ASCE 7 10 Wind - Provisons

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.
Changes from ASCE 7-05 to

ASCE 7-10: Wind Provisions

Palatine, IL and Aliso Viejo, CA
www.skghoshassociates.com
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ASCE 7-10
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1
2012 International Building Code
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CHAPTER 6
(Wind Loads in ASCE 7-05)
Reserved for Future

Provisions
-4-
2
Chapters 26 - 31
Wind Loads
-5-
Reorganization of Wind Provisions
 ASCE 7-05: Chapter 6 contained all wind provisions

 New:
• 6 new Chapters (Chapters 26-31)
• User Notes added
• Intent is to clarify the applicability of the wind
provisions
-6-
3

(ASCE 7-05: Dark Gray; ASCE 7-10: Orange)
Method 1 – Envelope Procedure MWFRS, C&C

(Simplified Method 2 Low-Rise)
Method 2
All-Heights - Directional Procedure MWFRS, C&C
Low-Rise – Envelope Procedure MWFRS, C&C
Method 3 – Wind Tunnel Procedure
-7-

ASCE 7-10: Dark Gray; ASCE 7-05: Red)
Chapter 26 – General Requirements

Chapter 27 – MWFRS Directional Procedure
Method 2 All-Heights, new simplified version - MWFRS
Chapter 28 – MWFRS Envelope Procedure

Method 2 Low-Rise, Method 1 - MWFRS
Chapter 29 – MWFRS Other Structures and

Appurtenances
Chapter 30 – C&C Method 2 Low-Rise, Method 1, Method 2 All-
Heights, new simplified version of Method 2 All-Heights – C&C
Chapter 31 – Wind Tunnel Procedure Method 3

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4
Wind Loads
Load factor on W is now 1.0 in Strength Design and

1/1.6 or 0.6 in ASD.
Thus, the design wind speed maps in ASCE 7-10
produce strength-level design wind forces. The
mapped design wind speeds are, therefore, higher
than in ASCE 7-05.
W SD
0.6W ASD
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Ch 2 Load Combinations with Wind

Strength Design
2.3.2 Basic Combinations
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8 0.5W )
4. 1.2D + 1.6 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
6. 0.9D + 1.6 1.0W + 1.6H
Load factor on W in SD load combinations is now 1.0
because mapped design wind speeds will produce
strength-level loads
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5
Ch 2 Load Combinations with Wind

Allowable Stress Design
2.4.1 Basic Combinations
5. D + H + F + (0.6W or 0.7E)
6a. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75 (Lr or S or R)
7. 0.6D + 0.6W + H
Load factor on W in ASD load combinations is now 0.6
because mapped design wind speeds will produce
strength-level loads
- 11 -
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 26 – General Requirements
• Scoping
• Definitions
• Wind speed map
• Directionality factor
• Exposure
• Gust effect factor
• Topographic effect factor
• Enclosure classification
• Internal pressure coefficient
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6
Wind Loads
No Importance Factor is used in wind design any

more.
I
- 13 -
Wind Importance Factor
 Importance Factor No Longer Used

• ASCE 7-05: qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2I
• ASCE 7-10: qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2
 Basic Wind Speeds: 3 Maps replace need for

Importance Factor
- 14 -
7
Wind Loads
The Standard includes three design wind speed maps:

 A 300-year return period wind speed map for
design of Risk Category I structures
design of Risk Category II structures
design of Risk Category III, IV structures
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Occupancy/Risk Categories
Occupancy Category (ASCE 7-05) Description

Risk Category (ASCE 7-10)
I Miscellaneous Occupancy
II Standard Occupancy (not I, III, or IV)
III High Occupancy
IV Essential Facility
Hazardous Facility
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8
NEW WIND SPEED MAPS

 Fig. 26.5-1A: Risk Category II
 Fig. 26.5-1B: Risk Categories III & IV
 Fig. 26.5-1C: Risk Category I
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New Wind Speed Maps

ASCE 7-10
Chapter 26
ASCE 7-05
Chapter 6
Risk Category II
Risk Category III+IV
Risk Category I
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9
ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-1
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ASCE 7-10 Figure 26.5-1A
Risk Category II - 7% probability of exceedance in 50 years, MRI of 700 years

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10
ASCE 7-10: Figure 26.5-1B
Risk Category III and IV - 3% probability of exceedance in 50 years, MRI of 1700 years
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ASCE 7-10: Figure 26.5-1C
Risk Category I - 15% probability of exceedance in 50 years, MRI of 300 years

- 22 -
11
Wind Speed Website
 Applied Technology Council

• http://www.atcouncil.org/windspeed/
23
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Wind Speed Website
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12
Comparative Wind Pressures for

San Francisco
0.00256KzKKztKKdVV22II
qqzz == 0.00256K OC I OC II OC III, IV
z zt d
V, mph 85 85 85
I 0.87 1.00 1.15

ASCE 7-05
q
 1 .6 25.75 psf 29.59 psf 34.03 psf
K z K zt K d
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 RC I RC II RC III, IV
V, mph 100 110 115

ASCE 7-10 q
25.60 psf 30.98 psf 33.86 psf
K z K zt K d
05  10
-0.58% +4.70% -0.50%
05
- 25 -
Comparative Wind Pressures for

Chicago
0.00256KzKKztKKdVV22II
qqzz == 0.00256K OC I OC II OC III, IV
z zt d
V, mph 90 90 90
I 0.87 1.00 1.15

ASCE 7-05
q
 1 .6 28.86 psf 33.18 psf 38.15 psf
K z K zt K d
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 RC I RC II RC III, IV
V, mph 105 115 120

ASCE 7-10 q
28.22 psf 33.86 psf 36.86 psf
K z K zt K d
05  10
-2.22% +2.05% -3.38%
05
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13
Risk Category II Comparison
0.80-0.93
0.74-0.86
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Risk Category III and IV Comparison
0.79-0.95
0.71-0.95
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14
Risk Category I Comparison
0.84-1.03
1.06-0.97
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Section 26.2 Definitions
Changes in the mapped wind speeds necessitated

recalibration of some definitions and requirements.
1 map referenced 3 maps referenced

Old wind speed New wind speed
Occupancy Category Risk Category
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15
Section 26.2 Definitions
HURRICANE PRONE REGIONS: Areas vulnerable to

hurricanes; in the United States and its territories
defined as
1. The U.S. Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coasts
where basic wind speed for Risk Category II
buildings is greater than 90 115 mph, and
2. Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, and
American Samoa.
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Section 26.10.3
Protection of Glazed Openings
Glazed openings in Risk
Category II, III or IV
buildings located in
hurricane-prone regions
shall be protected as
specified in this Section.
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16
Section 26.10.3
26.10.3.1 Wind-borne Debris Regions. Glazed
openings shall be protected in accordance with
26.10.3.2 in the following locations:
1. Within 1 mile of coastal mean high water line where
basic wind speed is equal to or greater than 110
130 mph, or
2. In areas where basic wind speed is equal to or
greater than 120 140 mph.
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Section 26.10.3
26.10.3.1 Wind-borne Debris Regions (contd). For
Risk Category II buildings and structures and Risk
Category III buildings and structures, except health
care facilities, wind-borne debris region shall be
based on Fig. 26.5-1A. For Risk Category III health
care facilities and Risk Category IV buildings and
structures, wind-borne debris region shall be based
on Fig. 26.5-1B. Risk Categories shall be
determined in accordance with Section 1.5.
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17
Section 26.10.3
For Risk Category II buildings and structures and Risk
Category III buildings and structures, except health care
facilities
Fig. 26.5-1A
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Section 26.10.3
For Risk Category III health care facilities and Risk
Category IV buildings and structures
Fig. 26.5-1B
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18
Section 26.10.3.2 Protection

Requirements for Glazed Openings
ASTM E1886 - 05 Standard Test Method for Performance
of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact
Protective Systems Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed
to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
ASTM E1996 - 09 Standard Specification for
Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors,
and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne
Debris in Hurricanes
EXCEPTION: Other testing methods and/or performance
criteria are permitted to be used when approved.
- 37 -
Section 26.7.2
Surface Roughness Categories
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered
obstructions having heights generally less than 30
ft. This category includes flat open country, and
grasslands, and all water surfaces in hurricane
prone regions.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and
water surfaces outside hurricane prone regions.
This category includes smooth mud flats, salt flats,
and unbroken ice.
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19
Section 26.7.2
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Section 26.7.2
 Water surfaces in hurricane-prone regions are
moved from Surface Roughness C to Surface
Roughness D.
 Older research and modeling suggested roughness
of ocean approached Surface Roughness C with
increase in wind speed.
 New research suggests otherwise - roughness of
ocean does not continue to increase with increasing
wind speed.
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20
Section 26.9.2
Frequency Determination
 In ASCE 7-05, several expressions for computing
approximate fundamental frequency , n1, of a
building were suggested in C6.5.8.
 Some of those expressions are now included within
the body of ASCE 7-10
 Expressions provide conservative lower-bound
estimates of n1, which is needed to distinguish
between rigid and flexible buildings.
 Low-Rise Buildings, as defined in 26.2, are
permitted to be considered rigid.
- 41 -
Section 26.9.2
26.9.2.1. As an alternative to performing an analysis to
determine n1, the approximate building natural
frequency, na, shall be permitted to be calculated in
accordance with 26.9.3 for structural steel,
concrete, or masonry buildings meeting the
following requirements:
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21
Section 26.9.2
26.9.2.1 May use na for n1 if
1. Building height is less than or equal to 300 ft, and
2. Building height is less than 4 times its effective
length, Leff. n
 hi Li
i 1
Leff  n (26.9-1)
 hi
i 1
summations are over height of building where
hi is height above grade of level i
Li is building length at level i parallel to wind direction
- 43 -
Section 26.9.3
Approximate Natural Frequency
 Structural steel moment-resisting-frame buildings:
na = 22.2/h0.8 (26.9-2)
 Concrete moment-resisting-frame buildings:

na = 43.5/h0.9 (26.9-3)
 Structural steel and concrete buildings with other

lateral-force-resisting system:
na = 75/h (26.9-4)
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22
Section 26.9.3
 Concrete or masonry shear wall buildings
na = 385(Cw)0.5/h (26.9-5)
where
2
100 n  h  Ai
Cw   
AB i 1 hi   h 
2
1  0.83 i  
  Di  
- 45 -
Section 26.9.3
h = mean roof height (ft)
n = number of shear walls in building effective in
resisting lateral forces in direction under consideration
AB = base area of structure (ft2)
Ai = horizontal cross-section area of shear wall “i” (ft2)
Di = length of shear wall “i” (ft)
hi = height of shear wall “i” (ft)
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23
BREAK!
If you have any questions,
please type them in
If you are encountering technical

difficulties, please call (847) 991-2700
- 47 -
Question and Answer Session

please type them in
If you are encountering technical difficulties, please call (847) 991-2700
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24
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 27 – MWFRS Directional Procedure
• Part 1 – “Buildings of all heights” method

ASCE 7-05 Method 2 All-Heights
• Part 2 – New simplified method for buildings of

height less than 160 ft.
- 49 -
ASCE 7-10 Sections 27.4.7, 28.4.4, 28.6.4

Minimum Design Wind Loads
ASCE 7-05
ASCE 7-10
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25
Chapter 27
Directional Procedure for MWFRS
Directional
Procedure
PART 1 PART 2
Applies to enclosed, partially Applies to enclosed simple
enclosed, and open buildings diaphragm buildings with
of all heights h ≤ 160 ft
Same as Analytical
Method of ASCE 7-05 CLASS 1 BUILDINGS CLASS 2 BUILDINGS
h ≤ 60 ft 60 < h ≤ 160 ft
0.2 ≤ L/B ≤ 5.0 0.5 ≤ L/B ≤ 2.0
New simplified procedure in ASCE 7-10
- 51 -
Chapter 27 Directional Procedure for

MWFRS – Part 2
ENCLOSED BUILDING: A building that does not
comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings.
Required for the new simplified procedure of

Chapter 27 Part 2
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26
Enclosed Building Example
- 53 -

MWFRS – Part 2
SIMPLE DIAPHRAGM BUILDING: A building in
which both windward and leeward wind loads are
transmitted by roof and vertically spanning wall
assemblies, through continuous floor and roof
diaphragms, to the MWFRS.
Required for the new simplified procedure of

Chapter 27 Part 2
- 54 -
27
Simple Diaphragm Building
- 55 -
ASCE 7-10 Chapter 27 Directional Procedure

for MWFRS – Part 2 (Both Class 1 & 2)
General Conditions
(same as Part 1) per Section 27.1.2:
PART 2 (Both Class 1 & 2)
Applies to enclosed simple
1. The building is regular-shaped diaphragm buildings with
h ≤ 160 ft
2. The building does not have response characteristics
making it subject to across wind loading, vortex
shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter; or
does not have a site location for which channeling
effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind
obstructions warrant special consideration.
- 56 -
28
ASCE 7-10 Chapter 27 Directional

Procedure for MWFRS – Part 2 Class 1
Additional Condition for Part 2 Class 1 Buildings
per Section 27.5.2:
PART 2 CLASS 1 BUILDINGS
h ≤ 60 ft
0.2 ≤ L/B ≤ 5.0
Unless Kzt = 1.0, wind pressures determined from this

section shall be multiplied by:
 Kzt at each height z as determined from 26.8 or
 one value of Kzt for the building calculated at
0.33h.
Alternatively, enter the pressure tables with V√Kzt
where Kzt is determined at 0.33h.
- 57 -
ASCE 7-10 Chapter 27 Directional

Procedure for MWFRS – Part 2 Class 2
Additional Conditions for Part 2 Class 2 Buildings per
Section 27.5.2: PART 2 CLASS 2 BUILDINGS
60 < h ≤ 160 ft
0.5 ≤ L/B ≤ 2.0
1. The fundamental natural frequency of building shall not be

less 75/h where h is in ft.
2. Unless Kzt = 1.0, wind pressures determined from this
section shall be multiplied by:
 Kzt at each height z as determined from 26.8 or
 one value of Kzt for the building calculated at 0.33h.
Alternatively, enter the pressure tables with V√Kzt where Kzt is
determined at 0.33h.
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29

MWFRS – Part 2
Design Steps Parameter Source
1. Determine Basic Wind Speed for
V (mph) Fig. 26.5-1 Maps
appropriate risk category
2. Determine exposure category Exp B, C or D Section 26.7
3. Enter table to determine net
pressures on walls at top and base ph , p0 (psf) Table 27.6-1
of building respectively
4. Enter table to determine net roof
Pz (psf) Table 27.6-2
pressures
5. Determine topographic factor and
apply factor to wall and roof Kzt Section 26.8
pressures (if applicable)
- 59 -

MWFRS – Part 2
Table 27.6-1 for Exposure Categories B, C, and D
V (mph) 110 115 ………… 200
L/B 0.5 or 2.0 or 0.5 or 2.0 or 0.5 or 2.0 or 0.5 or 2.0 or
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
h (ft) less more less more less more less more
ph
160
p0
ph
150
p0
ph
140
p0
ph
15
p0
- 60 -
30

MWFRS – Part 2
Net pressure (psf) distribution in along-wind
direction
ph
p0
- 61 -

MWFRS – Part 2
Pressure (psf) distribution on windward and
leeward walls
ph − pleeward
pleeward =
0.38ph for 0.2 ≤ L/B ≤ 1.0
0.27ph for 2.0 ≤ L/B ≤ 5.0
Interpolate for
1.0 < L/B < 2.0
p0 − pleeward
- 62 -
31

MWFRS – Part 2
Net pressure (psf) on parapet
pp = 2.25  ph
ph calculated from Table 27.6-
1 at top of parapet for L/B =
1.0
Accounts for pressures on
windward and leeward
surfaces of windward and
leeward walls
- 63 -

MWFRS – Part 2
Net pressure (psf) distribution on sidewalls
0.54ph for 0.2 ≤ L/B ≤ 1.0

0.64ph for 2.0 ≤ L/B ≤ 5.0
Interpolate for
1.0 < L/B < 2.0
- 64 -
32

MWFRS – Part 2
Net pressure (psf) distribution on roof
4
3 h
0.5h
Wind
0.5h
Flat Roof
(θ < 10 deg)
- 65 -

MWFRS – Part 2
1
θ
4 5
Wind 5
3
4
3
θ
0.5h
h 0.5h
Wind
Gable Roof
- 66 -
33

MWFRS – Part 2
2
4 5
3
5 4
1 4 0.5h
5 0.5h
3
h 0.5h
2
Wind 0.5h
1
5 3
h
4 Wind
Hip Roof 3
- 67 -

MWFRS – Part 2
Wind
1 2
h θ
h θ
Wind
5
4
Monoslope Roof 3
h
0.5h
0.5h
Wind
- 68 -
34

MWFRS – Part 2
5
4
3
0.5h
0.5h h Wind 2
θ
Mansard Roof Wind
- 69 -

MWFRS – Part 2
Roof pressures from Table 27.6-2 for

Exposure C
For Exposures B and D, use

adjustment factors provided in the
footnotes to Table 27.6-2
Where two load cases are shown in the

table, both load cases shall be
investigated
- 70 -
35

MWFRS – Part 2
Table 27.6-2 for Exposure Category C
V (mph) 110 - 200
Load Zone
h (ft) Roof Slope
Case 1 2 3 4 5
1
Flat < 2:12 (9.46 deg)
2
1
3:12 (14.0 deg)
2
1
4:12 (18.4 deg)
2
1
15 - 160 5:12 (22.6 deg)
2
1
6:12 (26.6 deg)
2
1
9:12 (36.9 deg)
2
1
12:12 (45.0 deg)
2
- 71 -

MWFRS – Part 2
Conversion from Exposure C to Exposures B and D
- 72 -
36

MWFRS – Part 2
Application of wind load
Pressures on the windward,
leeward and sidewalls, and on
roof and parapet are applied
ph θ simultaneously
L
Wind B
h
Plan
p0
- 73 -
Chapter 27 Directional Procedure

for MWFRS – Part 2
 The MWFRS’s in each direction shall be designed
for the wind load cases defined in Figure 27.4-8.
 The torsional load cases in Figure 27.4-8 (Case 2
and Case 4) need not be considered for buildings
that meet the requirements for spatial distribution
and stiffness of the MWFRS’s provided in new
Appendix D.
- 74 -
37

MWFRS – Part 2
Load Cases
- 75 -
Chapter 27 Directional Procedure

for MWFRS – Part 2
 The MWFRS in each direction needs to be
designed for Fig. 27.4-8 wind load cases.
NEW APPENIDX D! The Fig. 27.4-8 Case 2 and 4
torsional load cases need not be considered for
buildings that meet the requirements for spatial
distribution and stiffness of the MWFRS’s provided in
Appendix D.
What is Appendix D?
BUILDINGS EXEMPTED FROM TORSIONAL
WIND LOAD CASES
- 76 -
38

MWFRS – Part 2
 Requirements for spatial distribution and stiffness
of MWFRS’s in new Appendix D are necessary to
ensure that wind torsion does not control design.
 In general, the designer should place and

proportion vertical elements of the MWFRS in each
direction so that center of pressure from wind
forces at each story is located at or near center of
rigidity of the MWFRS, thereby minimizing inherent
torsion from wind on building.
- 77 -
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 28 – MWFRS Envelope Procedure
• Part 1 – Low-rise buildings method

ASCE 7-05 Method 2 Low-Rise
• Part 2 – Simplified method for simple diaphragm

buildings
ASCE 7-05 Method 1
- 78 -
39
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 29 – MWFRS Other Structures and
Appurtenances
• Signs
• Rooftop structures
• Other structures
- 79 -
29.4 Solid Freestanding Walls &

Solid Signs
The provisions for design wind loads on signs have
been revised to clarify the applicability of the
requirements for solid attached signs.
- 80 -
40

Solid Signs
29.4 DESIGN WIND LOADS – SOLID
FREESTANDING WALLS AND SOLID SIGNS
29.4.1 6.5.14 Design Wind Loads on Solid
Freestanding Walls and Solid Freestanding
Signs
The design wind force for solid freestanding walls and
solid freestanding signs shall be determined by the
following formula:
F = qhGCfAs (lb) (N) (29.4-1 6-27)
- 81 -

Solid Signs
Where:
qh = the velocity pressure evaluated at height h
(defined in Figure 29.4-1 6-20) as determined in
accordance with Section 29.3.2 6.5.6.4.1
G = gust-effect factor from Section 26.9 6.5.8
Cf = net force coefficient from Figure 29.4-1 6-20
As = the gross area of the solid freestanding wall or
freestanding solid sign, in ft2 (m2)
- 82 -
41

Solid Signs
29.4.2 Solid Attached Signs
The design wind pressure on a solid sign attached to
the wall of a building, where the plane of the sign is
parallel to and in contact with the plane of the wall,
and the sign does not extend beyond the side or
top edges of the wall, shall be determined using
procedures for wind pressures on walls in
accordance with Chapter 30, and setting the
internal pressure coefficient (GCpi) equal to 0.
- 83 -

Solid Signs
This procedure shall also be applicable to solid signs
attached to but not in direct contact with the wall,
provided the gap between the sign and wall is no
more than 3 ft and the edge of the sign is at least 3
ft in from free edges of the wall, i.e., side and top
edges and bottom edges of elevated walls.
- 84 -
42

Solid Signs
Exterior Wall
 3 ft
This is a
SOLID SIGN
Elevation Cross-Section
Solid Attached Sign with Small Gap Showing Limitations on

Use of Component & Cladding Loads for Signs on Walls
- 85 -
29.5.1, 30.11
Rooftop Structures & Equipment
Design wind force for rooftop structures and equipment
for buildings with h ≤ 60 ft has been revised and
now also includes a vertical component.
New section has been added for determining
component and cladding loads on rooftop structures
and equipment for buildings with h ≤ 60 ft.
- 86 -
43
29.5.1, 30.11
29.5.1 6.5.15.1 Rooftop Structures and Equipment
for Buildings with h ≤ 60 ft
The lateral force Fh, on rooftop structures and
equipment with Af less than (0.1Bh) located on
buildings with a mean roof height, h ≤ 60 ft shall be
determined from Eq. 29.5-2 6-28. increased by a
factor of 1.9. The factor shall be permitted to be
reduced linearly from 1.9 to 1.0 as the value of Af is
increased from (0.1Bh) to (Bh).
- 87 -
29.5.1, 30.11
Fh = qh (GCr) Af (lb) (29.5-2)
where:
GCr = 1.9 for rooftop structures and equipment with Af less than
(0.1Bh). GCr shall be permitted to be reduced linearly from 1.9
to 1.0 as the value of Af is increased from (0.1Bh) to (Bh)
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height of building
Af = vertical projected area of rooftop structure or equipment on
plane normal to direction of wind, ft2
- 88 -
44
Af
ELEVATION
- 89 -
29.5.1, 30.11
The vertical uplift force, Fv, on rooftop structures and
equipment shall be determined from Eq. 29.5-3:
Fv = qh (GCr) Ar (29.5-3)
where:
GCr = 1.5 for rooftop structures and equipment with Ar less than
(0.1BL). GCr shall be permitted to be reduced linearly from 1.5
to 1.0 as the value of Ar is increased from (0.1BL) to (BL).
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height of building
Ar = horizontal projected area of roof top structure or
equipment, ft2
- 90 -
45
L Ar
WIND
PLA
N
- 91 -
29.5.1, 30.11
Fv = qh (GCr)Ar
Horizontal Projected
Area of Equipment, Ar
Vertical Projected Area, Af
Fh = qh(GCr)Af
Rooftop Equipment MWFRS Loads
- 92 -
46
29.5.1, 30.11
30.11 ROOFTOP STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT FOR
BUILDINGS WITH h ≤ 60 ft
The components and cladding pressure on each wall of
the rooftop structure shall be equal to the lateral force
determined in accordance with Section 29.5.1 divided
by the respective wall surface area of the rooftop
structure and shall be considered to act inward and
outward.
- 93 -
29.5.1, 30.11
The components and cladding pressure on the roof shall
be equal to the vertical uplift force determined in
accordance with Section 29.5.1 divided by the
horizontal projected area of the roof of the rooftop
structure and shall be considered to act in the upward
direction.
- 94 -
47
29.5.1, 30.11
p = Fv /Ar
(Design for Positive & (Design for Positive &

Negative Pressures) Negative Pressures)
p = Fh /Af Rooftop Equipment

p = Fh /Af
Rooftop Equipment Component & Cladding Loads
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BREAK!
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difficulties, please call (847) 991-2700
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48

please type them in
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ASCE 7-10
Chapter 30 – C&C
• Part 1 – Analytical method for h ≤ 60 ft
ASCE 7-05 Method 2 Low-Rise C&C
• Part 2 – Simplified method for h ≤ 60 ft

ASCE 7-05 Method 1 C&C
• Part 3 – Analytical method for h > 60 ft

ASCE 7-05 Method 2 All-Heights C&C
• Part 4 – New Simplified method for h ≤ 160 ft

• Part 5 – Analytical method for free roofs
• Part 6 – Building appurtenances
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49
Chapter 30 Components and Cladding
Part 4 applies to enclosed buildings having a mean

roof height h ≤ 160 ft having flat roofs, gable roofs,
hip roofs, monoslope roofs and mansard roofs. Wind
pressures are determined directly from a table.
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Chapter 30 Components and Cladding
General Requirements:
30.2.2 Minimum Design Wind Pressures. The
design wind pressure for C&C of buildings shall not
be less than a net pressure of 16 lb/ft2 acting in
either direction normal to surface.
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50
Chapter 30 Components and

Cladding– Part 4
Design Step Parameter Source
1. Determine Basic Wind Speed for
V (mph) Fig. 26.5-1 Maps
appropriate risk category
2. Determine exposure category Exp B, C or D Section 26.7
3. Enter table to determine net
pressures on walls and roof for ptable (psf) Table 30.7-2
Exposure C
4. For Exposures B and D, use Notes to Table
ptable (psf)
adjustment factors 30.7-2
5. Determine topographic factor and
apply factor to wall and roof Kzt Section 26.8
pressures (if applicable)
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Cladding– Part 4
Table 30.7-2 for Exposure Category C
V (mph) 110 - 200
Load Zone
h (ft) Roof Form
Case
1 2 3 4 5
1
Flat Roof
2
Gable Roof 1
Mansard Roof 2
15 - 160
1
Hip Roof
2
1
Monoslope Roof
2
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51

Cladding– Part 4
Conversion from Exposure C to Exposures B and D
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Cladding– Part 4
Flat roof (θ < 10)
2
2
3 3 3
1
2
3 a
a 2
a
2a 2a
5
5
4 4
5
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52

Cladding– Part 4
Monoslope roof
3 2a
3
4a
2 2
2a
2 a
5
4 4
3
a
2a
5
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Cladding– Part 4
Gable roof

3 3
2 3
a 2
1
3 1
2
5
3
2
3 4
4
5
a a
5
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53

Cladding– Part 4
Hip roof

3
2 2
1
3 a
1
a 3
4 2 4
3
5 a a
- 107 -

Cladding– Part 4
Mansard roof
3
2
3 1
a
1
3 5
5
4 2 a
a 4
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54

Cladding– Part 4
Pressures shown in Table 30.7-2 are based on an
effective wind area of 10 ft2. Reductions in wind
pressure for larger effective wind areas may be taken
based on reduction multipliers shown in notes to table.
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Cladding– Part 4
Reduction Factor Based on Effective Wind Area
1.1
A
1 1.0
0.9 0.9
C
Reduction Factor
D
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5
1 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
Effective Wind Area (sf)
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55

Cladding– Part 4
Pressure (psf) on parapet:
p1 = Positive wall pressure for

Zone 4 or 5, as applicable,
p1 p2
computed at top of parapet
p2 = Negative roof pressure for

Zone 2 or 3, as applicable
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Cladding– Part 4
Pressure (psf) on parapet:
p3 = Positive wall pressure for

p4 p3 computed at top of parapet
p4 = Negative wall pressure for

computed at top of parapet
- 112 -
56
SKGA Wind Simple Computer Program
 Uses the new simplified directional (all-heights)

procedure in ASCE 7-10.
 Calculates MWFRS and C&C design pressures
on walls, roofs, roof overhangs, and parapets.
 Applies the effective area reduction factor for C&C
pressures.
 Provides the design wind pressures for each applicable
zone of the building in clear and concise tables.
 Documents the calculations in clear and attractive reports.
 And more…..
http://skghoshassociates.com/wind-simple
- 113 -
30.10.1 Roof Overhangs
The determination and application of wind loads on

roof overhangs has been revised to provide a more
accurate description of how the loads are to be
applied.
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57
6.5.11.4.2 Components and Cladding. For all

buildings, roof overhangs shall be designed for
pressures determined from pressure coefficients
given in Figs. 6-11B,C,D.
- 115 -
30.10 ROOF OVERHANGS

The design wind pressure for roof overhangs of enclosed
and partially enclosed buildings of all heights, except
enclosed buildings with h ≤ 160 ft. for which the
provisions of Part 4 are used, shall be determined from
the following equation:
p = qh[(GCp) – (GCpi)] (lb/ft2) (30.10-1)
- 116 -
58
where
qh = velocity pressure from Section 30.3.2 evaluated at mean roof
height h using exposure defined in Section 26.7.3
(GCp) = external pressure coefficients for overhangs given in Figures
30.4-2A to 30.4-2C (flat roofs, gable roofs, and hip roofs), including
contributions from top and bottom surfaces of overhang. The external
pressure coefficient for the covering on the underside of the roof
overhang is the same as the external pressure coefficient on the
adjacent wall surface, adjusted for effective wind area, determined
from Figure 30.4-1 or Figure 30.6-1 as applicable
(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.11-1
- 117 -
The steps required for the determination of wind loads on

components and cladding of roof overhangs is shown
in Table 30.10-1.
- 118 -
59
Top Surface Pressure = Pressure Calculated

using GCp for overhangs in Figures 30.4-2A to
30.4-2C minus bottom surface pressure
calculated below
Bottom Surface Pressure = Pressure Calculated

using GCp for walls from Figures 30.4-1 or 30.6-1
as applicable based on the effective wind area of
the soffit
Roof Overhang C & C

- 119 -
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 31 – Wind Tunnel Procedure
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60
31.4.3 Limitations on Loads
Lower limits on loads determined from wind tunnel

testing are relocated from the Commentary directly
into the standard.
- 121 -
Loads for the MWFRS determined by wind tunnel

testing shall be limited such that the overall
principal loads in the x and y directions are not less
than 80 percent of those that would be obtained
from Part 1 of Chapter 27 or Part 1 of Chapter 28.
The overall principal load shall be based on
overturning moment for flexible buildings and base
shear for other buildings.
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61
Pressures for C&C determined by wind tunnel testing

shall be limited to not less than 80 percent of those
calculated for Zone 4 for
walls and Zone 1 for roofs
using the procedure of
Chapter 30.
- 123 -
The limiting values of 80 percent may be reduced to

50 percent for the MWFRS and 65 percent for C&C
if either of the following conditions applies:
1. There were no specific influential buildings or

objects within the detailed proximity model.
- 124 -
62
2010 Standard (contd.)

2. Loads and pressures from supplemental tests for
all significant wind directions in which specific
influential buildings or objects are replaced by
the roughness representative of the adjacent
roughness condition, but not rougher than
exposure B, are included in the test results.
- 125 -
ASCE 7-10
Appendix C – Serviceability Considerations
C. SERVICEABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
This appendix is not a mandatory part of the Standard
but provides guidance for design for serviceability. .
..
C.1.2 Drift of Walls and Frames. Lateral deflection
or drift of structures and deformation of horizontal
diaphragms and bracing systems due to wind
effects shall not impair serviceability of structure.
- 126 -
63
ASCE 7-10
Commentary to Appendix C – Serviceability
Considerations
- 127 -
Commentary to Appendix C
Use of the nominal (700-year mean recurrence

interval (MRI) or 1,700-year MRI) wind load in
checking serviceability is excessively conservative.
The following load combination can be used to
check short-term effects:
D + 0.5L + 0.7Wa (CC-3)

in which Wa is wind load based on serviceability
wind speeds in Figs. CC-1 through CC-4.
- 128 -
64
Figure CC-1 10-Year MRI 3-sec Gust Wind Speed in

mph (m/s) at 33 ft (10m) above Ground in Exposure C
- 129 -

- 130 -
65

- 131 -

- 132 -
66
ASCE 7-10
New Appendix
Appendix D – Buildings Exempted from Torsional
Wind Load Cases
- 133 -
- 134 -
67
- 135 -
Closing Comments
 Impact of Changes
 Need for Changes
- 136 -
68

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- 137 -
Thank You!!
For more information…
Chicago Main Office Southern California Office
334 East Colfax Street, Unit E 43 Vantis Drive
Palatine, IL 60067 Aliso Viejo, CA 92656
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Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
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ASCE 7 10 Wind - Provisons

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S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Changes from ASCE 7-05 to

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

2012 International Building Code

Reserved for Future

Reorganization of Wind Provisions

 ASCE 7-05: Chapter 6 contained all wind provisions

Reorganization of Wind Provisions

Method 1 – Envelope Procedure MWFRS, C&C

Reorganization of Wind Provisions

Chapter 26 – General Requirements

Chapter 28 – MWFRS Envelope Procedure

Chapter 29 – MWFRS Other Structures and

Chapter 31 – Wind Tunnel Procedure Method 3

Load factor on W is now 1.0 in Strength Design and

Ch 2 Load Combinations with Wind

Ch 2 Load Combinations with Wind

No Importance Factor is used in wind design any

Wind Importance Factor

 Importance Factor No Longer Used

 Basic Wind Speeds: 3 Maps replace need for

The Standard includes three design wind speed maps:

Occupancy Category (ASCE 7-05) Description

NEW WIND SPEED MAPS

New Wind Speed Maps

Risk Category III+IV

ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-1

ASCE 7-10 Figure 26.5-1A

Risk Category II - 7% probability of exceedance in 50 years, MRI of 700 years

ASCE 7-10: Figure 26.5-1B

ASCE 7-10: Figure 26.5-1C

Risk Category I - 15% probability of exceedance in 50 years, MRI of 300 years

Wind Speed Website

 Applied Technology Council

Wind Speed Website

Comparative Wind Pressures for

I 0.87 1.00 1.15

V, mph 100 110 115

Comparative Wind Pressures for

I 0.87 1.00 1.15

V, mph 105 115 120

Risk Category II Comparison

Risk Category III and IV Comparison

Risk Category I Comparison

Section 26.2 Definitions

Changes in the mapped wind speeds necessitated

1 map referenced 3 maps referenced

Section 26.2 Definitions

HURRICANE PRONE REGIONS: Areas vulnerable to

Section 26.10.3.2 Protection

 Concrete moment-resisting-frame buildings:

 Structural steel and concrete buildings with other

If you are encountering technical

If you have any questions,

If you are encountering technical difficulties, please call (847) 991-2700

• Part 1 – “Buildings of all heights” method

• Part 2 – New simplified method for buildings of

ASCE 7-10 Sections 27.4.7, 28.4.4, 28.6.4