Science Human Internal Structure

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These workbooks are full of activities that help your learners practise what they
have learnt and encourage them to think and work scientifically. Focus, Practice and
Challenge exercises provide clear progression through each topic, helping learners
see what they’ve achieved. The drawing and writing activities give learners more
experience with scientific vocabulary, which helps them to develop their language
skills. These different types of exercises and activities make the book ideal for use
in the classroom or for homework.
CAMBRIDGE
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Primary Science
• Active learning opportunities help learners apply their knowledge
to new contexts
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• Three-tiered exercises in every topic help students see and track their
own learning
• Varied exercises types keep learners interested
• Write-in for ease of use
• Answers to all activities can be found in the accompanying teacher’s resource
For more information on how to access and use your digital resource, Workbook 4
please see inside front cover.
Fiona Baxter & Liz Dilley
M
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E
PL
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SA
CAMBRIDGE
E
Primary Science
PL Workbook 4
Fiona Baxter & Liz Dilley
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SA
Contents
Contents
1 Living things
1.1 Bones and skeletons 2
1.2 Why we need a skeleton 5
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1.3 Skeletons and movement 9
1.4 Different kinds of skeletons 12
1.5 Medicines and infectious diseases 15
2 Energy
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Energy around us
Energy transfers
Energy changes
PL
Energy and living things
18
21
26
29
M
3 Materials
3.1 Materials, substances and particles 33
3.2 How do solids and liquids behave? 36
SA
3.3 Melting and solidifying 40

3.4 Chemical reactions 45
4 Earth and its habitats

4.1 The structure of the Earth 49
4.2 Volcanoes 52
4.3 Earthquakes 55
4.4 Different habitats 58
iii
Contents
5 Light
5.1 How we see things 62
5.2 Light travels in straight lines 65
5.3 Light reflects off different surfaces 68
5.4 Light in the solar system 71
5.5 Day and night 76
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5.6 Investigating shadow lengths 79
6 Electricity
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
PL
Which materials conduct electricity?
Does water conduct electricity?
Using conductors and insulators in electrical appliances
Switches 92
Changing the number of components in a circuit
Acknowledgements
82
86
88
95
99
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iv
How to use this book
How to use this book 1 Living things
1 Living things
1.2 Why we need a skeleton

This workbook provides Focus
1
Match the bones of the skeleton with their functions.
questions for you to practise Focus
Draw lines from the names of the bones to their function.
Different bones can have the same function, or more than one function.
what you have learned in class. 1 Match the bones of the skeleton with their functions.
Draw
Bone lines from the names of the bones to their function.
E
Function
There is a topic to match each Different bones can have the same function, or more than one function.
Skull Support
topic in your Learner’s Book. Bone
Ribs
Function
Movement
Each topic contains the following Skull

Arm bone Support
Protection
sections: Ribs
Spine Movement
Focus: these questions help you

to master the basics
Practice: these questions help

you to become more confident in
PL 2
2
Arm bone
Practice
Read
Protection
the text about skeletons and answer questions about what you have read.
Spine
Our skeleton supports our body. It makes a strong frame inside the body. It gives
Practice
our body shape and makes it firm. Our skeleton also protects organs inside the body.
Read the text about skeletons and answer questions about what you have read.
We grow and get bigger because our skeleton grows. We begin to grow at birth. Our
bones get longer and thicker each year. When are about 18 to 20 years old, our bones
Ourgrowing.
stop skeleton supports our body. It makes a strong frame inside the body. It gives
our body shape and makes it firm. Our skeleton also protects organs inside the body.
Sometimes we fall or have accidents and break our bones. A broken bone is called a
fracture.
We grow Doctors takebigger
and get specialbecause
photos called X-rays to grows.
our skeleton see if a We
The broken ends of the bone slowly grow back together again.
bonebegin
is broken or not.
to grow
bones get longer and thicker each year. When are about 18 to 20 years old, our bones
stop growing.
at birth. Our
M
Sometimes we fall or have accidents and break our bones. A broken bone is called a
using what you have learned fracture. Doctors take special photos called X-rays to see if a bone is broken or not.
The broken ends of the bone slowly grow back together again.
1.1 Bones and skeletons

4
Challenge
3 Match the skeletons with the animals they come from. Write the letter of each
SA
skeleton next to the name of the animal it comes from.
Animal Skeleton
4
Bird
Rabbit
Challenge: these questions will Frog
make you think more deeply Crocodile
A B
Y W
X
C D
4 Name the parts on Skeleton A.
W is the _______________________________________________________________________
X is the ________________________________________________________________________ v
Y is the ________________________________________________________________________
1 Living things
Focus
1 Use the words in the word box to label the skeleton.
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rib cage arm bone
spine jaw
leg bone skull
PL
M
SA
2
Practice
2 a What are the bones of the head called?
b What are the bones of the chest called?
E
c What is the row of bones in our back called?
PL
d Name the bone that moves when we chew food.
e Why do you think the bones of your skeleton are different shapes and sizes?
M
Challenge
3 Match the skeletons with the animals they come from. Write the letter of each
skeleton next to the name of the animal it comes from.
Animal Skeleton
SA
Bird
Rabbit
Frog
Crocodile
3
1 Living things
A Y
X W
E
B
PL D
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SA
4 Name the parts on Skeleton A.
W is the
X is the
Y is the
Z is the
4

Focus
1 Match the bones of the skeleton with their functions.
Draw lines from the names of the bones to their function.
Different bones can have the same function, or more than one function.
Bone Function
E
Skull Support
Ribs Movement
Arm bone
Spine
Practice
PL Protection
2 Read the text about skeletons and answer questions about what you have read.
M
Our skeleton supports our body. It makes a strong frame
inside the body. It gives our body shape and makes it firm.
Our skeleton also protects organs inside the body.
SA
We grow and get bigger because our skeleton grows.

We begin to grow at birth. Our bones get longer and thicker
each year. When are about 18 to 20 years old, our bones
stop growing.
Sometimes we fall or have accidents and break our bones.

A broken bone is called a fracture. Doctors take special photos
called X-rays to see if a bone is broken or not. The broken
ends of the bone slowly grow back together again.
5
1 Living things
a Name three reasons why a skeleton is important.
E
b Explain what would happen to a baby if its skeleton did not grow.
c What is a fracture?
PL
d How can doctors find out if a bone is broken?
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e How do broken bones mend?
SA
f Why do you think some animals with skeletons are very big, but animals like
worms are usually small?
6
Challenge
3 In this exercise you will find information from a bar chart.
Nasreen measured the length of the upper arm bone of some people in her family.
She drew this bar chart to show her results. Use the graph to answer the questions.
36
34
32
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30
28
24
Length of upper arm bone in cm
22
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
PL
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8
2
SA
0
Nasreen Ahmed Meshack Fatima Ali
a Who had the longest upper arm bone?
b How long is the shortest upper arm bone?
7
1 Living things
c Nasreen’s two brothers are Ahmed and Ali. Which brother is the oldest?
Explain your answer.
d Put Nasreen and her brothers in age order. Explain your answer.
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e Who are Nasreen’s parents?
f PL
Explain how you know this.
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SA
g Which function of the skeleton does the graph show?
h Nasreen has a baby sister, Meera. Predict the length of Meera’s upper arm bone.
Draw a new bar on the graph to show your prediction.
8
1.3 Skeletons and movement

Focus
1 Complete the sentences to explain how the muscles in
your arm work. Use each of the words in the box once. pairs shorter
When I lift a weight, the muscle at the front of my arm contracts longer
relaxes
and gets .
E
The muscle at the back of my arm
and gets . This shows that muscles
2
work in
PL .
Label the drawing showing the changes in the arm muscles when you lower
your arm.
M
arm drops
SA
Practice
3 Fill in the missing words to complete the sentences about how our muscles work.
Muscles work by on the they are joined to.
Muscles work in . When one muscle ,
the other muscle .The muscle that contracts gets
. The muscle that relaxes gets .
9
1 Living things
4 Underline the word that makes each of the sentences true.

The muscle that is working contracts/relaxes.
The muscle that is resting contracts/relaxes.
Challenge
5 Amira and Jessie made a model to show how muscles work.
This is what their model looked like.
E
PL
M
a Which part of the body does each part of the model represent?
B
SA
b What happens to part C when you pull on part B?
10
Make a drawing to show this.
E
PL
M
SA
c Underline the correct words in the following sentences to explain your drawing.
Part B relaxes / contracts and gets shorter / longer. Part B pulls / pushes on part C
and makes it drop / lift.
11
1 Living things
1.4 Different kinds of skeletons

Focus
1 Look at the pictures. Which of the animals have a skeleton inside their body?
Put a tick (✓) in the box below the picture of each animal that has a skeleton.
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PL
M
2 a Write the word for animals that have a backbone.
SA
b Write the word for animals that do not have a backbone.
c Write the word for a type of skeleton found on the outside of an animal’s body.
d Which animals in the pictures have the type of skeleton you named in the previous
question? Put a cross (✗) in the box under the picture of these animals.
12
1.4 Different kinds of skeletons
Practice
3 Look at the pictures of some invertebrates.
a Use the identification key to identify each animal. Write the animal’s name in the
correct box on the key.
E
ant snail
bee
slug
PL spider
Does the animal

have legs?
centipede
worm
M
yes no
Does it have Does it have

6 legs? a shell?
yes no yes no
SA
Does it have Does it have Does it have many

wings? 8 legs? e
body segments?
yes no yes no yes no
a b c d f g
a is b is c is
d is e is f is
g is
13
1 Living things
b Why are all the animals in the key invertebrates?
c Name a vertebrate that has

legs and wings
E
no legs and no wings.
Challenge
PL
4 Write questions to complete the key to identify the animals in the pictures.
We have written the first question for you.
Does the animal

live on land?
M
yes no
SA
yes no yes no
yes no yes no yes no yes no
14
1.5 Medicines and infectious diseases
1.5 Medicines and infectious

diseases
Focus
1 Mark each of these statements as either true � or false �.
A Medicines make us better when we are sick.
E
B Check with an adult before you take any medicines.
C Medicines cannot stop us from getting illnesses.
PL
D Plants and animals can have infectious diseases.
Practice
2 a Find six ways we take medicines in the word grid. Circle your answers.
In the grid, some words are written from left-to-right, and some words are
written from top-to-bottom.
i n j e c t i o n
M
n w e r t a n i o
injection h a s d f b h n l
SA
inhaler
a c b r u l l t h
drip
tablet l e d i n e m m d
mixture
e v f p q t d e f
r u r k l g o n u
m i x t u r e t p
15
1 Living things
b Which type of medicine in the word grid can prevent an illness?
c Which type of medicine in the word grid can help a person who has breathing
problems?
E
Challenge
He takes three tablets.
PL
Marcus has a headache. He finds
some tablets in the bathroom.
My mother takes
these, so they must
be okay.
M
SA
16
1.5 Medicines and infectious diseases
3 Marcus did not take this medicine safely. Write down four things that are unsafe
about the way Marcus took this medicine.
E
PL
M
SA
17
2 Energy
ving thingsLiving things
2.1 Energy around us

Focus
1 Look at the pictures. Identify the form or forms of energy shown in each picture.
E
Write your answers under the pictures.
a b
c
PL d
M
SA
Practice
2 Decide which of the sentences about types of energy are true and which are false.
Tick (✓) the boxes to show the true sentences. Put a cross (✗) in the boxes to show
the false sentences.
18
True False
a Things that do not move do not have energy.

b Our bodies contain energy.
c There is light energy in wind.
d A stove gives off heat energy
E
e A TV set gives off movement energy
f There is energy in running water.
3 Energy makes things change. In each of the pictures, say how energy changes things.
a
PL
M
b
SA
19
2 Energy
Challenge
4 Unscramble the mixed-up words to name the types of energy.
Then name something that has this kind of energy.
Mixed-up word Type of energy Something that has this kind of energy
ghitl
E
veomtnem
ehta
nosdu
PL
5 Sofia threw a ball to Zara. The ball fell to the ground before it reached Zara.
a Why was the ball able to move through the air?

M
b Why did the ball not move far enough to reach Zara?
SA
c What can Sofia do to make the ball reach Zara? Say why.
20
2.2 Energy transfers

Focus
1 We can think of the way energy moves from one object to another object as an
energy chain.
Here is an example of an energy chain for drying washing in the Sun:
Sun washing
E
Complete the energy chains for the energy transfers in the pictures.
a
b
PL
M
SA
c
21
2 Energy
d
Practice
E
2 Why does a block of ice melt if you hold it in your hand?
PL
3 The picture shows a spinning top toy.
a What form of energy makes the toy work?
b How does the energy make the toy work?

SA
Use the words ‘energy’ and ‘transfer’ in your

answer.
22
4 The picture shows a solar water heater.

cold water Sun
hot water
solar panels
E
PL
Draw an energy chain to show the energy transfers that happen to heat the water.
M
Challenge
5 Class 4 investigated energy transfers. They measured the time it took for a bead in a
blob of petroleum jelly to fall off a spoon in hot water at different temperatures.
Here are their results.
SA
Water temperature in °C Time for bead to fall off in minutes
40 12
50 10
60 8
70 6
80 5
90 3
100 2
23
2 Energy
Draw a dot-to-dot graph of the results.
Time for bead to fall off (minutes)
E
PL
M
Water temperature (oC)
a Why did the bead fall off the spoon?

SA
b At which temperature did the bead take the longest time to fall off the spoon?
c At which temperature did the bead fall off the spoon quickest?
24
d Describe any pattern that you can see in the results.
E
e Write a reason for the pattern.
PL
f Predict how much time it will take for the bead to fall off the spoon if the water
temperature is 30 °C. Add this data point to your graph and join the dots.
M
SA
25
2 Energy
2.3 Energy changes

Focus
1 Identify the energy changes in each of the pictures. Write the name of the form of
energy in each of the boxes to show how energy changes form.
E
PL
b
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SA
26
2.3 Energy changes
Practice
2 Sometimes the form of energy changes when the energy is transferred.
Look at the pictures and fill in the table for each picture.
A B C
E
D E
Picture
is transferred?
PL
What form of energy Where does the
energy go to?
Does the form of
energy change? If so,
how?
M
A
C
SA
27
2 Energy
Challenge
3 Read the sentences and then answer the questions.
Vikal’s classroom is cold and dark in winter. Before Vikal starts writing in his workbook, he
rubs his hands together. The teacher switches on the light so the class can see the whiteboard
better. The teacher shows the class a video on her computer. At break Vikal eats a banana.
He then plays football with his friends until he hears the bell ring at the end of break.
a Why does Vikal rub his hands together?
E
b Draw an energy chain to show the energy change when he does this.
PL
c Describe the energy change that makes the light work.
d Draw an energy chain to show the energy changes that happen in the teacher’s
computer.
M
e Where does Vikal get energy from to play football?
SA
f Draw an energy chain of the energy changes that allow Vikal to kick the ball.
g Name the form of energy that tells Vikal that break has ended.
h Why is he able to hear the sound?
28
2.4 Energy and living things

Focus
1 The food chains below are not correct. Put the living things in each food chain in the
right order and rewrite each food chain.
a snail cabbage duck
E
b bird caterpillar leaf
c lizard corn cat

PL locust
M
d melon eagle snake mouse
SA
Practice
2 Look at the pictures.
rabbit plant eagle rat
29
2 Energy
a Which living thing is a producer?
b What do we call consumers that eat plants?
E
c Name the two consumers that eat plants.
PL
d Which animal is a predator?
e Which animals are prey for this predator?

M
f Which animal could be an omnivore? Say why.
SA
g Draw a food chain for a producer and a consumer from the picture.
30
h Draw a food chain for a producer, a predator and prey from the picture.
E
Challenge
grass
PL
3 Look at the drawing of a food chain below.
deer tiger
M
a Why is the grass plant at the start of the food chain?
SA
b How does the grass get its food?
c What do the arrows in the food chain show?
31
2 Energy
d Describe in your own words the information that the food chain drawing shows.
e In this food chain, will the organisms always be in the same order?
Say why or why not.
E
PL
4 Bears are omnivores that live in the same forests as tigers.
What is an omnivore?
M
Add a bear to the food chain. Draw the new food chain.
SA
32

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We are working with Cambridge Assessment International Education towards endorsement of this title.

Cambridge Primary Science

✓ For Cambridge schools worldwide

Registered Cambridge International Schools benefit from high-quality programmes,

Visit www.cambridgeinternational.org/primary to find out more.

Second edition Digital access

3.3 Melting and solidifying 40

4 Earth and its habitats

How to use this book

How to use this book 1 Living things

1.2 Why we need a skeleton

Each topic contains the following Skull

Focus: these questions help you

Practice: these questions help

1.1 Bones and skeletons

skeleton next to the name of the animal it comes from.

4 Name the parts on Skeleton A.

1.1 Bones and skeletons

b What are the bones of the chest called?

4 Name the parts on Skeleton A.

1.2 Why we need a skeleton

1.2 Why we need a skeleton

We grow and get bigger because our skeleton grows.

Sometimes we fall or have accidents and break our bones.

a Name three reasons why a skeleton is important.

1.2 Why we need a skeleton

a Who had the longest upper arm bone?

b How long is the shortest upper arm bone?

g Which function of the skeleton does the graph show?

1.3 Skeletons and movement

1.3 Skeletons and movement

and gets . This shows that muscles

Muscles work by on the they are joined to.

Muscles work in . When one muscle ,

the other muscle .The muscle that contracts gets

. The muscle that relaxes gets .

4 Underline the word that makes each of the sentences true.

The muscle that is resting contracts/relaxes.

b What happens to part C when you pull on part B?

1.3 Skeletons and movement

Make a drawing to show this.

1.4 Different kinds of skeletons

b Write the word for animals that do not have a backbone.

1.4 Different kinds of skeletons

Does the animal

Does it have Does it have

Does it have Does it have Does it have many

yes no yes no yes no

b Why are all the animals in the key invertebrates?

c Name a vertebrate that has

Does the animal

yes no yes no yes no yes no

1.5 Medicines and infectious diseases

1.5 Medicines and infectious

C Medicines cannot stop us from getting illnesses.

b Which type of medicine in the word grid can prevent an illness?

1.5 Medicines and infectious diseases