LISTENING BUG

YUVRAJ SODHA
LISTENING BUG USING IC 741
ROLL NO 66; DIV A SYJC
 INDEX

1. COMPONENT LIST

2. INTODUCTION

3. CAPACITORS

4. RESISTER

5. IC 741

6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7. WORKING

8. USES AND ADVANTAGES

 COMPONENT LIST
Resistor (all ¼-watt, ± 5% Carbon)

R1 = 3.3 KΩ
R2 = 4.7 K Ω

R3,R4 = 10K Ω

P1 = 2.2M Ω

Capacitors

C1 = 4.7 KPF

C2 = 10 µF/25V 

C3 = 220 µF/16V

C4 = 1000 µF/10V

Semiconductors

IC = LM741

Q1 = AC 187

Q2 = AC 188

Miscellaneous

MIC = COD.MIC

SPK = 8E/.5W

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
It is a simple inexpensive and hi-fi device for listening to the conversation
going on in an adjoining room or for the parents wishing to keep a strict,
vigil on the activities of their children through the sound in children's
room. It is one evening project for an experimenter.

HOW IT WORKS
The condenser microphone picks up the sound signals (even at a
distance of 5 meters from the mike), and converted into electrical
variations, which are amplified by the op-amp IC 741 used in the
inverting mode with a single supply using divider network of resistors.
Varying the feedback through 2.2MΩ preset can set the gain of IC 741.
The output of IC 741 is further amplified using transistors AC 187/188
pair.

CAPACITORS

DEFINITION
A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field. In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulating material called the dielectric. The capacitance is directly
proportional to the surface areas of the plates, and is inversely proportional to the
separation between the plates. Capacitance also depends on the dielectric constant
of the substance separating the plates.

The standard unit of capacitance is the farad, abbreviated. This is a large unit; more
common units are the microfarad, abbreviated µF (1 µF =10 -6F) and the picofarad,
abbreviated pF (1 pF = 10-12 F).

Capacitors can be fabricated onto integrated circuit (IC) chips. They are commonly
used in conjunction with transistors in dynamic random access memory (DRAM).
The capacitors help maintain the contents of memory. Because of their tiny physical
size, these components have low capacitance. They must be recharged thousands
of times per second or the DRAM will lose its data.

Large capacitors are used in the power supplies of electronic equipment o fall types,
including computers and their peripherals. In these systems, the capacitors smooth
out the rectified utility AC, providing pure, battery-like DC.

RESISTORS
DEFINITION
A resistor is an element or component which reduces the electrical current and supply
the electricity to the electrical or electronic goods in a controlled manner.
Resistors are categorised by their degree of resistance. Ohm Ω is a unit of
measurement for resistance. The behaviour of a resistor is given by the relationship
defined by Ohm’s law.

V = I.R,
where R is the resistance.
Ohm’s Law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I)
and the constant of proportionality is Resistance (R). In other words, 1 Ohm Ω is the
resistance between two points where 1V (volt) of potential energy is required to transfer
1 A (ampere) current. 

Resistors are useful to block the potential energy and this blockage of energy
appears as heat. Sometimes, this generated heat is wastage. There are numbers of
equipment which are made up to use this waste energy. For example, old-fashioned
light bulb, in which a very thin filament is fastened on two terminals and when current
passes through this filament, the filament becomes so hot to produce light. On the
same concept, other equipment like electric kettles, electric radiators, geysers,
toasters, coffee makers etc. work. These resistors are fixed types of resistors.

IC 741
IC op-amps as implemented in practice are moderately complex integrated circuits.
A typical example is the ubiquitous 741 op-amp designed by Dave Fullagar in
Fairchild semiconductor after the remarkable LM301.
INPUT STAGE
The input stage is a composed differential amplifier with a complex biasing circuit
and a current mirror active load.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
It is implemented by two cascaded stages satisfying the conflicting requirements.
The first stage consists of the NPN-based input emitter followers Q1 and Q2 that
provide high input impedance. The next is the PNP-based common base pair Q3
and Q4 that eliminates the undesired Miller effect, shifts the voltage level downwards
and provides a sufficient voltage gain to drive the next class A amplifier.
BIASING CIRCUIT
The classical emitter-coupled differential stages is biased from the side of the
emitters by connecting a constant current source to them. The series negative
feedback (the emitter degeneration) makes the transistors act as voltage stabilizers;
it forces them to adjust their VDC voltages so that to pass the current through their
collector-emitter junctions. As a result, the β-independent.
Here, the Q3/Q4 emitters are already used as inputs. Their collections are separated
and cannot be used as the inputs for the quiescent current source since they behave
as current sources. So, the quiescent current can be set only from the side of the
bases by connecting a constant current source to them. To make it not depends on β
as above, a negative but parallel feedback is used. For this purpose, the total
quiescent current is mirrored by Q8-Q9 current mirror and the negative feedback is
taken from the Q9. The effect is the same as at the classical emitter-coupled pair —
the quiescent current is β-independent. The biasing base currents are usually
provided only by the negative power supply, they should come from the ground and
enter the bases.

PIN FUNCTONS
 It is an 8 pin IC.
 Pin no 7 is for connecting supply voltage +Vcc while pin no 4 is to be
connected to a negative supply voltage. Thus IC 741 needs a dual polarity
power supply.
 Pin no 2 and 3 are inverting and non-inverting inputs respectively.
  Output is obtained at pin no 6.
 Pin no 1 and 5 can be used to nullify the offset voltage.
 Pin no. 8 acts as a dummy pin as it is not connected anywhere.

FEATURES OF IC 741
 No external frequency compensation is required.
 Short circuit protection.
 Offset nulling is possible.
 Large differential voltage range.
 Low power consumption.
 Large common mode voltage range.
 No latch up problems.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 WORKING

CONSTRUCTION
 To make a listening bug we had used a general purpose circuit board for our
convenience in connecting and soldering.
 As given in the circuit diagram there are 4 resistors of 3.3kΩ, 4.7kΩ, and two
of 10kΩ in which the two 10kΩ resistor form a potential divider network.
 A 2.2MΩ pot is present to vary the gain of the op-amp.
 Different capacitors were used of values 47kpf,10µF, 220 µF, 1000 µF for
bypass and coupling process.
 Also an 8W speaker and a small condenser mic was used.
 The mic used here is of condenser type for greater sensitivity.
  The circuit also consisted of two bipolar junction transistors (BJT).
 A 9V supply was given to the circuit.

HOW IT WORKS
THE SOUND SIGNAL (EVEN AT A DISTANCE OF 5 METERS FROM THE MIKE)
ARE PICKED UP BY THE CONDENSER MICROPHONE AND CONVERTED INTO
ELECTRICAL VARIATION WHICH ARE AMPLIFIED BY THE OP-AMP IC 741USED
IN THE INVERTING MODE WITH A SINGLE SUPPLY USING DIVIDER NETWORK
OF RESISTORS. THE GAIN OF IC 741 CAN BE SET BY VARYING THE
FEEDBACK THROUGH 2.2M POT. THE OUTPUT OF IC 741 IS FUTHER
AMPLIFIED BY THE PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER USING TRANSISTORS AC 187/188
PAIR.
A SHIELDED WIRE SHOULD BE USED TO SUPPRESS HUM FOR CARRYING
THE OUTPUT SIGNALS FROM THE OUTPUT OF THE AMPLIFIER TO SPEAKER
FITTED IN THE OTHER ROOM. ALTERNATIVELY, FROM POINT C ONWARDS,
THE AMPLIFIER CAN BE DISPENSED WITH BY FEEDING THE OUTPUT OF THE
IC 741 TO THE PICK-UP POINT OF AN ORDINARY TRANSISTOR RADIO.

INVERTING AMPLIFIER USING 741

This project on Inverting amplifier circuit demonstrates the principle of
operation of op-amp as inverting amplifier using 741. By this circuit we
can amplify both AC and DC. If voltage is AC then its phase also changes;
it gets inverted or is changed by 180 degree. Op-amp is used to get high
gains and can be used as amplifier in any circuit.
It is due to prime importance in applicative and developmental areas that
inverting configuration is a must for every electronic enthusiast and
covering the basics of the inverting amplifier is this electronic circuit
tutorial. IC 741 is used most of the time to play the role of the amplifier.
This is a comparator IC and can be used in non-inverting configuration too
depending upon how the power supply is connected.
This project is a basic circuit of op-amp (IC 741 ) being used as inverting
amplifier. This inverting amplifier circuit uses negative feedback through a
resistor Rf to invert and amplify voltage. Output is 180 degree out of phase
and this amount gets effectively subtracted from the input of opamp thus
reducing the input of op-amp. For DC voltage only amplification takes
place as there is no phase of DC. This amplification takes place according
to the following formula:

 V out = (-Rf /Rin)Vin

Amplification factor = (-Rf /Rin)

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION
An op-amp connected in the inverting amplifier configuration.
In an inverting amplifier, the output voltage changes in an
opposite direction to the input voltage.
As with the non- inverting amplifier, we start with the gain
equation of the op-amp:
Vout = AOL (V+ - V-)
This time, V- is a function of both Vout and Vin due to the voltage
divider formed by Rt and Rin. Again, the op-amp input does not
apply an appreciable load, so:
V- = 1 (RtVin + RinVout)
Rt + Rin
Substituting this into the gain equation and solving for V out:
Vout = -Vin . AOLRt .

Rf + Rin + VOLRin

If AOL is very large, this simplifies to

Vout ≈ -Vin Rf .

Rin

A resistor is often inserted between the non-inverting input and

ground (so both input “see” similar resistances, reducing the
input offset voltage due to different voltages drops due to bias
current, and may reduce distortion in some op-amps.

A DC blocking capacitor may be inserted in series with the input

resistor when a frequency response down to DC is not needed
and any DC voltage on the input is unwanted. That is, the
capacitive component of the input impedance inserts a DC zero
and a low-frequency pole that gives the circuit a bandpass or
high-pass characteristic.

The potentials at the operational amplifier inputs remain virtually

constant (near ground) in the inverting configuration. The
constant operating potential typically results in distortion levels
that are lower than those attainable with the non-inverting
topology.

USE AND ADVANTAGES

Remotely activated mobile phone microphones
Mobile phone (cell phone) microphone can be activated remotely,
without any need for physical access. This “roving bug” feature has been
used by enforcement agencies and intelligence services to listen in on
nearby conversations. A United States court ruled in 1988 that a similar
technique used by the FBI against reputed former Gulfport, Mississippi
cocaine dealers after having obtained a court order was permissible.
Automobile computer systems
In 2003, the FBI obtained a court order to surreptitiously listen in on
conversations in a car, through the car’s built-in emergency and tracking
security system. A panel of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals prohibited the
use of this technique because it involved deactivating the device’s
security features.

THE ADVANTANGES OF LISTENING BUG

 IT IS EASILY PORTABLE.
 IT IS EASILY FIXABLE.
 BEING SMALL IN SIZE, IT IS NOT EASILY VISIBLE AND
HENCE CAN BE EASILY HIDDEN FOR SPYING PURPOSES.