Join & Set Operators

Chittaranjan Pradhan

Database Systems CROSS JOIN

Join

Laboratory 6 Inner Join

Outer Join

Join & Set Operators Self Join

Set Operators

Chittaranjan Pradhan
School of Computer Engineering,
KIIT University
6.1
 Join & Set Operators
Join & Set Operators
Chittaranjan Pradhan

CROSS JOIN

1 CROSS JOIN Join

Inner Join

Outer Join

2 Join Self Join

Set Operators

3 Inner Join

4 Outer Join

5 Self Join

6 Set Operators

6.2
 Join & Set Operators
Cross Join
Chittaranjan Pradhan

CROSS JOIN

Join

Inner Join

Cross Join Outer Join

Self Join
Cross join is used to combine information from any two
Set Operators
relations
SELECT Department.deptno, location, ename, eid FROM
Employee, Department;

SELECT d.deptno, d.location, e.ename, e.eid FROM Employee

e, Department d;

SELECT * FROM Employee CROSS JOIN Department;

6.3
 Join & Set Operators
Join
Chittaranjan Pradhan

CROSS JOIN
Join
Join
When the required data are present in more than one table, Inner Join
related tables are joined using a join condition. The join Outer Join

condition combines a row in one table with a row in another Self Join

table based on the same values in the common columns Set Operators

Tables are joined on columns that have the same datatype and
data width in the tables. Join operation joins two relations by
merging those tuples from two relations that satisfy a given
condition

In broad level, Joins are of three categories:

• Inner Join
• Outer Join
• Self Join

6.4
 Join & Set Operators
Inner Join
Chittaranjan Pradhan

CROSS JOIN
In the Inner Join, tuples with NULL valued join attributes do not Join
appear in the result. Tuples with NULL values in the join Inner Join
attributes are also eliminated. The different types of inner join Outer Join

are: Self Join

Set Operators
Theta Join
Theta join is a join with a specified condition involving a column
from each table. The syntax of theta join is:
SELECT columns FROM tables WHERE join_condition;

When columns are retrieved from more than one table, the use
of a table name qualifier in front of the column name tells the
server to retrieve that column from the specified table

SELECT e.eid, e.ename, e.sal, s.bonus FROM Employee e,

Salgrades s WHERE e.comm>s.bonus;

6.5
 Join & Set Operators
Inner Join...
Chittaranjan Pradhan

CROSS JOIN
Equi Join
Join
Equi join is a special kind of theta join where the join condition Inner Join

is based on the equality operation Outer Join

Self Join

SELECT empno, ename, Employee.deptno, dname FROM Set Operators

Employee, Department WHERE Employee.deptno =

Department.deptno;
Natural Join
Natural join is possible between two tables only when they
contain at least one common attribute. It is just like the equi
join with the elimination of the common attributes. The syntax
of natural join is:
SELECT columns FROM table1 NATURAL JOIN table2;

SELECT ename, sal, deptno FROM Employee NATURAL JOIN

Department;

6.6
 Join & Set Operators
Outer Join
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Outer join is an extension of the natural join operation to deal

with the missing information. The different types of outer join CROSS JOIN

are: Join

Inner Join
Left Outer Join Outer Join

Left outer join preserves all rows in left table even though there Self Join

is no matching tuples present in the right table. The syntax of Set Operators

left outer join is:

SELECT columns FROM table1 LEFT OUTER JOIN table2
USING(column); or
SELECT columns FROM table1 LEFT OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column= table2.column;

SELECT * FROM Employee LEFT OUTER JOIN Department

USING(deptno);
SELECT * FROM Employee LEFT OUTER JOIN Department
ON Employee.deptno= Department.deptno;
SELECT deptno, location, ename * FROM Employee,
Department WHERE Employee.deptno=
Department.deptno(+);
6.7
 Join & Set Operators
Outer Join...
Chittaranjan Pradhan

CROSS JOIN
Right Outer Join Join

Right outer join preserves all rows in right table even though Inner Join

Outer Join
there is no matching tuples present in left table. The syntax of
Self Join
right outer join is:
Set Operators
SELECT columns FROM table1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2
USING(column); or
SELECT columns FROM table1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column= table2.column;

SELECT * FROM Employee RIGHT OUTER JOIN Department

USING(deptno);
SELECT * FROM Employee RIGHT OUTER JOIN Department
ON Employee.deptno= Department.deptno;
SELECT deptno, location, ename * FROM Employee,
Department WHERE Employee.deptno(+)=
Department.deptno;

6.8
 Join & Set Operators
Outer Join...
Chittaranjan Pradhan

CROSS JOIN

Join
Full Outer Join Inner Join

Full outer join preserves all records in both tables. The syntax Outer Join

of full outer join is: Self Join

SELECT columns FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 Set Operators

USING(column); or

SELECT columns FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2

ON table1.column= table2.column;

SELECT * FROM Employee FULL OUTER JOIN Department

USING(deptno);

SELECT * FROM Employee FULL OUTER JOIN Department

ON Employee.deptno= Department.deptno;

6.9
 Join & Set Operators
Self Join
Chittaranjan Pradhan

CROSS JOIN

Join

Inner Join

Self Join Outer Join

Self Join
Self join is similar to the theta join. It joins a relation to itself by
Set Operators
a condition. When a table is joined to itself, two copies of the
same table are used. The syntax for this is:
SELECT columns FROM table T1, table T2 WHERE
T1.column operator T2.column;

SELECT e.ename AS ëmployee", m.ename AS

managerFROM Employee m, Employee e WHERE
e.mgr=m.empno;

6.10
 Join & Set Operators
Set Operators
Chittaranjan Pradhan

CROSS JOIN

Join

Inner Join

To perform the set operations such as UNION, DIFFERENCE Outer Join

Self Join
and INTERSECTION, the relations need to be union
Set Operators
compatible for the result to be a valid relation. The different set
operators are:
UNION
Union is used to combine data from two relations
SELECT name, job FROM Employee WHERE dept=20 UNION
SELECT name, job FROM Employee WHERE dept=30;

6.11
 Join & Set Operators
Set Operators...
Chittaranjan Pradhan

CROSS JOIN

Join
DIFFERENCE
Inner Join
Difference is used to identify the rows that are in one relation Outer Join

and not in another Self Join

Set Operators
SELECT name, job FROM Employee WHERE dept=20 MINUS
SELECT name, job FROM Employee WHERE dept=30;

INTERSECTION
Intersection is used to identify the rows that are common to two
relations
SELECT name, job FROM Employee WHERE dept=20
INTERSECT SELECT name, job FROM Employee WHERE
dept=30;

6.12