MATH 1F

MODULE 3: Introduction and Basic Concept of Statistics

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 COURSE MATH 1 F: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
DEVELOPER AND DR. ELIZABETH A. AMURAO
THEIR CHRIS MARK V. CATALAN
BACKGROUND MARIANNE A. MENDOZA
COURSE The course deals with nature of mathematics, appreciation of its practical, intellectual, and aesthetic
DESCRIPTION dimensions, and appreciation of mathematical tools in daily life.

The course then proceeds to survey ways in which mathematics provides a tool for understanding
and dealing with various aspects of present day living, such as managing personal finances, making
social choices, appreciating geometric designs, understanding codes used in data transmission and
security, and dividing limited resources fairly. These aspects will provide opportunities for actually
doing mathematics in a broad range of exercises that bring out the various dimensions of
mathematics as a way of knowing, and test the students’ understanding and capacity. (CMO No. 20,
series of 2013)
COURSE OUTLINE I. Simple Interest, Bank Discount and Promissory Note
II. Compound Interest
III. Introduction and Basic Concept of Statistics
IV. Measures of Central Tendency-Ungrouped Data
V. Measures of Central Tendency-Grouped Data
VI. Measures of Variability-Ungrouped Data
VII. Measures of Variability-Grouped Data
CHAPTER # III.
TITLE INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPT OF STATISTICS
RATIONALE Mathematics and statistics equip students with the knowledge and skills to be global citizens in the
21st century. Effective citizens have the ability and inclination to use mathematics and statistics at
home, at work, and in the community by:
• using problem-solving strategies
• using mathematical and statistical models to solve problems
• making sensible estimates
• using and interpreting data
• evaluating mathematical and statistical information
• communicating ideas.
This module provides a comprehensive discussion of introduction and basic concept of statistics. It
will discuss data collection and presentation.

INSTRUCTION TO This module should be completed within 1 week.

THE USERS If you set an average of 1.5 hours per meeting, you should be able to complete the module
comfortably by the end of the assigned week.
Try to do all the learning activities in this module . If you do not get a particular exercise right in the
first attempt, you should not get discouraged but instead, go back and attempt it again. If you still do
not get it right after several attempts then you should seek help from your friend, tutor or professor.

LEARNING After going through this module, you are expected to:
OBJECTIVES • Recognize and differentiate between key terms.
• Apply various types of sampling methods to data collection.
• Create and interpret frequency tables.

CONTENT
A. PREPARATORY The learners should have a good background on the following concepts
ACTIVITIES
A. 1. whole numbers, decimals, fractions, and percent
B. 2. Rules in manipulating equations and formulas.
C. 3. Fluency in calculator use is required.
D.
E.

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Introduction and Basic Concept in Statistics

Statistics is used in business and economics. It plays an important role in the exploration of new markets
for a product, forecasting of business trends, control and maintenance of high-quality products,
improvement of employer-employee relationship and analysis of data concerning insurance, investment,
sales, employment, transportation, communications, auditing and accounting procedures.

STATISTICS is the branch of mathematics that deals with the theory and method of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing and interpreting data.

Two Main Divisions of Statistics

1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS refers to the summary statistic that quantitatively describes or

summarizes features from a collection of data under investigation. The goal is to describe. Numerical
measures are used to tell about features of a set of data.

Example:

• The average, or measure of the center of a data set, consisting of the mean, median,
mode, or midrange
• The spread of a data set, which can be measured with the range or standard deviation
• Overall descriptions of data such as the five number summary
• Measurements such as skewness and kurtosis
• The exploration of relationships and correlation between paired data
• The presentation of statistical results in graphical form

2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS statistical tools that are used to examine the relationships between
variables within a sample and then make generalizations or predictions about how those variables
will relate to a larger population.

Example:

• A confidence interval gives a range of values for an unknown parameter of the population
by measuring a statistical sample. This is expressed in terms of an interval and the degree
of confidence that the parameter is within the interval.
• Tests of significance or hypothesis testing where scientists make a claim about the
population by analyzing a statistical sample. By design, there is some uncertainty in this
process. This can be expressed in terms of a level of significance.

SOME STATISTICAL TERMS:

POPULATION – a set of data consisting of all conceivable possible observations of a certain

phenomenon. It refers to the totality of the observations. Population is denoted by capital N.

SAMPLE – a finite number of items selected from a population possessing identical characteristics
with those of the population from which it was taken. Sample is denoted by small letter n

VARIABLE – refers to a fundamental quantity that changes in value from one observation to another
within a given domain and under a given set of conditions. Variables may be represented by the
letters X, Y, etc.

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CONSTANTS – refers to fundamental quantities that do not change in value.

VARIATE – actual values of the variables

STEPS IN A STATISTICAL INQUIRY OR INVESTIGATION

1. Collection of data

2. Processing of data

3. Presentation of data

4. Analysis of data

5. Interpretation of data

Data Collection and Data Presentation

DATA

What are DATA?

Data are plain facts, usually raw numbers, words, measurements, observations or just description of
things. Think of a spreadsheet full of numbers with no meaningful description. In order for these
numbers to become information, they must be interpreted to have meaning.

TWO TYPES OF DATA

1. QUALITATIVE DATA is descriptive in nature ex., color, shapes

2. QUANTITATIVE is numerical information ex. weight, height

DATA COLLECTION

Data collection is concerned with the accurate gathering of data; although methods may differ
depending on the field, the emphasis on ensuring accuracy. The primary goal of any data collection
is to capture quality data or evidence that easily translates to rich data analysis that may lead to
credible and conclusive answers to questions that have been posed.

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

1. THE INTERVIEW or DIRECT METHOD

The researcher or interviewer gets the needed data from the respondent od interviewee verbally and
directly face-to-face contact.

2. THE QUESTIONNAIRE or INDIRECT METHOD

The questionnaire is a tool for data gathering and research that consists of a set of questions in a
different form of question type that is used to collect information from the respondents for the
purpose of either survey or statistical analysis study.

3. REGISTRATION METHOD
This method is used by the government such as the records of births at the Philippine Statistics
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Authority (PSA), registration record at the COMELEC

4. OBSERVATION
This method is a way of collecting data through observing. The observer gains firsthand knowledge
by being in and around the social setting that is being investigated.

5. EXPERIMENTATION
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis. An experiment
is a method that most clearly shows cause-and-effect because it isolates and manipulates a single
variable, in order to clearly show its effect.

DATA PRESENTATION

Once data has been collected, it has to be classified and organized in such a way that it becomes
easily readable and interpretable, that is, converted to information.

TYPES OF DATA PRESENTATION

1. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
This type of presentation combines text and figures in a statistical report.
Example: news item in the newspaper

2. TABULAR PRESENTATION
This type of presentation uses tables consisting of vertical columns and horizontal rows with
headings describing these rows and columns. The data are presented in more brief and orderly
manner.
Example: frequency table

3. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
It is a most effective means of presenting statistical data because important relationships are
brought out more clearly in graphs.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRAPHS COMMONLY USED IN DATA PRESENTATION

1. BAR GRAPH
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars
with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted
vertically or horizontally.

2. LINE GRAPH
A line graph is a graphical display of information that changes continuously over time. A line graph
may also be referred to as a line chart. Within a line graph, there are points connecting the data to
show a continuous change. The lines in a line graph can descend and ascend based on the data.
We can use a line graph to compare different events, situations, and information.

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3. PIE GRAPH
A pie chart is a circular chart divided into wedge-like sectors, illustrating proportion. Each wedge
represents a proportionate part of the whole, and the total value of the pie is always 100 percent.
Pie charts can make the size of portions easy to understand at a glance. They're widely used in
business presentations and education to show the proportions among a large variety of categories
including expenses, segments of a population, or answers to a survey.

4. SCATTER DIAGRAM
A scatter diagram also called a scatterplot, is a type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian
coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data. If the points are coded
(color/shape/size), one additional variable can be displayed. The data are displayed as a collection
of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and
the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.

5. PICTOGRAPH/PICTOGRAM
A pictograph is a chart or graph, which uses pictures to represent data. A pictograph is one of the
simplest forms of data visualization.

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DEVELOPMENTAL 1. Define Statistics.
ACTIVITIES 2. Discuss the importance of statistics in the following fields:
a. Education
b. Business and Economics
c. Research
3. Which of the different graphs studied would be most appropriate for the following:
a. A comparison of changes in average annual per capital income for the Philippines and another
country in Asia from 2000 to 2010.
b. The percentage composition of the monthly budget of P50,000 of family of five.
c. To show the yearly changes in the student population of a certain university during a 10-year
period starting 2009.

CLOSURE ACTIVTIES Watch the following videos to increase your understanding of the topic.

https://youtu.be/MXaJ7sa7q-8
https://youtu.be/-k0pZa201Ck

SYNTHESIS / Statistics is used in business and economics. It plays an important role in the exploration of new markets
GENERALIZATION for a product, forecasting of business trends, control and maintenance of high-quality products,
improvement of employer-employee relationship and analysis of data concerning insurance, investment,
sales, employment, transportation, communications, auditing and accounting procedures.
There are two divisions of statistics: Descriptive and Inferential.

EVALUATION State whether the following types of data are qualitative or quantitative.

1. the height of each student in Math 1F class

2. school organization of each college in TSU
3. length of time each of 100 patients must stay in a hospital
4. marital status of each person living on a city
5. weight of 100 freshmen students of HM Department
6. number of hours spent by 50 freshmen students of HM Department in social media
7. religious affiliation of each 100 student in College of Business and Accountancy
8. number of male students in Math 1F class in College of Business and Accountancy
9. monthly budget of 50 middle class family in Tarlac city
10. speed of hatchback cars

ASSIGNMENT / Solve the following problems.

AGREEMENT
1. Out of a monthly budget of P35,000, a family of five spent 2/5 for food, 1/5 for rent, 1/7 for
education, 1/6 for miscellaneous and the rest were saved.

a. Determine the percentage allotted to each expense and to savings.

b. Construct a pie graph to illustrate these allotment percentages.
c. How much is the amount allotted to each expense and to savings?
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 2. Present the data in tabular form.
From a newspaper, it was gathered that China has a population of 707 million, India has
505 million, US has 207 million, Russia has 245 million and Indonesia has 125 million.
That more than half of the world’s people, about 21 million live in Asia, 465 million in
Europe, 354 million in North America, 195 million in South America and 20 million in Oceania.
Shanghai has 10,820,000, Tokyo has 8,841,000, New York has 7,895,000 and Moscow
has 7,050,000.

REFERENCES Gurero de Leon, Cynthia R; Garcia, George; Pagoso, Cristobal M. c1987. Fundamentals of Statistics
for College Students: Sinag-Tala Publishers

Mercado Del Rosario, Asuncion C. c2011. Business Statistics: Del Ros Publishing House Malate,
Manila

Sta. Maria, Antonina. 1988. General statistics : Text / Workbook: National Bookstore Manila

Nocon, Ferdinand P; Torrecampo, Joel T; Balacua, Ma. Magdalena P; Daguia, Wilfredo B. c2004.
General Statistics Made Simple For Filipinos: National Bookstore Mandaluyong City

Bowerman, Bruce L.; O’Conell, Richard T., et. al. 2012. Essentials of Business Statistics 4th Edition:
McGraw-Hill

Muhammad El-Taha. 1997. Introduction to Business Statistics I: University of Southern Maine, USA

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