.
For this the required elements for a reference are:
Name of the parties involved in the law case, Year of reporting (in square brackets where there is no
volume, or round brackets as indicated by the reference you are using) abbreviation for the law
reporting series, part number/case number/page reference if available.
Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832.
Saidi v France (1994) 17 EHRR 251, p.245.
R v White (John Henry) [2005] EWCA Crim 689, 2005 WL 104528.

In the last example you should only quote the two law reports if you have used them.
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
In the recent case of R v White (John Henry) (2005), the defence noted ...

53
 Unpublished Work

You may occasionally have access to a document before it is published and may
therefore not be able to provide full details:

Pattison, J., (in press) A new book that I have written. London: Vanity Press.

Woolley, E. and Muncey, T., (in press) Demons or diamonds: a study to

ascertain the range of attitudes present in health professionals to children
with conduct disorder. Journal of Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. (Accepted for
publication December 2002).

54
 Acts of Parliament

Short title (with key words capitalized), which includes the year followed by the chapter number in
brackets. Place of publication: Publisher.
Higher Education Act 2004. (c.8). London: HMSO.

For Acts prior to 1963, the regal year and parliamentary session are included:
Road Transport Lighting Act 1957. (5&6 Eliz. 2, c.51). London: HMSO.

For an in-text reference:

If you need to refer to a specific section and paragraph, include the section, paragraph number and
subsection.
Finance Act 2007. s.45(9)(b).

55
 Annual Report
Corporate author, Year. Full title of annual report, Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Marks & Spencer, 2004. The way forward, Annual report 2003-2004, London:
Marks & Spencer.

For an e-version of an annual report. The required elements for a reference are:
Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page, [type of medium]
Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator)
[Accessed date]
Marks & Spencer, 2004. Annual report 2003-2004. [online]
Available at: <http://www-marks-and-spencer.co.uk/corporate/annual2003/>
[Accessed 4 June 2005].

56
 Social Media

Author, Initials., Year. Title of page. [Social Media Type] Day/month post written. Available
from:<URL>[ Accessed date].

Andrews, A., 2012. Customer Focus Group. [Facebook] 11 November. Available

at:<www.facebook.com/andrews> [Accessed 11 November 2017].

Author, Initials., Year. Full text of tweet. [Social Media Type] Day/month tweet written. Available
at: <URL> [Date accessed].

Big Red Corporation. 2013. New products for cars. [Twitter] 17 May. Available
at:<https://twitter .com/ bigredcorporation/promotions> [Accessed 13 November 2017].

57
 Film
Full title of DVD or video. Year of release. [type of medium] Director. (if relevant)
Country of origin: Film studio or maker. (Other relevant details).

Great films from the 80s: a selection of clips from Warner Brothers top films
from the 1980s. 2005 [DVD] New York: Warner Brothers.

Health for all children 3: the video. 2004. [video] London: Child Growth
Foundation. (Narrated by D.B.M. Hall).

For a film the suggested elements should include:

Title, Year of release. [Medium] Director. Country of origin: Film studio.

Macbeth, 1948. [Film] Directed by Orson Welles. USA: Republic Pictures

58
 Reference from Dictionary
When you are quoting a definition from a dictionary, use the publisher as the author. The required
elements for a citation are:

(Publisher, Year)
(Chambers, 2010)

For the reference, the suggested elements for a reference are:

Dictionary publisher, Year. Full title of dictionary. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Chambers, 2010. Chambers paperback dictionary thesaurus. London: Champers Harpers Publishers
Ltd.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. [online] London: Encyclopedia

Britannica (UK). Available through: <encyclopaediabritannica.co.uk/intro> [Accessed 12 June 2011].

59
 Page Numbers

Including the page numbers of a reference will help readers trace your sources.
This is particularly important for quotations and for paraphrasing specific
paragraphs in the texts:
Lawrence (1966, p.124)
Lawrence (1966, pp.124-125)
OR
indirectly:
(Lawrence, 1966, p.124)

60
 No date
The abbreviation n.d. is used to denote this:
Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated……

OR
indirectly:

Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated that…..

61
 No Author

If the author cannot be identified use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon.’ and the

title of the work and date of publication. The title should be written in
italics. Every effort should be made to establish the authorship if you
intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic
submission:

Marketing strategy (Anon., 1999)

62
 Reference List
Anglia Ruskin University, 2008: Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing, available at http://
www. liweb.angila.ac.uk (Accessed date 24 July, 2015)
Pearson, 2016: BTEC Higher National in Business Study Skill Guide, Available at
www.pearsoned.co.uk/.../studyskill (Accessed date 25 May 2017)

63
 General Guideline, Punctuations

The Harvard style lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference.
Some variations of presentation are acceptable provided that they are used consistently.

All items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format,
whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there are several works from one author
or source they should by listed together, in date order, with the earliest work listed first.

64
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