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Load Curve

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Draw the load curves and load duration curves for regions A and B: Region A load curve: Region B load curve: Total load curve: 2) The average load of the total system is (4+3)/2 = 3.5 MW Load factor = Average load/Max load = 3.5/5 = 0.7 3) Reserve capacity = Plant capacity - Max demand = 10 - 5 = 5 MW 4) Plant use factor = Average demand x Time / Plant capacity x Time = 3.5 x 24 / 10 x 24 = 0.7 5) Utilization factor = Max demand /

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171 views30 pages

Load Curve

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Draw the load curves and load duration curves for regions A and B: Region A load curve: Region B load curve: Total load curve: 2) The average load of the total system is (4+3)/2 = 3.5 MW Load factor = Average load/Max load = 3.5/5 = 0.7 3) Reserve capacity = Plant capacity - Max demand = 10 - 5 = 5 MW 4) Plant use factor = Average demand x Time / Plant capacity x Time = 3.5 x 24 / 10 x 24 = 0.7 5) Utilization factor = Max demand /

Uploaded by

Kian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Load Curve and

Load Duration Curve


Load Curve

• Definition:
• Load curve or chronological curve is the graphical
representation of load (in kW or MW) in proper time sequence
and the time in hours.
• It shows the variation of load on the power station. When the
load curve is plotted for 24 hours a day, then it is called daily
load curve. If the one year is considered then, it is called annual
load curve.
Load Curve

• The load curve of the power system is not same all the day. It
differs from day to day and season to season. The load curve is
mainly classified into two types, i.e., the summer load curve and
the winter load curve.
Load Curve

Maximum Load (Peak Load)


- It represents the maximum power that consumed by the load during a
specific given time. It is also equal to the maximum actual power generated
by the plant when the transmission losses are neglected.
Average Load
It is the average power that consumed by the load during a certain period of
time and it is equal to the average power that generated by the plant during
the same period of time when neglecting transmission line losses.

Average Load (kW) = Area under the load curve (kWh) / no. of hours (h)
Load Curve

Load Factor
It is the ratio of the average load to the maximum load for a certain period of
time. The load factor is called daily load factor if the period of time is a day,
and if the period of time is a month, the load factor is called monthly load
factor, and similarly for the year load factor.

Load Factor = Average Load / Max. Load


Load Curve

Installed Capacity (Plant Capacity, nameplate capacity)


It represents the maximum possible power that could be produced
(generated) from the power plant. The value of the installed capacity
depends on the plant design.
Installed Capacity = Nominal power value of the plant (kW or MW)
Reserve Capacity
Reserve Capacity = Installed Capacity − Max. Demand (kW or MW)
Load Curve

Plant Capacity Factor


The capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of its average output power
over a period of time, to its maximum possible power that could be produced.
It can be determined as below:
Plant Capacity Factor = Average Demand (kW) Installed Capacity (kW)

Utilization Factor
Utilization Factor = Max. Demand (kW) Installed Capacity (kW)
Load Curve

Plant Use Factor


Plant Use Factor = Actual energy produced (kWh) / [Installed Capacity (kW)
× no. of operation hours(h)]
Or
Plant Use Factor = Average Demand ×T / Installed Capacity × no. of
operating hours
Where ;
T = 24 h, if the time is a day
T = 24 × 30 h , if the time is a Month
Load Curve

Diversity Factor
Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Max. Demand (kW) / Max. Demand on
power Plant (kW)
Load Curve
The following are the information obtained from load curves.
1.Load duration curve determines the load variation during different
hours of the day.
2.It indicates the peak load which determines the maximum demand
on the power station.
3.The area under the load curve gives the total energy generated in
the period under consideration.
4.The area under the curve divided by the total numbers of hours
gives the load.
5.The ratio of the area under the load curve of the total area of the
rectangle in which it is contained gives the load factor.
Load Curve

• The ideal load curve is flat, but practically it is far from flat.
For a flat load curve, the load factor will be higher. Higher
load factor means the more uniform load pattern with fewer
variations in load.
Utility of Load Curve

• The following are the utility of the load curve.


1.Load curve decides the installed capacity of a power station.
2. It is helpful in choosing the most economical sizes of the
various generating units.
3.The load curve estimates the generating cost.
4.It decides the operating schedules of the power station, i.e.,
the sequence in which the different generating units should
run.
Load Duration Curve
Definition:
• The load duration curve is defined as the curve between the
load and time in which the ordinates representing the load,
plotted in the order of decreasing magnitude, i.e., with the
greatest load at the left, lesser loads towards the rights and
the lowest loads at the time extreme right. The load duration
curve is shown in the figure below.
Load Duration Curve

• This curve represents the same data as that of the load curve.
The load duration curve is constructed by selecting the
maximum peak points and connecting them by a curve. The
load duration curve plotting for 24 hours of a day is called the
daily load duration curve. Similarly, the load duration curve
plotted for a year is called the annual load curve.
Load Duration Curve
Load Duration Curve

Procedure for Plotting the Load Duration Curve


1.From the data available from the load curve determines the
maximum load and the duration for which it occurs.
2.Now take the next load and the total time during which this and the
previous load occurs.
3.Plots the loads against the time during which it occurs.
• The load duration curves can be drawn for any duration of time, for
example, a day or a month or a year. The whole duration is taken as
100%.
Load Duration Curve
Load Duration Curve

Information Available Form Load Duration Curve


1.The load duration curve gives the minimum load present throughout the
specified period.
2.It authorises the selection of base load and peak load power plants.
3.Any point on the load duration curve represents the total duration in hours
for the corresponding load and all loads of greater values.
4.The area under the load duration curve represents the energy associated
with the load duration curve.
5.The average demand during some specified time periods such as a day or a
month can be obtained from the load duration curve.
Sample Problems
• Example 1: A generation station of 1MW supplied a region which has the
following demands:

Neglect transmission line losses and find the following:


1. Plot the daily load curve and the load duration curve.
2. Find the load factor, the reserve capacity, plant capacity factor, plant use
factor, the hours that the plant has been off and utilization factor.
Sample Problems
Solution:
• When the transmission line losses are neglected, Pg = PL, and the demand = load
• Installed capacity = 1 MW = 1000 kW and max. load = max. demand = 900 kW
Sample Problems
• Example 2:
A generation station has a maximum demand of 20 MW, a load factor of 60%,
plant capacity factor of 48% and plant use factor of 80%.
Find:
1. The daily energy produced
2. The reserve capacity
3. The number of operating hours per daily
4. The maximum energy that could be produced daily if the generation
station was running all the time.
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
Example 3:
• A generation station of 10MW supplied two regions (A and B) which have
the following demands: Find the diversity factor.
Sample Problems
Example 3:
• Solution
Assignment: for the previous example (3)

Find the following:


• 1) Draw the load curve and load duration curve for regions A and B and for
the total loads
• 2) The average load and the load factor of the total system
• 3) The reserve capacity of the plant
• 4) Plant use factor
• 5) Utilization factor

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